Smart Structures

Professor Mohammed Rabius Sunny

Department of Aerospace Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Week 11
Lecture No: 57
Analysis of Electro and Magneto Rheological Fluid Flow(continued)
Part 04

In today's lecture, we will discuss the flow of ER or MR fluids in the shear mode.

Now, all these topics including the constitutive relations of this ER or MR fluids, flow
mode, shear mode, all these can be found in sufficient details in the book of Chopra and
Sirohi. So, the learners are highly encouraged to read those relevant topics from the book.
Now, if you want to talk about the shear mode, then the first thing is that - in shear mode,
the flow is not driven by pressure unlike what was happening in the flow mode. So, in shear
mode also we have two plates at the top and bottom. Now, the top plate is moved by a
velocity u0 and that can involve application of a force, F0. And the velocity profile across
the depth is a result of the movement of the upper plate, it is not due to any pressure
difference. So, here we have x, here we have y, and the depth of this region we can call as
d. Now, to analyze the flow, again we start with the governing differential equation, which
we can write as del tau by del y is equal to del p by del x. In this case, I have no pressure
difference. So, it is 0. So, del tau by del y is equal to 0 that is my governing differential
equation.

𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝑃
= =0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

So, the boundary conditions are - at y equal to 0, u is 0, and at y equal to d at the upper
plate, u is equal to u0, the velocity at which the upper plate is moving.

at 𝑦 = 0 𝑢=0

𝑦=𝑑 𝑢 = 𝑢0

So, again we solve it under two conditions, one is 0 applied field. Now, under the 0 applied
field, my constitutive relation is tau equal to mu multiplied by del u by del y and then if we
put this relation here in the governing differential equation, the expression becomes mu
multiplied by del 2 u by del y 2 is equal to 0.

𝜕𝑢
𝜏=𝜇
𝜕𝑦
So, this equation is solved and these boundary conditions are satisfied. So, from this
governing differential equation, we get mu multiplied by del u by del y is equal to C1. And
then, we have mu into del u by del y is equal to C1 y plus C2. Then, if we say that u at 0
equal to 0 that, sorry, there is one mistake here. So, if we integrate it once more, we get
mu into u equal to C1 y plus C2.

𝜕 2𝑦
𝜇 =0
𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕𝑢
⇒𝜇 = 𝐶1
𝜕𝑦

⇒ 𝜇𝑢 = 𝐶1 𝑦 + 𝐶2

Then, if we put the condition that at y equal to 0, u is 0, that gives me C2 equal to 0 and
then, if we say that at y equal to d, u is equal to u0, that tells me that mu into u0 is equal to
C1 into d. On solving for C1, we get C1 equal to mu u0 by d.

𝑢(0) = 0 ⇒ 𝐶2 = 0
𝜇𝑢0
𝑢(𝑑) = 𝑢0 ⇒ 𝜇𝑢0 = 𝐶1 𝑑 ⇒ 𝐶1 =
𝑑
So, if we put these two in this expression, in this expression, we get the velocity profile as
- u as a function of y is equal to u0 by d into y.
𝑢0
𝑢(𝑦) = 𝑦
𝑑
So, the velocity is a linear function of y. It starts from 0, here, and it becomes u0 here. In
between them it varies linearly. So, u is equal to u0. Here, I have the u equal to 0. Now, if
the velocity gradient is constant, because the velocity variation is linear. So, the velocity
gradient is constant and that tells me that the shear stress is constant. So, we have shear
stress, tau y equal to mu into del u by del y. From this expression, if I evaluate del u by del
y, it is just u0 by d. So, my tau as a function of y is mu into u0 by d. So, tau is not a function
of y anymore. So, in this case the shear stress variation is constant.

𝜕𝑢 𝑢0
𝜏(𝑦) = 𝜇 =𝜇
𝜕𝑦 𝑑

So, beside the same figure if I draw the shear stress variation, it is just mu u0 by d, mu u0
by d, that is tau versus y graph for our case. Now, that we know the shear stress. We know
the velocity. Now, we can find out the equivalent damping for this case. So, for that what
we do is - first let us find out the force F0, force F0 is tau multiplied by L and b.
If we look at this diagram, so, we have z axis here, the dimension of this plates along the z
axis is b. So, the inner surface of this plate which is in x z plane that experiences the shear
stress tau. The value of tau at y equal to d, in our case, tau is constant, so, it experiences a
shear stress of amount mu into u0 by d. So, the corresponding force, if I multiply that stress
by that dimension, by the area of the inner surface of this plate which is L into b, if we
multiply by that we get the total force, F0.

(Refer Slide Time: 8:16)

So, F0 is tau into L into b which comes to be mu multiplied by u0 by d into L b.

𝑢0
𝐹0 = 𝜏𝐿𝑏 = 𝜇 𝐿𝑏
𝑑
Now, the equivalent damping comes as C equivalent 0, means, when there is no field
applied is equal to F0 by u0. So, if I divide F0 by u0, finally, we get mu L b by d and which
we call mu multiplied by capital gamma.

0
𝐹0 𝐿𝑏
𝐶𝑒𝑞 = =𝜇 =𝜇Γ
𝑢0 𝑑

So, capital gamma is a parameter which depends on these dimensions. Next, let us do the
same thing for a non-zero applied field. So, in this condition, we have to write the
constitutive relation considering the yield stress. So, tau as a function of y is tauy multiplied
by the sign of tauy, sorry, multiplied by sin of gamma dot which can be plus or minus, plus
mu into gamma dot and we know that gamma dot is del u by del y.
 𝜏(𝑦) = 𝜏𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(𝛾̇ ) + 𝜇𝛾̇

Now, here if we differentiate this again, we get del tau by del y as just mu into del 2 u by
del y 2. So, the governing differential equation remains same. And if the governing
differential equations are same, boundary condition also same at y equal to 0, u is 0, at y
equal to d, u is 0. So, that gives me the same flow profile. So, from here, we can find out u
as a function of y as u0 by d multiplied by y.

𝜕𝜏 𝜕 2𝑢
=𝜇 2=0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝑢0
𝑢(𝑦) = 𝑦
𝑑
So, here we can note that governing differential equation and boundary conditions are same
as those of non-zero applied field, as those for non-zero applied field. So, we have the same
solution. Now, we have to find out the stress. So, the stress as a function of y is just, we
have tauy plus mu into u0 by d. So, only tauy gets added here.
𝑢0
𝜏(𝑦) = 𝜏𝑦 + 𝜇
𝑑
(Refer Slide Time: 12:06)

So, with this new stress, now we have to find out the equivalent damping for the active
case. So, first let us find out the force. Now, the force is F0, which is tau multiplied by b L.
So, finally, the expression comes as tauy plus mu into u0 by d, multiplied by b L. Now,
these things can be written in a somewhat different form. We can write tauy multiplied by
d by u0 mu plus 1, multiplied by mu u0 by d, L b. So, with that finally, the expression is
and that we equate with - C equivalent for the active case multiplied by u0. So, on doing
that we get C equivalent as tauy d u0 mu plus 1 multiplied by mu L b by d. Now, this
quantity can be expressed as mu multiplied by capital gamma, we know that L b by d is
capital gamma, and then this entire quantity is multiplied by 1 plus Bi.

𝑢0 𝜏𝑦 𝑑 𝑢0 𝑎
𝐹0 = 𝜏𝑏𝐿 = (𝜏𝑦 + 𝜇 ) 𝑏𝐿 = ( + 1) 𝜇 𝐿𝑏 = 𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝑢0
𝑑 𝑢0 𝜇 𝑑

𝑎
𝜏𝑦 𝑑 𝜇𝐿𝑏
⇒ 𝐶𝑒𝑞 =( + 1) = 𝜇Γ(1 + 𝐵𝑖)
𝑢0 𝜇 𝑑

We can see here that this quantity is again a ratio of yield stress and viscous stress. tauy is
yield stress, mu0 by d is the velocity gradient which is gamma dot, and that is multiplied
by the viscosity gives me the viscous stress. So, it is tauy d divided by u0 mu is our Bingham
number.

𝜏𝑦 𝑑
𝐵𝑖 =
𝑢0 𝜇

So, in other words we can say that this quantity is equal to C equivalent 0, because we have
seen that mu into gamma is C equivalent 0, C equivalent for the inactive case for the
nonzero field case. So, that is C equivalent multiplied by 1 plus the Bingham number.
𝑎 0 (1
𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝐶𝑒𝑞 + 𝐵𝑖)

So, here the Bingham number tells me that how much damping we achieve by making the
fluid by making by applying electric field across the fluid layer. So, more the Bingham
number is - more I have the active component of the damping.

(Refer Slide Time: 15:20)

So, these are the two cases that we have described so far - one is the flow mode, another is
the shear mode and under each of these modes we have non-zero applied field and zero
applied field. And we have seen that in flow mode there are several regions that comes out
because of the nonzero applied field. In shear mode, we do not have that shear mode is
somewhat more simplified in terms of analysis.

So, with that I would like to conclude this lecture here.

Thank you.