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    Answer - Ert 216 Midterm2

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    The document contains a mid-term test with three questions on heat exchangers: 1. It defines the fouling factor equation and describes phenomena like deposits and biological growth that contribute to fouling of heat exchangers. It discusses adding chemical inhibitors to minimize these problems. 2. It describes cross-flow and shell-and-tube heat exchangers, sketching their designs. It then calculates heat transfer rates and exit temperatures for a problem involving hot oil and water in a counterflow shell-and-tube exchanger. 3. It solves for the area required for a heat exchanger problem involving cooling oil with water, calculating temperatures, heat transfer rates, and the exit temperature of the

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    Answer - Ert 216 Midterm2

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    norsiah
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    The document contains a mid-term test with three questions on heat exchangers: 1. It defines the fouling factor equation and describes phenomena like deposits and biological growth that contribute to fouling of heat exchangers. It discusses adding chemical inhibitors to minimize these problems. 2. It describes cross-flow and shell-and-tube heat exchangers, sketching their designs. It then calculates heat transfer rates and exit temperatures for a problem involving hot oil and water in a counterflow shell-and-tube exchanger. 3. It solves for the area required for a heat exchanger problem involving cooling oil with water, calculating temperatures, heat transfer rates, and the exit temperature of the

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    Answer- Ert 216 Midterm2

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    The document contains a mid-term test with three questions on heat exchangers: 1. It defines the fouling factor equation and describes phenomena like deposits and biological growth that contribute to fouling of heat exchangers. It discusses adding chemical inhibitors to minimize these problems. 2. It describes cross-flow and shell-and-tube heat exchangers, sketching their designs. It then calculates heat transfer rates and exit temperatures for a problem involving hot oil and water in a counterflow shell-and-tube exchanger. 3. It solves for the area required for a heat exchanger problem involving cooling oil with water, calculating temperatures, heat transfer rates, and the exit temperature of the

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    857 views5 pages

    Answer - Ert 216 Midterm2

    Uploaded by

    norsiah
    The document contains a mid-term test with three questions on heat exchangers: 1. It defines the fouling factor equation and describes phenomena like deposits and biological growth that contribute to fouling of heat exchangers. It discusses adding chemical inhibitors to minimize these problems. 2. It describes cross-flow and shell-and-tube heat exchangers, sketching their designs. It then calculates heat transfer rates and exit temperatures for a problem involving hot oil and water in a counterflow shell-and-tube exchanger. 3. It solves for the area required for a heat exchanger problem involving cooling oil with water, calculating temperatures, heat transfer rates, and the exit temperature of the

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    of 5

    MID-TERM TEST 2 ERT216

    Question 1

    a) Define fouling factors by equation.


    [10 Marks]
    The fouling factor, Rf is define as: 1 1
    Rf  
    U dirty U clean

    b) Describe phenomena that contribute to fouling factors of heat exchanger and discuss on
    how to avoid or lessen these fouling problems.
    [20 Marks]

    • After a period of operation, the heat transfer surface for a heat exchanger may become
    coated with various deposits present in the flow system, dirt, soot or the surface may
    become corroded as a result of the interaction between the fluids and the material used
    for construction of the heat exchanger.
    • Biological growth such as algae can occur with cooling water in the biological
    industries.
    • These deposits offer additional resistance to the flow of heat and reduce the overall heat
    transfer coefficient U.
    • To avoid or lessen these fouling problems, chemical inhibitors are often added to
    minimize corrosion, salt deposition and algae growth.
    • It is necessary to oversize an exchanger to allow for the reduction in performance during
    operation.

    c) Oil flowing at the rate of 5.04 kg/s (c pm=2.09 kJ/kg K) is cooled in a 1-2 heat exchanger
    from 366.5 K to 344.3 K by 2.02 kg/s of water entering at 283.2 K. The overall heat-
    transfer coefficient Uo is 340 W/m2 K. Calculate the area required.
    [20 Marks]
    T’2=366.5K
    T’1=344.3K
    ∆T2

    ∆T1 T2

    T1=283.2K

    Oil heat balance


    moil  5.04kg / s
    c pm  2.09kJ / kg.K
    q  m  c pm  T ' 2  T '1    5.04 2.09 366.5  344.3  233.85kJ / kg.K

    Water heat balance


    2
    mH 2O  2.02kg / s
    c pm  4.185kJ / kg.K
    q  233.95 10 3   2.02  4.185 10 3  T 2283.2 
    T2  310.9 K

    T2  366.5  310.9  55.6 K


    T1  344.3  283.2  61.4 K

    Equation 4.9.1

    T1  T2 61.4  55.6


    Tlm    58.31K
     T1  ln 61.4 / 55.6 
    ln 
     T2 
    Thi  T ' 2  366.5 K Tho  T '1  344.3K
    Tci  T1  283.2 K Tco  T2  310.9 K

    Figure 4.9.4a

    Thi  Tho 366.5  344.3


    Z   0.801
    Tco  Tci 310.9  283.2

    Tco  Tci 310.9  283.2


    Y    0.333
    Thi  Tci 366.5  283.2
    FT  0.97

    Equation 4.9.6
    Tm  FT Tlm   0.97  58.31 K

    Equation 4.9.5

    q  U o Ao Tm
    233.85   340 Ao  0.97  5831
    Ao  12.16m 2

    Question 2
    3
    a) In the process industries, the transfer of two fluids is generally done by heat exchanger.
    Discuss the characteristics and functions of cross-flow exchanger AND shell and tube
    exchanger. Sketch the diagrams of the respective heat exchangers.
    [30 Marks]
    1. Cross-flow exchanger
    • A common device used to heat or cool a gas such as air
    • One of the fluids, which is a liquid, flows inside through the tubes, and the exterior gas
    flows across the tube bundle by forced or sometimes natural convection.
    • The fluid inside the tubes is considered to be unmixed, since it is confined and cannot mix
    with any other stream.
    • The gas flow outside the tubes is mixed, since it can move about freely between the
    tubes, and there will be a tendency for the gas temperature to equalize in the direction
    normal to the flow.
    • For the unmixed fluid inside the tubes, there will be a temperature gradient both parallel
    and normal to the direction of flow.
    • A second type of cross-flow heat exchanger shown in Fig. 1.7(b) is typically used in air-
    conditioning and space-heating applications.
    • In this type the gas flows across a finned-tube bundle and is unmixed, since it is confined
    in separate flow channels between the fins as it passes over the tubes. The fluid in the
    tubes is unmixed.

    Cross-flow heat exchangers: (a) one fluid mixed (gas) and one fluid unmixed; (b)
    both fluids unmixed.

    2. Shell and Tube Exchanger


    • The most important type of exchanger in use in oil refineries and larger chemical
    processes and is suited for higher-pressure applications.
    • Useful for larger flow rates as compared to double pipe heat exchanger.
    • The simplest configuration: 1-1 counterflow exchanger (one shell pass and one tube
    pass) – refer to Figure 1.2.
    • consists of a shell (a large pressure vessel) with a bundle of tubes inside it.
    4
    • One fluid runs through the tubes, and another fluid flows over the tubes (through the
    shell) to transfer heat between the two fluids.
    • The cold fluid enters and flow inside through all the tubes in parallel in one pass
    • The hot fluid enters at the other end and flow counterflow across the outside of the tubes.
    • Cross-baffles – increase the shell side heat transfer coefficient

    Shell and tube heat exchanger (1 shell pass and 1 tube passes (1-1 exchanger)

    b) Hot oil at a flow rate of 3.00 kg/s (cp=1.92 kJ/kg K) enters an existing counterflow
    exchanger at 400 K and is cooled by water entering at 325 K (under pressure) and flowing
    at a rate of 0.70 kg/s. The overall heat transfer coefficient, U=350 W/m 2 K and area,
    A=12.9 m2. Calculate the heat-transfer rate and the exit oil temperature.
    [20 Marks]

    m oil   3.00kg / s THi=400K


    H=oil
    m H 2 O   0.70kg / s
    c p  oil   1.92kJ / kg.K
    Tco THo
    U  350W / m 2
    A  12.9m 2 C=H2O

    Tci=325K
    Assume water outlet Tco=374K

    374  325
    Tav   349 K , Refer A.2 for H2O at 349K
    2

    c p  4.196kJ / kg .K

    Oil
    mc p  H
     c H   3.00  1.02  103   5760W / K
    5
    H2O
    mc p  c
     cc   0.7  1.92 103   2.937W / K  C min

    Equation 4.9.19

    NTU  UA / C min  3.512.9 / 2937  1.537

    Figure 4.10-7a, ɛ=0.70

    Equation 4.9-10

    q  C min  THi  Tci   0.70 2937  400  325  154190W

    Equation 4.9-7

    q  154190   mc p  c  Tco  Tci   2936 Tco  325


    Tco  377.5 K
    (Close enough to assumed value 374K)

    q  154190  mc p  H  Tco  Tci   5760 400  THO 


    THO  373.2 K

    Check on the above


    Tlm 
     373.2  325   400  377.5  33.74
    ln  373.2  325 /  400  377.5 
    q  UATlm  35012.9 33.74  152320W

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