COMPARATIVE MOD UNIT I.Edited
COMPARATIVE MOD UNIT I.Edited
COMPARATIVE MOD UNIT I.Edited
SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY
MODULE
COMPARATIVE MODELS IN
POLICING
(LEA-2)
LEARNING UNIT I
PRE-TEST:
INSTRUCTION: Answer the pre-test with the best of your ability, email your answer
on ___________________ @ [email protected]. or send your answer at
my messenger nymia ravidas.
1. Police
2. Policing System
3. Comparative Policing
4. Global Policing
5. Interpol
6. Aseanapol
1.At the end of the lesson the student will be able to understand different terminologies;
2. Identify the types of police system, concept and theories of police service;
3. Understand the Evolution of policing system;
4. Know the models of policing;
5. Understand the comparative study of some models in policing;
6. Know the history of Philippine Policing System;
.
LESSON I:
Comparative
Denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has a
property or quality greater or less in extent than that of another.
Police
Police typically are responsible for maintaining public order and safety, enforcing
the law, and preventing, detecting, and investigating criminal activities. These
functions are known as policing.
Police are often also entrusted with various licensing and regulatory activities.
The word comes via French word Policier, from Latin politia ("civil
administration"), from ancient Greek polis ("city").
The police are a constituted body of persons empowered by a state, with the aim
to enforce the law, to ensure the safety, health and possessions of citizens, and
to prevent crime and civil disorder. Their lawful powers include arrest and the use
of force legitimized by the state via the monopoly on violence. The term is most
commonly associated with the police forces of a sovereign state that are
authorized to exercise the police power of that state within a defined legal or
territorial area of responsibility.
The civil force of a national or local government, responsible for the prevention
and detection of crime and the maintenance of public order
System
Combination of parts in a whole; orderly arrangement according to some
common law; collection of rules and principles in science or art; method of
transacting business (Webster)
Global Policing
Indicate those forms of policing that are fully global in scope.
International Policing
Indicate those types of policing that are formally directed by institutions usually
responsible for international affairs.
Transnational Policing
Pertains to all forms of policing that transgress national borders
Transnational Crime
Refers to crime that takes place across national borders.
INTERPOL
International Criminal Police Organization is an organization facilitating
international police cooperation.
Police System
The study and application of information in relation to how groups, individuals,
and people operate within an organization is considered organizational behavior.
Police Power
The inherent power of a government to exercise reasonable control over persons
and property within its jurisdiction in the interest of the general security, health,
safety, morals, and welfare except where legally prohibited
TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEM
3.Socialist System
Distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate the offender known as
Marxist-Leninist Justice and exist in places such as Africa and Asia
4.Islamic System
Based more on the concept of natural justice or customary law or tribal traditions.
Is the theory of police service which maintains that police officers are servants of
higher authorities. This theory prevails in the continental countries like France,
Italy and Spain.
IMPORTANT DATES
1833 = Coldbath Fields Riot (Grays Inn Road). A major crowd disturbance dealt with by
the MetropolitanPolice with controversial use of force
1836 = The Metropolitan Police absorb the Bow Street Horse Patrol into its control.
1838 = incorporates Marine Police and Bow Street Runners into the
Metropolitan Police and thedisbandment of the Bow Street Office and other Offices.
These were all agreed and put into effect.
ADMINISTRATION POLICING PRINCIPLES OF LONDON METROPOLITAN POLICE:
1. Stable and effective civil police under government control
ROLE OF POLICE:
The role of police is to address all sorts of problems when and in so far as their
solutions do or possibly require the use of force at the point of their occurrence.
Manning remarks that “ policing is an exercise in symbolic demarking of what is
immoral, wrong and outside the boundaries of acceptable conduct. It represents the
state, morality and standards of civility and decency by which we judge ourselves.
POLICE IS VIEWED AS FULFILLING THE FOLLOWING ROLES IN SOCIAL LIFE:
A watchman
A Law Enforcer
A Service Provider
Authority of Police:
The authority of police comes from the people- their laws and institutions. Police
agencies are not only part of the community but also part f the government, which
determine their formal base of authority and of criminal justice system, which
determines society’s course in deterring lawbreakers and rehabilitating offenders. In a
Constitutional system, the ultimate authority springs from the Constitution itself. The
authority of police in every jurisdiction is derived from the sovereign authority- it could
be either the Constitution which gives the elected government executive authority over
the subjects or the “grund norm” which gives the sovereign authority over its subjects
devoid of any written constitution.
DIFFERENT MODELS OF POLICING:
The organization of police in different countries is primarily rooted on the socio-cultural
and historic background of the country. For example in UK which has long tradition of
parliamentary democracy, policing works on the principle of consent by the population,
where as in most other countries, policing power is vested on state by law.
As such the police organisations have nothing in common in many countries except
their basic goals(in some jurisdictions even these goals do not match!). However
criminologists have tried to bring out common features in police structures world over on
the basis of certain features, the most prominent of them being the command
architecture.
1. Classification based on legitimacy or legal backing of police function:
Policing by consent
Policing by law
2. Classification based on Command structure
2.1. Centralised
2.2. Decentralised
2.3. Single/Singular
MODEL CLASSIFICATION IS BASED ON TWO DIMENSIONS:
1. Number of forces to be commanded: If the entire police force in the country is
organised as a single force under a single commander, the model is called Singular
model, and if in a single country, there are a number of police forces, like in India, it is
called “Multiple model”. Inside the multiple model, if the polices forces have well defined
territories of functioning and their functions do not overlap each other, the model is
called Multiple Coordinated, if the case is reverse as in India, where many agencies can
have overlapping jurisdictions, it is called Multiple Uncoordinated.
2. Type of forces: If the police forces in a country is highly organised and having a
centralised command, it is called Coordinated Centralised police force, and if the police
forces in a country do not have an apparent centralised command structure, it is called
“decentralised command structure”.
According to UK Home Office, this system prevents political interference in policing and
avoids giving any single organisation power over the entire police service. In addition
there is an independent Police Complaints Authority and an Inspectorate of
Constabulary. While the Police Complaints Commission examines the complaints
against the police officials, the Inspectorate of Constabulary acts as an audit wing for
the police which examine and assess the efficiency of police. The Police Reforms Act,
2002 requires the Home Secretary to prepare a annual Policing Plan and to place it
before the legislature. The budgetary control of each police force rests with the Police
Authority, which consists of at least 17 members. There is representation for local
elected representatives, judiciary and common men, In every police authority, such
representation includes nominations from the Home Office as well as members selected
through an open recruitment process. All bodies like Inspectorate of Constabulary,
Independent Police Complaints authority and Police Authorities function as independent
bodies with separate corporate identity, distinct from that of police.
5. SPAIN
Spain is a typical example of a multiple Uncoordinated Centralised police force. As in
almost all European Countries, policing is based on the principle of “Policing by law”.
The system is called Multiple Centralised uncoordinated force since, there is more than
one police force in the country, but at the top both these forces report to the same
authority. The authority of these forces overlaps in many places.
In conformity with the Constitution, the organic law on law enforcement bodies defines
the structure of public safety in Spain.
Under the Spanish constitution, public safety is the responsibility of the State alone and
national Government’s role to maintain security. Autonomous communities and local
corporations may participate through their own security forces in the law and order
maintenance and crime investigation functions of police. Spain has a National Police,
which is a civilian force and operates basically in urban areas. The Guardia Civil (Civil
Guard), which is a military force and operates mainly in rural areas. Local communities
have either units of police forces attached to their executives or their own police forces.
6. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
There’s no national police force in the US, where policing is organised on a state and
local basis. The country has around 500,000 police officers and a total of 40,000
separate police forces, over half of which are simply one or two-man sheriffs’ offices in
small towns. In addition to regular full-time police officers, many towns have auxiliary,
part-time police officers, special duty and volunteer sheriff’s posses (which assist
sheriffs’ offices in some areas).
Law enforcement in the United States is decentralized. Federal authorities deal with
violations of federal law that fall within their specific jurisdictions. There are
approximately 65 different federal police agencies. At the local level, each of the 50
sovereign states has its own state legislature that enacts criminal statutes under their
state constitutions. Most of the U.S. States have police at all levels – municipal, county
and state level.
Specific Organisational features of police vary greatly from small informally organised
departments with 2-3 employees to highly organised metropolitan departments with
numerous sub divisions and thousands of employees.
Police structures vary greatly among and within the federal, state and local levels.
Primary responsibility of policing is at local level. State level officials have only specific
duties.
7. POLICE IN INDIA
India tops the number of Police men in the world countries with 1,032,960 police
personnel. USA has the second largest police force in the world with 941,139 police
officers. UK and France come 9th and 10th respectively. However considering the
population of the country, India has only 0.956207 per 1,000 people and comes 47th in
the world countries, while, UK with 2.04871 per 1,000 people stands at 34th position.
Indian model of police organisation is an example for a multiple unorganised
decentralised policing. In sharp contrast to the British principle of policing by consent,
India follows policing by law. Each state has its own police force, whose top echelons
are filled by officers of Indian Police Service, which is a central service. Many analysts
have commented that the Indian Police Act, 1861, which was brought into force
immediately after the First War of Indian Independence in 1857 was based on distrust of
Indian officials and was aimed at ensuring strict control over the Indian population. Even
after attaining independence, successive governments did not try to change this basic
character of Indian Police force. Though the framers of the Indian Constitution
envisaged police as a state subject, vide Article 246 read with entries I & 2 of List II of
Seventh Schedule of Indian Constitution, most Indian states opted to adopt the Indian
Police Act, 1861 without any change, while the very few states, including Kerala which
opted for Police Act of its own, modeled its statute broadly based on the Indian Police
Act, 1861 itself. Even the model Police Act, 2008 does not have any basic difference
from the philosophy of Indian Police Act, 1861.
While we can broadly classify the Indian Police organisation as a multiple, un
coordinated, decentralised model, the presence of IPS officers at the top ranks of most
police forces create an oblique Centralised control.
The quasi-federal character of the Indian polity, with specific provisions in the
Constitution, allows a coordinating and counseling role for the Centre in police matters
and even authorizes it to set up certain central police organisations.
The head of the police force in each state is the Director General of Police (DGP)
responsible to the state government for the administration of the police force in each
state, and for advising the government on police matters. The DGP represents the
highest rung in the police hierarchy.
UNITED STATES POLICING SYSTEM
TYPES OF US POLICE
1. MUNICIPAL POLICE = includes village, township, city and country police
departments, sheriff departments.
TYPES OF LOCAL POLICE
a. Country Sheriff = in charged with the operation of county jail, civil function such
as service of eviction notices and other court orders and police responsibility.
b. City Police = most common local police organization. It has jurisdiction in
matters that occur in an incorporated municipality.
2. STATE POLICE = includes special investigative agencies that concentrate on state
wide law enforcement
3. FEDERAL POLICE = agencies operated by federal government at the national level
• Maintenance of law and order is a part of the military system for the defense of
the colony;
• Locally organized police forces although performing civil duties is a direct adjunct
of the colonial military establishments; (policemen in appearance yet colonial
soldiers in the ultimate sense.
• Gurdia Civil - Created by Royal decree on February 12, 1852, to partially relieve
the Spanish peninsula troops of their works in policing towns. It is consisted of a
body of Filipino policemen organized originally in each of the provincial capital of
the province of Luzon under the Alcalde Mayor.)
• Philippine Commission Act No. of 175 - (July 18, 1901) an act providing for the
organization and government of an Insular Constabulary.
• Sec. 1, Act 255 of October 3, 1901 - renamed the Insular Constabulary to
Philippine Constabulary (a national police institution for preserving peace,
keeping order and enforcing the law.
• Henry Allen - the first Chief of the Philippine Constabulary.
• Rafael Crame - the first Filipino Chief of the Philippine Constabulary.
• Act No 70 - (On January 9, 1901) The Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was
organized
• E.O. 389 - Ordered that the PC be one of the four services of the AFP, dated
December 23, 1940.
• P.D. 765 -Integration Act of 1975, dated August 8, 1975, established the
Integrated National Police (INP) composed of the PC as the nucleus and the Integrated
local police forces as components, under the Ministry of National Defense.
• E.O. 1012- transferred to the city and municipal government the operational
supervision and direction over the INP units assigned within their locality.
• R.A. 4864 -It created the POLCOM (Police Commission) as a supervisory agency
to oversee the training and professionalization of the local police under the
Officer of the President. Otherwise known as the Police Professionalization act of
1966, dated September 8, 1966. It was later renamed as the National Police
Commission (NAPOLCOM).
• E.O. 1040 - Transferred the Admin. Control and Supervision of the INP from the
ministry of National Defense to the National Police Commission.
• R.A. 8551 Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998,
enacted 1998, amending the provision of R.A. 6975
• Act No. 181- created the Division of Investigation (DI) of the Department of
Justice dated November 1938.
• R.A. 157 - created the National Bureau of Investigation, enacted June 19, 1947
and later reorganized by R,A. 2678.
• Line and Staff - the organizational structure of the P.N.P. which is also adopted by
many police organization in the world.
• P.N.P.- headed by Chief with a rank of Director General with two (2)Deputy
Director General (1) for Administration and (2) for Operation. Although there are
three (3) Deputy Director General ranks.
OFFICERS
Philippine Constabulary Rank (1950–1991)
Major General
Brigadier General
Colonel
Lieutenant Colonel
Major
Captain
First Lieutenant
Second Lieutenant
Rank
Police Brigadier General
Police Colonel
Police Major
Police Captain
Police Lieutenant
Police Sergeant
Police Corporal
Patrolman / Patrolwoman
INFORMAL RANKS
Prior to the adoption of the 2019 classification, the police has informally used military
ranks to address to each other; such as tiniente or lieutenant for officers who had
recently graduated from the Philippine National Police Academy while Chief
Superintendents up to the Director General were colloquially referred to as Generals.
• Police rank
• Chief of the Philippine National Police, top position in the Philippine National
Police, sometimes referred to as the Director General after the prerequisite rank
of the position.
4. The PNP provides assistance to the AFP in the arrest of suspected insurgents
with standing warrants of arrest, and
5. The PNP and the AFP maintain close intelligence coordination and exchanges
and share each other’s accomplishments of their respective mission and
functions.
PNP RECRUITMENT PROCESS:
• The students joining PNP will sign a contract: MOA with PNP, training
rules, solidarity
, minor authorization
If you are eligible and have the courage and will to join the police force, here are the
initial requirements that you must prepare (PDF Format):
PNP RSS
The Philippine National Police Recruitment and Selection Service (PNP RSS) is the
primary unit responsible for new recruits in the PNP. It will manage the recruitment and
selection process of patrolman/woman, patrol officer, lateral entry for technical and line
officers, etc. Moreover, it will be under the supervision of the Directorate for Personnel
and Records Management (DPRM).
PNP QUALIFICATIONS
It is important to check if you are qualified to apply before anything else. This will save
you your time and effort. Refer to the photo below.
1. A citizen of the Philippines;
5. Must be eligible;
6. Must not have been dishonorably discharged from military employment or dismissed
for cause from any civilian position in the government;
7. Must not have been convicted by final judgment of an offense or crime involving
moral turpitude;
8. Must be at least 5’2 for men (1.57 meters) and 5’0 for women or (1.52 meters).
Read about the PNP, BFP, BJMP, and BuCor Height Equality Act.
9. Must weigh not more or less than five kilograms (5kg) from the standard weight
Corresponding to his/her weight, age, and sex; and
10.Must not be less than twenty-one (21) nor more than thirty (30) years of age.
Note: An applicant shall be considered to be 21 years of age on his/her 21st birthday
and shall be considered more than thirty (30) years of age on his/her 31st birthday.
Applicants will undergo different screening processes. Refer to the list below.
Additional Points are given for those with Masteral, LLB units, graduates with
honors, and with multiple eligibilities (maximum 30 points)
Additional Points are given for those with Masteral, LLB units, graduates with
honors, and with multiple eligibilities (maximum 30 points).
Criteria Minimum Points Maximum Points
Educational 21 30
Eligibility 21 30
Final Interview 16 25
All applicants are required to pass all the events of PAT and must meet the following
Female – 25 (1 Minute)
Female – 25 (1 Minute)
Female – 21 Minutes
Physical Agility Test is one of the requirements by the PNP in order to evaluate the
physical qualification of these aspiring Patrolman/woman applicants whether he or she
possesses the required condition such as strength and speed applicable in the service.
The Screening Committee composed of personnel from RPHRDD and Regional Health
Service took the lead as the screening committee.
This test is necessary to filter applicants who may be suffering from any mental disorder.
All applicants are obliged to take the psychological and/or neuro-psychiatric test to be
administered by the PNP or any recognized institution.
Physical Examination
This is done in order to determine whether or not the applicant is in good health, free
from any contagious diseases, a physical and medical examination must be conducted
by the city/municipal health officer or PNP medical officer after he/she qualified for a
preliminary interview.
Final Interview
The Screening Committee shall interview the qualified applicant for suitability for police
work. The interview shall aid in determining likeableness, affability, attitude towards
work, outside interest, forcefulness, conversational ability, disagreeable mannerism, etc.
Oath-Taking
After the final deliberation and through selection among the qualified applicants, the
successful applications shall take their oath of office.
Probationary
The probation will be for a period of at least twelve (12) months. The New PO1s must
undergo the Public Safety Basic Recruit Course (PSBRC) and Field Training Program in
order to attain permanent status.
References:
Comparative Policing Systems, Global Responses of Law Enforcement Officers to
Crimes, Dr. Veneranda Poschor- Depayso
Internet Sources:
http://ojen.ca/wp-content/uploads/Policing-and-Society_Module-4.pdf
https://www.coursehero.com/file/32435318/LEA-6-COMPARATIVE-
POLICESYSTEMdocx/
https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/administrative-law/comparative-study-
ofpolicing-models-administrative-law-essay.php