Anatomy & Physiology - Lecture

STUDENT ACTIVITY SHEET BS NURSING / FIRST YEAR

Session # 3

LESSON TITLE: TISSUES 14. List the structural and functional

characteristics of mucous, serous, and
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
synovial membranes;
Upon completion of this lesson, you can: 15. Define the inflammation and chronic
inflammation;
1. Describe the general makeup of a tissue and its basic types; 16. Illustrate the process of inflammation and roles
2. List the general characteristics and major functions of of chemical mediators in response to tissue
epithelial tissue; damage;
3. Classify epithelial tissues based on the number of cell layers 17. List the classic signs of inflammation;
and shape of the cells; 18. Describe the tissue repair and its two types;
4. Describe the structure, functions, and common locations of 19. Illustrate the tissue repair process;
each classification of epithelium; 20. Identify the medical terms involved and their
5. Relate the structural specializations of epithelial tissue with role in tissue repair process;
the functions they perform; 21. Define wound contracture and its role in tissue
6. Define what glands are; repair; and,
7. Categorize exocrine glands based on their structure, shape 22. Identify the age-related changes that occur in
of secretory regions and type of secretions; cells and extracellular matrix.
8. Identify the major components of extracellular matrix of
connective tissue;
9. Enumerate the functions of connective tissue; Materials:
10. Describe each classification of connective tissues with its Book, pen and notebook
structure, functions and locations;
11. Define the types of muscle tissue with their general
structures, locations, and functions; and, Reference:
12. Describe the functions of nervous tissue and structure of a VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019).
neuron. Seeley’s essentials of anatomy & physiology
13. Describe the tissue membranes and its major categories; (10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

LESSON REVIEW/PREVIEW
Let us have a review from Chapter 3 before moving forward to the next chapter. Identify each item & write
your answer on the blank provided. Do this without looking at your notes and check it right after. Enjoy!

Identification
1. Site of CHON synthesis. __________________________________
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
2. Movement of a solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration within
a solvent. __________________________________
Diffusion
3. Type of solution in which the water moves by osmosis out of the cell and into the solution, resulting
in shrinkage. __________________________________
Hypertonic Solution
4. A process in which the information in DNA directs protein synthesis.
__________________________________
Gene Expression
5. Known as the programmed cell death. __________________________________
Apoptosis

MAIN LESSON
You must read & study the concepts and refer to figures/tables in Chapter 4 of the book.

Tissue – a group of cells with similar structure and function, along with extracellular substances located
between cells. Changes in tissues can result in development, growth, aging, trauma, or disease.
Histology – the microscopic study of tissue structure.
Four Basic Types of Tissues:

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 1. Epithelium – covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body.
2. Connective – a diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ in the body.
3. Muscle – makes movement possible by contracting or shortening.
4. Nervous – responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities.

General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue:

1. Mostly composed of cells with very little extracellular matrix between them.
2. Covers body surfaces that include the exterior surface, lining of digestive, urinary, reproductive, &
respiratory tracts, heart & blood vessels, and linings of body cavities.
3. Distinct cell surfaces.
▪ Free / Apical Surface – exposed & not attached to other cells
▪ Lateral Surface – cells attached to other epithelial cells
▪ Basal Surface – attached to a basement membrane (a specialized type of extracellular
material that helps attach the epithelial cells to the underlying tissues, and plays an
important role in supporting & guiding cell migration during tissue repair.)
4. Cell and matrix connections.
5. Nonvascular. All gases & nutrients carried in the blood reach the epithelium by diffusing from
blood vessels across the basement membrane.
6. Capable of regeneration.

Major Functions of Epithelia:

1. Protecting underlying structures 4. Secreting substances
2. Acting as a barrier 5. Absorbing substances
3. Permitting the passage of substances

Classification of Epithelium:

Based on Number of Cell Layers Shape of Cells

Squamous
Simple – single layer of cells Cuboidal
Columnar
Squamous
Nonkeratinized (moist)
Stratified – more than one layer of cells Keratinized
Cuboidal
Columnar
Pseudostratified – special type of simple epithelium; appears to be
Columnar
stratified but is not
Roughly cuboidal to columnar
Transitional – modification of stratified epithelium that can be greatly
when not stretched and
stretched
squamous-like when stretched.

Types of Epithelium (based on idealized shapes of epithelial cells):

1. Squamous cells are flat or scale-like.
2. Cuboidal cells are cube-shaped – about as wide as they are tall.
3. Columnar cells tend to be taller than they are wide.

Types of Simple Epithelium:

TYPE STRUCTURE FUNCTION LOCATION

blood vessels, heart, lymphatic
Simple 1 layer of flat, tile-like cells,
diffusion & filtration vessels, alveoli, kidney tubules,
Squamous often hexagonal cells
serous membranes
kidney tubules, glands, choroid
1 layer of square-shaped
Simple Cuboidal secretion & absorption plexuses, terminal bronchioles,
cells
ovaries
secrete mucus & bronchioles, auditory tubes, uterus,
Simple Columnar 1 layer of tall, narrow cells
absorption fallopian tubes, stomach,

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 intestines, gallbladder, bile ducts,
ventricles of brain
1 layer of tall, narrow cells, secrete mucus & propel nasal cavity, nasal sinuses,
Pseudostratified
appears stratified but isn’t, debris out of respiratory auditory tubes, pharynx, trachea,
Columnar
almost always ciliated tract bronchi

Types of Stratified Epithelium:

TYPE STRUCTURE FUNCTION LOCATION

many layers of flat, tile-like cells
▪ Nonkeratinized – moist, the mouth, throat, larynx,
protect & acts as a
surface cells retain a nucleus & esophagus, anus, vagina,
barrier against
Stratified cytoplasm inferior urethra, corneas
infection; reduces loss
Squamous ▪ Keratinized – cytoplasm of cells at
of water from the
the surface is replaced by a
body outer layer of the skin
protein called keratin, and the
cells are dead
Stratified many layers, cube-shaped; relatively absorption, secretion, sweat glands, ovarian
Cuboidal rare & protection follicular cells, salivary glands
many layers, but only the surface cells
Stratified are columnar; secretion, protection, mammary gland ducts, larynx,
Columnar deeper layers are irregular or cuboidal & some absorption portion of male urethra
in shape; relatively rare
special type that changes shape hold fluids & protects
urinary bladder, ureters,
Transitional - stretched: squamous against the caustic
superior urethra
- not stretched: cuboidal effects of urine

Structural and Functional Relationships:

1. Simple epithelium is involved with diffusion, secretion, or absorption. Stratified epithelium

serves a protective role. Squamous cells function in diffusion or filtration. Cuboidal or columnar
cells, which contain more organelles, secrete or absorb.
2. A smooth, free surface reduces friction.
▪ Microvilli – increase cell’s surface area (ex: small intestines)
▪ Cilia – move materials across cell’s surface (ex: trachea)
▪ Goblet Cells – produce mucus (ex: stomach)
3. Cell connections are vital to hold one cell to one another or to the
basement membrane. These structures are:
▪ Tight Junctions – bind adjacent cell together
▪ Desmosomes – mechanical links that bind cells
▪ Hemidesmosomes – bind cells to basement membrane
▪ Gap Junctions – most common; small channels that allow molecules to pass between
cells & allow cells to communicate

Glands – structures that secrete substances onto a surface, into a cavity, or into blood; primarily
composed of epithelium, with a supporting network of connective tissue.

Two Types of Glands:

1. Exocrine – with ducts (ex: sweat & oil glands)

a. Classification according to Structure of Ducts

Simple Glands single, non-branched duct (ex: glands in stomach & colon)

Compound Glands multiple, branched ducts (ex: mucous glands of duodenum)

b. Classification according to Shape of Secretory Regions

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 Tubular shaped as tubules (small tubes); can be straight or coiled

Acinar / Alveolar sac-like structure

Tubuloacinar /
glands with combination of the tubular and acinar / alveolar
Tubuloalveolar

c. Classification according to Type of Secretion

most common; involves the release of secretory products by
Merocrine Secretion exocytosis
ex: water-producing sweat glands, pancreas
release of secretory products as pinched-off fragments of gland cells
Apocrine Secretion
ex: milk-producing mammary glands (combination with merocrine)
involves the shedding of entire cells
Holocrine Secretion
ex: sebaceous glands of skin

2. Endocrine – no ducts (directly into bloodstream); cellular products are called hormones (ex:
pituitary glands)

Connective Tissue – distinguished by its extracellular matrix which results from the activity of specialized
connective tissue cells, which are:
▪ - blast cells: form the matrix (osteoblasts form bone, chondroblasts form cartilage)
▪ - clast cells: break down the matrix (osteoclasts break down bone)
▪ - cyte cells: maintain the matrix (osteocytes maintain the bone)

Major Components of Extracellular Matrix:

1. Protein Fibers
a. Collagen Fibers – very flexible but resist stretching
b. Reticular Fibers – very fine, short collagen fibers that branch to form a supporting
network
c. Elastic Fibers – have the ability to return to their original shape after being stretched
2. Ground Substance – consists of non-fibrous molecules and has the following major
components:
a. Hyaluronic Acid – makes fluid slippery
b. Proteoglycan Aggregates – trap water which gives tissues the capacity to recoil when
deformed
c. Adhesive Molecules – hold proteoglycans together & to plasma membrane
3. Fluid – the matrix is liquid that enables blood to flow rapidly through the body

Functions of Connective Tissue:

1. Enclosing & separating other tissues (ex: sheets around organs and muscles)
2. Connecting tissues to one another (ex: tendons: bone to muscle, ligaments: bone to bone)
3. Supporting & moving parts of body (ex: bones)
4. Storing compound (ex: bones store calcium & phosphate)
5. Cushioning & insulating (ex: adipose tissue protects organs & helps conserve heat)
6. Transporting (ex: blood transports gases, nutrients, enzymes, & hormones)
7. Protecting (ex: immune cells)

Classification of Connective Tissues:

1. Connective Tissue Proper
a. Loose Connective Tissue – consists of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy
network, with numerous spaces filled with ground substance & fluid.
Structure Function Location
Fine network of fibers (mostly packing between glands,
loose packing, support, &
▪ Areolar collagen with a few elastic fibers) muscles, & nerves; attaches
nourishment
with spaces in between; the skin to underlying tissues

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 packing material, thermal subcutaneous areas,
Little extracellular matrix; insulator, energy storage, & mesenteries, renal pelvis,
▪ Adipose
adipocytes are full of lipid protect organs against injury around kidney, surface of
from being jarred colon, mammary glands
provides a superstructure for
Fine network of reticular fibers within lymph nodes, spleen,
▪ Reticular lymphatic & hematopoietic
irregularly arranged bone marrow
tissues

b. Dense Connective Tissue – has relatively large number of protein fibers that form thick
bundles & fill nearly all of the extracellular space

Structure Function Location

▪ Regular Collagen fibers running in
withstand great pulling forces tendons, ligaments
Collagenous same direction
exerted in direction of fiber
orientation due to great tensile dermis of skin, organ
▪ Irregular Collagen fibers run in
strength & stretch resistance capsules, outer layer of
Collagenous several directions
blood vessels
Matrix composed of collagen elastic ligaments between
capable of stretching and recoiling
▪ Regular fibers & elastin fibers vertebrae & along dorsal
like a rubber band with strength in
Elastic running the same direction in aspect of neck, vocal
direction of fiber orientation
elastic ligaments cords
Matrix composed of collagen
▪ Irregular fibers & elastin fibers capable of stretching and recoiling
walls of blood vessels
Elastic oriented in many different in many different directions
directions

2. Supporting Connective Tissue

a. Cartilage – is composed of chondrocytes (cartilage cells); resilient, relatively rigid &
enables to spring back after being compressed; not penetrated by blood vessels;
therefore, heals slowly after an injury.

Structure Function Location

allows growth, provides rigidity growing long bones, cartilage
Collagen fibers are
with some flexibility, forms strong, rings of respiratory system,
small & evenly
▪ Hyaline smooth, yet somewhat flexible costal cartilage of ribs, nasal
dispersed making it
articulating surfaces, forms the cartilages, articulating surfaces
transparent
embryonic skeleton of bones
Fibers are more somewhat flexible & capable of intervertebral disks, pubic
numerous than in withstanding considerable symphysis, articular disks
▪ Fibrocartilage
others; arranged in pressure; connects structures (knees, temporomandibular
thick bundles subjected to great pressure joints)
Similar to hyaline, but provides rigidity with even more
external ears, epiglottis, auditory
▪ Elastic matrix contains elastic flexibility; recoil after being
tubes
fibers stretched

b. Bone – hard connective tissue that consists of living cells & mineralized matrix;
composed of osteocytes (bone cells) which are located within lacunae; the matrix is
organized into layers called lamellae.
▪ Compact Bone – more solid, with almost no space between thin layers of
mineralized matrix
▪ Spongy Bone – has spaces between trabeculae of bone
Function: Provides great strength & support; protects internal organs, provides
attachment of muscles & ligaments; allow movements
3. Fluid Connective Tissue

a. Blood – composed of formed elements & a fluid matrix

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 Function: Transport gases, hormones, nutrients, waste products; protect body from
infections; temperature regulation
Location: Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

b. Hemopoietic Tissue – composed of red and yellow marrow

Muscle Tissue – main function is to contract, or shorten, making movement possible; length is greater
than its diameter.

Type Structure Function Location Image

cells are large, long,
cylindrical attached to bone
Skeletal movement of body under Refer to Table
Nucleus: many, located or other connective
Muscle voluntary control 4.10a, page 85
peripherally tissue

Striated: YES
cells are cylindrical;
branched & connected to
one another by intercalated
Cardiac disks (contain gap pumps blood under Refer to Table
heart
Muscle junctions) involuntary control 4.10b, page 85
Nucleus: one, located
centrally
Striated: YES

cells are tapered at each

regulates size of organs,
end
forces fluids through tubes, in hollow organs
Smooth controls the amount of light such as stomach & Refer to Table
Muscle Nucleus: one, located entering the eye, produces intestines; skin & 4.10c, page 86
centrally “goose bumps” in skin; under eyes
involuntary control
Striated: NO

Nervous Tissue – specialized to conduct action potentials (electrical signals); located in the brain, spinal
cord & ganglia

▪ Neurons (nerve cell) – transmit information in form of action potentials, store information, & integrate
& evaluate data

Three Major Parts:

1. Cell Body – site of general cell functions; contains nucleus

2. Dendrites – receive stimuli leading to electrical changes
3. Axon – send action potential to another neuron

▪ Glia (support cells) – surround the neurons; function to protect, nourish & form specialized sheaths
around axons

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You must read & study the concepts and refer to figures/tables in Chapter 4 of the book.

Tissue Membrane – a thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity. The body is
composed of four membranes, one external and 3 internal.

▪ Cutaneous Membrane / Skin – external tissue membrane; compose of stratified squamous

epithelium & dense connective tissue.
Major Categories of Internal Tissue Membranes:

Membrane Structure Function & Location

consist of epithelial cells, their basement

✔ line cavities to outside of body (digestive,
membrane, & a thick layer of loose connective
respiratory, & reproductive tracts)
1. Mucous tissue; some contain a layer of smooth muscle
✔ protection (oral cavity)
cells; many contain goblet cells to secrete
✔ absorption & secretion (intestine)
mucus

✔ line cavities that don’t open to exterior of

consist of three components: a layer of simple
body (pericardial, pleural, & peritoneal)
squamous epithelium, its basement
✔ lubricate & protect internal organs from
2. Serous membrane, & a delicate layer of loose
friction
connective tissue; do not contain glands but
✔ help hold organs in place
secrete serous fluid
✔ act as selectively permeable barrier

made up of only connective tissue & consist of

✔ line cavities of freely movable joints
modified connective tissue cells; either
✔ produce synovial fluid to make joints
3. Synovial continuous with dense connective tissue of
slippery, thereby reducing friction & allow
joint capsule or separated from capsule by
areolar or adipose tissue smooth movement

Inflammation

occurs when tissues are damaged

can result from the immediate & painful events that follow trauma
mobilizes the body’s defenses & isolates and destroys microorganisms, foreign materials, and
damaged cells.

Chronic Inflammation – results when the agent responsible for an injury is not removed or something else
interferes with the healing process.

Inflammatory Response is an unpleasant but beneficial occurrence in the human body when tissues are
damaged.

Classic Signs of Inflammation:

1. Redness / Rubor
2. Heat / Calor
3. Swelling / Tumor
4. Pain / Dolor
5. Disturbance of function

Chemical Mediators – are substances that are released or activated in the injured tissues and adjacent
blood vessels.

▪ Histamine – released from the mast cells and causes vasodilation - widening of blood vessels
▪ Prostaglandin – sensitizes the pain receptors and enhances the effects of histamine.

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Neutrophil – a type of phagocytic white blood cell that enters the tissues and fights infections by ingesting
bacteria. It dies after ingesting a small number of bacteria; the mixture of dead neutrophils, other cells, &
fluid that can accumulate is called pus.

Process of Inflammatory Response:

Injury that causes damage to the skin and introduces microorganisms

▼
Release of Chemical Mediators

Massive Vasodilation Increased Vascular

Permeability
▼ ▼
Redness and heat produced Water, protein, & other substances from
Increased speed with which blood cells & the blood move into the injury site
other infection-fighting & repair inducing (edema or swelling)
substances are brought to injury Fibrin forms a fibrous network that “walls
off” the site of injury
Neutrophil migrates for phagocytosis

Compression & irritated nerve endings caused pain and loss of function

Tissue Repair is the substitution of viable cells for dead cells. The type of tissue repair is determined by:
✔ tissues involved
✔ severity of wound

Two Types of Tissue Repair:

1. Regeneration – the new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed, and normal function
is usually restored; no scar formation.
▪ Stem Cells – primarily used in this type; self-renewing, undifferentiated cells that continue
to divide throughout life. (ex: liver, pancreas)
2. Fibrosis / Replacement – a new type of tissue develops that eventually causes scar production
and the loss of some tissue function. (ex: brain, heart, skeletal muscles)

Tissue Repair Process:

In the process that repairs tissue damage, a clot is first formed. Next, new epithelial cells grow into the
wound, followed by the formation of granulation tissue. Finally, granulation tissue is replaced with new
connective tissue. (See the process figure 4.7, page 90)

Definition of Terms:
▪ Clot – contains the threadlike protein fibrin, which binds the edges of the wound together and
stops the bleeding.
▪ Scab – dried clot; seals the wound and helps prevent infection.
▪ Macrophage – a second type of phagocytic cells that removes the dead neutrophils, cellular
debris, & the decomposing clot.
▪ Fibroblast – produces collagen and other extracellular matrix components.
▪ Granulation Tissue – a delicate, granular-appearing connective tissue that consists of
fibroblasts, collagen, and capillaries.

Wound Contracture – a result of contraction of fibroblasts in granulation tissue; pulls the edges of wound
closer together.
▪ Advantage: reduces the size of the wound and speeds healing
▪ Disadvantage: may lead to disfiguring and debilitating scars

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Effects of Aging in Tissues:
1. Cells divide more slowly as people age. Injuries heal more slowly.
2. Extracellular matrix containing collagen and elastic fibers become less flexible and less elastic.
Consequently, skin wrinkles, elasticity in arteries is reduced, and bones break more easily.

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will be
given to the correct answer and another one (1) point for the correct ratio. Superimpositions or erasures in
your answer/ratio is not allowed. You are given 20 minutes for this activity.

Multiple Choice

1. Understanding tissue structure and function is important because:

a. There is a relationship between the structure of each tissue type (how it is organized) and its
function (what it does).
b. There is a relationship between tissue structure and organ function.
c. Many diseases and pathologies are tissue and cell type specific.
d. Changes at the tissue level affect the function of organs.
e. All of these are correct.
f. All are correct except option C.
ANSWER: ________ e.
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________
The type of structure a tissue has is directly proportional to its specialized function/s, and its corresponding
____________________________________________________________________________________
design or shape allows for the tissue to perform in its rightful and optimal way/s. Sudden changes and disruptions to
__________________________
the tissues at a physiological level may affect how certain tissues perform their functions, becoming subject to many
diseases which may inflict an amount of damage to the cells in the tissue/s.
2. Which of these is NOT one of the four basic tissue types?
a. glandular d. epithelium
b. connective e. nervous
c. muscle
ANSWER: ________
a.
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________
There are four basic types of tissues, with each of them performing specific roles and functions to
____________________________________________________________________________________
their designated organ/organ systems. These are the epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissues.
__________________________

3. All are true statement about epithelial tissue: (Select all that apply)
a. Epithelial tissue is vascular.
b. Epithelial tissue provides physical protection for organs.
c. Epithelial tissue functions in absorption & secretion.
d. Epithelial tissue controls the permeability into and out of an area/organ.
e. Epithelial tissue consists almost entirely of extracellular material between them thereby forming
a barrier against entry into the body.
ANSWER: ________
b., c., d., e.
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________
The epithelial tissue performs a variety of functions depending on its classification and type. Some Epithelial
____________________________________________________________________________________
tissues, an example being Stratified Squamous, helps to protect and act as a barrier to fight infection. Tissues under
__________________________
the Cuboidal and Columnar type are also capable of secretion and absorption. And since epithelium also acts as a
barrier, it can manipulate its permeability and allows the passage of substances.
4. Basement membranes:
a. function as a filter and barrier to cell or pathogen movement
b. attach epithelial cells to the underlying tissue
c. are secreted partially by epithelial cells and partially by the cells of the underlying tissue.
d. function as a filter and barrier to cell or pathogen movement, attach epithelial cells to the
underlying tissue and are secreted partially by epithelial cells and partially by the cells of the
underlying tissue are true of basement membranes.
e. None of these is correct.
ANSWER: ________
d.

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RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________
Basement membranes are a specialized layer of extracellular matrix that have a range of functions
____________________________________________________________________________________
such as provide support, structure and allow the attachment of epithelial cells to underlying tissues, as well
__________________________
as perform as a barrier to filter out substances.

5. The most correct classification of an epithelial tissue consisting of many layers of cells, in which the
outer layers are flat and thin, and the basal layers are cuboidal or columnar is:
a. simple columnar epithelium. d. transitional epithelium.
b. pseudostratified epithelium. e. simple squamous epithelium.
c. stratified squamous epithelium.
ANSWER: ________ c.
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________
The stratified squamous epithelium is characterized by the the many outer layers of flat, tile-like and
____________________________________________________________________________________
thin cells with cuboidal or columnar-shaped basal layers.
__________________________

6. Epithelial cells:
a. cover body surfaces or form glands.
b. usually have a free surface that is not in contact with other cells.
c. have a basement membrane that attaches to underlying tissues.
d. can be somewhat far away from a blood vessel.
e. have all of these properties.
ANSWER: ________
e.
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________
The function of epithelial cells is to primarily provide a coverage for body surfaces and are the components
____________________________________________________________________________________
of exocrine and endocrine glands. Epithelial tissues are not considered vascular because they do not contain
__________________________
blood vessels as gases and nutrients are absorbed by the epithelium via diffusion of materials from blood vessel
across the basement membrane.
7. Epithelial cells that appear cube like when an organ is relaxed and flattened when the organ is distended
by fluid are classified as:
a. simple columnar epithelium. d. transitional epithelium.
b. pseudostratified epithelium. e. simple squamous epithelium
c. stratified squamous epithelium.
ANSWER: ________ d.
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________
Transitional epithelium is characterized by the change of its shape upon being stretched. Once stretched,
____________________________________________________________________________________
the cells appears to be squamous-like in shape however when relaxed, it appears cuboidal-like.
__________________________

8. Epithelium that consists of a single layer of cells, in which some cells are tall and thin and reach the
free surface and others do not, is classified as:
a. simple columnar epithelium d. transitional epithelium
b. pseudostratified columnar epithelium e. simple squamous epithelium
c. stratified squamous epithelium
ANSWER: ________ a.
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________
Simple epithelium are described as having a single layer of cells, and the Columnar shape of the epithelium
____________________________________________________________________________________
allows it to appear tall and thin like a “column”. And so, epithelium classified as simple columnar are characterized by
a__________________________
single layer of tall and thin cells.

9. Which of the following statements is true? (Select all that apply)

a. Transitional epithelium has cells that change shape when the tissue is stretched.
b. Transitional epithelium is found in the lining of the urinary bladder, the ureters and the superior
urethra.
c. Transitional epithelium is pseudostratified.
d. As transitional epithelium is stretched, the number of cell layers increases.
e. Transitional epithelium is found in cavities that can expand greatly in volume.
ANSWER: ________
a., b., c., d., e.
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________
Transitional epithelium is a specialized or modification of the stratified epithelium wherein the shape of
____________________________________________________________________________________
the cells change upon being stretch and relaxed. When stretched, the number of cell layers increases and will
__________________________
appear squamous-like. This classification of epithelium can be found in the lining of the urinary bladder, ureters
and the urethra. Additionally, transitional epithelium cannot be identified as pseudostratified because a
pseudostratified epithelium only appears to be stratified but truly has only a sigle layer of cells, unlike the
transitional epithelium.

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10. Which of the following characteristics of tissues and cells would aid in diffusion or the movement of
materials into and out of the body through the epithelium?
a. multiple layers of relatively flat, thin cells d. a single layer of cuboidal cells
b. a single layer of relatively flat, thin cells e. multiple layers of columnar cell
c. multiple layers of cuboidal cells
ANSWER: ________
b.
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
Simple squamous epithelium, which is characterized by a single layer of flat, scale-like and thin cells, aids in the process
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
of moving materials into and out of the body through the epithelium or “diffusion”.

RATIONALIZATION ACTIVITY (THIS WILL BE DONE DURING THE FACE TO FACE INTERACTION)
The instructor will now rationalize the answers. You can now ask questions and debate among yourselves. Write the
correct answer and correct/additional ratio in the space provided.

1. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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2. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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3. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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4. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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5. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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6. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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7. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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8. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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9. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
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10. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:________________________________________________________________________________________
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