The Free

CCNA Study Guide

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Introduction
We decided to put together this free CCNA study guide after we received a large number of
requests from our visitors for free CCNA training.

Whilst it is quite feasible that you could pass using just the information and links contained
within this free guide, it is more of an introduction to the CCNA course, for you to evaluate
whether the CCNA is right for you.

At the time of writing, the CCNA exam costs US $250, it is not an easy exam to pass, if you try
and sit the exam without structured training you might as well send us a cheque for $250.

If you want ensure you learn the whole CCNA syllabus, including Cisco IOS configuration and
troubleshooting (not covered in this guide), as well as making your study time easier and more
enjoyable, while increasing your chances of passing the exam, enroll on our CCNA Bootcamp
and get first class video training online for an unbeatable price!

Early Networking
Before networks existed people used to share files by
sneakernet, basically passing floppy disks to one another. It
wasn't long before the Local Area Network was born, which
enabled network hosts to communicate with each other via hubs
by installing network interface cards.
Each network host has a physical address, known as the MAC
address and logical address, known as the IP address. When
hosts are connected to a hub, they are in the same collision
and broadcast domain. Network switches do a similar job to
hubs, however they break up collision domains making a LAN
more efficient.

LANs link hosts together in small areas such as offices and schools. To communicate between
LANs they must be connected to Wide Area Networks (WANs) using routers.

The internet is the biggest WAN and uses the Domain Name System to translate domain names
into IP addresses that networking devices understand and communicate with.

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The OSI model
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a
standard model used in networking to abstract the processes
involved in network communication. It consists of seven
layers:
The Application layer, Presentation layer, Session layer,
Transport layer (which uses flow control and
acknowledgements), the Network layer, the Data link layer
and the Physical layer.
Each layer has its own protocol data unit which encapsulates
the data received from the upper layers.

The OSI model is fundamental to networking theory and

troubleshooting, so make sure you understand and
memorize what is happens at each layer.

The TCP/IP model

The TCP/IP protocol suite is the closest implementation of the OSI
model there is, it consists of only four layers. The Application layer,
Transport layer, Internet layer and Link layer.
There are a lots of similarities between the OSI model and the TCP/
IP model.

The transport layer contains a reliable protocol called TCP and an

unreliable protocol called UDP. To enable the transport layer to
allow multi-protocol communication between hosts it uses port
numbers.

The network layer features the routed protocol called IP protocol

and Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).

TCP/IP Protocols
The TCP/IP suite contains lots of protocols that operate at various layers, including Telnet, FTP,
TFTP, NFS, POP, SMTP, SNMP, DNS, DHCP, TCP, UDP, IP, ICMP, ARP and RARP. You will
need a good understanding of each of these protocols.

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Binary and Hexadecimal Numbering Systems
The binary numbering system is the numbering system natively used by computers.
Binary consists of ones and zeros. A single one or zero is called a bit. A byte is eight bits, and a
nibble is just four bits.
The hexadecimal numbering system is used for network addressing in IP version 6.

You need to be familiar with converting between decimal, hexadecimal and binary for the exam.

Local Area Networks (LANs)

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a computer network within a
office, school or home.
LANs can have different network topologies and different
cabling types such as UTP category 5, single mode fiber,
and multi-mode fiber. Some cables are susceptible to
crosstalk and/or electromagnetic interference.
Ethernet is the most common type of LAN today, it is defined
by the IEEE 802.3 standard and uses the Ethernet frame, it
is a broadcast transmission technology which means frame
collisions can occur, which are dealt with by Carrier Sense
Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD).

Ethernet cabling standards are defined by the TIA/EIA standards.

Ethernet was originally a half-duplex technology, but can now be either full or half-duplex.
Network devices are connected together using either crossover or straight-through cables
depending on the devices you are connecting together.

Cisco Hierarchical Model

Cisco developed a three-layer model to help network
engineers design efficient and scalable networks. It has
three layers. The core, distribution and access layer.

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Cisco IOS
Cisco IOS is the operating system software used on
most Cisco routers and switches.
It features an IOS command line interface used to
configure the devices.

You will need to learn IOS configuration and

troubleshooting to pass your CCNA exam.

IP Addressing
Each network device requires a logical layer 3 IP address to be
able to communicate over the network. IP version 4 addresses
use dotted decimal notation and consist of 4 octets.

There are three different classes of IP address. A, B, C, and

each class has its own private IP address range for use within a
LAN, which are not routable over WANs.

There are also a number of reserved IP addresses that are reserved for special purposes.
For example: the IP address 127.0.0.1 is called the loopback address and is used to
troubleshoot the TCP/IP stack on a host.

Subnetting
Subnetting is the process of dividing an IPv4 network into a number of smaller subnetworks.
A subnet mask is used by network hosts to determine the subnet. CIDR notation is often used to
abbreviate the subnet mask.

You will need to know how to subnet a network using a pen and paper in the exam.

Our premium account includes our excellent Subnetting Made Easy eBook which will help you
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IP Version 6

IP version 6 is the next version of Internet Protocol. It was created to solve the problem of
diminishing available IPv4 addresses due to the exponential increase in the number of the
devices connected to the internet.
IPv6 addresses are expressed in hexadecimal, and devices can send unicast, multicast and
anycast datagrams, but not broadcasts.
IPv6 uses newer versions of DHCP and ICMP (DHCPv6 and ICMPv6).

Layer 2 Switching

Layer 2 switches improve network performance by reducing the size of collision domains,
resulting in less collisions on the network. Switches and bridges use MAC addresses to reduce
traffic on the network by only sending frames to the network segments which contain the
destination hosts. In contrast, hubs repeat the frames out all ports.

Switches can use three different types of switching techniques, Cut-through, store-and-forward
and fragment free.

The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)

The Spanning Tree Protocol is used to prevent switching loops from causing problems on a
switched network. Switching loops are caused when redundant links are added to a network to
provide resilience. STP is defined by the IEEE 802.1D standard.

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Virtual LANs (VLANs)
Virtual LANs are logical LANs created on existing hardware. They allow traffic and users on a
LAN to be logically grouped together. VLANs can be shared between multiple switches by using
VLAN trunking, enabling users to be grouped by function regardless of their physical location.
VLAN trunking can be implemented on trunk ports using either IEEE 802.1Q and Cisco ISL
trunking protocols.
Management of VLANs can then be centralized using a VLAN Management Policy Server.

EtherChannel is a method of creating redundant high-bandwidth logical trunk links between

switches.

Voice over IP (VoIP)

Voice over IP (VoIP) is a set of technologies enabling voice
communications over IP networks.
Quality of Service and Class of Service are used to prioritize voice
traffic to enhance the call quality.

Routing
Routing is the process of determining the best path to forward layer 3 packets to their
destination.

Routers use dynamic routing to choose the best route through the internetwork, these routes
update automatically when the network changes by using routing protocols. Administrators can
also configure static and default routes.
Each routing protocol has an administrative distance and metrics such as hop count to help the
router to determine the best route.
Routing protocols can be categorized as either distance vector, link state or hybrid.

Be sure you know the difference between routed and routing protocols!

Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a distance vector routing protocol that uses the Bellman-
Ford algorithm to determine the best route to forward packets.
RIP is an interior gateway protocol that uses hop count as its only metric. It also uses Split
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Horizon and poison reverse to prevent routing loops. There are two versions of RIP, RIPv1 is a
classful routing protocol, whereas RIPv2 is classless.

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is a Cisco proprietary routing protocol
which uses a number of metrics, and an algorithm called the Diffusing Update Algoithm (DUAL)
to make its routing decisions. Cisco refers to EIGRP as a hybrid routing protocol because it has
characteristics of both Distance Vector and Link State routing protocols.

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a non-proprietary Link-State interior gateway routing
protocol operating in a single autonomous system, it uses the Dijkstra algorithm.

Wireless LAN (WLAN)

WLAN is a set of technologies defined by the IEEE 802.11 standard
that enable wireless network access. WLAN can operate in either
ad-hoc mode or infrastructure mode using a wireless access point.
Each access point has an Service Set Identifier (SSID) to enable
users to easily discover and connect.
There are several 802.11 standards which use either 5GHz or
2.4GHz bands and different frequency modulation techniques
including DSSS, OFDM and Mimo.
WLAN is susceptible to interference and being cracked, there are
several security protocols such as the insecure WEP and WPA
which was developed by the Wi-Fi Alliance.

WLAN uses Collision Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) rather CSMA/CD
used by Ethernet.

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Network Security Basics
Lack of network security can be costly to a business. Networks
are under almost constant attack from password cracking, trojan
horses, keylogging, denial of service, IP spoofing and man-in-the-
middle to name a few.
Network administrators have a range of tools to mitigate the risk
of attack including firewalls, DMZ, access control lists and context
-based access control devices.

IP Access Lists
Access Control Lists (ACL) are a method of filtering traffic based on destination, source IP
address or protocol and port numbers.
There are three types of Cisco ACL, standard access lists, extended access lists and named
access lists.
Wildcard masks can be used to apply a filter to a range of IP addresses.

Wide Area Networks (WANs)

A Wide Area Network (WAN) connects LANs together over long distances. At each end of
the WAN connection you either have Data Communications Equipment (DCE) or Data circuit-
Terminating Equipment (DTE). The DCE is usually located at the service provider whereas the
DTE is customer premise equipment.
There are numerous WAN technologies which are classed as either circuit switching, packet
switching or cell relay.
You need to understand the following WAN technologies, HDLC, PPP, Frame Relay, and ATM.

Network Address Translation (NAT)

Network Address Translation (NAT) is a process of changing the IP address of packets as they
travel in and out of a network.
There are several different types of NAT. Static, Dynamic and Port Address Translation.
NAT has become a useful tool to mitigate the effects of IPv4 IP address exhaustion.

Virtual Private Networks (VPN)

Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a technology that creates a secure private connection between
two end-points over a public network such as the internet.
VPN has become popular because it is a cheap alternative to a permanent WAN connection.
It works by creating an IP tunnel through the public network and secures the data using the
IPsec protocol.
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High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)
HDLC is a ISO standard WAN encapsulation, although Cisco has created its own version of
HDLC which adds multiple layer 3 support.
HDLC is the default encapsulation on serial interfaces of Cisco routers.

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is an industry standard WAN protocol that can be used over
synchronous and asynchronous circuits.
PPP features Link Control Protocol (LCP) to initiate and terminate the connection and Network
Control Protocol (NCP) to provide layer 3 encapsulation.
PPP has two options for encryption, Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) and the more
secure Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP).

Frame Relay
Frame Relay is a high-performance packet-switching WAN protocol that features congestion
control.
Data-Link Control Identifiers (DLCIs) are assigned by the service provider to identify the virtual
circuits. Local Management Interface (LMI) messages used to share virtual circuit status.

Customers are guaranteed a maximum bandwidth by the service provider called the Committed
Information rate (CIR).

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Other Free Stuff
If you found this guide useful, sign-up for a free account at Internetwork Training and get all this:

● Free daily CCNA question and answer by email

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● Printable workbooks accompany each lesson to help reinforce the knowledge you’ll learn
with pop quizzes, fill in the blanks and a handy list of commands covered in each video
● Complete printable IOS configurations for you to recreate in your own lab
● 13 interactive games to make learning networking fun
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● And over 300 flash cards to help you recall important facts and commands
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Premium Account (Best for Student Revision)
Our premium account covers the entire CCNA syllabus unlike the free material, and includes:

● Full exam objective coverage of ALL the required material

● Over 650 practice questions on every topic; retake questions you get wrong
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● The full CCNA cheat sheet to help you revise
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This material is not sponsored, endorsed or affiliated with Cisco Systems, Inc. Cisco, Cisco Systems, CCIP, the CCIP
Logo, the CCNA Logo, the CCNP Logo, the CCDA Logo and the CCDP Logo are trademarks of Cisco Systems, Inc.
and its affiliates. CCENT®, CCNA®, CCNP®, CCDA® and CCDP® are registered trademarks of Cisco Systems, Inc.
and its affiliates.

Although the authors of this guide have made every effort to ensure the information contained within these pages is
correct, the authors do not assume and hereby disclaim any liability to any party for loss or damage caused by errors,
omissions or misleading information.

The external links contained within this guide were selected and reviewed when the guide was published. However,
the authors are not responsible for the content of external websites. This is because:

● the authors do not produce them or maintain/update them

● the authors cannot change them
● they can be changed without the authors knowledge or agreement.

The inclusion of links to external websites should not be understood to be an endorsement of that website or the
site's owners (or their products/services).

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