Post Colonialism Era 1960 - Present

Continent Africa
Post colonial era 1960 BC – present

Before 1960 African was heavily colonized by European Colonial Powers during the
period of European imperialismthat time British Empire, French Empire, Belgian
Empire, Portuguese Empire, Italian Empire, German Empire and Spanish Empire had
been colonized in Africa.
British Empire:
The British Empire controlled bast territories of Africa, such as
• Egypt :Strategically important due to the Suez Canal.

• Sudan: Controlled jointly with Egypt as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.
• Kenya: Became a significant settler colony.
• Uganda: Held for strategic and economic reasons.
• South Africa: Important for its strategic location and mineral wealth.
• Nigeria: One of the most populous British colonies, rich in resources.
• Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana): Rich in gold and cocoa.
• Zimbabwe(Zambia): Important for mineral wealth .
French Empire
• Algeria: A settler colony and important part of the French Empire.
Senegal: Key administrative center in West Africa.
• Mali: Part of French West Africa, known as French Sudan.

• Ivory Coast: Important for its agriculture.
• Madagascar: Strategic island off the southeastern coast.
Belgian Empire
• Congo Free State: Brutally exploited for rubber and other resources under King
Leopold II, later became Belgian Congo.
German Empire
• German East Africa: Included present-day Tanzania, Rwanda, and Burundi.
• German South West Africa: Now Namibia.
• Togoland: Now Togo.
• Kamerun: Now Cameroon.
Portuguese Empire
• Angola: Long-standing Portuguese colony with significant natural resources.
• Mozambique: Another long-standing colony on the southeastern coast.
• Guinea-Bissau: Smaller colony in West Africa.
Italian Empire
• Libya: Conquered from the Ottoman Empire.
• Eritrea: Coastal colony on the Red Sea.
• Somalia: Controlled parts of the Horn of Africa.
Spanish Empire
• Spanish Sahara: Now Western Sahara, disputed territory.
• Equatorial Guinea: Consisting of Río Muni (mainland) and Bioko Island.
• Northern Morocco Spanish protectorate in parts of Morocco..
Post colonialism in 1960
• In 1960 this is the year of Africa because mid of 20th century 17 countries gained
independence.Cameroon was the first state whuch gained independence on 1st
January 1960 .After Cameroon manay colonies gained independence in 1960.
Country’s Name Date Gained independence

from
1 Cameroon 1-Jan-1960 France
2 Senegal 04-April-1960 France
3 Togo 27-April-1960 France
4 Democratic Republic 30-June-1960 Belgium
of the congo
5 Madagascar 26-June-1960 France
6 Somalia 1-July-1960 United Kingdom
7 Benin 1-Aug-1960 France
8 Niger 3-Aug-1960 United Kingdom
9 Bukina Faso 5-Aug-1960 France
10 Ivory coast 7-Aug-1960 France
11 Chad 11-Aug-1960 France
12 Central African 13-Aug-1960 France
Republic
13 Republic of Congo 15-Aug-1960 France
14 Gabon 17-Aug-1960 France
15 Mali 22-Sep-1960 France
16 Nigeria 1-Oct-1960 Great Britain
17 Mauritania 28-Nov-1960 France
After 1960 many colonies gained independence like Sierra Leone,

south Africa, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Gambia,
Zambia(Zimbabwe), Botswana, Lesotho, Mauritius, Eswatini,
Equatorial Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Mozambique, Cabon verde,
Comoros, Sao Tom and Principe, Angola, Seychelle, Djibouti,
Namibia, Eritrea and the last south Sudan gained independence on
July 9 2001 from Sudan.
Formation of (OAU):
The Organization of African Unity (OAU) was formulated by African leaders who sought
to promote solidarity, cooperation, and development among African nations and to
support liberation movements in countries still under colonial rule. The OAU was
established on May 25, 1963, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Leaders:
1.Haile Selassie: Emperor of Ethiopia, who hosted the founding conference in Addis
Ababa and was a strong advocate for African unity.
2.Kwame Nkrumah: The first President of Ghana, who was a leading proponent of Pan-
Africanism and unity among African states.
3.Julius Nyerere: The President of Tanzania, who supported the idea of African
socialism and unity.
4.Gamal Abdel Nasser: The President of Egypt, who played a significant role in the Pan-
African movement.
5.Sekou Touré: The President of Guinea, an early supporter of African independence
and unity.
The Organization of African Unity (OAU) was established with several key goals aimed at
promoting unity, solidarity, and development among African nations.
Goals of the OAU:

1.Promote Unity and Solidarity Among African States
2. Coordinate and Intensify Cooperation and Efforts to Achieve a Better Life for the
Peoples of Africa
3.Defend Sovereignty, Territorial Integrity, and Independence

4.Eradicate All Forms of Colonialism and White Minority Rule
5.Promote International Cooperation (promote peace and security)
Achievements of the OAU:

1. Support for Liberation Movements: One of the most significant achievements of the
OAU was its support for liberation movements across the continent. The OAU provided
diplomatic, financial, and military assistance to liberation movements in countries
such as Angola, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. This played a
crucial role in the eventual decolonization of Africa and the end of apartheid in South
Africa.
2. Promotion of Unity and Solidarity: The OAU fostered a sense of African identity and
solidarity. By providing a platform for dialogue and cooperation, it helped to create a
collective African voice on the international stage.
3.Defense of Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity: The OAU emphasized the principle of
respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of member states. This principle
helped to prevent external interference and conflicts over borders.
4.Conflict Resolution: The OAU played a role in mediating conflicts and promoting
peace in Africa. While not always successful, the organization's efforts to resolve
disputes, such as the border conflict between Algeria and Morocco and the civil war in
Sudan, were notable.
5. Foundations for Economic Cooperation: The OAU laid the groundwork for economic
cooperation and integration, which would later be built upon by the African Union (AU).
Initiatives like the Lagos Plan of Action aimed to promote economic development and
self-reliance.
Challenges:
While the OAU achieved several of its goals, it also faced significant challenges
1.Internal Conflicts (the civil wars in Somalia, Liberia, and Rwanda)
2.Economic Integration
Transition to the African Union

In 2002, the OAU was succeeded by the African Union (AU), which aimed to build on
the achievements of the OAU and address the new challenges facing the continent.
Civil War in Africa:

Africa has experienced multiple civil wars across various countries over the years, with
significant impacts on regional stability, development, and human rights. Such as,
In 1960s
• Congo Crises(1960-1965)
• Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970)
• Ethiopian Civil War (1974-1991)
• Angolan Civil War ( 1975-2002)
In 1980s
• Mozambican Civil War ( 1977-1992)

• Uganda Bushwar (19981-1986)
In 1990s
• Rwanada Genocide (1994)

• Sierre leone (1991-2002)
• First and Second Congo Qar (1996-1997, 1998-2003)
In 2000
• Sudanese Civil War (1995-1972, 1983-2005)

• Dasfur Conflict (2003-present)
• Ivorian Civil War (2002-2007, 2010-2011)
In 2010 – present
• Libyan Civil war (2011-2014 present)

• Malian Civil War (2012- present)
• South Sudan Civil War (2013-2018)
Nigerian Civil War:
Nigerian Civil War also known as the Biafran War. Took place from 1967 to 1970
Nigeria, a British colony gained its independence in 1960 each of Nigeria’s regions was
the center of one of the major ethnic groups. The muslim Hausa and in the north, the
Christian Ibo in the southeast, and the Yoruba, who were Muslim or christian in the
west.
The New Government:

The new country’s first government was parliamentary system with each region were
presented in the federal government.
➢ Ibos dominted and hand over cobtrol Nigeria to commander Army Cheif Maj- Gen
Johnson T.U Aguiyi Ironsi who oblished the federal constitution and established a
military government.
➢ In northern army personnel launched another coup, placing L.t Col. Yakubu
Danjuma Gowon in power.He restored The Federal System of Government in
August.
Since , the first coup, the Ibo, now living in the north(Haiua and Fulani) had
experienced violent persecution.many Ibo were killed And hundreds of
thousands of other fled to their traditional homeland in the south(Ibo).
➢ These concerns led L.t Col.Chukwuemka Odumegwu Ojukwu the military
governor of East Nigeria to boycott the constitutional talks hedLd in October
1966.
➢ In 1966 Eastern Nigeria (Ibo) announced that iy no longer recognized Gowon as
its head of Government.
➢ In May 1967 the Inlbo declared their secession and formulation of the republic of
Biafra.
➢ A bloody civil war broke out in July as the federal government attempted to
reclaim its territory.
➢ Ibo experienced initial military victories, but soon the momentum war swinging in
the favour of Nigeria .In April 1967 the Nigerian Army had reconquered most of
the eastern territory.
➢ In May 1968, federal forced occupied port Harcourt, Biafra’s last remaining
supplu link with the outside world.
➢ And lastly Biafra’s forces surrendered, the rebellion continued untill January
1970, when they surrendered. Along with heavily military casualties parhaps as
many as one million civilians died during this war many the resulted of severe
malnutrition.

Post Colonialism Era 1960 - Present

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Post Colonialism Era 1960 - Present

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Continent Africa

Post colonial era 1960 BC – present

• Egypt :Strategically important due to the Suez Canal.

Senegal: Key administrative center in West Africa.

• Mali: Part of French West Africa, known as French Sudan.

Country’s Name Date Gained independence

After 1960 many colonies gained independence like Sierra Leone,

Goals of the OAU:

3.Defend Sovereignty, Territorial Integrity, and Independence

Achievements of the OAU:

Transition to the African Union

Civil War in Africa:

• Mozambican Civil War ( 1977-1992)

• Rwanada Genocide (1994)

• Sudanese Civil War (1995-1972, 1983-2005)

• Libyan Civil war (2011-2014 present)

The New Government:

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