Saint Joseph College

Bachelor of Science in Civil Enginnering

Mambajao, Maasin City, Southern Leyte

EXPLORING THE VIABILITY OF PLATIC WASTE AS

ALTERNATIVE AGGREGATES IN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS:
A SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION

A Research Paper

Requirements for CE 12 – CONSTRUCRION MATERIALS AND TESTING

Instructor

Engr. Luzanne Bakunawa

Submitted by:
Rigili Kent Balintucas
Gio Dolauta
Mark Jay Garcelazo
Kyle Dynes Lagria
Ericson Mapa
Leo Jay Ouano
 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The construction sector heavily depletes the sources of natural aggregates by

using vast amounts of raw materials, such as crushed rocks and stones. Using

alternative aggregates is one way to address this. Plastic is an inexpensive, light-

weight, adaptable, and easily obtainable material. Plastic is now used in many aspects

of our daily life and has been produced at an exponential rate over the past 50 years.

Furthermore, waste management becomes an urgent issue that needs to be resolved

when human populations get bigger and bigger. Plastic bottles composed of

polyethylene terephthalate (PET) make up a significant portion of household garbage.

They are categorized as hazardous waste products that are not biodegradable and

could affect public health. Utilizing PET bottles in other industrial domains is one

way to address the issue of disposing of plastic trash, which contributes to

environmental contamination. Recycling and reusing waste materials is an effective

waste management strategy that not only prevents pollution but also conserves natural

resources.The problem is well suited to the field of civil engineering, as PET bottles

are used to partially replace aggregate in concrete mixtures.

Some plastic wastes utilized in lightweight concrete are polypropylene (PP),

poly-ethylene (PE), poly-ethylene terephthalate (PET), and polystyrene (PS). PET

bottles are consuming more quickly than other trash, which puts them ahead of the

game. PET bottles were initially produced in Turkey in the beginning of 1980. PET

bottles were first used to package water, but later on, they were also frequently

employed to package different liquid items. Pagev (2008)

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

1. To assess the mechanical and physical characteristics of concrete that has different

proportions of waste plastic aggregates added to it.

2. To find out how the workability and durability of the final concrete mixtures are

affected by the amount of plastic waste aggregate.

3. To evaluate the environmental effects of using plastic waste aggregates instead of

conventional aggregates in the manufacturing of concrete.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The utilization of plastic waste as a substitute for aggregates in concrete has been

extensively studied in recent years, with researchers exploring its feasibility, impact,

and potential benefits. Here is an informative and detailed review of the related

literature on this research topic:

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND CONCRETE PERFORMANCE

Several studies have investigated the mechanical properties of concrete containing

plastic aggregates, focusing on aspects like compressive strength, slump, and ultimate

strength [1] [2]. Findings suggest that replacing natural aggregates with plastic can

lead to lower compressive strength but enhanced energy absorption capacity and

resistance to sulfuric acid attack [3]. Researchers have also explored the optimal

percentage of plastic waste replacement for aggregates, with varying effects on

concrete properties based on the replacement ratio [1] [2] [4].

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND SUSTAINABILITY

The rise in plastic waste generation has prompted a shift towards recycling and

reusing plastic waste in construction materials to address environmental concerns [3]

[4]. Incorporating plastic aggregates in concrete is seen as a sustainable waste

management practice with potential benefits for construction practices and

environmental sustainability [3]. Studies have highlighted the importance of ongoing

research to optimize the use of plastic waste in construction materials and assess its

long-term performance for widespread adoption [1] [3] [4].

DURABILITY AND PERFORMANCE

While research has focused on the strength aspects of plastic aggregate-based

concrete, limited studies have explored its durability properties [4]. Investigations

have shown variations in water absorption, sorptivity coefficient, and permeability

when natural aggregates are partially replaced by plastic aggregates [4]. Researchers

have also explored the impact of plastic aggregates on concrete durability,

emphasizing the need for further exploration in this area [3] [4].

OPTIMAL REPLACEMENT RATIOS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Studies have examined the optimal percentage of plastic waste replacement for

aggregates, with findings suggesting varying effects on concrete properties based on

the replacement ratio [1] [2] [4]. Recommendations include exploring the impact of

plastic aggregates on concrete durability, fine-tuning replacement ratios, and assessing

long-term performance for widespread adoption in construction practices [1] [3] [4].
In conclusion, the body of literature on utilizing plastic waste as a substitute for

aggregates in concrete reflects a growing interest in sustainable construction practices

and environmental stewardship. Further research is essential to refine methodologies,

understand long-term performance, and maximize the benefits of incorporating plastic

waste in construction materials.

METHODOLOGY

The techniques that have been used to investigate the effects of using plastic waste in

place of aggregates in concrete is presented in this chapter. The purpose of the study

is to acquire an understanding on how these alternative materials affect the concrete's

mechanical properties. The research design, population study, and the sampling

instruments used in this investigation are covered in detail in the following sections.

RESEARCH DESIGN

In order to examine the impacts in the mechanical properties of concrete by using

plastic waste as replacement for aggregate, this study employs an experimental

research design to throughly investigate and understand the effects of replacing gravel

with eco-friendly alternatives in concrete mix.

In this observation, by using the gathered and prepared plastic waste, it involves

providing three (3) concrete samples consisting of 5%, 10%, and 15% plastic waste

material content present in the concrete mix and one (1) control sample specimen

containing gravel as the aggregate is also prepared in order for comparison of results.
This design analyzes throughly the mechanical and durability properties of

construction materials consisting plastic waste as alternatives and evaluation of the

impact in the performance of concrete mixture with different plastic waste content

present. The data will be analyzed through graphical tools in order to create clear

conclusions about how effective plastic waste materials work as substitute aggregate

in concrete mixtures.

OBSERVATION CHECKLIST

An observation checklist will be a valuable tool in systematically evaluating

the physical and mechanical properties of plastic waste aggregates during research

endeavors. Plastic waste, including materials like Polyethylene terephthalate (PET),

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), and Polypropylene (PP), has been explored

extensively for its potential as an aggregate replacement in concrete mixes. Studies

have shown that incorporating shredded plastic waste into concrete can lead to

improved workability, reduced bulk density, and altered mechanical strengths of the

resulting composites (Hannawi et al., 2010; Gour et al., 2022; Afrifa et al., 2023).

Furthermore, the use of plastic waste aggregates in concrete has been linked to

benefits such as enhanced flexural strength and reduced environmental impact

compared to traditional concrete mixes (Ramakrishnan & Jegan, 2023).

Research has also delved into the modification of plastic aggregates to

enhance their properties for concrete applications. For instance, studies have

investigated the effects of surface modification and gamma irradiation on plastic

aggregates, showcasing improvements in the mechanical properties of resulting

cement composites (Cheon et al., 2021; Alqahtani, 2021). Additionally, the

development of plastic-based green lightweight aggregates (PGLAs) has been

explored, demonstrating promising physical and mechanical properties when

compared to conventional aggregates (Merlo et al., 2021).

However, it is crucial to note that the type and composition of plastic waste

used can significantly impact the mechanical properties of the resulting materials.

Studies have highlighted that the mechanical properties of concrete incorporating

plastic waste can be detrimentally affected, especially when using untreated plastic

waste (Rohden et al., 2020). Moreover, the thermal degradation characteristics of

plastic waste, with temperatures ranging between 250 to 500 °C, can influence the

performance of high-strength concrete mixes.

In conclusion, the systematic assessment of physical and mechanical

properties of plastic waste aggregates in concrete mixes is a multifaceted process that

requires careful consideration of factors such as plastic type, treatment methods, and

aggregate replacement ratios. By utilizing an observation checklist informed by the

findings of various studies, researchers can effectively evaluate the suitability and

performance of plastic waste aggregates in concrete applications.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP DOCUMENTATION

1. MATERIALS

 Plastic Waste:

 Types of Plastic:PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate), HDPE

(High-Density Polyethylene), LDPE (Low-Density

Polyethylene), PP (Polypropylene).
  Source: Collected from recycling centers, industrial waste,

municipal waste, or specific collection programs.

 Preparation: Cleaning, shredding, and sizing plastic waste to be

used as aggregate.

 Traditional Aggregate:

 Types: Crushed stone, gravel, sand.

 Grades: Fine aggregate (sand), coarse aggregate (gravel).

 Source: Local suppliers or quarry sites.

 Cement:

 Type: Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC).

 Source: Purchased from local suppliers.

 Admixtures:

 Types: Water reducers, plasticizers, superplasticizers.

 Purpose: To enhance the workability and strength of concrete.

 Water:

 Quality: Potable water free from impurities.

 Source: Laboratory tap or distilled water.

2. EQUIPMENT

 Mixing Equipment:

 Concrete Mixer: Mechanical mixer for uniform mixing of

concrete components.

 Mixing Tools: Spades, shovels, and buckets for manual mixing

if needed.

 Preparation Equipment:

 Shredder: Machine for shredding plastic waste into smaller

pieces.

 Sieves: Various sizes for grading and sizing plastic waste and

traditional aggregate.

 Testing Equipment:

 Compression Testing Machine: For measuring the compressive

strength of concrete samples.

 Flexural Strength Testing Apparatus: For testing the flexural

strength of concrete beams.

 Water Absorption Test Apparatus: For determining the water

absorption rate of aggregates.

 Measuring Equipment:

 Weighing Scale: Digital scale for accurately weighing

materials.
  Calipers and Rulers: For measuring the dimensions of

aggregates and concrete samples.

 Thermometer and Hygrometer: For recording temperature and

humidity during curing.

 Curing Equipment:

 Curing Tank: Water tank for immersing concrete samples to

ensure proper curing.

 Humidity Chamber: Controlled environment for curing under

specific humidity conditions.

 Safety Equipment:

 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Gloves, goggles, lab

coats, and masks to ensure researcher safety.

 First Aid Kit: For addressing any minor injuries during the

experimental process.

 Data Recording Equipment:

 Laboratory Notebook: For manually recording observations and

data.

 Data Logging Software: Tools like Microsoft Excel or SPSS

 for data analysis and storage.

POPULATION OF THE RESEAR

1. CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONALS:

Construction professionals are at the forefront of implementing new materials and

techniques in building projects. This group includes:

 Civil and Environmental Engineers: These engineers are responsible

for designing and supervising construction projects, ensuring that

structures are safe, sustainable, and meet regulatory standards. Their

technical expertise and innovative mindset make them essential

participants in evaluating the viability of using plastic waste as an

aggregate.

 Contractors and Builders: These professionals execute construction

projects based on the plans and specifications provided by engineers.

Their practical experience and day-to-day interactions with building

materials provide valuable insights into the real-world application and

performance of new materials like plastic waste aggregate.

 Project Managers: Overseeing construction projects from inception to

completion, project managers ensure that projects are completed on

time, within budget, and to the required quality standards. Their

strategic perspective and operational knowledge are vital for assessing

the logistical and economic aspects of incorporating plastic waste

aggregates.
2. CONSTRUCTION FIRMS:

The inclusion of construction firms of varying sizes ensures a comprehensive

understanding of the market dynamics and potential adoption barriers:

 Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): Local construction firms often

work on residential and small commercial projects. Their feedback is

crucial as they are typically more flexible and open to experimenting

with sustainable materials but may also face budget constraints.

 Large Construction Companies: These companies handle large-scale

infrastructure projects and have the resources to invest in innovative

materials. Their participation helps assess the scalability and industrial

applicability of plastic waste aggregates.

 Sustainable Construction Companies: Firms that focus on eco-friendly

building practices are likely early adopters of sustainable materials.

Their insights can highlight the benefits and challenges of using plastic

waste aggregates from an environmental sustainability perspective.

3. POLICYMAKER AND REGULATORS:

Government agencies and regulatory bodies play a critical role in setting standards

and regulations for construction materials. This group includes:

 Government Agencies: Departments responsible for environmental

protection, urban development, and public works have a vested interest

in promoting sustainable construction practices. Their support and

guidelines can significantly influence the adoption of plastic waste

aggregates.
  Industry Regulators: Organizations that enforce building codes and

standards ensure that new materials meet safety and performance

criteria. Their feedback helps identify necessary adjustments to

standards and regulations to accommodate innovative materials like

plastic waste aggregates.

4. ACADEMIC AND RESEARCH INSTITUTION:

The academic community provides a wealth of knowledge and research on

sustainable construction practices:

 Researchers and Academics: Individuals conducting studies on

alternative construction materials bring scientific rigor and innovative

ideas to the table. Their research findings can validate the performance

of plastic waste aggregates and suggest improvements.

 University Departments: Civil engineering, environmental science, and

materials science departments often collaborate on interdisciplinary

research projects. Their involvement ensures a thorough examination

of the technical, environmental, and economic aspects of using plastic

waste in construction.

5. RECYCLING AND WASTE MANAGEMENT COMPANIES:

These companies are pivotal in supplying the raw materials (plastic waste) needed for

the research:

 Recycling Facilities: Organizations involved in the collection, sorting,

and processing of plastic waste are key partners in this research. Their
 expertise in handling and preparing plastic waste for reuse is crucial

for developing a feasible process for creating plastic waste aggregates.

 Waste Management Firms: Companies managing the disposal and

recycling of municipal and industrial waste provide insights into the

availability and types of plastic waste that can be utilized as

aggregates. Their collaboration helps in establishing a reliable supply

chain for the raw materials.

6. END USERS AND CONSUMERS:

Ultimately, the acceptance and demand from end users drive the adoption of new

materials:

 Homeowners: Individuals considering sustainable options for home

construction and renovations provide feedback on the perceived

benefits and potential concerns of using plastic waste aggregates in

residential buildings.

 Commercial Property Developers: Developers looking for cost-

effective and sustainable materials for commercial buildings can offer

insights into market trends, client demands, and the economic

feasibility of adopting plastic waste aggregates.

DATA ANALYSIS

Beginning with the collection of raw data from concrete sample tests incorporating

plastic waste, the data is methodically organized and tabulated. Statistical analysis

techniques are then applied to the dataset to uncover insights and trends. Visual aids

like graphs and charts are instrumental in illustrating the data, offering clarity on

variations and patterns. For instance, a line graph may visualize how the compressive

strength of concrete changes over different mix ratios of plastic waste. Post-analysis,

the findings are contextualized with the study's objectives. If the goal is to assess cost-

effectiveness, statistical evidence supporting the notion that plastic-infused concrete is

both economically viable and structurally sound would be pivotal. Furthermore, an

environmental evaluation involves comparing the carbon footprint of plastic waste

concrete production to that of conventional concrete, scrutinizing emissions across

each production phase.

Maintaining data accuracy and reliability is paramount throughout the analysis

process. Each irregularity or outlier is carefully examined to ensure robust

conclusions. Ultimately, the insights gleaned from data analysis form the basis for

research conclusions and actionable recommendations.

 References

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May 2024].

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