v

o
o
o
o

o
 Need of nervous system
1 Keeps us informed about the outside worldthrough
the sense organs
2 Remember reason and think

3 Controls and harmonises all voluntary muscular

activities
4 Regulates involuntary activities breathing beating

of the heart etc

cell body perikaryon cyton
NEURON
0 welldefined nucleus
granular cytoplasm
NO CENTROSOME nerve cells
have lost the ability to divide
Dendrites
Branched cytoplasmic extensions
conduct nerve impulsesto
the cyton

tg processfromthecellbody
Myelin sheath medullarysheath
insulating sheath surrounding
the axon
Neurilemma outermostthin
sheath
Myelin sheath showsgaps
throughout the length whit are called nodes of Ranvier
 Bulbs Swollen end portion of the axon which store
chemicals called neurotransmitters

Axon terminals of one neuron are closely

Synaptic cleft
another neuron but are
placed near the dendrites of
not connected Such gaps are called synaptic clefts

Stimulus An agent suddenchange of the external

or a

internal environment that results in a change in an

or

organism or its body

any of light sound pain
part e.g
hunger

Response change in an organism resulting duetostimulus

Impulse a wave of irritability electrical disturbance

that sweeps over the nerve cell

Receptors specialised epithelial cells which

relieving the on

stimulus sets up a wave of impulses towards the

central nervous system Brain and spinalcord
photoreceptors sight phonoreceptors sound
thermoreceptors temperature olfactoryreceptors smell

Effectors musclesglands which on relieving the

or

impulse from Brain or spinal cord contractor secrete

substances Nat stimulus t t t t t t t t
 I

MTholuction
depolarisation
of nerve impulse is a wave
of
followed by repolarisation

outer region of nerve fibre

carries positive charge
due to more Mat outside
the axon membrane

On stimulation axon membrane

at that spot becomes more
permeable to Mat whichmove
inwards and causes
depolarisation

The depolarisedregion
becomes a stimulus for
the neighbouring area which
in turn becomes bepolarised
while the previous area
blames nepolarised

This transport of Mat is achievedby

sodium pump using energy by ATP
 SYNIFFE
of contact between the terminal
the point
dendrites
branches of the axon of one neuron with the
another neuron separated by a finegap
of

As the impulse reaches the

terminal end of the axon
acetylcholine
a chemical neurotransmitter
acetylcholine is released
This chemical sets a
o o newimpulse in the
dendrites of adjacent
neuron

Neurons

Sensory Motor Association

convey the impulse carry the impulse located in brains

fromthereceptor from the main spinalcord
nervous system to interconnect the
senseorgans to
the main nervous aneffector sensory and motor
system muscle orgland neurons

receptor main main muscle or R It motor

IE
sensory
nervous
nervous
system gland neuron 1 neuron
system association
neuron
 There
is a bundle of
nerve fibres axons of
separate neurons enclosed in
a tubular sheath

Nerve

Motor Mixed
Sensory
contain
contain only sensory containonly motor
both
fibres carrying impulses
fibers bringing sensoryand
impulses from receptors from the brain spinal motorfibres
cord to effector organs
sense organs to the
muscles or gland eg spinal
brain or spinal nerve
cord eg nerves arising fromthe
e nerve brain and supplying the
 muscles
of eyeball
Ganglia Are the aggregates of the nerve cells cell bodies
which the nerve fibres may arise or enter into
from

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Central Nervous System Peripheral nervous System

ans PMS

BRAIN SPINAL CORD Somatic Autonomic

Nervous Nervous
Forebrain
largest part system system CANS
cerebrum SMS 12pairs
Diencephalon Relayspain Cranial sympathetic
Thalamus pressure nerves nervous system
f Hypothalamus
s
spinal parasympathetic
controls body
MidBrain temp
nerves
Nervous system
small tubular part
Pituitary 3 pairs
controls reflexes involving
eyes and ears

Hind Brain
Cerebellum
located in the centreof the brain below
pong
the cerebrum carries impulsesfrom one
hemisphere of the cerebellum to the other
817 Medulla sphere f coordinates muscular movements
Oblongata on both sides of the body
 BRAIN
cranium Brain box
protected by
weight 1.35kg
2
of total body weight
contains 80 to water
the body
consumes 25 of the total oxygen in
3 membranous
got Meninges Brain is protected by
coverings called meninges
Duramater outermost tough fibrous membrane
Arachnoid thin delicate middle layergiving a

web like appearance

tater innermost highly vascular membrane

richly supplied with blood

Meningitis is the inflammation of meninges

Cerebrospinal fluid watery fluid present between the
meninges
Function of C SF
Acts like cushion to protect the brain from
a
mechanical shocks
cerebrum

largest part of the brain

divided into two halves called cerebral hemispheres
Cortex outer region of the cerebrum
the cerebrum
Medulla inner region of
the cortex cerebrum
Gray matter outer portion of ofand
contains cell bodies of neuron
appears gray in colour
Gray matter is folded to form convolutions
The folds are called gyri and the grooves are
called sulci Increases the surface area to
accommodate more nerve cells
 white matter inner portion of the cerebrum which
mainly contains axons

corpus callosum hard body sheet of fibres

connecting the two cerebral hemispheres
function Transfer information from
one hemisphere

to the other

Function
seat of intelligence consciousness and will power
controls all voluntary actions

I
 2 Cerebellum

located at the base and under the cerebrum

has an outer cortex madeof grey matter
it has white matter which in median section
Centrally
a branching tree
appears like

arborvitae

Main function maintain the balance of thebodyand

coordinate muscular activity
alcoholic when drunk generally walks clumsily
An person
unable to
The cerebellum due to effect of alcohol is
coordinate muscular movements properly
 medulla oblongata
lowest portion of the brain located at the base of
the

skull
continued behind as the
Roughly triangular and is
spinal cord
Function control the activities of internal organs
movement of breathing peristaltic movement of
alimentary canal beating of the heart many
other involuntary actions
to medulla oblongata generally results in
of
Injury
death

SPINAL CORD
extends from the medulla of the brain down almost
the whole length of the backbone to end at the
second lumbar vertebra and lies within the neural
canal of the vertebra
spinalcord dorsalroot
white

central

grey EEÉEÉÉ

mixednerve muscle
I gland
association neuron ventral root
 central canal The canal that runs through the
entire lengthof spinal cord and is continous with
the
cavities of the brain It is also filled with cerebrospinal
Acts a shock absorber f forms a medium
fluid as

for exchange offood materials waste products

respiratory gases
Externally the spinal cord is coveredby same three
membranes dura mater arachnoid and pia mater

functions

1 Reflexes below the neck

2 Conducts sensory impulses from the skin and muscles
to the brain
3 Conducts motor responses from the brain to the
the trunk and limbs
muscles of
 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AUTONOMIC NERVOUS

SYSTEM
CRANIAL SPINAL
controls involuntary
Nerves NERVES
emerges from emerges fromthe actions of the internal
the brain spinal cord organs
12 pairs of 31 pairsof spinal consistsof a pair of
cranial nerves nerves
chains of nerves
side
can be sensory All spinal nerves ganglia on either
motor or a are mixed nerves of the backbone
mixed nerve 8 pairs in the neck
12 pairs in the thorax sympathetic Parasympa
sensorycranial
5 pairs in the lumbar Arisefrom located
nest
5 pairs in the sacral the spinal anteriorly
offense 1 pair in coccygeal cord between in
the
optic eye theneckand head
region
auditory ear waist region Tegong
motor nerves sympathetic posteriorly
nerve to the eye nervoussystem
in sacral
muscles is stimulatedby
the hormone
region
m adrenaline
ito
secreted by the
coming from the adrenalgland
face andtongue
 a

Autonomic nervous system is strongly influencedby

emotions such as grief anger fear sexual stimulation
arise due to
High Blood pressure stomach ulcers may
stress
long continued emotional
 Actions

voluntary Involuntary
performed conciously reflex action
Automatic involuntary quick
immediate action in the body
brought about by a stimulus
cold
Shivering when it is too
muscular contraction

Dilation of the eyepupil to sweating whentooheat

look in dark muscular glandular secretion
movement

Reflexes Voluntary actions

Involuntary actions
Initiated by a stimulus Initiated by a willing
thought
desired
mainly self protective fulfilment of a

due to environment goal

commandsoriginate commands originatein
mostly in spinal wed Brain
autonomic nervous system
few in Brains
Involves muscles glands Involveonlymuscle
 Reflexes

Natural Reflex Conditioned or

acquired
Inborn Reflex
No previous experience
Reflex develops during
or learning is required or
lifetime due to experience
J learning
closing of the eyelids when an
A conditioned reflex is an
object suddenly approaches
the eye
involuntary spontaneous
automatic response brought
withdrawal of the hand
you owe to a previously
PeristalticReflex
Coughing Reflex learned experience
A B

ÉE Dogsalivates I of
Ringing Dog doesnot
salivate
Bell

0
I.EE
Dogsalivates I EE
t
Dogsalivates
Ringingof Ringing the
bell with the
Bell
presentation offood
PAVLOV'S EXPERIMENT TO DEMONSTRATE A CONDITIONEDREFLG
Reflex are is the shortest route that can be taken
by an impulse from receptor to an effector
a

stimulus

1
Receptor

t
sensory neuron
I
CMS association
neuron
I
Motoneuron

t
Effector