General Biology II Q4 Week 2

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
DIVISION oF BATANGAS PROVINCE
LEMERY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET IN GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

Week 2 – Breathing and Exchange of Gases & Transport and Circulation
Name of Learner: ______________________________________
Grade Level: 11____________________________________
Strand/Track: STEM-ACADEMIC_______________________
Section: ______________________________________
Date: ______________________________________
A. Background Information for Learners

This self-learning kit (SLK) is designed for students to explore and understand the
diverse ways by which plants and animals are able to survive. Organisms carry out life
processes including gas exchange, transport, and circulation.
Gas exchange is the movement of gases across a cell membrane, which means
taking in oxygen needed by cells and removing carbon dioxide as waste product.
Transport is the movement of substances within an organism. Substances like
oxygen must be transported across the cell membrane and within the organism.
Circulation, on the other hand, is the movement of blood through the vessels of the
body induced by the pumping action of the heart.
This SLK is humbly dedicated to our learners who are at the center of the learning
process. We wish that this SLK will be of great help in addressing their educational
needs given the circumstances we are facing today. Furthermore, we hope that the
content of this SLK will be fully understood and be applied by learners in their day to day
living.
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LESSON BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF

1 GASES
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the learners shall be able to:

K: compare and contrast plant and animal gas exchange
S: identify the structures and functions of the respiratory
system in plants and animals
A: recognize the importance of gas exchange to plants and
animals’ way of life
LEARNING COMPETENCY:
Compare and contrast the following processes in plants and animals:
reproduction, development, nutrition, gas exchange, transport/circulation,
regulation of body fluids, chemical and nervous control, immune systems, and
sensory and motor mechanisms
(STEM_BIO11/12-IVa-h-1)
Directions/ Instructions
After going through with this unit, you are expected to:
1. Read and follow each direction carefully.

2. Accomplish each activity for the mastery of competency.
3. Use the Learning Activity Sheets with care.
4. Record your points for each activity
5. Always aim to get at least 80% of the total number of given items.
6. If you have any questions, contact, or see your teacher through messenger or text.
I. WHAT HAPPENED
PRE-ACTIVITY
BREATHING EXERCISE
3
Procedure:
1. Close your mouth and then press your nose.
2. Hold your breath for a few seconds.
3. Run in place for 30 seconds. Then, sit down and count the number of breaths
you take.
Guide questions:
1. How did you feel after doing the activity?
2. What air did you breathe in and breathe out?
3. What will happen to our body if the air cannot enter?
II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
DISCUSSION
GAS EXCHANGE
All living organisms obtain energy by metabolizing compounds such as carbohydrates.

The process by which organisms require oxygen for metabolism is called respiration. Carbon
dioxide gas is produced and must be removed from the body of animals. In plants, carbon
dioxide, a waste product of respiration, is needed for photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide must be
available to plant cells, and oxygen gas must be removed. Animals have to take in oxygen and
expel carbon dioxde in order to survive.
Gas exchange is one of the essential prerequisites for life to continue. Diffusion
across a moist membrane is the basic mechanism of gas exchange. Diffusion is a process by
which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration in the direction following a concentration gradient. In living organisms,
molecules move across cell membranes which are moistened by fluid.
ANIMALS
In order to survive, animals need to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. Oxygen
and carbon dioxide are two of the many gases found in the environment which move by
diffusion across moist membranes in animals. Breathing is a mechanical process by which
oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is released. The exchange of gases through inhalation
and exhalation is called respiration.
Here are the ways in which animals obtain oxygen:

Gas Exchange Systems
The respiratory system’s function is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

between the air and the cells. In simple animals, exchange of gases directly occurs
with the environment, while in some animals like mammals, breathing is done
through the body's nasal passages. The general body surface of most animals lacks
sufficient area to exchange gases for the whole organism. The solution is a respiratory
organ that is extensively folded or branched, thereby enlarging the available surface
4
area for gas exchange. Air is a respiratory medium with plentiful O2. Water has much
less oxygen and greater density and viscosity, making gas exchange more challenging in
water than in air. The respiratory surfaces (organs) where gas exchange with the
respiratory medium occurs must be moist, thin, and large enough to supply the whole
body. The following are the various types of gas exchange systems used by animals:
1. Skin system - The skin or the body surface system is also known as the
integumentary system. Animals that live in moist environments like worms and
amphibians used their moist body surface to breathe in oxygen. Capillaries or tiny
vessels lie just below the skin of worms to facilitate gas exchange between the external
environment and the circulatory system. The skin of frogs is made up of very thin tissues,
allowing smooth exchange of gases.
Source: http://earthwormresources.weebly.com/respiratory- system.html=
0CAIQjRxqFwoTCNCZpu_9rO4CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
Source: https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Engineeri
ng/Courses/En123/MuscleExp/Frog%20Respiration.htm
5
2. Gills system - Fish and other aquatic animals use their gills to take up the
dissolved oxygen from water. Gills are thin tissue filaments that are highly branched and
folded. When water passes over the gills, the dissolved oxygen in water rapidly diffuses
across the thin membranes of the gills into the bloodstream. On the other hand,
carbon dioxide in the bloodstream of the animals leaves through the gills.
3. Tracheal system - Insects,

such as grasshoppers and spiders, use
their tracheae to facilitate gas
exchange. Tracheae consist of air
tubes called spiracles forming network
in the bodies of insects. Spiracles
connect to the tubular network allowing
oxygen to pass into the body and
regulate the diffusion of CO2 and water
vapor.
4. Lung system - A pair of

organs divided into small chambers
filled with capillaries called lungs are
found inside the cavity of land animals
such as humans. The tube that
connects the nose and mouth to the
lungs is called trachea. The trachea
divides into two main bronchi (singular:
bronchus) (the left and right) which
further subdivides into bronchioles. The
tip of each bronchiole is called
alveolus (plural: alveoli) wherein actual
gas exchange occurs. Lying flat at the
bottom of the chest cavity (under the
lungs) is the diaphragm, a large
muscle that aids in breathing by moving
up and down. The rib cage encloses
the lungs and protects the respiratory
organs and the heart. Air is inhaled
through the nasal cavity and crosses
the surfaces of the mucous membrane.
From the nasal cavity,
6
air passes through the pharynx and the larynx to the trachea. Particulates in the air are
removed in the nasal passages preventing damage to the trachea and lungs.
When we breathe in or inhale, the diaphragm contracts and the ribs move up
making the size of the chest cavity larger, allowing for more space and less air
pressure inside the lungs. Air is pushed in from the outside where there is higher
pressure and is pushed into the lungs where there is lower air pressure. When we
breathe out or exhale, the diagphram relaxes and the ribs and chest cavity return to
their original place, decreasing the space and increasing the air pressure inside the
lungs. Air is pushed to the outside where there is lower pressure.
PLANTS
Plants exchange their gases with the environment in a straightforward way. In

order to carry on photosynthesis, green plants need a supply of carbon dioxide and a
means of disposing oxygen. An abundant supply of carbon dioxide must be present in
the leaf of a plant and oxygen from photosynthesis must be removed. Contrary to
animals, plants do not have specialized organs for gas exchange. In aquatic plants, water
passes among the tissues providing a medium for gas exchange, while in terrestrial
plants, air enters the tissues and the gases diffuse into the moisture bathing the internal
cells. Each part of the plant takes care of its own gas exchange needs. Diffusion is the
only process through which much needed oxygen is supplied to all the cells of the
plants. Diffusion occurs in leaves, roots, and stems.
Leaves
Plant leaf consists of stomata (singular: stoma) that allow gas exchange between
the surrounding air and the photosynthetic cells inside the leaf. These stomata regulate
CO2 uptake for photosynthesis and are the major avenues for the evaporative loss of
water. The term stoma refers to the stomatal pore flanked by two guard cells, which
regulate the opening and closing of the pore.
Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=stomata+in+leaves&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiZxa2G0b7uAhUJEKYKHQl8CfAQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=stomata+in+leaves&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQA1AAWABgvwNoAHAAeAGAAQCIAQCSAQCYAQSqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZw&sclient=i
7
In between the upper and lower epidermal layers of a leaf is a region called
the mesophyll (from the Greek words mesos: middle, phyll: leaf). Mesophyll consists
mainly of parenchyma cells specialized for photosynthesis. There are two distinct areas
of leaves: the palisade mesophyll consisting of one or more layers of elongated
parenchyma cells on the upper part of the leaf and the spongy mesophyll below the
palisade mesophyll. These parenchyma cells are more loosely arranged, with a labyrinth
of air spaces through which CO2 and oxygen circulate around the cells and up to the
palisade region. The air spaces are particularly large in the vicinity of the stomata,
where gas exchange with the outside air occurs.
Source: Campbell et al. Biology, 8th edition
Roots and Stems

Roots
Plant roots take oxygen from the air that
is present in between the particles of soil.
Root hair, an extension of the root epidermal
cells, is in direct contact with the soil. Oxygen
diffuses in the root hair, reaching all the other
cells of the roots. It is through the root hairs that
only carbon dioxide gets diffused into them
and is expelled from the roots of a plant.
Respiration in roots of the plant occurs by
diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through
the root hairs.
Source: https:// knowledge/respiration-and-excretion-in-plants-1457092137- 1

Stems
The hard stem of big plants and trees has lenticels in them. Lenticels are in the small
area of a bark. These cells are loosely placed, allowing gaseous exchange of
respiratory gases between air and living cells of the woody stem.
Source: https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/respiration-and-excretion-in-plants-1457092137-1
Task 1: GAS EXCHANGE IN ANIMALS
Complete the following table that summarizes the structure and function of respiratory
system in different kinds of animals. Write your answers in your notebook.
Organism Name of respiratory surface Description of process by
(organ) which gas exchange
occurs
Insect
Fish
Frog
Mammal
Task 2: GAS EXCHANGE IN PLANTS

A. Label the following diagram of a stomata and answer the questions that follow.
Write your answers in your notebook.
9
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct word(s) to complete the sentences below. Write your
answers in your notebook.
In woody plants, gas exchange also takes place through small broken
parts in the cork layer called (1) on the stem.
(2) is in direct contact with the soil where oxygen diffuses.
Respiration in roots of the plant occurs by (3) of oxygen and
carbon dioxide through the root hairs.
III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

EVALUATION/POST-TEST
A. Venn Diagram. Compare and contrast plant and animal gas exchange. Write
your answers in your notebook. (5 points)
Plants Animals
10
B. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read and understand each item carefully. Then, write the letter
of your answer in your notebook.
1. Which of the following is not a structure for gas exchange in plants?

A. Stomata B. Lenticels C. Aerial root hairs D. Flowers
2. What group of vertebrates rely on gas exchange across the skin as well as at the
lungs to maintain sufficient blood oxygen levels?
A. Fish B. Reptile C. Amphibians D. Birds
3. What is the process by which molecules move from an area of higher

concentration to an area of lower concentration in the direction following a
concentration gradient?
A. Respiration B. Diffusion C. Ventilation D. Exhalation
4. Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood
supply?
A. The lung of vertebrate
B.The tracheal system of an insect
C. The gills of a fish
D. The skin of an earthworm
5.Which refers to the organs where gas exchange with the respiratory medium occurs?
A. Respiratory surface
B.Respiratory medium
C. Respiratory system
D. Respiration
11
TRA
LESSON TRANSPORT AND CIRCULATION
2
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the learners shall be able to:

K: compare and contrast circulation and transport in plants and animals
S: identify the structures and functions of the circulatory and transport
systems in animals and plants
A: demonstrate understanding on the relevance of circulatory and
transport systems to the survival of organisms
LEARNING COMPETENCY:
Compare and contrast the following processes in plants and animals: reproduction,
development, nutrition, gas exchange, transport/circulation, regulation of body fluids,
chemical and nervous control, immune systems, and sensory and motor mechanisms
(STEM_BIO11/12-IVa-h-1)
Directions/ Instructions
After going through with this unit, you are expected to:
1. Read and follow each direction carefully.

2. Accomplish each activity for the mastery of competency.
3. Use the Learning Activity Sheets with care.
4. Record your points for each activity
5. Always aim to get at least 80% of the total number of given items.
6. If you have any questions, contact, or see your teacher through messenger or text.
I. WHAT HAPPENED
PRE-ACTIVITY
CHECK YOUR PULSE
Procedure:
1. Place the middle and index finger of your
right hand on the inner side of your left wrist.
12
2. Count the number of pulse beats in one

minute.
Guide Questions:
1. Can you feel some throbbing movements?
2. Why do you think there is throbbing?
3. How many pulse beats could you count?
II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
DISCUSSION
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
You have learned already that organisms require food, water, and oxygen for survival.
These are transported to different parts of the body while wastes are excreted from the body. The
circulatory system functions to support life as it feeds our cells with food and oxygen. Part of the
task of this system is the removal of waste products.
Animal Circulatory System
The heart and the blood vessels function to transport substances and together form
the circulatory system. More complex animals have either open or closed circulatory systems. In
an open circulatory system, there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid. This
general body fluid is more correctly called hemolymph. In a closed circulatory system, blood is
confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid. There are two divisions of the circulatory
system: the lymphatic division (helps return tissue to the blood) and the blood division (a closed
circuit). There are three main parts of the circulatory system: the heart, blood vessels, and
blood.
The Human Heart
The heart is a bundle of muscles about

the size of the fist. It is located in the center of the
chest in between the lungs and is tilted to one
side and points downward to the left. The heart is
divided into two chambers: the top chamber
called atrium (plural: atria) and the bottom
chamber called the ventricle. Between each
atrium and ventricle is a valve that
13
prevents the blood from flowing backwards. It acts like a one- way door that keeps the blood
move in only one direction. There are four bloods in the heart: the tricuspid (right), bicuspid
(left), pulmonary, and aortic valves. The tricuspid and bicuspid valves open when the atria
contract. The pulmonary and aortic valves open when the ventricles contract. We can have
one heartbeat cycle when these two phases are repeated. The heartbeat sound is
caused by the contraction of the muscles and the slamming shut of the valves.
Blood Vessels
The circulatory sytem is a closed system, and blood moves through the body in
tubes called vessels. There are three kinds of blood vessels that make up the circulatory
system: arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Arteries have thick muscular walls. They

are elastic and expand every time the
ventricles contract. They carry blood away
from the heart. The blood in the arteries is
bright red because it contains much oxygen.
The large artery is the aorta. Veins have
muscular walls but are much thinner than the
walls of the arteries. They carry blood toward the
heart. The blood in the veins is blue in color
because it lacks oxygen. Some of our veins
can easily be seen as these are found right
under the surface of our skin. Capillaries are
tiny vessels that connects arteries to veins. The
wall of capillaries are only one-cell thick and
red blood cells pass through them in single
file.
Source: ncert.nic.in
The circulatory system is composed of two separate systems: one part of the
system pumps blood to the lungs and the other part pumps blood to the body. Blood
needs to go to the lungs to pick up oxygen before it can proceed to the different
parts of the body.
Blood
What happens when you get a cut on your body? Blood flows out. But what is
blood? Blood is a fluid that carries most of the materials necessary for life. It transports
substances like digested food from the small intestine to the other parts of the body and
carries oxygen from the lungs. There are two different parts of the blood: the nonliving
liquid part called plasma (yellowish fluid, 55% of the blood) and the three kinds of cells
(red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets – 45% of the blood).
14
Red blood cells (RBCs) also called erythrocytes are the key to life. They
constantly travel through the body, delivering oxygen and removing waste. White
blood cells (WBCs) are larger and less numerous than RBC. They are alsocalled
leukocytes. They circulate in the blood for weeks before leaving the blood and entering other
tissues. They also help defend the body against infection. Platelets or thrombocytes are small,
colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding. They are made
in our bone marrow, the sponge-like tissue in our bones. The bone marrow contains stem cells
that develop into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Source: dbusiness.com
Source: https://selfhacked.com/blog/how-to-increase-
and-decrease-white-blood-cells/
15
EXCRETORY SYSTEM IN HUMANS
How can wastes present in the blood be removed from the body? Blood capillaries in the
kidneys filter the blood. The blood that reaches the two kidneys contains both useful and
harmful substances. The useful substances are absorbed back into the blood, while wastes
dissolved in water are removed as urine. From the kidneys, the urine goes into the urinary
bladder through tube-like ureters, stored in the bladder, and is passed out through the urinary
opening at the end of a muscular tube called urethra. The kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
form the excretory system. The urine consists of the following: 95% water, 2.5% urea, and 2.5%
other waste products.
TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES IN PLANTS
Plants take water and mineral nutrients from the soil through the roots and
transport it to the leaves. Using water and carbon dioxide, the leaves prepare food for
the plant through the process of photosynthesis. Remember that food is the source of
energy, and organisms acquire energy from the breakdown of glucose to carry out
essential life processes. How are water and nutrients absorbed by the roots and
transported to the leaves?
Transport of Water and Minerals
Plant roots play an important role in the absorption of water and minerals.
These have root hairs. Plants have pipe-like vessels made of special cells, forming the
vascular tissue, to transport water and nutrients from the soil. Plants have pipes that
transport water to the entire plant just like what we have at home for the supply water.
There are two types of vascular tissues in plants: the xylem and the phloem.
a. Xylem - tissues that form a continuous network of channels connecting roots to

the leaves through the stem and transporting water and nutrients to
the entire plant
b. Phloem - tissues that transport sugars from the leaves down to the rest of the
plant
Source: http://mrmitchellsbiology.weebly.com/parts-of-a-plant.html
16
Transpiration
Plants release a lot of water through the process of transpiration. Plants absorb
mineral nutrients and water from the soil, but not all the water absorbed is utilized by the
plant. The water evaporates through the stomata present on the surface of the leaves
by transpiration. The evaporation of water from leaves generates a suction pull
(similar to sucking water through a straw), pulling the water to great heights in tall trees.
Transpiration cools the plant.
Task I. COMPLETE THE STATEMENTS
Fill in the blanks with the correct word(s) to complete the sentences below. Write your
1. The blood from the heart is transported to all parts of the body by
.
2. Hemoglobin is present in cells.
3. Arteries and veins are joined by a network of .
4. The rhythmic expansion and contraction of the heart is .
5. They carry blood toward the heart.
Task 2. MATCHING ITEMS
Match the structures in Column A with the functions given in Column B. Write your
Column A Column B
1. Stomata A. Absorption of water

2. Xylem B.Transpiration
3. Root hairs C. Transport of food
4. Phloem D. Transport of water
E. Synthesis of carbohydrates
17
III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
EVALUATION/POST-TEST
I. COMPLETE ME
Compare and contrast plant and animal transport/circulation using the table below.
Include the processes, the structures involved, and the substances transported and
the direction of flow. Write your answers in your notebook.
ANIMALS PLANTS
B. ANSWER ME
Answer the following questions briefly. Write your answers in your notebook.
1. Why is transport of materials necessary in a plant or in an animal?
2. What will happen if there are no specialized transport systems in organisms?
18
REFERENCES
Bayo-ang, R., Coronacion, ML., Jorda, A., and Restubog, AJ. Earth and Life
Science for Senior High School. Educational Resources Corporation:
Quezon City, Metro Manila, 2016
Campbell, Neil A., Reece, Jane B. , Lisa A., Urry, Cain, Michael L.,
Wasserman, Steven A., Minorsky, Peter V., and Jackson, Robert B. Biology,
8th Edition. Pearson Education, Inc.: San Francisco, 2008
Mangali, G. and Oliva, M. DIWA Senior High School Series: Earth and Life
Science Module. DIWA Learning Systems Inc.: Makati City, 2016
Exchanging gases. www.hi.com.au
http://mrmitchellsbiology.weebly.com/parts-of-a-plant.html
https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/respiration-and-excretion- in-plants-
1457092137-1
ncert.nic.in www.redcrossblood.org
19

General Biology II Q4 Week 2

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Republic of the Philippines

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET IN GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

A. Background Information for Learners

LESSON BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF

At the end of the lesson, the learners shall be able to:

1. Read and follow each direction carefully.

All living organisms obtain energy by metabolizing compounds such as carbohydrates.

Here are the ways in which animals obtain oxygen:

The respiratory system’s function is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

3. Tracheal system - Insects,

4. Lung system - A pair of

Plants exchange their gases with the environment in a straightforward way. In

Source: Campbell et al. Biology, 8th edition

Roots and Stems

Source: https:// knowledge/respiration-and-excretion-in-plants-1457092137- 1

Task 1: GAS EXCHANGE IN ANIMALS

Task 2: GAS EXCHANGE IN PLANTS

III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

1. Which of the following is not a structure for gas exchange in plants?

3. What is the process by which molecules move from an area of higher

At the end of the lesson, the learners shall be able to:

1. Read and follow each direction carefully.

2. Count the number of pulse beats in one

II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

Animal Circulatory System

The Human Heart

The heart is a bundle of muscles about

Arteries have thick muscular walls. They

EXCRETORY SYSTEM IN HUMANS

TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES IN PLANTS

Transport of Water and Minerals

a. Xylem - tissues that form a continuous network of channels connecting roots to

Task I. COMPLETE THE STATEMENTS

Task 2. MATCHING ITEMS

1. Stomata A. Absorption of water

III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

1. Why is transport of materials necessary in a plant or in an animal?

2. What will happen if there are no specialized transport systems in organisms?

Exchanging gases. www.hi.com.au

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