PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY 1.

HENRY SAVAGE LANDER a well-known English writer and traveler who named the Philippines as GEMS OF THE EAST. 2. FILIPINAS the official name given by the Spanish navigator Ruy Lopez De Villalobos to our country in 1543. This name was given in honor of the prince of Spain, Prince Philip (Felipe) who later became King Philip II of Spain. The Name Filipinas (Philippines) was first used in a map that was printed in Venice in 1554 by an Italian Geographer named Giovanni Bautista Ramusioi. The Word Filipinas was actually derived from Felipenas and was translated in Anglican language as Philippine Islands during the American era, but it became Republic of The Philippines later. 3. MAI (MAYI) /Land of The Barbarians the name given by the Chinese merchants to the Philippines. This was mentioned by The Chinese historian Chao-Ju-Kna in his book. Chua-Fan Cho in 1225. 4. MINTOLANG the name given by HUANG-TAI YUAN (WANG-TAI-YUAN) to our country in 1349. He also gave the name MALILU for Manila and PISHOYE for Visayas. The Name MA-I was accepted as a name for the island of Mindoro because of its gold mineral. It was oftenly visited also by Chinese merchants in the early times. 5. RIZALINE REPUBLIC this name was suggested by Gen. Artemio Ricarte of the Katipunan for The Philippines in honor of the national hero, Dr. Jose P. Rizal. 6. MAHARLIKA the name that was suggested by the late Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos to our country. This was in relation to his ambition for the country to make great and well-known in the whole world. 7. PEARL OF THE ORIENT SEAS the name which was given by Fr. Juan J. Delgado in 1751 to Manila after this reach Kingdom of Raja Soliman or Sulayman became or established as a city by the Spanish colonizers. After 100 years (1892). Dr. Jose p. Rizal called our country Pearl of The Orient Seas as stated in his novel Noli Me Tangere. The same title was given by Rizal to our country in his poem MI ULTIMO ADIOS(MY LAST FAREWELL). 8. SOME OTHER NAMES GIVER FOR THE PHILIPPINES WERE: Gems of the East, Emerald Islands, Treasure Islands of the Pacific, Isles of Fears, Isles of Hope, Orphans of the Pacific, and Land of The Morning. 9. EXACT LOCATION OF THE PHILIPPINES 1. Specific Location The Philippines is located just above the Equator in the far east of Southern Asia established between 423 to 2125 north latitude and between 116 to 127 east longitude. The Philippines serves as a bridge for the East and Western Cultures. 2. Insular Location Our Country is surrounded by large bodies of water in the east are the Philippine Sea, and The Pacific Ocean. In The South is the Celebes Sea. In the west is The South China Sea while in the North is the Bashi Channel. 3. Vicinal Location There is a lot of countries and territories that are found around the country. In the east are the small island territories of Palau, Saipan, Guam and the Marianas. In The South are The Countries of Australia, New Zealand, Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, and East Timor. In The West are

the countries of Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Union of Myanmar, Thailand, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and India. While in the north are the countries of Chine, South Korea, North Korea, Japan, Mongolia and Taiwan. 10. AREA OF THE PHILIPPINES The Philippines is composed originally of 1, 107 islands, 2,773 have names, having a total land area of 115,101 sq. m. (299,681 sq. km). It is as big as Italy, quite bigger than New Zealand, twice bigger than Greece and bigger than Great Britain, but a little bit smaller than Japan. THE THREE MAIN GROUPS OF ISLANDS ARE: a) LUZON the largest group of islands with a total land area of 40,814 sq. miles or 104,688 sq. km. b) MINDANAO second largest group having a total land area of 36,906 sq. m c) VISAYAS the smallest group of islands. 11. TERRITORIAL BOUNDARIES 1. Yami or Amianan the northernmost island, a part of Batanes province in Luzon. 2. Saluag The Southernmost island, a part of Sibuto, a town island of Tawitawi. 3. Kalayaan or Spratlys found at the western most part of the country. 4. Pusan Point the easternmost part of the country, a part of Surigao del Sur. 12. KNOWN LANDFORMS 1. Mt. Apo the highest mountain in the Philippines located between the provinces of North Cotabato and Davao del Sur Mindanao. 2. Sierra Madre Mountain Range The Longest mountain range in the Philippines extending from the province of Cagayan down to Bondoc Peninsula of Quezon Province. 3. Other Mountains: Caraballo Mountain Range located between the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya and Nueva Ecija serving as the natural boundary of Region II and Region III. Cordillera Mountain Range located in the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) habing Mt. Pulag, the highest Mountain in Luzon and second in the country (but it is the highest peak in the Philippines) Pacific Cordillera Found in the eastern part of Mindanao. Zambales Ranges found in Zambales. Cotabato Ranges Found in Mindanao Mt. Arayat foud in Pampanga Mt. Makiling of Laguna Mt. Banahaw of Quezon Province Mt. Diwata or Diwalwal of CARAGA REGION Mt. Malindang in Misamis Occidental Mt. Kanalaon (also a volcano) in Negros Occidental Mt. Halcon in Mindoro Island

4. Central Plains Of Luzon Region III, the widest plain in The Philippines. 5. Cagayan Valley Region II, the largest valley in the Phillipines. 13. KNOWN BODIES OF WATER: 1. Cagayan River the longest river in the Philippines found in Region II. 2. Rio Grande de Mindanao or Pulangui River the largest river in Mindanao, second longest in the country. 3. Philippine Deep or Mindanao Trench The deepest or lowest spot in the Philippines, located near the province of Surigao del Norte. 4. Laguna de Bay the largest lake in the Philippines. 5. Manila Bay one of the finest harbors in Asia, we can witness here the most beautiful sunset of the world. 6. Sulu Sea the largest sea in the Philippines. 7. San Juanico Strait the narrowest strait in the Philippines found in between the islands of Samar and Leyte, San Juanico Bridge, the longest Bridge in the country is found here. 8. Other seas: Sibuyan Sea, Samar Sea, Camotes Sea, Visayan Sea, Philippine Sea, Mindanao Sea, Luzon Sea and Bohol Sea. 14. KNOWN PLACES FOR ECONOMIC RESOURCES: 1. Nonoc Island ( Surigao del Norte) known for the biggest deposit of nickel in the Philippines and one of the largest in the world. 2. Masinloc, Zambales known for the largest deposit of chromite in the Philippines and in the world. 3. Romblon known for the largest deposit of marbles in the country. 4. Mankayan, Benguet known for the oldest and largest deposit of copper deposit in the Philippines. 5. Batangas City the City of Coffee 6. Roxas City The City of Sea Foods 7. Bicol Region (Region V) The Abacca Region 8. Negros Occidental the Land of Sugarcane 9. Central Luzon The Rice Granary of the Philippines. 10. Cagayan Valley (Region II) The Tobacco Region. 15. KNOW FLORA (PLANTS) AND FAUNA (ANIMALS) 1. Pung-apong the largest flower in the world, it grows in the forest regions of the country, has a diameter of one foot. 2. Waling-Waling a rare orchid of exquisite beauty, regarded as the Queen of Philippine Orchids. 3. Lanzones Queen of Philippine Fruits, commonly planted in Camiguin and in the Provinces of Quezon and Laguna. 4. Mango called as the Czarina of Philippine Fruits, the national fruit in the country. 5. Durian King of The Jungle Fruits. 6. Sampaguita the Philippine National Flower, was proclaimed by Gov. Gen Frank Murphy as the national Flower of the country on February 1, 1934. In early times, a Filipino lover, to express his love to a lady customarily sent her a necklace of sampaguitas. If the girl wore it around her neck, it meant that she reciprocated his offer of love. They then plighted their love in the

moonlight with the words in Tagalog Sumpa kita (we pledge). From those words originated the flowers name Sampaguita. 7. Coconut and Hemp the top rank products of the country, The Philippines ranks first in the world. 8. Narra The Philippine National Tree, regarded by foresters as the Queen of the Philippine Trees was proclaimed by Gov. Murphy on Feb. 1, 1934. 9. Tipol (Sharpes Crane) the biggest bird in the Philippines known as Labong among the Visayans. 10. Monkey-eating Eagle (Haribon) the largest eagle in the Philippines and in the world, found in the forest of Palanan, Isabela (Sierra Madre Mts.) and in Mt. Apo (Mindanao), know as the King of Philippine Birds and our National Bird. 11. Katala a bird that talks and sings like a human being. 12. Kalaw called by the Spanish Colonizers as the Clock of The Mountains because it makes a loud call from the mountains at noon daily. 13. Philippine Falconet the worlds smallest falcon. 14. Palawan Peacock Peasant it struts gracefully like an adagio dancer. 15. Tamaraw (Bubalus Mindorensis) considered as the smallest carabao in the world, found in the island of Mindoro. 16. Tarsier or Tarsins the smallest primate that looks like a monkey, found in the island province of Bohol and in some northern provinces of Mindanao. 17. Mouse Deer (Pilandok or Pilandut) known as the smallest deer, found in Palawan. 18. Attacus Atlas the largest Philippine insect, a giant moth which has a wing span of one foot. 19. Whale Shark (Pating-Bulik in The Tagalog Language) Rhincodon Typus, The Largest fish in the world. First seen in the waters of Marivels bay in Bataan in 1815 by a Filipino fisherman, it is also known as BUTANDING in the Bicol dialect, can be seen in the waters of Dansol, Sorsogon. Its about 50 ft. or more in length and weighs several tons when fully grown. 20. Pandaka Pygmea one of the smallest fish in the world, was first seen in 1925 in the Malabon River that empties into The Manila Bay, average length is 9.66 mm, being smaller than SINARAPAN or the famous TABYOS or TABIOS of the Lake Buhi ( The smallest edible fish in the world) in Camarines Sur. 21. Glory Of The Sea The Worlds rarest and most expensive shell; it is found only in The Philippines. 22. Tridacna Gigas The Worlds largest Shell; has a length of one meter weighing 600 lbs. 23. Pisidium the smallest shell in the world; less than 1 mm in length. 16. PEARL OF ALLAH (PEARL OF LAO TZU) the worlds largest pearl found in the Philippines in 1934 at the Palawan Sea (Part of The Sulu Sea) by a Muslim Diver. Its 9 x 5 inches and 14 lbs. amounting to US$ 3.5 million during that time. 17. PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 773 known as the Government Regionalization Scheme was signed by former and the late President Ferdinand E. Marcos to achieve the objective on economic and industrial progress. The bases in regional divisions

are geographical location of the provinces, extent of their development, economic status, population, and political administration. The Provinces have been grouped into regions to facilitate the development and progress in industry and livelihood of the people. 18. THERE ARE 17 POLITICAL REGIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES AT THE PRESENT REGIONS IN LUZON National Capital Region (NCR)/ Greater Manila Area or Metropolitan Manila a) Kalookan City b) Las Pinas City c) Makati City d) Malabon City e) Mandaluyong City f) Manila City g) Marikina City h) Muntinlupa City i) Navotas City j) Paranaque City k) Pasay Cuty l) Pasig City m) Pateros n) Quezon City o) San Juan p) Taguig City q) Valenzuela City Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) a) Abra Bangued b) Apayao Kabugao c) Benguet La Trinidad d) Ifugao Lagawe e) Kalinga Tabuk f) Mt. Province Region I ILOCOS REGION a) Ilocos Norte Laoag City b) Ilocos Sur Vigan City c) La Union San Fernando City d) Pangasinan Lingayen Region II CAGAYAN VALLEY REGION a) Batanes Basco b) Cagayan Tuguegarao City c) Isabela Ilagan d) Nueva Vizcaya Bayombong e) Quirino Cabarroguis Region III CENTRAL PLAINS OF LUZON a) Aurora Baler

b) Bataan Balanga City c) Bulacan Malolos City d) Nueva Ecija Palayan City e) Pampanga San Fernando City f) Tarlac Tarlac City g) Zambales Iba Region IV SOUTHERN TAGALOG A. CALABARZON ( Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, Quezon) a. Cavite Trece Martires City b. Laguna Sta. Cruz c. Batangas Batangas City d. Rizal Antipolo City e. Quezon Lucena City B. MIMAROPA (Oriental Mindoro, Occidental Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, Palawan) a. Oriental Mindoro Calapan City b. Occidental Mindoro Mamburao c. Marinduque Boac d. Roblon Romblon e. Palawan Puerto Princesca City Region V BICOL REGION a) Albay Legazpi City b) Camarines Norte Daet c) Camarines Sur Pili d) Catanduanes Virac e) Masbate Masbate City f) Sorsogon Sorsogon City REGIONS IN VISAYAS Region VI WESTERN VISAYAS a) Aklan Kalibo b) Antique San Jose de Buenavista c) Capiz Roxas City d) Guimaras Jordan e) Iloilo Iloilo City f) Negros Occidental Bacolod City Region VII CENTRAL VISAYAS a) Bohol Tagbilaran City b) Cebu Cebu City c) Negros Oriental Dumaguete City d) Siquijor Siquijor Region VIII EASTERN VISAYAS a) Biliran Naval b) Leyte Tacloban City c) Samar Catbalogan d) Eastern Visayas Borongan

e) Northern Samar Catarman f) Southern Leyte Maasin City REGIONS OF MINDANAO Region IX ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA a) Zamboanga del Norte Dipolog City b) Zamboanga del Sur Pagadian City c) Zamboanga Sibugay Ipil d) Isabela de Basilan City Region X NORTHERN MINDANAO a) Bukidnon Malaybalay City b) Camiguin Mambajao c) Lanao Del Norte Tubod City d) Misamis Occidental Oroquieta City e) Misamis Oriental Cagayan de Oro City Region XI DAVAO REGION a) Compostela Valley Nabunturan b) Davao Tagum City c) Davao del Sur Digos City d) Davao Oriental Mati Region XII SOCCSKSARGEN (South Cotabato, North Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sarangani, Gen. Santos City) a) South Cotabato Koronadal b) North Cotabato Kidapawan City c) Sultan Kudarat Sharif Aguak d) Sarangani Alabel Region XIII CARAGA Administrative Region a) Agusan del Norte Butuan City b) Agusan del Sur Prosperidad c) Surigao del Norte Surigao City d) Surigao del Sur Tandag City ARMM Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao a) Basilan Isabela de Basila City ( Part of Region IX) b) Lanao del Sur Marawi City c) Maguindanao Magonoy d) Sulu Jolo e) Tawi-Tawi Panglima Sugala 19. REGION IV is the widest region in the country. It is composed of 10 provinces. Palawan is one of them and it is the largest province in the country. Region IV is also the most populous region in the country with more than 13 million people estimated census as of 2004. 20. PASAY CITY considered as the Door of The Philippines because it is where NAIA or Ninoy Aquino National Airport is found. Nayong Pilipino is also found in Pasay City. 21. MARAWI CITY the Islamic City of The Philippines.

22. REPUBLIC AT NO. 6734 - Organic Law for Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. 23. MINDANAO called as The Land of Promise because of its rich natural resources that are still uncultivated. 24. SAMAL ISLAND an island City of Davao where the Aguinaldo Pearl Farm is Found. 25. NORTH AND SOUTH COTABATO The Rice Granary of Mindanao. 26. MISAMIS ORIENTAL its here where the Philippine Packing Corporation or commonly know as the Del Monte Philippines Pine Packing Corporation is Located. Its Plantation by the way is in Bukidnon province. 27. CAMIGUIN known as the most beautiful island province in the country. 28. MENZI AGRICULTURAL CORPORATION It takes charge of the extraction of the sap from rubber trees called latex, and the processing of African palm oil, located in Basilan. 29. CEBU its here where we can find the biggest mine deposit of brass South Asia. 30. TOURIST ATTRACTIONS/ SCENIC SPOTS REGION I a) Church Of Sinait it is 400 years old and is made of bricks and limestone. The miraculous Black Nazarene is enshrined here. b) Church of Sta. Maria it has a concrete staircase with 96 steps. c) Church of Sta. Lucia - its top has the shape of St. Peters Basilicas top in Vatican City in Rome. d) Syquia Mansion this was built in 1830 and was the house of the late president Elpidio Quirino. It was converted into a Museum where paintings of Photos and scenic Spots and other wokrs of art and history are found. e) House Of Fr. Jose Burgos it is now known as Ayala Museum. Father Burgos was born here. There is a library in the house were one can read about Ilocos. Old and Historical Photos, Newspapers, Books and Magazines can be found here. There are two dioramas showing the construction of the Church of Paoay and the Monopoly of Tobacco in 1782. f) Photos of Heroes: like Antonio Luna, Juan Luna, Maria Josefa Gabriela Silang and Diego Silang, Pedro Bukaneg, etc are being displayed in this Museum. g) The House of Former President Ferdinand Edralin Marcos A portion of the house was turned into a museum. A Mausoleum is built purposely where the remains of the Late President Marcos are kept. h) The Little Malacanang Of Ilocos this is the house where Ferdinand Marcos stayed and had his cabinet meetings when he was in Ilocos. i) Park Of Tirad Pass General Gregorio del Pilar fought and lost his life with his men at Tirad Pass on December 2, 1898. He died on the defens of General Emilio Aguinaldo against the Americans.

REGION 2

j) Hundred Islands in Alaminos Pangasinan it is made up of 100 big and small islands that are scattered in one part of the sea. k) Fort Ilocandia Resort Hotel Tourists, Especially The Taiwanese, stay here when they visit the province of Ilocos Norte. The Facilities in the Hotel are good. The Sunset is beautiful to see from Fort ilocandia. l) Patapat Road the beautiful highway connecting Ilocos Norte to Cagayan that provides spectacular coastal scenery. m) Pagudpud Town A town in Ilocos Norte where we can find Paraiso San Anton. A haven for Nature Lovers. n) Paoay Lake found in Ilocos Norte, Only three Kilometers away from the sea but a subterranean source keep its fresh water. o) Sulvec Beach found in Narvacan; noted for its rocky shore near a Spanish watchtower. p) Pinsal Falls in Sta. Maria has cool water filling a natural basin amidst lush scenery. q) La Unions stretch of white and gray beaches. r) Limahong Channel a channel that the Chinese pirates dug as an escape route to the sea. s) Agno Umbrella Rocks they are fern-adored boulders that like umbrella dotting a beach. t) Lingayen Beach u) Dagupan Beach a) Salinas Salt Spring found in Salinas, Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya b) Rock Garden Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya c) Dalton Memorial Park found in Sta. Fe. Nueva Vizcaya d) Callao Caves found in Penablanca, Cagayan e) Calvary Hills an 11-hectare rolling terrain overlooking Cagayan River in Iguig Cagayan. f) Punta Lakay-Lakay and Baket-Baket - the shape of a man and woman carved on a stone that is found in Cagayan. g) White Beach in Makatao of Batanes h) Valugan Beach Batanes i) Iraya Channel found in Batanes; it was built by the Japanese during World War II. a) Pandi Mineral Springs found in Pandi, Bulacan b) Grotto of Lourdes found in San Jose, Bulacan c) Pagoda Procession the yearly river procession in Bocaue, Bulacan d) Carabao Procession celebrated in the Town of Pulilan, Bulacan.

REGION 3

REGION 4

e) Barasoain Church the historical Church of Malolos, Bulacan f) Sibul Springs a spring with its sulfuric pool in Abucay, Bulacan g) Pulong Bato Beach Resort - in Orion, Bataan h) Villa Leonor Beach in Limay, Bataan i) Bustos and Ipo Dams huge sources of water supply for Metro Manila, found in Bulacan j) Minalungao National Park found at the foothills of the Sierra Madre in Gapan, Nueva Ecija; during summer people flock here to bathe in the cool waters, others fish, raft or dive from overhanging cliffs and some explore caves. k) Candaba Swamps the sanctuary of thousands of wild ducks, the area also teems with watermelons during summer. l) Subic Bay a natural harbor protected by mountains and guarded by Grande Islands, Numerous Bays, and Caves line the shoreline. m) Corregidor Island a historical place in Bataan. n) Cemento Beach and Reef the surfing center of the Philippines; found in Aurora Province. a) Taal Volcano - the smallest volcano in the world; it lies within the Taal Lake. b) Peoples Park an upland area for its scenic attractions its high elevation is a natural promontory overlooking Taal Lake and Taal Volcano. c) Ternate-Naic-Corregidor area for its unspoiled beaches. d) Kawit, Cavite has historical and cultural attractions e) Pansanjan Falls in Pangasinan, Laguna f) Hidden Valley A 15 km depression found in Alaminos, Laguna g) Pansol Hot Springs Pansol, Laguna h) Los Banos Hot Springs Los Banos, Laguna i) Caliraya Lake - a man-made lake found in Laguna j) Liliw Resort Liliw, Laguna k) Islands of Tres Reyes - Marinduque l) Balanacan Bay Marinduque m) Puerto Galero Mindoro n) Tamarraw Falls - found in Mindoro o) St. Paul Subterranean River found in Palawan p) Tabon Cave Palawan q) El Nido Beach Palawan r) Calawit Island Palawan s) Mt. Makiling Laguna t) House of Dr. Jose Rizal found in Calamba, Laguna; Now called Rizal Shrine.

REGION 5

a) Mayon Volcano the worlds perfect cone, stands majestically from a broad base about 10 km. in radius, found in Legazpi, Albay b) Calabiding Caves found in Camalig, Albay c) Balubagon Boiling Lake - located South of Legazpi, has steam pressure d) Malagnog Falls e) Emerald Grotto of Our Lady Of Lourdes Found in Iriga City, Camarines Sur f) Dansol, Sorsogon a beautiful place of snorkeling and sea diving, a places where we could see the Butanding or spearheaded shark, the largest fish in the world. CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION a) Baguio City The Summer Capital of The Philippines b) Trinidad Valley in Benguet called as the Salad Bowl of the Philippines because of its abundant vegetables. c) Mt. Kabunyan in Benguet it has 6 beautiful waterfalls and one rock-shaped like a human beings body, which is called Duligan Rock. d) Banae Rice Terraces the amazing and wondrous attraction built by the hardworking Ifugaos in Ifugao Province. e) Sagsagacat Spring found in Abra. f) Malamset Calm Spring Abra g) Boliney Hot Spring - found in Abra h) Sibud-Sibud Cave Found in Tineg, Bangued i) Mines View Park Baguio City j) Burnham Park Baguio City k) Wright Park Baguio City l) Dominican Hill Baguio City m) The Mansion The Rest and Vacation House of The President of The Philippines constructed during the Marcos Regime. n) Kennon Road Baguio City o) The Mummies of Kabayan Benguet p) Lake Tabuyo, Lake Incolos and Lake Bulalakaw found at the base of Mt. Pulag q) Kibunghan called as The Switzerland of Benguet because of its towering Mountains which are thickly forested with pine trees. r) Mt. Data - found in Bauco, Mt. Province, The Source of Northern Luzons big Rivers; Agno, Chico and Abra s) Sagada Caves and Hanging Coffins Mt. Province NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION a) Manila Zoo and Botanical Garden the zoo features countless representatives of faunal species around the world. b) Rizal Park spead over 58 hectare land stretching toward the Manila Bay. It was formerly Called Luneta. The Park boasts of

beautifully landscaped gardens; man-made lagoons, tree-lined walks and wide lawns. c) Intramuros known as the Walled City; it rose from the ruins of the Muslim Kingdom at the Mouth of Pasig River. d) Ninoy Aquino National Airport (NAIA) - found in Pasay, City The Door of The Philippines. e) Nayong Pilipino a place where we can find a replica or a model of all the distinct and beautiful places in the Philippines like Mayon Volcano, Ifuago Rice Terraces, Hundred Islands, Chocolate Hills, and other scenic Spots of The Country f) Cultural Center of The Philippines (CCP) g) Folk Arts Theatre (now Tanghalang Balagtas) h) Philippine Center for Traditional Trade Exhibitions (PhilTrade) i) Philippine International Convention Center (PICC) j) Phillipine Plaza Hotel k) Tourism Pavilion l) Fort Santiago m) San Agustin Church n) Manila Cathedral o) Malacanang Palace p) University of Santo Tomas the oldest University in The Country q) Quiapo Church REGION VI a) Boracay Island found in Antique b) Jawili Falls found in Kalibo, Aklan c) Tulingon Cave - one of the longest in the country d) Baybay Beach in Roxas City e) Bantod Beach In Napti Island f) Daliran Falls g) Siete Pecados of Islands of Seven Sins h) Roca Encantada Guimaras i) Cape Bundolan REGION VII a) Chocolate Hills Bohol b) Hills of Corella abode the Tarsier; found in Bohol c) Cebu City Queen City of The South; has white beaches and offers facilities of water sports. d) Siquijor - endowed with white sands, beaches, coral reefs teaming with marine life, and other scenic spots; know laso as the Islands of Fire because of the many fireflies that were seen by The Spaniards when they first arrived there. e) Cross of Magellan Cebu f) Lantoy Cave in Argao, Cebu g) San Agustin Church

REGION VIII a) Dalutan Beach found in Biliran; famous for its sculptured rock formation b) Sambawan and Cogon Beaches ideal for hunting shells and other forms of marine life and are known for their coral gardens; Biliran c) Biliran Volcano d) Sohotan Caves Natural Park Basey, Samar e) Bongohan Ruins Catbalogan, Samar f) Blanca, Aurora Falls Catbalogan, Samar g) Red Beach Palo, Leyte h) San Juanico Bridge - the longest in the country with a length of 2.16 km connecting the islands of Samar and Leyte i) Limasawa the site of the historical first Catholic Mass in the Philippines on March 31, 1521 REGION IX a) Dakkak Beach Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte b) Linabo Peak - highest peak in Dipolog City c) Pulucan Falls Labangan d) Rizal Shrine Dapitan City e) Pasonanca Park Zamboanga City f) Sumagdang, Calabasa, Batas and Lahi-Lahi - their lengthy shores are beautiful sight. REGION X a) Mangina Cayon in Fortich, Bukidnon b) Hanging Ladders Sumilang c) Paiyak Cave - a multi-chambered Cave used as a burial site in Sumilang, Bukidnon d) Mt. Kitanland - sanctuary of monkey-eating eagle and wild plants and animals. e) Katibawan Falls Mambajao, Camiguin f) Camiguin the most beautiful islands province of the country because of its beautiful white beaches, springs and many falls g) Ardent Hot Springs - Camiguin h) Mt. Hibok Hibok - an active Volcano in Camiguin i) Mt. Malindang Misamis Oriental j) Magsaysay Forest Bonbon, Catarman, Camiguin k) Sabang Spring Camiguin l) Maria Cristina Falls REGION XI a) Mt. Apo - Sanctuary of Monkey-eating Eagle Located Between Davao del Sur and North Cotabato b) Davao City Land of Adventure c) Diwata Forest d) Samal Islands its here where the Aguinaldo Pearl Farm is found

REGION XII a) Mt. Matutum South Cotabato b) Mindanao State University Cotabato c) Flortam Hot Spring - The Fountain of Youth; a natural hot spring visited by old folks who have rheumatism and arthritis; Found in Coatabato. d) Limunsudan Falls the highest in the country; found in North Cotabato REGION XIII a) Tinago Beach, Cubi Cubi Beach and Ata-Atahan Beach Butuan City, Agusan del Norte b) Sumag-a Waterfalls, Tagnote Falls and Sak-a Falls - found in Cabadbaran, Agusan del Norte c) Mapaso Hot Spring d) Binaba Falls Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur e) Cloud 9 Resort Surigao del Norte ARMM a) Bongao Peak Monkey Sanctuary in Tawi-Tawi b) Sibutu Island Hunters Paradise c) Sitangkai known as the Venice of The South because of its canal streets d) Gusang Reef a place where seagulls and sea turtles lay their eggs e) Marawi City - the Islamic City of The Philippines f) Lanao Lake Lanao del Sur; the deepest and highest lake in the country g) Tumindao Reef Complex h) Siasi Island 31. FESTIVALS AND CELEBRATIONS a) Panagdadapon Festival Quirino b) Panagyaman Festival Nueva Vizcaya c) Ati Atihan Festival - Kalibo, Aklan d) Binirayan Festival Capiz e) Halaran Festival Antique f) Masskara festival - Guimaras g) Dinagyang Festival Iloilo h) Sinulog Festival Cebu i) Lansones Festival Camiguin j) Moriones Festival Marinduque k) Caracol Festival Cavite l) Penafrancia Festival Naga City, Camarines Sur m) Rodeo Festival Masbate n) Pinyahan Festival - Camarines Norte o) Higantes Festival Rizal p) Tuna Festival - General Santos City

q) Kadayawan Festival - Davao r) Pahiyas Festival Quezon City 14. KNOWN FILIPINO DRINKS/ NATIVE LIQUOR a) Basi a native wine made up of sugarcane sap for the Ilocos b) Tapuy rice wine among Cordilleras c) Baya - native wine among Ifugaos d) Tuba - a native wine of The Visayans from coconut or buri plant e) Lambanog a coconut wine among Tagalogs II. WORLD GEOGRAPHY 1. GEOGRAPHY derived from two Greek words Geo which means the Earth and graphein which means to write. 2. ERASTOTHENES or ERASTOSTHENES a geographer from Cyrene in the 3rd cenrut who first used the word geography as a tile in his work Geographica. 3. HERODOTUS - a Greek writer and geographer in the 5th century B.C who made an outstanding and careful record about his personal observations during many years of extensive travel; Considered as The Father of Geography. 4. GERARDUS MERCATOR a leading Cartographer of the 16th century who came from Flanders; The first to use the term Atlas. 5. ABRAHAM ORTELIUS made the first Atlas or collection of Maps in 1570 which was entitled Epitome of The Theatre of The World (Theathrum Orbis Terrarum). 6. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY concerns with the study of the surface of the Earth, particularly the arrangement and function of natural features, such as climate, and weather, vegetation and animal Life. 7. CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY concerns with the study of relationship between man and his environment; also called human or ecological geography. 8. REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY concerns with the study of a particularly area or region of the earths surface. 9. ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT - the Father of Modern Geography 10. DARK AGE a period in the field of geography characterized by retarded or stagnant pursuits of studies in Europe. 11. ARABS they preserved, revised and enlarged the study of geography during the 11th and 12th centuries when geographic knowledge of the Greeks was lost gradually in Europe. 12. BABYLONIANS people of Ancient Times that had a concept of a Flat World which extended out from Babylonia (EGYPT) with a concave sky covering it. 13. RENAISSANCE the period in the study of geography characterized by great scientific, political and cultural revolution, also called as Age of Enlightenment. 14. PROJECTION the method used in drawing a map showing the curved surface on the Earth with the help of a lighted bulb inside a globe.

15. CONIC PROJECTION a method of mapmaking that treats the surface of the Earth if it were a cone; areas at the tip of the cone are most affected by distortion. 16. CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION a method of mapmaking that treats the surface of the Earth as if it is a cylinder, or tube; areas near poles look much larger than they actually are. 17. ALPS European Mountain System extending from the French Italian Border through Switzerland into Austria and Northwestern Yugoslavia; the highest Mountain in Europe. 18. MT. EVEREST the worlds highest mountain above sea level; with 29, 028 feet, plus or minus 10 ft. because of snow, in height, located at Nepal-Tibet. Named After George Everest. 19. DEAD SEA SHORELINE lowest exposed point; 1,337 feet; located at IsraelJordan. Part of a salt lake rich in mineral deposits. 20. BENTLEY SUB GLACIAL TRENCH deepest depression; West Antartica; 8,327 feet deep; was surveyed in 1958. 21. CHALLENGER DEEP (Mariana Trench) deepest submarine point, 35,827 ft deep. It was first surveyed by the Bathyscape vessel in 1958. 22. SOUTH CHINA SEA largest sea; 1,148,500 sq. mi. South of Taiwan. 23. PACIFIC OCEAN largest ocean; 64,186,300 sq. mi (length: 9000mi) named by Ferdinand Magellan. 24. NILE RIVER - longest river in the world; 4,160 mi; outflow to Mediterranean Sea (width:120 mi) 25. BAY OF FUNDY - Nova Scotia, Canada; greatest tides, 52 feet on the average. 26. CASPIAN SEA Asia-Europe; largest lake; (length : 760 miles, Depth: 3,363 ft. , Area: 275,244 sq. mi). Its main Source in Volga River. 27. SAHARA DESERT largest Desert; 3,500,000 sq. mi; In Africa Continent. 28. DALOL, DENAKIL DEPRESSION - Ethiopia; hottest place; Average Annual Temperature 94 F; part of Denakil Desert, Ethiopia- Somali 29. PLATEAU STATION Antartica; Coldest Place in the World; Average Annual Temperature minus 70 C; Roald Amundsen reached South Pole on Dec. 14, 1911 30. MAWSYNRAM Meghalaya, India; wettest Place; Average Annual Rainfall is 467 in The Indian Climate is wettest during the months of June-October. 31. ATACAMA DESERT Chile; the driest place in the world; rainfall barely measurable 32. ANGEL FALLS Venezuela; The highest waterfall; 3,212 ft. High 33. NIAGARA FALLS - Canada, United States of America; waterfall with greatest mean, Annual Fall; 212,200 cu. Ft. per sec. of fresh water discharged year round. 34. GRAND CANYON Colorado River, Arizona; Largest Canyon (1 mile deep; 1,800 ft. to 187 mi. wide, and 277 mi. long, a gorge 217 mi. long) 35. GREAT BARRIER REEF Northeastern Australia; Longest Reef; 1,250 mi. 36. BAYKAL LAKE Worlds Deepest Lake; located is Siberia, Russia 37. TITICACA LAKE - Worlds Highest Lake; found in Altiplano Mt. Between Peru and Bolivia

38. GREENLAND - The Worlds Largest Islands; A Part Of Denmark 39. GOBI DESERT - largest desert in Asia, located between Mongolia and China. 40. ARCTIC OCEAN - Smallest Ocean in The World; found at the North Pole; 13,223,702 sq. km. 17,881 ft average depth. 41. OCEANIA - The Smallest Continent: 5.7% of the worlds total land Area (8,546,960 sq. km) 42. OTHER KNOWN MOUNTAINS IN THE WORLD Mt. Kilimanjaro - Tanzania, Africa: 19,340 ft high, Highest in Africa Mt. McKinley Alaska, USA; Highest in North America; 20,320 ft. high Mt. Aconcagua Argentina, Highest in South America; 22,834 ft. high Mt. Vinson Massif Ellsworth Land; Highest in Antarctica: 16, 967 ft. high Mt. Elbrus Causasus Russia, Highest in Europe; 18,510 ft. high Mt. Mont Blanc, Alps - Between Russian and Italy; 15,771 ft. high Mt. Jaja Peak New Guinea, Highest in Oceania; 16,500 ft. high 43. TUYUKHANSK Russia; Worlds Largest Capacity Hydro Plant; Rated Capacity Planned (mw) 20,000 44. ROGUN Russia; Worlds highest dam; 335 m. height above lowest formation. 45. TARBELA - Pakistan; worlds largest volume embankment dam: volume: 148,500,000 cu. M. 46. OWEN FALLS Uganda, Africa; Worlds Largest Capacity man-made reservoir 204,800,000 cu. M. capacity 47. THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD Pyramids of Egypt - the first wonder, consists of three pyramids namely Khufu (Cheops), Khafra and Menkaura at Giza outside Caro. Khufu is the largest built by King Khufu in 2800 B.C; they were built as Kings Tombs. Hanging Gardens Of Babylon Built by King Nebuchadnezzar around 600 B.C as a gift to his Queen, Amuhia Statue of Zeus or Jupiter at Olympia - this colossal figure of the Greek god Zeus was made of gold and ivory and stood 40 ft. or 12 meters high built by Phidias in Olympia, Greece in the 5th century B.C Temple of Artemis (DIANA) at Ephesus- A beautiful stone temple built in honor of Artemis, The Greek goddess of the moon. It was built at Ephesus, Greece at around 550 B. C. This magnificent temple with ironic columns measuring 60 ft. or 18 meters high was destroyed by the marauding Goths in 262 A.D The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus This grand Work of Architecture was commissioned by Queen Artemisia in 350 B.C as a tribute to his late husband, King Mausolus of Charia in Asia Minor. Colossus of Rhodes - A gigantic Statue of the son-god, Helios or Apollo, which was built by Chares in 280 B.C. It Stood 105 ft. or 32 meters high, but was later destroyed during an earthquake in 224 B.C

 Pharos of Alexandria - The Huge Statue and Magnificent light House Built by Sostratus of Cnidus during the 3rd century B.C on the Island of Pharos, off the cost of Egypt, estimates of its height range from 2000 to 6000ft (61-183m.) It was destroyed during an earthquake in 13th century. It was erected during King Ptolemy IIs reign. 48. WORLD RENOWNED STRUCTURES: The Great Sphinx of Egypt built at Giza, Egypt; has a length of 187 ft. (57m.) and whose head and body were carved out of a living rock. Great Wall Of China a defensive fortification built at around 228 B. C. It has a total length of 1,500 miles, and width of 20 ft. (6m) it has 40 ft. (12m.) high towers every 300 ft. (91m.). It was built during the reign of Emperor Shih-Huang-Ti to defend Chinas northern frontier against the Mongol hordes. The Pantheon of Greece erected in Athens, Greece, dedicated to Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom. It was completed at around 438 B. C. Built by Ictinus and Callicrates and adorned with Sculptures of Phidias. The Colosseum of Rome also called the Flavian Amphitheater. It was the largest and the most beautiful or famous of The Roman Amphitheaters built during 80 A.D. It is elliptical in shape, and made up of three stories including an upper gallery. It can accommodate between 40,000 to 50,000 spectators. It became the arena for gladiatorial combats. The Pantheon of Rome a circular shaped temple built in 27 B.C by Hadrian. It was used as a place of worship for all the gods of Rome. The Leaning Tower Of Pisa - was a beil tower of marble and was part of three cathedral structures built in pisa, Italy in 106. A.D. The towers in 179 ft. (55m.) high and leans more than 16 ft. (4.9m.) from the vertical. The Alhambra one of the greatest masterpieces of Moslem Architectures. It was designed as a place and fortress for the Moorish Kings of Granada in Spain and built during the period of 1250-1350 A.D The Taj Mahal a grandiose and magnificent marble temple built by the Mogul Emperor Shah Jahan in Agra, India in memory of her beloved Queen, Mumtaz Mahal. It was built between 1632 and 1643. This immoral temple still stands to this day. The Kremlin literally, a fortress of the Russian City; built in the 12th century and contains the famous Imperial Palace, three cathedrals and other edifices of historical significance. It is now the seat of the Russian government. The Kremlin was the former symbol of Soviet Power during the Cold War Era.

 The Tower Of London a group of buildings built along the north bank of Thames River. Its central White Tower was built in 1078. Golden Gate Bridge - a world famous suspension bridge with a central span of 4,200 ft. (1,280 m.) which was built in 1937. It crosses over the channel, which links the San Francisco Bay with the Pacific Ocean. Statue of Liberty a bronze statue of a woman holding up a torch on Liberty Island in New York harbor. It was designed by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and was erected in 1886. It weighed 450,000 lbs. and was dedicated on October 28, 1886 by U.S President Grover Cleveland. The Sistine Chapel It was built by Giovanni del Dolci and begun under Pope Sixtus IV in 1473. It houses the masterpieces of MichaelAngelo, Botticelli and other renowned artists. It is the Popes Private Chapel located inside the Vatican city. The Basilica of St. Peter - It is regarded as the largest Catholic Church in the world, which was erected in 1450 in Rome, Italy. The Westminster Abbey - the ancient church, which was originally Benedictine monastery built in 1065. The Abbey has been the coronation church of almost all English monarchs since William I. It also served as the burial ground of English Royalty and Other Distinguished British statesman. It now contains historical artifacts and sacred relics of the English Faith. The White House the official residence of The U.S. President and his family. It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Ave. N.W. in Washington D.C (District of Columbia). It was burned in 1814 but was rebuilt in October 1817 by James Hoban. It measures 170 ft. by 85 ft. (322 m) and contains the famous Oval Office. The Eiffel Tower built in Paris, France by Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (1832-1923) for the Exposition of 1889. The Original Structure is 984 ft. (300 m.) high but was raised in 1959 to 1,056 ft. (322 m.) to include a television tower. It is made up wholly of iron frameworks riveted together. The Angkorwat It is situated outside the Ancient City of Angkor Thom, Cambodia, and is on of the most beautiful example of Cambodian architecture. The Temple was built in the 12th century by Khmer rulers for their phallic cult religion which was predominant during that time. Dome of Rock also called as Mosque of Omar. It is considered among famed Moslem Edifices. Moslem Tradition believes that from this rock their Prophet Mohammed ascended to heaven. It was built in Jerusalem in 691 A.D. This temple remains as one of the top attractions of Israel.

 Sears Tower - It is situated at Chicago, U.S.A . It stands to be the tallest building in the World with an estimated height of 1,454 ft (443 m.) Humber Bridge - It is the longest bridge in the world with a suspensions span of 4, 626 ft. (1402 m.). It crosses the Humber estuary, five miles west of The City of Kingston upon Hill, England. It rests Solely on towers of reinforced concrete. Apartheid the official policy of racial separation in the South Africa. Animism - the belief that objects in nature has spirits. Atoll a ring-shaped island that surrounds a lagoon or shallow body of water. Bight an open bay formed by the bend of a coast Beers - the name of the early Dutch settlers in the South Africa. Canyon - a deep, narrow valley with steep walls Caribon - type of deer found in the arctic region of North America Caste - a class system in Hindu society that is based on birth and profession Chott a shallow, salty lake in Northern Africa Continental Drift a theory that explains the slow movement of the continents over million of years. Continental Shelf - the sloping section of a continent beneath the ocean Continental Slope - the very steep descent from the continental shelf to the ocean floor Cyclone - a severe storm that occurs in the Indian Ocean. Delta a triangular landform of rich soil and sediment formed at the mouth of a river Diaspora - the body of Jews or scattered communities of Jews living outside Palestine or Modern Israel. Doldrums A Region of ocean near the equator where winds are relatively calm. Elevation - the height of land above the level of the ocean surface Equidistant Map A map that shows correct distance and direction from a central point but distorts shapes and sizes. Equinox either of two days in the year when the sun is directly above the equator; during each equinox, the day and night are of equal length everywhere on earth, except on the poles (September 22 or 23 in the Northern Hemisphere and on March 20 or 21 in the Southern hemisphere). Fjord a long, narrow inlet from the sea with a steep cliffs on its sides. Flood Plain - the flat area bordering a river has been formed by mind and sand deposited by floods and high water.

 Gazetteer a geographic index that lists places, their coordinates and other useful information. Geographer - a person who studies earth, its resources, features and interactions of humans with their natural environment. Geyser a natural high Spring Glacier a slow-moving mass of ice formed when large amount of snow accumulate faster that they can melt. Gorge a Narrow, deep valley with steep rocky walls. GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) the time in Greenwich, England used as a standard for keeping time around the world. Harmattan a dry dusty mind that blows of the Sahara High Pressure - describing the condition that occurs when cold ari contracts and sinks. Iceberg - a large body of floating ice that has broken of from a glacier and fallen to the sea. Igloo a house made of ice that has broken of from a glacier and fallen to the sea. International Date Line (IDL) - an imaginary line at 180 longitude where the date changes; the calendar date on the east side of the the IDL is one day earlier than it is to the west. Isthmus a narrow strip of land with waters on its side, connecting two larger land masses. Lines Of Latitude - the line on a map or globe that run east and west; they measure distance north and south of the equator. Lines of Longitude - the lines on a map or globe that run north and south; they measure distance east and west of The Prime Meridian. Low Pressure - describing the condition that occurs when warm air rises. Mantle - a thick layer of very hot rock between earths crust and core. Megalopolis a population center made up of several metropolitan areas located near each other. Monotheism the belief that there is only One God. Monsoon a wind system that affects large regions and changes direction every season bringing dry or wet weather. Nation - a group of people who share the same government and are of land. Oasis - an area in a desert with a source of water. Orographic Effect - the condition that occurs when precipitation falls from a cloud before it passes over a mountain; causes one side of a mountain to be damper and greener than the other side. Pampas - rich level plains or prairies in Argentina Plate Tectonic Theory a theory that states that the earths crust is divided into several pieces or plates; the movement of these plates causes continental drift

 Prime Meridian - the line of longitude passing through Greenwich, England, From which all measurement of longitude are made; established at 0 longitude Reef - a ridge of coral that rises near or above the surface of a body of water just off the shore of an island or continent. Safari a journey into the wilderness for hunting or sight seeing Savanna a tropical region of flat treeless grassland where the water is hot and dry in winter and hot and wet in summer. Squall - a brief sudden and violent windstorm often bringing rain or snow Steppe a very dry region of grassy plains and few trees. Summer Solstice - the day of the year when the northern hemisphere receives the most direct rays of the sun; it marks the first the first day of summer Tide a change in the surface level of the ocean caused by moons gravitational pull; two high tides and two low tides occur every day. Trade Winds - winds that blow steadily in a particular direction over large areas; north and south of the equator. Tropic Of Cancer - a line of latitude about 23 north of the equator; the northernmost latitude at which the sun is ever directly overhead. Tsunami a huge ocean wave caused by an undersea earthquake Typhoon a severe storm occurring in the area of the western Pacific Ocean Tropic of Capricorn a line of latitude about 23 south of the equator; the southernmost latitude at which the sun is ever directly overhead. Hurricane a kind of storm that swirls in a spiral shape of wind of more that 75 miles an hour or 120 km; it occurs in the American continents (North America) Tornadoes are short-lived local storms; also called twisters or whirlwinds looked like dark columns of air hanging from dark clouds. Winter Solstice the day of the year when northern hemisphere receives direct rays of the sun; it marks the first day of winter. Volga River - longest river in Europe; located in Russia territories flowing into the Caspian Sea.. Ganges River Indias Holy River beginning in the Himalayas and flowing southwest into the Bay of Bengal. Ural Mountain a mountain System from north to south in the former Soviet Union; often considered as the natural boundary between Europe and Asia. Polder - a term used in the Netherlands to describe a stretch of land, at or below sea level, that has been reclaimed from the sea by the building of dykes. Wenquan the highest town in the world found in China; 16, 732 ft. (5,100 m) above sea level.

 Ein Bokek, Israel the lowest town in the world found on the shore of the Dead Sea; almost 1,300 ft (396 m) below sea level. Mammoth-Flint Ridge Cave System the biggest cave found in Kentucky, U.S.A, 330 miles (531 km) of passageways. Royal Gorge Arkansas River - the highest bridge found in Colorado, U.S.A; 1,053 ft (321km) above water. Humber Estuary, Hull, England - longest bridge span; 4,626 ft (1,410 m) Sears Tower - Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A; the tallest office building; 1,454 ft (443 m.) 110 stories. Trans- Siberian Railroad - from Moscow to Nakhodka, near Vladivostok , U.S.S.R; 5,864 miles (9, 437 km) Canadian National Railroad Tower - the tallest tower (freestanding) sound in Toronto, Canada; 1,815 ft; 9553.3m) Seikan Undersea Tunnel - longest rail tunnel; from Honshu to Hokkaido, Japan; 33.46 miles (53.85 km) St. Gotthard Tunnel - longest road tunnel; from Goschenen to Airolo, Switzerland; 10.1 miles (16.3 km) St. Lawrence Seaway longest artificial waterway; found on the St. Lawrence River from Montreal, Canada to Lake Ontorio; 189 miles (304 km.) Stenswad Well 11-W1 - the deepest water well; found in Rosebud Country Montana, U.S.A; 7, 320 ft. (2,231) Vostok, Antartica - the place where the coldest recorded temperature (July 21, 1983); -128.6 F (-89.2 C) Al Aziziyah, Libya - South of Tripoli; the hottest recorded temperature; 136.4 F (58 C) in 1922. Vatican City smallest sovereign country by area (0.2 square mile of 0.4 sq km.) and by population (1,000) Monaco - the most crowded country; 46,667 people per square mile Mongolia the least crowded country in the world; 3.5 people per square mile.