Research Proposal About To Finish

THE CONTRIBUTION OF RICE PRODUCTION TO THE SOCIOECONOMIC
DEVELPEMENT OF RICE FARMERS A CASE STUDYOF CODERVAM
By
Mrs. NYIRANSORO Diane and Mrs. NYINAWUMUNTU Sarah
Reg number: 215026659 and 215026638
A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A BACHELOR’S DEGREE OF
AGRIBUSINESS, COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE,
BUSOGO CAMPUS, UNIVERSITY OF RWANDA
SUPERVISOR: Mr. MBABAZI MBABAZIZE
May 2017
i
DECLARATION
We declare that this work titled “The contribution of Rice Production on Social Economic
Development of rice farmers of CODERVAM” is our own work, that it has not been submitted
for any degree or examination in any other higher learning institution, and that all the sources we
have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by complete references.
Signature ……………………….. Date ………………
Mrs. NYIRANSORO Diane and Mrs. NYINAWUMUNTU Sarah

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APPROVAL
This is to certify that this work titled “The contribution of Microfinance on Social Economic
Development of their Members” is a study carried out by Mrs. NYIRANSORO Diane and Mrs.
NYINAWUMUNTU Sarah under my guidance and supervision.
Signature…………………………….. Date ……………………………….
Mr. MBABAZI MBABAZIZE
Lecturer at University of Rwanda

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DEDICATION
To my family
To my parents
To my brothers and sisters
To all relatives
To all classmates
To my supervisor
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work has been a result of the collective efforts of many stakeholders ranging from
institutions to individuals. We thank the authorities of the UR together with all my lecturers who
imparted cutting edge knowledge and skills during the course also deserve a special mention on
this page. Special thanks are to our supervisor Mr. MBABAZI MBABAZIZE. We would also
wish to acknowledge the contribution, immense support and encouragement we received from my
classmates. You will always remain treasured. We thank my loving family who are a constant
source of motivation and for their endless support and encouragement during this project. Special
thanks go to all the respondents for taking time off their busy schedules to provide information
that has contributed to the successful completion of this research.
I love you all
May God bless you!!
NYIRANSORO Diane and NYINAWUMUNTU Sarah
TABLE OF CONTENTS
v
DECLARATION...........................................................................................................................i
APPROVAL...................................................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION..............................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.........................................................................................................iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS..............................................................................................................v
LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................ix
LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................................x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS......................................................................................................xi
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................xii
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1
GENERAL INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................1
1.0. Introduction...............................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background of the study...........................................................................................................1
1.2. Problem statement....................................................................................................................3
I.3 Objectives of the study...............................................................................................................4
I.3.1 General Objective....................................................................................................................4
I.3.2 Specific objectives...................................................................................................................4
1.4 Research questions.....................................................................................................................5
1.5. Significance of the study..........................................................................................................5
1.5.1. For the Researcher.................................................................................................................5
1.5.2. For the management of CODERVAM cooperative and rice formers...................................5
1.5.3. For the government of Rwanda.............................................................................................6
1.5.4. For academicians and other researchers................................................................................6
1.6. Scope of the study.....................................................................................................................6
1.6.1. Time Scope............................................................................................................................6
1.6.2. Geographical scope................................................................................................................6
1.6.3. Content scope.........................................................................................................................7
1.7. Conceptual framework..............................................................................................................7
1.8. The Structure of study..............................................................................................................9
CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................10
LITERATURE REVIEW..............................................................................................................10
2.0. Introduction.............................................................................................................................10
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2.1. Definition of key Concepts.....................................................................................................10

2.1.1. Social development..............................................................................................................10
2.1.2. Economic development.......................................................................................................11
2.1.3. Rice......................................................................................................................................11
2.1.4. Rice production....................................................................................................................12
2.2. OVERVIEW OF RICE INDUSTRY......................................................................................12
2.2.1. Global Rice Industry............................................................................................................12
2.2.2. The Rwandan Rice Industry................................................................................................14
2.3. IMPORTANCE OF RICE PRODUCTION...........................................................................15
2.3.1. Importance of Rice in the world..........................................................................................15
2.3.2. Importance of Rice to the Rwandan Economy....................................................................15
2.4. RICE PRODUCTION IN RWANDA....................................................................................17
2.4.1. Rice growing schemes in Rwanda.......................................................................................17
2.4.2. Rice Production trends.........................................................................................................18
2.5. RICE MARKETING IN RWANDA......................................................................................19
2.5.1. Paddy processing in Rwanda...............................................................................................19
2.5.2. Rice supply channels in Rwanda.........................................................................................20
2.6. Indicators of social and economic development.....................................................................22
2.7. CONSTRAINTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE RICE SECTOR IN RWANDA............22
2.7.1. Constraints related to rice production..................................................................................22
2.7.2. Constraints related to marketing of rice...............................................................................24
2.8. STRATEGIES OF PROMOTING RICE PRODUCTION IN RWANDA............................25
CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................28
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................28
3.0. Introduction.............................................................................................................................28
3.1. Research design......................................................................................................................28
3.2 Research population.................................................................................................................29
3.3. Sample size.............................................................................................................................29
3.3.1. Sampling techniques............................................................................................................29
3.4. Source of data.........................................................................................................................30
3.4.1. Primary data.........................................................................................................................30
3.4.2. Secondary data.....................................................................................................................30
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3.5 Data Analysis...........................................................................................................................30

3.5.1 Editing...................................................................................................................................31
3.5.2 Coding...................................................................................................................................31
3.5.3 Tabulation.............................................................................................................................31
3.6. Quality control/ethical consideration......................................................................................32
CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................33
PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION.............................33
4.0. Introduction.............................................................................................................................33
4.1 Background of respondents.....................................................................................................33
4.1.1 Gender...................................................................................................................................33
4.1.2. Age of respondents..............................................................................................................34
4.1. 3. Education level of the respondents.....................................................................................35
4.1.4. Marital status of respondents...............................................................................................36
4.2. Socioeconomic status of rice farmers before and after joining CODERVAM......................38
4.2.1. Livelihood of rice formers before joining CODERVAM as members................................39
4.2.2. CODERVAM rice production and commercialization........................................................42
4.2.2.1. Access to finance of farmers after joining CODERVAM as rice growers.......................44
4.3. Rice production and socioeconomic development of rice growers........................................47
4.4. Relationship between rice production and socioeconomic development of formers.............48
4.4.2. Rice production and Social development............................................................................49
4.4.2. Rice production and economic development of members...................................................50
4.5. Constraints that rice growers are facing.................................................................................52
CHAPTER FIVE………………………………………………………………………………...54
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................54
5.0 Introduction..............................................................................................................................54
5.1. Summary of the study.............................................................................................................54
5.1.1. Socioeconomic status of rice farmers before and after joining CODERVAM...................54
5.1.2. Relationship between rice production and socioeconomic development of formers..........55
5.1.2.1. To determine constraints that rice farmers are facing......................................................55
5.4 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................55
5.3. RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................................................56
5.4. Suggestion for further Researches..........................................................................................57
viii
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................58
APPENDIX ...................................................................................................................................60
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Top 10 rice producers by country in 2016 (paddy production in tons)........................14
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Table 2.2: Area, average yield, rice production and night temperatures for each rice scheme.....17
Table 2.3: Rice Production Trends in Rwanda, 2009-2016...........................................................18
Table 2.4: Total Milled Rice Production ('000 t)...........................................................................19
Table 4.1: Gender of respondents..................................................................................................34
Table 4.2: Age of respondents.......................................................................................................34
Table 4.3: Education level of the respondents...............................................................................35
Table 4.4: Marital status of respondents........................................................................................36
Table 4.5: Family size....................................................................................................................37
Table 4.6: Size of the farm under rice cultivation by respondents................................................37
Table 4.7: Time of which respondents have been the rice farmers with CODERVAN................38
Table 4.8: Livelihood of rice formers before joining CODERVAM............................................39
Table 4.9: Reasons of Farmers to join CODERVAM...................................................................40
Table 4.10: Monthly income of Farmers before joining (in Frw)................................................41
Table 4.11: Monthly saving of Farmers before joining (in Frw)..................................................42
Table 4.12: CODERVAM rice production and commercialization..............................................43
Table 4.13: Monthly income of rice growers................................................................................43
Table 4.14: Bank account of rice farmers after joining CODERVAM.........................................44
Table 4.15: Loan application.........................................................................................................45
Table 4.16: Descriptive statistics on loan utilization....................................................................45
Table 4.17: Monthly saving after joining CODERVAM as rice farmers.....................................46
Table 4.18: Rice production and socioeconomic development.....................................................47
Table 4.19: Rice production and social development....................................................................49
Table 4.20: Rice production and economic development.............................................................51
Table: 4.21. Constraints that rice growers are facing....................................................................52
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Conceptual framework model.......................................................................................8

Figure 2.1: Sequence of postharvest operations............................................................................20
x
Figure 2.2: Rice marketing channels in Rwanda...........................................................................21
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BC: Before Christ
CIP: Crop Intensification Program
CODERVAM: Cooperative de Developement Rizicole des Vallees du Mutara

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FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization
GDP: Gross Domestic Product
Ha: Hectare
IFAD: International Fund for Agricultural Development
IRRI: International Rice Research Institute
ISAR: Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda
Kg: Kilogram
MINAGRI: Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources
MINECOFIN: Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning
NRDS: National Rice Development Strategies
OLS: Ordinary Least Squares
RADA: Rwanda Agriculture Development Authority
RSSP: Rural Sector Support Project
SACCO: Saving and Credit Cooperatives
SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Sciences
T: Ton
UCORIRWA: Union des Coopératives Rizicoles au Rwanda
ABSTRACT
This study sought to assess the contribution of rice production to the socioeconomic
development of rice farmers in Nyagatare District, case study CODERVAM. The study was
xii
driven by the following specific objectives: to identify social economic status of farmers before
and after growing rice in Nyagatare, to assess the relationship between rice production and social
economic development of formers and to determine constraints met by rice farmers in Nyagatare
District and to find out how those constraints should be outfitted. The targeted population and
sample size was 96 famers selected randomly from 1784 rice growers who are the members of
CODERVAM. The study employed a correlation research design and descriptive statistics in
order to establish the relationship between rice production and socioeconomic development of
rice growers. It has employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The research used
both primary and secondary data. The study found out that there is a string relationship between
rice production and socioeconomic development which measured by level of saving and income,
ability to pay the health insurance and ability to own assets. It was also found that the
socioeconomic status of rice famers has changed after joining CODERVAM as members.
Nevertheless, the rice farmers were facing the following constraints such as high cost of inputs
like fertilizers, pesticides and labor, small area for paddy drying and inadequate storage facilities,
inadequate market and the low price for the paddy rice and lack of factory for paddy processing.
Based on the findings the study recommends that the government of Rwanda through MINAGRI
should put more efforts in rice production for providing a sustainable food security and
increasing level of saving and income of rice growers. Farmers should be encouraged to take
loans in financial institutions to increase their investment and then speed up the transfer of socio-
economic benefits from rice production.

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CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.0. Introduction
This chapter presents the background to the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the
study, research questions, and the purpose of the research, the significance of the study, the
scope of the study, conceptual framework and the organizational of the study.
1.1. Background of the study
In many developing countries, agriculture is still a major source of employment and income.
Rwanda's economy is mainly based on agriculture. In 2005, approximately 90 percent of the
economically active population was employed in agriculture and a large part of the farmers had
an average size of their land less than 1 hectare per household. Despite government efforts to
encourage migration of labor out of agriculture to relieve pressure on the country’s severely
constrained land resources, agriculture remains by far the main source of employment. The
agricultural sector currently accounts for about 42 percent of GDP in real terms, (Michael Morris
et al., 2008). Agriculture is the most important sector in the economy of Rwanda in terms of
contribution to GDP, employment, and foreign exchange earnings. Agriculture’s contribution to
growth is even larger when strong multiplier effects are taken into account. Agriculture also
contributes significantly to national food self-sufficiency, as over 90 percent of all food
consumed in the country is domestically produced, (Michael Morris et al., 2008).

2
The rural incomes come mainly from the sale of food crops, livestock and cash crops.
Unfortunately, it is clear that these last two decades, agricultural production remained
insufficient to meet the needs of the growing population and inducing food insecurity and
increasing poverty levels especially in rural areas where there is hard to find non-agricultural
work, (FAO, Country Information). It is in this case that the government of Rwanda through
MINAGRI identified rice production as a significant component of the agricultural sector in
Rwanda that has high potential to drive economic growth, (IFAD, 2009).
Rice was introduced in Rwanda in the 1950s with simple trials being made by the Chinese,
through their mission known as “Formose”, in the regions of Bugarama in Cyangugu and
Kabuye. By 1967, significant progress had been made which resulted in the development of
several rice schemes across the country. In 1988, ISAR has initiated a coordinated rice research
program to improve rice quality. Since then, rice has become one of the major food crops grown
in Rwanda, (J.N. Jagwe et al., 2003).
In Rwanda, rice is cultivated mainly in the valley swamps, referred to as marshlands. They are
highly conducive for growing rice crop. In some marshlands, rice is the only crop that thrives
well and produces better yield than any other traditional crops during rainy season, (Kathiresan,
2010). The production of rice has been given a high priority and so the government is seeking to
increase productivity from the flood prone valley bottoms that are conducive for rice growing. It
has also been observed that rice is capable of giving very high yields of over 7T per Ha per
growth cycle, which is far above the yield from any other crops that can be planted in
marshlands. Therefore, rice production is considered the most profitable enterprise and provides
3
a viable alternate for millions of resource-poor rural farm families in Rwanda, (J.N. Jagwe et al.,
2003).
1.2. Problem statement
Since the 1980s, Rwanda has been unable to meet its domestic food needs from national
production. The food deficit has been filled in by commercial imports and to a large extent food
aid, (J.N. Jagwe et al., 2003).
Despite the steep rice production increase, the country currently imports about 30% of the rice
from countries such as Tanzania, India, Vietnam, Pakistan and Thailand (IFAD, 2009).Thus
there is an urgent need to improve the total crop productivity. Furthermore Rice produced in
Rwanda is largely sold in unorganized rural markets, whereas the mainstream urban markets
largely sell imported rice. This is mainly because the locally produced rice grains suffer higher
breakages upon milling, (MINAGRI, 2011).
According to MINECOFIN, the causes of these problems are due to the fact that Rwandan
agriculture is largely for subsistence characterized by low productivity, low quality, low value
and low skills. The problem of low production and productivity is due to continued land
degradation by erosion, insufficient exploitation of marshlands and insufficient use of
agricultural inputs. The problem is also due to poor marketing of locally produced rice. In year
2000, as part of its strategy for growth and poverty reduction, the Government of Rwanda set a
goal to increase per capita income from US$ 230 to US$ 900 and halve the incidence of poverty
by 2020. One of the principal sources of growth in the short to medium term was the agriculture
sector, (Michael Morris et al., 2008).

4
Rice is one of the major staple crops in Rwanda being targeted and to be promoted. It is used as
cash crop and food crop. Rice crop has become increasingly important in Rwanda and has
recently been targeted by the Ministry of Agriculture in its fight for food security, household
incomes and the enhancement of nutritional standards. The importance of promoting rice
production is to improve economic development and must clearly be exploited. Therefore, the
aim of the study is to know whether the promotion of rice production is likely to be the best
strategy to improve level of socioeconomic status for rice grower. In order to contribute towards
economic development and poverty reduction through the promotion of rice production, I had
undertaken the research work entitled “the contribution of rice production to famer’s social
economic development case study of rice famers of CODERVAM in Nyagatare District.”
I.3 Objectives of the study
The study was driven by the general and specific objectives.
I.3.1 General Objective
The general objective of the study was assess the contribution of rice production to famers’
socio-economic development.
I.3.2 Specific objectives
 To identify social economic status of farmers before and after growing rice in Nyagatare;
 To assess the relationship between rice production and social economic development of
formers;
 To determine constraints met by rice farmers in Nyagatare District and to find out how
those constraints should be outfitted.

5
1.4 Research questions
 What is the social economic status of farmers before and after growing rice in Nyagatare
District?
 What are the constraints experienced by rice farmers in Nyagatare District?
 What is the relationship between rice production and social economic development of
formers?
1.5. Significance of the study
To examine the contribution of rice production to famers’ socio-economic development, the
study had four significances for the researcher, the CO-DERVAM cooperative and rice formers,
government of Rwanda and to the other researchers.
1.5.1. For the Researcher
For the personal interest, this study helped the researcher to improve the knowledge and skills
acquired in agricultural sector especially the rice production and its impact on socio economic
status of rice farmers.
1.5.2. For the management of CODERVAM cooperative and rice formers
The management of CO-DERVAM used this book for helping the rice farmers to grow and
improve production towards the improvement of their socio economic development. The famers
may generate from the study how the rice production may boost their socioeconomic status by
6
increasing income, saving, and financial services accessibility, access education for the children,
asset ownership, health insurance and employment.
1.5.3. For the government of Rwanda
The study should come in handy to support the Government of Rwanda though MINAGRI as
regulator of agriculture sector to put in mind that how the economy growth may increase through
agriculture sector. For the policy makers, the study aims at understanding of opportunities
available for agriculture sector development in Rwanda.
1.5.4. For academicians and other researchers
Scholars and researchers may find this study quite of interest due to the gaps for further research
that shall be produced at the end of this study. Excerpts of this study are published in renowned
journals and are available within the University repository systems for access to researchers.
1.6. Scope of the study
This study was limited in terms of space/geography, in terms of content and in terms of time.
1.6.1. Time Scope
The current study covered a period of five years from 2012 to 2016. The researcher wants to start
with the year 2012 the year during which information were guessed still archived. The researcher
limited to 2016 because the period allowed to this research expired before the agriculture report
of 2017 is availed.
7
1.6.2. Geographical scope
The sample was drawn from CODERVAM cooperative located in Eastern Province, Nyagatare
District, and Nyagatare Sector.
1.6.3. Content scope
In terms of content, the current study was limited to the agriculture sectors and emphasized on
the rice production and its contribution to socioeconomic development of rice growers. The
scope was also limited to the stated objectives of the study which spells out the variables to be
studied.
1.7. Conceptual framework
Smyth (2002) define a conceptual framework a hypothesized model identifying the model under
study and the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. (Kothari 2004)
defines an independent variable also known as the explanatory variable is the presumed cause of
the changes of the dependent variable, while a dependent variable refers to the variable which the
researcher wishes to explain. The goal of a conceptual framework is to categorize and describe
concepts relevant to the study and map relationships among them. Such a framework would help
researchers define the concept, map the research terrain or conceptual scope, systematize
relations among concepts, and identify gaps in literature. (Creswell 2003).
The study has been guided by the following independent and dependent variables as indicated in
figure 1.1 below:

8
Figure 1.1: Conceptual framework model
Independent variables Dependent variables
Improvement of soil organic

matters (use of manure,
compost, crop residue and
mulching
Use of fertilizers, pesticides Socio economic

and herbicides development
Rice - Food security,

Improved plantation production - Income and
techniques (sowing in lines) saving
- Assets ownership
- Health insurance
Integrated water management
for agriculture use (drainage
and irrigation)
Use of improved seeds.
Source: Adapted from Oliora, 2009

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1.8. The Structure of study
This research thesis was organized into five chapters.
The first chapter consists of the general introduction and it deals with background to the study,
the statement of the problem, the research objectives, Research questions, the scope of the study,
the significance of the study.
The second chapter gives the literature review and focuses on pertinent literatures and relevant
empirical studies relating to rice and agricultural production and socio economic development.
The chapter three describes the research methodology applied in the study; this chapter discusses
the methods that were used in this study namely: the research design, the target population of the
study, data collection techniques, sample size and sampling techniques, data processing
techniques, methods of data analysis, limitation of the study and ethical consideration of the
study.
Chapter four was data presentation, analysis and interpretation of the research findings.
Lastly, the chapter five gave the summary, the conclusion and recommendation.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0. Introduction
This chapter reviews key issues of the existing literature on the topic under study. The study
related findings of other scholars on the relationship between rice production and socioeconomic
development. Most aspects to be looked at in this chapter are: definitions of key concepts and
different theories about them, background to rice production in Rwanda and elsewhere, the
performance of rice production and contribution to farmers’ socioeconomic development,
importance of rice production and strategies of promoting rice production in Rwanda, constraints
of rice production in Rwanda.
2.1. Definition of key Concepts
2.1.1. Social development
According to Bilance (1997) cited by Ngango (2012), Social development can be described as
the process of organizing human energies and activities at higher levels to achieve greater
results. It has always involved a tension between two poles of its existence, collective and
11
individual. The collective strives to ensure its preservation, perpetuation and development,
preparing and compelling its individual members to abide by its traditions, laws and values, and
contribute their energy and effort to defend and support the community. At the same time,
individual members strive to ensure their survival, to preserve and, whenever possible, to elevate
their material and social positions, personal comfort and enjoyment.
Bilance ( 1997) argues that, Social Development is the promotion of a sustainable society that is
worthy of human dignity by empowering marginalized groups, women and men, to undertake
their own development, to improve their social and economic position and to acquire their
rightful place in society.
2.1.2. Economic development
Economic development can be defined as graduation from poverty and vulnerability to well-
being and security. (Bibangambah, 2001).
Development strategies have usually focused on rapid urban industrialization often at the
expense of agriculture and rural development. Therefore, economic development was redefined
in terms of the reduction or elimination of poverty inequality and unemployment within the
context of a growing economy (Todaro and Smith, 2011),
As Sen (1999) put it, “Economic growth cannot be sensibly treated as an end in itself.
Development has to be more concerned with enhancing the lives we lead and the freedoms we
enjoy.”
2.1.3. Rice
Rice (oryza sativa) is the cereal crops which are grown purposely for food (consumption) but
sometimes it can be grown for sale. It is the most important cereal crop in the developing world
12
and is the staple food of over half the world’s population. It is generally considered a semi
aquatic annual grass plant, (Oelke et al., 1997).
Rice has many uses and it is used to make various dishes, from the main course to the desserts.
Rice has been cultivated for such countless ages that its origin must always be a matter for
conjecture. Botanists base their evidence of the origin of rice on the habitats of the wild species,
(Latham, 2010).
It is believed that since 10 000 BC, rice was grown in china and southern eastern Asia and that it
is where rice originated. The first crops were observed in China (Hemu Du region) around 5000
BC. They later appeared in Cambodia, Vietnam and Southern India. From there, derived species
Japonica and Indica expanded to other Asian countries such as Korea, Japan, Myanmar,
Pakistan, Sri-Lanka, Philippines and Indonesia, (Latham, 2010).
2.1.4. Rice production
Business dictionary defines production as the processes and methods employed to transform
tangible inputs (raw materials, semi-finished goods, or subassemblies) and intangible inputs
(ideas, information, knowledge) into goods or services.
According to Smith (2011), the production is a process of workers combining various material inputs
and immaterial inputs (plans, know-how) in order to make something for consumption (the output). It
is the act of creating output, a good or service which has value and contributes to the utility of
individuals.
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2.2. OVERVIEW OF RICE INDUSTRY
2.2.1. Global Rice Industry
Rice is one of the most important staple foods in the world. Rice has become the second most
important cereal in the world after wheat in terms of production, due to a recent decline in maize
production, (Mohammad A. R & Edwin L, 2008). It is widely cultivated throughout the tropics;
and where flood controls are effective as in South-east Asia, production is high. Over 50 percent
of the world’s population depends on rice for about 80 percent of their food requirements. About
95 percent of the global output of rice is produced and consumed in developing countries, (Van
Nguu Nguyen, 2009).
Rice is grown on about 158 million hectares. It is especially important in Asia where
approximately 90% of the world’s rice is grown. The annual global production is about 678
million tons of paddy rice, of which 90% of the total was produced by Asian farmers, with two
countries, the People’s Republic of China (including Taiwan) and India, producing 55% of the
total crop, (FAOSTAT, 2011). Today, there are more than 111 countries in the world producing
rice, these include Asians countries, most countries in west Africa, some countries in central and
East Africa, most of central American countries, Australia and a few states in the United States
of America, (USDA, 2016). Top ten rice producer’s countries in the world (Table 1).
14
Table 2.1: Top 10 rice producers by country in 2016 (paddy production in tons)
Ranking Country Tons/in million tons

1 China 205.463
2 India 155.682
3 Indonesia 70.593
4 Vietnam 44.503
5 Thailand 37.254
6 Bangladesh 34.683
7 Burma 34.250
8 Philippines 19.832
9 Brazil 14.682
10 Japan 11.573
Source: FAOSTAT, 2016
15
2.2.2. The Rwandan Rice Industry
Rice production has become a significant component of the agricultural sector in Rwanda.
Conforming to Rwandan geographic conditions, rice is grown mostly in inland valley swamps
referred to as marshlands. It has emerged as the most suitable crop for the marshlands and inland
valleys in recent years. Owing to support by the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources
(MINAGRI), the area under rice cultivation in Rwanda rose from 3 549 ha in the year 2000 to
currently about 12 000 ha, all of which is irrigated. Subsequently, rice production in Rwanda has
increased to about 55 000 t in 2007.
It is a profitable enterprise as far as the utilization of scarce cultivated marshlands and labor is
concerned, (IFAD, 2009).
In Rwanda, rice is mainly cultivated by resource-poor smallholders who grow the crop through
farmer-cooperative schemes set up by the Government. The 12 000 ha is cultivated by about 62 000
farmers operating under 55 cooperatives, with an average of 0.2 ha per household. The domestic rice
consumption and hence the demand for milled rice grains has also risen substantially. Despite the
steep production increase, the country currently imports about 30% of the rice it consumes from
countries such as Tanzania, India, Vietnam and Thailand. Thus there is an urgent need to improve the
total crop productivity, (IFAD, 2009).
2.3. IMPORTANCE OF RICE PRODUCTION
2.3.1. Importance of Rice in the world
Rice is the most important crop to millions of small farmers who grow it on millions of hectares
throughout the world, and to the many landless workers who derive income from working on these
farms. It contributes to global efforts directed at poverty alleviation. Rice provides 20 % of global
16
human per capita energy and 15 % of per capita protein. Although, rice protein ranks high in
nutritional quality among cereals, protein content is modest. It also provides minerals, vitamins, and
fiber, although all constituents except carbohydrates are reduced by milling (IRRI, 1993). Rice is one
of the most important starchy foods of the world, especially in the orient. The de-oiled bran is an
excellent poultry and stock feed (Kipps, 1970).
2.3.2. Importance of Rice to the Rwandan Economy
Rice production is considered the most profitable enterprise as regards the utilization of the hydro-
agricultural investments laid out. It has also been observed that rice is capable of giving very high
yields of over 7 T per Ha per growth cycle, which is far above the yield from any other crops that can
be planted in marshlands, (J.N. Jagwe et al., 2003).
According to J.N. Jagwe et al., (2003), Rice as a food commodity is steadily growing in demand and
consumption is mainly institutional or urban. Rice requires less energy to cook than most of the other
staples such as beans, banana and potatoes hence preferred by many urban dwellers. Other desirable
features of rice include its ease of storage, handling and shelf life. Those features have made rice a
popular choice of food in schools, homes, restaurants, and public ceremonies in Rwanda. When
processed, rice gives off several useful by-products, which can be utilized in the animal feed
industry, therefore also supporting the development of the livestock sector, which holds a key
position in the support of the livelihood of the population especially by the protein supplement as
well as household income.
In addition to the reasons cited above for promoting rice production, another major importance of
growing rice is to reduce the amount of foreign currency spent on the imports of rice.
Prospects for increasing rice production in Rwanda have attracted great attention from government
and donors. The government of Rwanda has secured funding from multilateral and bilateral agencies
17
to finance various projects in the rice sub-sector that aim to revitalize rice production to meet the
high local demand in Rwanda and to position the crop as a major competitive export commodity in
the region, (J.N. Jagwe at al., 2003).
The reasons forwarded by government for prioritizing rice production in Rwanda are that;
Rice will offer an efficient utilization of the abundant natural resource (marshland).
Rice will increase employment for the abundant labour force.
Rice will improve incomes to stakeholders in the rice sub sector.
Rice will provide sustainable food security.
Rice will improve the balance of trade position through exporting rather than importing rice.
Rice production is a factor of monetization of the rural economy as almost the total production is
easily commercialized, generating income for producers and other stakeholders.
Rice is easily conservable, marketable, transportable hence the post-harvest losses are minimal and
the value of the crop is maximized.
2.4. RICE PRODUCTION IN RWANDA
2.4.1. Rice growing schemes in Rwanda
At present, the rice growing schemes of Rwanda are eight: Bugarama, Ngenda, Butare, Kabuye,
Muvumba, Mukunguri, Rwamagana, Cyunuzi. The following table (2) shows the surface, average
yield (t/ha), and total production accordingly to the rice growing schemes cited above.
Table 2.2: Area, average yield and rice production

18
Zone
Bugarama Area (ha) 1200 Average yield (t/ha)6.4 Production (t)
7600
Muvumba 1460 5 2300
Rwamagana 729 4.6 3353
Ngenda 385 4.5 1732
Cyunuzi 250 4 1000
Butare 2017 3.7 7463
Mukunguri 300 1.8 540
Kabuye 172 1.8 310
Total 6513 24298
Source: UCORIRWA, 2016
These rice schemes cover nearly 5,500 hectares of mainly marshland and were designed to meet
the food needs of the growing urban population. The rest of the rice is produced on out grower
fields and these presently cover about 1500 hectares and this makes the total production area
countrywide to be about 7000 hectares. In Bugarama, the People’s Republic of Korea
participated in the Rice development program and in Butare, the American government through
ACDI / VOCA has contributed financially towards the construction of hydro agricultural
infrastructure of some of the rice schemes managed by CODERVAM, (J.N. Jagwe et al., 2003).
2.4.2. Rice Production trends
Having acknowledged the potential of rice production in marshlands and the trends in consumer
demand, the Government of Rwanda declared rice as a priority crop in 2002. Government of
Rwanda has since invested tremendous amount of resources through several high profile
development projects for the rice sector in the country, (MINAGRI, 2017). As a result, the total
domestic rice production has increased from 111,076 tons in 2009 to about 178,648 tons in 2016
19
(Table 3). Such a significant increase in rice production was contributed by the several initiatives
taken by MINAGRI in marshland reclamation and facilitation of inputs to farmers.
Table 2.3: Rice Production Trends in Rwanda, 2009-2016
Year Paddy production (tons) Area Harvested (Ha) Yield (T/Ha)

2009 111,076 14,433 8
2010 140,152 12,975 8
2011 141,153 14,592 8
2012 146,102 14,701 7
2013 144,112 17,568 7
2014 183,029 23,770 8
2015 176,896 22,112 8
2016 178,648 23,201 8
Source: FAOSTAT, 2011
Despite the registered increase in rice production, the production is still very low compared to
rice production in neighboring countries that are in the East African Community (EAC) as shown
in table 4 below.
Table 2.4: Total Milled Rice Production ('000 t)
Decade Rwanda Burundi Kenya Uganda Tanzania EAC
1970s 1.85 4.44 24.56 12.4 184.05 227.3
1980s 4.64 15.41 30.19 17.29 329.54 397.07
1990s 6.53 29.75 31.58 54.47 446.29 568.62
2000s 213.03 199 475 1394 7646 9927.03
Source: MINAGRI, 2011

20
2.5. RICE MARKETING IN RWANDA
2.5.1. Paddy processing in Rwanda
The original design for the rice schemes in Rwanda was to vertically integrate all the processes
of rice production right from production until the final product ready for utilization by the
consumer. All processes used in paddy processing until the distribution to the consumer are in
figure 2.
Figure 2.1: Sequence of postharvest operations.
Paddy
purchased By-products
Cleaning Drying Storage Milling Distributio

n
Grading Parboiling
Source: CHANDLER, 1979

21
Most of the processing units do act as intermediaries between the producers and the consumers.
They do purchase paddy from the farmers, mill it and sort it and then sell the milled rice to
consumers. Other by-products from the milling process are the broken grain, the husks and the
bran. The bran is usually sold to animal feed manufacturers. The processing of rice is made easy
if the grain is well dried and uniform in size. In cases where the grain size is not uniform, high
broken grain incidences are experienced and the milling recovery rate lowers, (J.N. Jagwe et al.,
2003).
2.5.2. Rice supply channels in Rwanda
In Rwanda, rice is mainly grown through the farmer cooperative schemes set up by the
government. However, some of the population that is not under the membership of the
cooperative scheme may also engage in rice growing. These have been referred to as out growers
in figure 3.
Figure 2.2: Rice marketing channels in Rwanda
Rice production Out growers
Wholesalers Small scale

process
Import
Urban & rural
retailers
22
Consumers:
Individual households
School College, Hospitals, Prisons, Hotels and restaurants
KEY: Major channel
Minor channel
Source: J.N. Jagwe, 2003
Rice produced under the farmer cooperative schemes is centrally processed and the final product
is mainly sold directly to consumers. This is the main rice-marketing channel. Other channels
involve rice from the cooperative scheme being sold to wholesalers who sell it to retailers and
finally to consumers.
The rice out growers sell their produce mainly to small-scale processors. The rice is processed
and then sold to retailers and consumers in the nearby area. It is a common practice for out
growers to pay a small fee to the small-scale processors to process their produce, which is later
consumed domestically at a household level, (J.N. Jagwe et al., 2003).
2.6. Indicators of social and economic development
According to Rocio Diaz-Chavez (2008) the followings are social development indicators:
 Educational and cultural: Illiteracy rate, Average schooling, and Information and culture
access
 Employment (Labor market): Unemployment rate, Average income

23
 Income and poverty: GDP per capital, Average familiar income, and Poverty rate
 Housing and urban infrastructure(assets ownership): House condition, Urban services
accessibility and Transport infrastructure
 Access to health care,
 Quality of life and Environment: Satisfaction with house, neighborhood, city and basic
infrastructure, Crime and homicides Environment (air condition, water, waste treatment,
garbage collection)
2.7. CONSTRAINTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE RICE SECTOR IN RWANDA
2.7.1. Constraints related to rice production
Despite the notable increase in yields, various challenges and constraints appear to hinder the
maximum productivity potential of rice in Rwandan marshlands, (IFAD, 2009). Adverse climate
(droughts, flooding), poor soil, pest, weeds, inappropriate modern varieties, and lack of suitable
modern technologies are the major causes of low productivity (Kayiranga, 2006). According to
J.N. Jagwe et al., 2003, The Ministry of Agriculture (MINAGRI) in 2003, has reported that
according to managers of several rice schemes which account for most of rice production in
Rwanda, the limiting constraints to rice production are:
 The most important disease in most rice growing areas in Rwanda is Rice blast caused by
P. Oyzae. It is common in Cyili and attacks the Yunyine4 variety when grown for more
than 3 consecutive seasons on a large scale. This disease is capable of causing 80% loss
in terms of yield. Other diseases include Sheath brown rot caused by Pseudomonas
fuscovaginae and this is found in areas above 1,500M such as Cyili, Rwamagana and
24
Kabuye. The other disease is fungal caused by Sarocladium oryzae and is common in
Bugarama.
 Most of the rice producers countrywide do complain about the stalked-eyed fly (Diopsis
thoracica) whose larvae eat rice tillers causing them to dry out. Insecticides such as
Sumithion and karate are recommended for use to control this pest. The equitable
distribution of water is a major constraint amongst rice growers, particularly during the
dry season and for farmers whose fields are located at the lower end of a marshland.
 Deterioration and destruction of the drainage and irrigation infrastructure. This has
resulted into the silting of canals, deterioration of water catchments points and
destruction of leveled plots set up which lead to poor water control.
 The untimely access to good quality seeds has also been reported to limit farmers’ ability
to start the season on time and obtain the high yields possible.
 There is a very limited research aimed at improving performance of rice in terms of yield,
disease and pest tolerance and good grain characteristics. This result from inadequate
human, technical and financial resources.
 Insufficient use of agricultural inputs, both in terms of quality and quantity, resulted into
the degeneration of the input supply chain at a national and local level.
 Lack of knowledge on input usage and the high cost of inputs especially inorganic
fertilizers, came out as the reasons for low or no input usage in Rice production in
Rwanda.
 Most of the Chinese varieties that have been grown over the last 30 years are less
superior to the newly introduced and the imported varieties such as Basmati and the
Pakistan varieties. The newly introduced and important varieties have better desired
25
qualitative such as a good aroma, long grain, easier to cook and most are tolerant to the
notorious rice blast disease.
 In the absence of a strong extension network, rice growers in Rwanda mostly learn the
production techniques from each other and through self-trial and error.
 Poor organization of producers to take charge of input supply, field management as well
as maintenance of the various infrastructures for production, handling, processing and
marketing.
2.7.2. Constraints related to marketing of rice
There is lack of adequate infrastructure including drying areas, threshers, huskers and stores
which make it difficult to carry out the post-harvest management of the crop. This results in
losses in terms of quantity as well as quality of the produce hence less competitively on the
market, (MINAGRI, 2005).
Rice produced in Rwanda is largely sold in unorganized rural markets, whereas the mainstream
urban markets largely sell imported rice. This is mainly because the locally produced rice grains
suffer higher breakages upon milling. The implication of this low quality is that lower farm gate
prices are offered for the locally produced rice hence making the enterprise less profitable,
(MINAGRI, 2011).
For instance, the high post-harvest losses (quantity and quality) of harvested grains can severely
limit the profitability and marketability of locally produced rice.

26
Most of the rice producers are price takers rather than setters and this is due to their urgent
liquidity needs therefore they are usually offered the lowest farm gate prices for their produce.
This greatly reduces the profitability of the enterprise, (J.N. Jagwe et al., 2003).
Most of the rice growers and other stakeholders along the rice value chain are constrained by the
credit availability. This results in the lack of investment capital which limits the involvement of
the private sector, (MINAGRI, 2011).
2.8. STRATEGIES OF PROMOTING RICE PRODUCTION IN RWANDA
Through a number of high profile agricultural development projects, the Ministry of Agriculture
and Animal Resources (MINAGRI) has revamped and rendered several marshlands to farmers
for rice cultivation. The government has also facilitated the delivery of inputs such as seeds,
fertilizers and pesticides, (Kathiresan, 2010).
In order to promote rice production in Rwanda, the National Rice Development Strategies
(NRDS) lay emphasis on the following approaches:
 Facilitation of research for development of rice value chain.
 Expansion and diversification of land area under rice cultivation by reclaiming new
marshland areas that have the potential for rice production.
 Improvement in productivity of small holder farms through efficient distribution and use
of inputs.
 Establishment of new- and rehabilitation/maintenance of old infrastructures in
marshlands.
27
 Construction and/or maintenance of the water supply systems to permit exploitation of
the cultivable areas through the two growing seasons.
 Enhancement of quality and competitiveness of locally produced grains in domestic and
regional markets by introducing technologies and raising the awareness on handling of
paddy grains at harvesting, drying, winnowing and storage phases by the producers.
 Creation of favorable environments for the sustenance of rice sub-sector through
effective policy and regulatory frameworks.
 Improving the knowledge on water use efficiency through training and by enabling
efficient organization of irrigation water user associations in marshlands will increase
land and crop productivity especially during the dry season.
 Provision of subsidies to farmers’ cooperatives to acquire seed, fertilizer and other inputs.
By setting rice as a priority crop, the government of Rwanda has sensitized the importance of the
development of rice sector amongst farmers, local administrative authorities, research and
developmental agencies in the country, non-governmental organizations and developmental
partners. The government has helped farmers set up rice cooperatives in all rice production areas.
The government treats cooperatives as ‘delivery nodes’ of various inputs and services meant for
the development of rice sector, (Kathiresan, 2010).
There is an urgent need to expand the capacity of extension system to enable efficient transfer of
technologies on production, soil and water management, pest and disease management,
harvesting, post-harvest handling and storage of rice in marshlands. To increase the efficiency of
reaching out to the farmers, the government provides the technical and financial provisions also
to the local district authorities and non-governmental organizations. Public private partnerships
28
in extension services can also accelerate the dissemination of on-farm technologies to farmers,
(MINAGRI, 2011).
Rwanda Agriculture Development Authority (RADA) is responsible for introducing and
promoting technologies on rice production and post-harvest processing amongst rice growers.
The research functions are largely carried out by a specialized rice unit of ISAR through various
regional and international collaborations. Crop Intensification Program (CIP) is a flagship
program of MINAGRI that focuses on the intensification of rice crop. CIP aims to significantly
increase total production of rice in the country by raising productivity in small holder farms. It
intends to accomplish this goal by facilitating access to inputs (seeds and fertilizers),
consolidation of land use, proximity extension services and post-harvest handling and storage,
(Kathiresan, 2010).
The consistency and efficiency of farm operations such as land preparation, crop management;
harvesting and post-harvest handling can be improved through appropriate mechanization.
Profitable mechanization options need to be identified for rice production in marshlands and
disseminated. Furthermore, private entrepreneurship in provision of mechanization services and
sourcing of machineries and implements need to be encouraged. Training of rural artisans,
mechanics, technicians and engineers on the usage and maintenance of farm machineries will
improve the adoption of mechanization in rice sector, (MINAGRI, 2011).
Improved access to finance through diversified loan schemes and increased rural banking
facilities and services that are targeted to farmers, cooperatives, agro-dealers, service providers
and traders in marshlands will speed up the transfer of socio economic benefits from increased
rice production, (MINAGRI, 2011).

29
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0. Introduction
This section focused on the research techniques to be adopted for the study with the aim of
achieving the research objectives. Kombo (2006) defines methodology as the set of methods and
principles that are used when studying a particular kind of work. It includes the research design
and provides details regarding the population, sample and sampling techniques and the research
instruments used in collecting data for the study. It also discusses the data collection methods
and data analysis plan.
3.1. Research design
According to Lavkaras, (2008) research design describes a research design as a general plan or
strategy for conducting a research study to examine specific testable research questions of
interest. Research design is the blue print for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
The study employed a correlation research design in order to establish the relationship between
independent and dependent variables. To estimate this relationship, the researcher used
Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) via multi-variable linear regression model which
was used to analyze the time series data related to rice production from 2012-2016. The research
also used a descriptive survey design as it employed descriptive statistics during data
presentation. Descriptive survey was used to collect data by interviewing or administering a
questionnaire to a sample of individuals which can be used when collecting information about
peoples’ attitudes, opinions, habits or any other social issues.

30
3.2 Research population
Population refers to an entire group of individual’s events or objects having a common
observable characteristic. In other words, population is the aggregate of all that conforms to a
given specification (Mugenda & Mugenda, 2003). According to Kumar (2005), population is the
class, families, living the city or electorates from which you select a few students, families,
electors to question in order to find answer to your research questions. The population under
study was the members of CODERVAM Cooperative estimated to 1784 members. This was a
big population that is the reason a sampling method was used.
3.3. Sample size
Sampling is a method of determining a subset of a study population (sample size) to be used
when carrying out field research as well as specifying the techniques used in selecting the units
of the sub-set. The sample size for this study was determined by using the Slovin’s formula; n=
N/ (1+Ne2) whereby n: is the sample size, N: is the total population, e: is the margin of error,
Remember that for this case N=1784 taking the confidence level of 90% that is with a
permissible error of 10%, e=0.1, therefore, n=1784/1+1784 *(0.1) 2 this gives
1784/1+1784*0.01=1784/1+17.84 = 1784 /18.84 = 95 respondents..
3.3.1. Sampling techniques
A stratified sampling method was used, where rice farmers were selected randomly from the rest
of the population. All rice farmers had the equal chance to be sampled, so to acquire distinct
information some farmers was randomly selected and given the questionnaire to be responded.
31
3.4. Source of data
The researcher used both primary and secondary data to carry out the study.
3.4.1. Primary data
According to Hair, Bush, and Ortinau (2006), primary data represent “firs thand” raw data
structures that have not had any type of meaningful interpretation. Primary data are necessary
more especially, when secondary data are unable to provide the required information collected to
fit the precise purposes of the problem under study. This was obtained from selecting respondents
through individual interviews at field and distribution of questionnaire to respondents. The
respondents mainly was the members of CODERVAM selected as they was seen have much
information on rice production and agriculture in general.
3.4.2. Secondary data
According to Cooper and Schindler (2006) secondary sources are interpretations of primary data,
encyclopedias, textbooks, handbooks, magazine and newspaper articles, and most newscasts are
considered as secondary information sources. The source of secondary data includes library books,
articles, journals, published annual reports, and other researches that have been done before.
3.5 Data Analysis
The data that was collected through questionnaires was tabulated and analyzed using the
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software package these includes descriptive
and inferential statistics. The descriptive statistics was interpreted basing on the value of mean,
while the inferential was based on coefficient of determination(R square), coefficient of
correlation, F statistics, T test, and P value.

32
3.5.1 Editing
Editing is the process of examining the collected data to detect any errors and omission so as to
Correct them when possible (Weman and Krunger, 1999). The major purpose of editing is to
discover mistakes made during the field study and monitor the accuracy and find whether there is
some unfilled space in the questionnaire and eliminate unwanted answers.
During this study data was edited to ensure that all information provided by the company under
research is complete, consistent with other facts gathered, uniformly entered, and are well
arranged to facilitate coding and tabulation.
3.5.2 Coding
The purpose of coding, according to Moser and Kalton (2001) is to classify answers into
meaningful categories so as to bring out their essential patterns. To make it easier to organize
and avoid distortions of responses given by the respondent, the researcher allocated each
question with a code such that while grading the responses, it would be easy to quickly trace the
answers for each question as expressed by different respondents.
3.5.3 Tabulation
According to Moser and Kalton (2001), data once edited and coded are put together in some kind
of tables and may undergo some forms of statistical analysis. As was seen in the following
chapters, tables were drawn showing the number of people and their response to a particular
question and their corresponding percentages. This helped the researcher to make appropriate
deduction with statistical support from already calculated percentages of the responses.
33
3.6. Quality control/ethical consideration
The researcher picked the research introductory letter from University of Rwanda, and demand
the permission from the Chairman of CODERVAM. The researcher also ensured that the
information to be gathered was solely use for the intended academic purpose and that it is treated
with utmost confidentiality.

34
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.0. Introduction
This chapter involves the presentation, analysis and interpretation of findings in relation to the
study objectives. The presentations are in form of tables and statements.
4.1 Background of respondents
The background information of respondents was deemed necessary because the ability of the
respondents to give satisfactory information on the study variables greatly depends on their
background. The information that has been presented below categorized into; gender, marital
tatus, level of Education, number of dependents time of which the despondence became rice
farmers.
4.1.1 Gender
The findings in the following table show gender of the respondent.

35
Table 4.1: Gender of respondents
Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Male 54 56.8 56.8
Female 41 43.2 100.0
Total 95 100.0
Source: Primary data, 2017
According to table above, 56.8% of the respondents were males, while 43.2% were females. The
respondents were mainly males which could have been due to the fact that most households in
the area are male headed.
4.1.2. Age of respondents
Age of somebody affects his or her ability to work, to save and to consume, the findings in the table
below shows the age of respondents.
Table 4.2: Age of respondents

Valid <20 years 1 1.1 1.1
21-40 years 48 50.5 51.6
41-50 years 35 36.8 88.4
Above 50 11 11.6 100
Total 95 100.0
From the table above shows the majority of the respondents were in the Age bracket from 21-40
that represented 50.5% followed by the Age bracket between 41-50 that represent 36.8%,
followed the age above 50 that represented 11.6% of respondents and lastly 1.1% of respondents
who are below 20 years. This implies that the majority of rice farmers who are members of
36
CODERVAM are adult and more active people who own families. Reasons are clear as these
people are active and working hardly for welfare of their families. People whose age is below 20
years are few because most of them they are students with no money and they are dependents on
their parents. In the same line the people with age bracket of above 50 years are few simply
because they are old people who have no energy to work, most of them were retired.
4.1. 3. Education level of the respondents
The intellectual capacity of a person may dependents on his/her education level; the table below
shows the education background of respondents.
Table 4.3: Education level of the respondents

Valid Illiterate (No education) 6 6.3 6.3
Primary 30 31.6 37.9
Secondary 45 46.3 84.2
University 15 15.8 100
Total 95 100.0
From the table above the highest number of respondents 46.3% have A level, 31.6% of
respondents have completed Primary level P6, and those who have completed university level
were 15.8% while 6.3% of respondents had no educational level are illiterates. This implies that
the majority of rice farmers did not go far in their studies. However, they are capable to adopt
and understand the new agricultural technology as the majority of rice growers have secondary
level. This is not least since the CODERVAM does not provide the supplementary training for
enhancing famer’s skills of how the rice production may grow.

37
4.1.4. Marital status of respondents
The one’s marital status determines most his/her behaviors including the way he/she works,
his/her saving culture and entirely his/her social economic status. The table below shows the
marital status of respondents.
Table 4.4: Marital status of respondents

Valid Single 17 17.9 17.9
Married 49 51.6 69.5
Widow 19 20.0 89.5
Divorced 10 10.5 100
Total 95 100.0
The figure 5 below shows that the majority of respondents 51.6% are married. They account for
while about 20% of respondents are widows, 17.9% of respondents are single and the remaining
10.5% of respondents are divorced. This implies that most of rice farmers are married people,
this reflects the reality as people who are married are the most likely hard workers, savers,
borrowers and investors in the community because they want to satisfy the needs of their
families.
Table 4.5: Family size

Valid Below 1 member 22 23.2 23.2
1-5 45 47.4 70.6
6-10 24 25.3 95.9
Above 10 4 4.1 100
Total 95 100.0
38
From the table above the highest number of respondents 47.4% have 1-5 of dependents, 25.3%
have 6-10 of dependents 23.2% of respondents have no dependent while 4.1% of respondent
have above 10 dependents. The majority of respondents have dependents who are 1-5 and most
of rice cultivators have dependent above at least 3. This implies that the rice growers have task to
work hard for improving the socioeconomic of their families.
Table 4.6: Size of the farm under rice cultivation by respondents

Valid 0 – 2 ha 30 31.6 31.6
3 – 5 ha 22 23.2 54.7
5 – 7 ha 20 21.1 75.8
Above 7 ha 23 24.2 100
Total 95 100.0
From the table above the highest number of respondents 31.6% are cultivating on 0-2 ha, 24.2%
respondents are cultivating on above 7ha, 23.2% of respondents are cultivating on 3-5 ha while
21.1% of respondents have 5-7ha. The majority of respondents have cultivated on the area of 0-2
ha. This implies that the majority of rice farmers have no low surface. This indicate that this may
be the barrier for them to enhance their lives. The low surface is because some of them do not
have capacity to hire the big marchland and sometime the surface of the whole land may not be
satisfy everyone who need to cultivate on the big surface.

39
Table 4.7: Time of which respondents have been the rice farmers with CODERVAN

Valid Less than 5 years 26 27.4 27.4
6–10 years 27 28.4 55.8
11–15 years 20 21.1 76.8
16 years and above 22 23.2 100
Total 95 100.0
From the table above the highest number of respondents 28.4% have joined CODERVAM as
rice growers for 6-10 years, 27.4% of respondents have joined CODERVAM as rice growers for
less than 5 years, 23.2% of respondents have joined the cooperative for 16 year and above while
21.1% have joined the cooperative for 11-15 years. This implies that the most respondents have
enough experience in rice production and this culture helped them to improve the socioeconomic
status of their families.
4.2. Socioeconomic status of rice farmers before and after joining CODERVAM
This section clarify the social economic status of rice growers before and after joining
CODERVAM. The researcher was curious to know at which extent the income level, welfare,
ownership of fixed or non-current assets of rice farmers were before and how they become after
joining Cooperative. The study found out the level of income and saving of rice producers before
and after joining CODERVAM cooperative. In fact, the study has assessed how rice production
has changed the life of rice cultivators in Cyabayaga marchland.
4.2.1. Livelihood of rice formers before joining CODERVAM as members
The table below clarify whether the respondents were the rice formers as main business before
40
joining CODERVAM as members.
Table 4.8: Livelihood of rice formers before joining CODERVAM

Valid Rice grower 37 38.9 38.9
Not rice famer but other 58 61.1 100.0
agricultural activities
Total 95 100.0
From the table above the highest number of respondents 61.1% were not rice growers but they
grew other cultures else, 38.9% of respondents were rice growers. This meaning that the majority
were in other agricultural business before both being the rice growers and joining CODERVAM
cooperative. This implies that many famers have quitted to grow other agricultural produces and
chosen rice produce because they found that this agricultural produce may change the story of
their lives. The respondents selected to join CODERVAM cooperative for many reasons as
shown in the table below.
Table 4.9: Reasons of Farmers to join CODERVAM
Frequency Percent
Valid Access to inputs (Fertilizers and Pesticides) 87 91.9
Access to financial services 56 58.9
Access to the market 78 82.1
Access to farm extension services 45 47.7
Improve socio economic status 60 63.2
During the survey, the respondents pointed out the factors that have pushed them to join
CODERVAM cooperative. From the table above the respondents 91.9% agreed that joined
41
CODERVAM access to inputs (fertilizers and pesticides) easily. 82.1% of respondents agreed
that they joined cooperative for accessing the market of the rice production, 63.2% of
respondents have joined cooperative for improving their socioeconomic status. This group of
respondents are those who quitted the other agricultural activities to rice produce. 56% of
respondents they joined CODEVAM for getting help in accessing some financial services from
financial institutions. They argued that cooperative may be the third party between its members
and financial institution for providing loans to rice farmers who still wait for the payment of their
previous production. 47.7% of respondents agreed that they joined cooperative to get access to
farm extension services. This implies that the rice farmers work hand in hand with their
cooperative for better achieving their goals. The table below specify the annual income of
respondents before joining CODERVAM as rice farmers.
Table 4.10: Monthly income of Farmers before joining (in Frw)
Frequency Percent
Valid 0-20,000 50 52.6
20,000-50,000 31 32.6
50,000-80,000 11 11.6
80,000-100,000 2 2.1
100,000 and above 1 1.1
Total 95 100.0
According to table 8, the results from this study showed that 50 respondents (52.6%) said that
their monthly income before joining CODERVAM was only between 0 and 20,000 Frw, the
respondents (32.6%) could only get the monthly income between Frw 20,000 and Frw 50,000,
the respondents (11.6%) their monthly income were between Frw 50,000 and 80,000, the
monthly income between Frw 80,000 and Frw 100,000 was gotten by 2.1% of respondents while
42
1.1% of respondents was able to get above Frw 100,000. The majority of respondents were not
able to get the income for feeding their families. Their socioeconomic status was very low. This
implies that the monthly income of farmers before joining CODERVAM as rice formers was
very low and consequently they could not pay themselves the health insurance of the whole
family and the school fees of their children.
Table 4.11: Monthly saving of Farmers before joining (in Frw)
Frequency Percent
Valid 0-5000 61 64.2
5,001-15,000 28 29.5
15,001-30,000 6 6.3
30,001-45,000 0 0
45,000 and above 0 0
Total 95 100.0
According to table 8, the results from this study showed that 64.2% of respondents said that their
monthly savings before joining CODERVAM was only between 0 and 5,000 Frw, the
respondents (29.5%) could only save on monthly basis the amount between Frw 5001 and
15,000, the respondents (6.3%) their monthly saving were between Frw 15,001 and 00,000, none
was able to save above Frw 30,000. The majority could only save 0-5000 which is very low
amount to who wants improving the life. This implies that the monthly saving of rice farmers
before joining CODERVAM was very low and consequently they could not plan for their
development.
4.2.2. CODERVAM rice production and commercialization
The CODERVAM cooperative has now become a big cooperative and plays a great role in the
43
socio-economic development of small farmers. Rice productivity has been improved with time
and the yield is now estimated at 7.5t/ Ha whereas the yield was 4.5t/ Ha in 2012. The area under
rice production was estimated to 895Ha, (CODERVAM, 2017).
Table 4.12: CODERVAM rice production and commercialization
Year Area Production Quantity Quantity Annual income

cultivated (ha) per ha produced (T) Sold (T) from sales
2012 656 4.5 5,904 5,904 1,180,800,000
2013 656 5.4 7,084.8 7,084.8 1,523,232,000
2014 895 6 10,740 10,740 2,523,900,000
2015 895 6.8 12,172 12,172 2,860,420,000
2016 895 7.5 13,425 13,425 3,289,125,000
CODERVAM report from 2012 to 2016
The production was improved through ameliorated seed and land extension and the price per Kg
was varied between Frw 200 and 245. The above is the indicator of the rice production that has
the positive impact of socioeconomic development of rice growers. As shown in the tables
below.
Table 4.13: Monthly income of rice growers
Frequency Percent
Valid 0-20,000 2 2.1
20,000-50,000 19 20.0
50,000-80,000 40 42.1
80,000-100,000 20 21.1
100,000 and above 14 14.7
Total 95 100.0
44
The results from the table above, after joining CODERVAM as members and rice farmers,
respondents show that there has been an improvement in members’ monthly income. The
majority of respondents (42.1%) said that their income after joining CODERVAM as rice
farmers were between Frw 50,000-80,000. The respondents with monthly income of Frw 80,000-
100,000 were 21.1%. Those who had the monthly income between Frw 20,000-50,000 were
20%. The respondents whose monthly income is 100,000 and above were 14.7%, while the
respondents with monthly income of Frw 0-10,000 were 2.1%. This implies that there was a
slight improvement in monthly income of rice farmers after joining CODERVAM as members.
This can be seen through the portion of 52.6% of members who had income of Frw 0-20,000
before joining SACCO, but their income increased up to Frw 50,000 and above after joining
CODERVAM as rice former and members of the cooperative.
4.1.2.1. Access to finance of farmers after joining CODERVAM as rice growers
This section clarify the level of agreement of respondents on the access to finance through being
the rice growers. The researcher found out whether the rice growers may save and borrow money
from financial institutions after joining CODERVAM as rice farmers and members as shown in
the below tables.
Table 4.14: Bank account of rice farmers after joining CODERVAM
Do you agree that to be a rice grower has opened

the doors of accessing financial services? Frequency Percent
Valid Agree 95 100.0

Disagree 0 0
Total 95 100.0
45
The table above shows that all respondents 100% have opened accounts in deference financial
institution. They argued that the financial institutions helped them to save their money and to
borrow money for their daily business of rice production and in other activities that are important
for their lives. In addition, the payment of their production in received through their accounts
held in financial institutions.
Table 4.15: Loan application
Valid Have you ever applied and been borrowed a loan? Frequency Percent
Agree 65 68.4
Disagree 20 21.1
Neutral 10 10.5
Total 95 100.0
The table above shows that 68.4% of respondents have applied and been borrowed loan, while
21.1% have not applied and been giving a loan and 10.5% of respondents have applied but the
financial institutions did not grant them the loans. This implied that rice cultivation has helped
the farmers to get access to finance from various financial institution. However, some farmers
were not borrowed loans due to the fact that their application were not fitting the requirements.
Table 4.16: Descriptive statistics on loan utilization
Purpose of loan received Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly Total Mean Std.
Agree Disagree Deviation
Inputs for rice produce (seeds, 20.2% 69.4% 3.1% 7.3% 100% 1.5833 .86653
pesticides, fertilizers, etc)
Investment in other activities 19.6% 74.2% 1% 5.2% 100% 1.7187 .73561
generating income
Extension of my land 68.8% 27% 4.2% 0 100% 1.3542 .56156
46
The test statements were equally ranked in terms of their mean as a way of interpreting the
results. From the table above, 68.8% of respondents strongly agreed that loans got from financial
intuitions were used for extending their land for rice produce since 27% of respondents agreed
this statement. It was found that the majority of respondents (74.2%) agree that loans got from
financial intuitions were used to invest in other activities generating income, Respondents
(69.4%) have agreed that loans from financial intuitions were purposively used to pay inputs for
rice produce (seeds, pesticides, fertilizers, etc) for increasing rice production. This implies that
the financial services offered by the financial intuitions were used in activities or projects
targeting to boost the rice production which participate in socioeconomic development of rice
growers. They argued that CODERVAM assist as guarantee for some members to access credit
from financial institutions.
Table 4.17: Monthly saving after joining CODERVAM as rice farmers
Frequency Percent
Valid 0-5000 15 15.8
5,001-15,000 6 6.3
15,001-30,000 12 12.6
30,001-45,000 40 42.1
45,000 and above 22 23.2
Total 95 100.0
The results from the table above, after joining CODERVAM as members and rice farmers,
respondents show that there has been an improvement in members’ savings. The majority of
respondents (42.1%) said that their savings after joining CODERVAM as members and rice
farmers were between Frw 30,001-45,000. The respondents with saving of Frw 45,000 and
above were 23.2%. Those who had the savings between 0-5000 were 15.8%. Those who had
47
savings 15,001-30,000 after joining CODERVAM as members and rice farmers were 12.6%
while 6.3% of respondents had savings on their accounts of Frw 5,001-15,000. This implies that
there was a slight improvement in savings of members after joining SACCO and accessing the
services it provides. This can be seen through the portion of members who had savings of Frw 0-
5,000 before joining CODERVAM as members and rice farmers, but their savings increased up
to 30,000 and above after joining CODERVAM as members and rice farmers. It is clear that
before joining CODERVAM as rice farmers, the level of savings decreased at 75% after being
the rice farmers and members of CODERVAM.
4.3. Rice production and socioeconomic development of rice growers
The table below shown the importance of rice production on socioeconomic development of rice
growers who are the members of CODERVAM. SA: strongly agree, A: Agree, and D: disagree,
SD: strongly disagree

48
Table 4.18: Rice production and socioeconomic development
SA A D SD Total Mean Std.

Deviation
Afford medical insurance 33.3% 65.6% 1.0% 0.0% 100% 1.6771 .49193
Maintained food security 31.3% 55.2% 13.5% 0.0% 100% 1.8229 .64880
Afford school fees for children 23.1% 73.3% 1.0% 2.5% 100% 1.7292 .98920
Access to financial services like loans 35.4% 60.4% 0.0% 4.2% 100% 1.7292 .67245
from financial institutions
Ownership of building and other assets 64.6% 30.2% 1.0% 4.2% 100% 1.4479 .72358
like land
Increase of monthly income and saving 65.6% 32.3% 2.1% 0.0% 100% 1.3646 .52555
level
High level of life expectancy and 38.8% 61.2% 0 1% 100% 1.3333 .53639
quality of life and Environment
From the table above, 65.6% and 32.3% respondents strongly agree and agreed that the rice
production has helped the rice farmers to increase the monthly income and saving level, the level
of agreement of respondents is confirmed by the mean of 1.3646. The results revealed that 64.6%
of respondents were also strongly agreed that their abilities to have ownership of building and
other assets like land was very high due to rice production, the statistical level of agreement was
shown by the mean of 1.4479. Those who agreed that their abilities to pay health insurance
become high due to rice production as also shown by the mean of 1.6771. The respondents
(73.3%) agreed that the ability to pay school fees for their children was high due to rice
production as shown the mean of 1.7292. The respondents (55.2%) agreed that rice production
was helped the rice growers to maintain enough food security. Those who agreed that the rice
production has increased the opportunity for access to financial services like loans from financial
institutions were 60.4%. This implies that the records achieved by the CODERVAM’s members
49
were depending on the accessibility of financial services offered by the financial institutions.
61.2% of respondents agreed that the rice production has helped the rice growers to have high
level of life expectancy and quality of life and environment.
4.4. Relationship between rice production and socioeconomic development of formers
This section defines the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables.
Independent variables which are rice production and socioeconomic development indicators
respectively. The dependent variables are defined by food security, level of income and savings,
assets ownership and health insurance of CODERVAM’s members or ice farmers. The
researcher grouped the dependent variable into two categories such as social development (food
security and health insurance) and economic development income, savings and assets
ownership). The researcher performed the correlation research design by using the statistical
package for social sciences known as SPSS by tracing the regression analysis.
4.4.2. Rice production and Social development
The table below intent to assess the relationship between rice production and Social development
of CODERVAM’s members who are also the rice farmers. The researcher wanted to assess the
social development of rice growers. The assessment was based on the food security, health
insurance, education for children and employment of rice growers and their relatives. The table
below shows the relationship between social developments of CODERVAM’s members who are
the rice farmers.

50
Table 4.19: Rice production and social development
Model Summary ANOVA

Std. Error of the F value
Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Estimate
1 .887a .787 .785 .51099 344.162
Coefficientsa
Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) 5.007 .135 37.027 .000
Rice Production .848 .046 .887 18.552 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Social development
Table 4.14, shows two important elements, thus coefficient of correlation(R), and coefficient of
determination (R²). From this table, R shows a significant and positive relationship of 0.887
between rice production and social development of rice farmers. The coefficient of determination
(R²) of 0.787 meaning 78.7% of the variance Social development can be predicted using the
independent variables or in simple words 63.3% of variation for Social development is explained
or caused by the rice production.
The results in the above table have revealed the F value of 344.162 indicating that the entire
model is very significant at 90% confidence level, given the significance level of 0.0001. This
gives the researcher to confidently make a decision that there is a significant relationship
between two or more variables by using F value of 344.162.
It was also found that the Rice Production has significantly and positively contributed to the
Social development of rice farmers with the correlation coefficient of 0.848>0. It implies that a
51
unit increased in rice production implicates the increase of 0.848 units on Social development of
CODERVAM’s members who are the rice farmers.
4.4.2. Rice production and economic development of members
The researcher wanted to assess the economic development indicators of rice growers which
measured by level of income and saving, assets ownership of CODERVAM’s members who are
the rice farmers.
Table 4.20: Rice production and economic development
Model Summary
Adjusted R Std. Error of the F
Model R R Square Square Estimate
1 .826a .683 .679 .59415 200.289
Coefficientsa
Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.

1 (Constant) 4.399 .157 27.973 .000
Rice production .752 .053 .826 14.152 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Economic development
Table 4.14, shows two important elements, thus coefficient of correlation(R), and coefficient of
determination (R²). From this table, R shows a significant and positive relationship of 0.826
between rice production and social development of rice farmers. The coefficient of determination
52
(R²) of 0.683 meaning 68.3% of the variance economic development can be predicted using the
independent variables or in simple words 63.3% of variation for economic development is
explained or caused by the rice production.
The results in the above table have revealed the F value of 200.289 indicating that the entire
model is very significant at 99% confidence level, given the significance level of 0.0001. This
gives the researcher to confidently make a decision that there is a significant relationship
between two or more variables by using F value of 200.289.
It was also found that the Rice Production has significantly and positively contributed to the
Social development of rice farmers with the correlation coefficient of 0.752>0. It implies that a
unit increased in rice production implicates the increase of 0.752 units on economic development
of CODERVAM’s members who are the rice farmers.
The level of saving has been improved resulting from the fact that all farmers have a bank
account. Farmers have found various economic advantages from growing rice such as; the
increase of income, the increase of savings, the facility of getting credit and hence the economic
development of farmers.
4.5. Constraints that rice growers are facing
This section intended to identify the constraints faced by the rice farmers in their daily activities of
growing rice. The researcher wanted to know whether CODERVAM cooperative assets its members
to solve some challenges that they are facing.

53
Table 4.21: Constraints that rice growers are facing
Strongly Agree Not Disagree Strong Total

Agree Sure Disagre
High cost of inputs like fertilizers, 78.8% 20.2% 1% 0% 0% 100%
pesticides and labor
Small area for paddy drying and 42% 56% 2% 0% 0% 100%
inadequate storage facilities
Inadequate market and the low price 65% 32.8% 2.2% 0% 0% 100%
for the paddy rice.
Lack of factory for paddy processing 75% 23.7% 1.3% 0% 0% 100%
From the table above, 78.8% of respondents strongly agree that the first constraint that the rice
farmers are facing is high cost of inputs like fertilizers, pesticides and labor or taskforce, 75% of
respondents also strongly agree that lack of factory for paddy processing is constraint that facing
the rice growers. 65% of respondents strongly agree that inadequate market and low price for the
paddy rice is another challenge that faced by rice formers. While 56% of respondents agreed that
the small area for paddy drying and inadequate storage facilities is the challenge. The other
challenges raised by the farmers were that farmers are not paid at time for their production
delivered to the cooperative and this has been reported to limit farmers’ ability to start the season
on time which is very handicap of rice production. They argued that the inequitable distribution
of water among rice fields, particularly during the dry season and for farmers whose fields are
located at the lower end of the marshland, this is also related to poor maintenance of the water
supply infrastructures and considered as constraints that may handicap the production. The other
challenge was to lack of assistance by the cooperative in paddy processing particularly in rice
milling.
54
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 Introduction
This chapter involves summary of the study, the conclusion, recommendations. The summary is
based on the major findings on the study objectives and the recommendations are based on the
discussion of the findings and analysis as well as interpretation of findings.
5.1. Summary of the study
The summary is done in line with the objectives of the study based on the output of the
descriptive and inferential statistical analyses guided to get the answers of research questions.
55
5.1.1. Socioeconomic status of rice farmers before and after joining CODERVAM
The first objective was to examine the socioeconomic status of rice farmers before and after
joining CODERVAM as rice farmers. The study revealed that the level of income and saving of
farmers was very low before joining CODERVAM as rice growers. However, after joining
CODERVAM, it was found that the access of the followings was improved: ability to pay school
fees for children, health insurance, house rent, and ability to build a house, to buy an assets or
land and accessibility on food security was high after joining CODERVAM as rice farmers.
5.1.2. Relationship between rice production and socioeconomic development of formers
The second objective was to assess the relationship between rice production and socioeconomic
development of formers. The study revealed that there is a strong relationship between rice
production and social development as shown by table 4.18, 4.19, and 4.20. The rice production
was also correlated to the economic development as the level of saving has been improved
resulting from the fact that all farmers have a bank account. Farmers have found various
economic advantages from growing rice such as; the increase of income, the increase of savings,
the facility of getting credit and hence the economic development of farmers.
5.1.2.1. To determine constraints that rice farmers are facing
The second objective was to determine the constraints that rice farmers are facing. Although
farmers have clearly improved their level of saving and income and other social development
indicators, they still face various constraints in their production and marketing such as
inequitable distribution of water among rice fields, small area for paddy drying and inadequate
storage facilities; lack of factory for paddy processing; inadequate market and the low price for
56
the paddy rice; the untimely payment of farmers; lack of credits or financial support for some
farmers, etc.
5.4 CONCLUSION
The aim of this study was to identify the contribution of rice production on levels of saving and
income of farmers in Cyabayaga marshland, Nyagatare District. It was found that rice
productivity of CODERVAM has increased from 4.5t/Ha in 2012 to 7.5t/Ha in 2016 and most of
this increase was due to inputs access and more extension services from their cooperative.
Furthermore, rice production has socioeconomic development of rice farmers.
CODERVAM has played an important role to help rice farmers to improve the levels of saving
and income, food security, assets ownership, education, employment, health insurance and so on.
It was that all rice members have a bank account in varous financial institutions. Therefore, rice
production has contributed significantly to poverty reduction and socio-economic development
of farmers.
5.3. RECOMMENDATIONS
The following recommendations were made in order to promote rice production in Rwanda in
general:
- Due to scarce land resource, the government of Rwanda through MINAGRI should put
more and more effort in rice production because it is expected to give high yield per unit
area and it generates more income to rural farmers, and also it provides a sustainable food
security.
57
- Traditional farmers should be encouraged to adopt modern crop production and
management practices including efficient use of improved crop varieties and fertilizers as
well as pesticides for the purpose of improving their productivity.
- There is a need to enhance the quality and competitiveness of locally produced gains in
domestic and regional markets by introducing technologies and raising the awareness on
handling of paddy grains at harvesting, drying and storage phases by the producers.
- RSSP should expand the capacity of extension system to enable efficient transfer of
technologies on production, soil and water management, pest and disease management,
harvesting, post-harvest handling and storage of rice in marshlands.
- Farmers should be encouraged to take loans in different financial institutions instead of
relying on small credits rarely given by their cooperatives because credits will help them
to increase their investment and then speed up the transfer of socio-economic benefits
from rice production.
5.4. Suggestion for further Researches
During the study, the researcher did not investigated all relevant questions, therefore, the
researcher suggest relevant questions that could involve further research that surpasses the scope
of the current investigation. The following are areas that need further investigation: The impact
of rice production on food security on farmers, the access to finance and rice production, and
level of contribution of agriculture to socio-economic rural development.

58
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Eugène Bagumire, (2005). The impact of rice cultivation on rural livelihoods. Case study of rice
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Survey of the Rice sub-sector in Rwanda. 8-12p.

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Kayiranga D. (2006). The effect of land factors and management practices on rice yields. Case
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Kathiresan, A. (2010). Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), sector
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Mc Connell Brue, (2002). Macroeconomics.
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MINAGRI. (2005). National Rice Production Program (period 2006-2016).
MINAGRI. (2009). Strategic Plan for the Transformation of Agriculture in Rwanda –Phase II
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Pass, Christopher; Lowes, Bryan and Robinson, Andrew. (1988). Business and
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Sendege, N. (2011). Rice Production in Rwanda.
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APPENDIX 1: QUESTIONNAIRE DISTRIBUTED TO RICE FARMERS
SECTION A: GENERAL INFORMATION

1. Gender
a. Male
b. Female
2. Education level of despondence
a. Illiterate (No education)

b. Primary
c. Secondary
d. University
3. Number of dependents
a. Below 1
b. 1-5
61
c. 6-10
d. Above 10
4. What is the size of your farm under rice cultivation?
a. 0 – 2 ha
b. 3 – 5 ha
c. 5 – 6 ha
d. Above 6 ha
5. How long you have been a rice farmer with CODERVAN?
a. Less than 5 years
b. 6–10 years
c. 11–15 years
d. 16 years and above
SECTION B: Socioeconomic status of rice formers before and after joining CODERVAM
1. Were you growing rice before joining CODERVAM?
a. Yes
b. No
2. Why did you decide to become a member of CODERVAM?
a. Access to inputs (Fertilizers and Pesticides)
b. Access to financial services
c. Access to the market
d. Access to farm extension services
e. Other, specify ………………………………………………………………………….
1. What was your annual income before joining CODERVAM?

62
a. 0-20,000Rwf
b. 20,000-50,000 Rwf
c. 50,000-80,000 Rwf
d. 80,000-100,000 Rwf
e. 100,000 and above
2. How was your level of saving before joining the cooperative? (Monthly)
a. 0-5000Rwf
b. 5001-15000Rwf
c. 15001-30000Rwf
d. 30001 and above
3. What was your annual income after joining CODERVAM?
f. 0-20,000Rwf
g. 20,000-50,000 Rwf
h. 50,000-80,000 Rwf
i. 80,000-100,000 Rwf
j. 100,000 and above
4. Do you agree that to be a rice grower has opened the doors of accessing financial
services?
a. Agree
b. Disagree
5. How is your level of saving after joining the cooperative? (Monthly)
e. 0-5000Rwf
f. 5001-15000Rwf
63
g. 15001-30000Rwf
h. 30001 and above
6. Have you applied and been borrowed a loan?
a. Yes
b. No
If yes, what was the use of your loan?
Loan utilization Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly

Consumption
Investment in other activities
generating income
Extension of my land
SECTION C: Constraints that are facing the rice growers in Nyagatare District
7. Where do you sell your produce?
a. CODERVAM Cooperative
b. local market
c. Middlemen
d. Other, specify
8. How does the cooperative assist you to improve rice productivity?
a. Access to credit
b. offering farm extension services
c. Provision of input (Fertilizers or Pesticides);
d. Other specify …………..
9. Constraints that rice growers are facing
Loan utilization Strongly agree Agre Disagree Strongly

64
e
Small area for paddy drying
and inadequate storage
facilities
Lack of factory for paddy
processing
Inadequate market and the low

price for the paddy rice.
High cost of inputs like

fertilizers and labor
Other specify ……………………………………………………………………………….
10. According to you, what are the strategies to put in place in order to overcome those
constraints?
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SECTION D: Rice production and socioeconomic development of rice growers
11. What are the benefits and achievement of growing rice?
Loan utilization Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly

Afford medical insurance
Maintained food security
Afford school fees for children
Access to financial services
Ownership of building and other assets
like land
Increase of my monthly income level
65
Employment
12. Quantity of rice produced and sold from 2012 to 2016
Year Quantity Quantity sold Market price/ kg Annual income

harvested from sales
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016

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THE CONTRIBUTION OF RICE PRODUCTION TO THE SOCIOECONOMIC

DEVELPEMENT OF RICE FARMERS A CASE STUDYOF CODERVAM

Mrs. NYIRANSORO Diane and Mrs. NYINAWUMUNTU Sarah

Reg number: 215026659 and 215026638

A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

SUPERVISOR: Mr. MBABAZI MBABAZIZE

Signature ……………………….. Date ………………

Mrs. NYIRANSORO Diane and Mrs. NYINAWUMUNTU Sarah

NYINAWUMUNTU Sarah under my guidance and supervision.

Signature…………………………….. Date ……………………………….

Mr. MBABAZI MBABAZIZE

Lecturer at University of Rwanda

To my brothers and sisters

that has contributed to the successful completion of this research.

I love you all

May God bless you!!

NYIRANSORO Diane and NYINAWUMUNTU Sarah

2.1. Definition of key Concepts.....................................................................................................10

3.5 Data Analysis...........................................................................................................................30

Figure 1.1: Conceptual framework model.......................................................................................8

Figure 2.2: Rice marketing channels in Rwanda...........................................................................21

BC: Before Christ

CIP: Crop Intensification Program

CODERVAM: Cooperative de Developement Rizicole des Vallees du Mutara

FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization

GDP: Gross Domestic Product

IFAD: International Fund for Agricultural Development

IRRI: International Rice Research Institute

ISAR: Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda

MINAGRI: Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources

MINECOFIN: Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning

NRDS: National Rice Development Strategies

OLS: Ordinary Least Squares

RADA: Rwanda Agriculture Development Authority

RSSP: Rural Sector Support Project

SACCO: Saving and Credit Cooperatives

SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Sciences

UCORIRWA: Union des Coopératives Rizicoles au Rwanda

economic benefits from rice production.

1.1. Background of the study

Rwanda's economy is mainly based on agriculture. In 2005, approximately 90 percent of the

contribution to GDP, employment, and foreign exchange earnings. Agriculture’s contribution to

contributes significantly to national food self-sufficiency, as over 90 percent of all food

consumed in the country is domestically produced, (Michael Morris et al., 2008).

MINAGRI identified rice production as a significant component of the agricultural sector in

in Rwanda, (J.N. Jagwe et al., 2003).

1.2. Problem statement

aid, (J.N. Jagwe et al., 2003).

breakages upon milling, (MINAGRI, 2011).

degradation by erosion, insufficient exploitation of marshlands and insufficient use of

sector, (Michael Morris et al., 2008).

economic development case study of rice famers of CODERVAM in Nyagatare District.”

I.3 Objectives of the study

The study was driven by the general and specific objectives.

I.3.1 General Objective

I.3.2 Specific objectives

those constraints should be outfitted.

1.4 Research questions

 What are the constraints experienced by rice farmers in Nyagatare District?