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    Continuum Mechanics - Module 1 All

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    Continuum Mechanics - Module 1 All

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    Continuum Mechanics- Module 1 All

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    Continuum Mechanics - Module 1 All

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    Mathew John

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 53

    S4 (Hon) MET 292: Continuum Mechanics

    Module 1
    (KTU Syllabus)

    Dr. Mathew John


    Associate Professor
    Department of Mechanical Engineering
    College of Engineering Trivandrum

    Date of commencement of odd semester (S4) classes: 29 Jan 2024


    1
    Index notation or Indicial notation
    A system of notations using indices is said to be a indicial notation. It is an
    extremely useful tool for performing tensor / vector algebra. Indicial notation allows
    one to avoid geometrical proofs, which are often intuitively satisfying but inelegant.

    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 2


    Free Index
    An index which appears only once in each term of an equation (such as the
    index i in the equation below – unrepeated) is called a free index. A free
    index takes on the integral number 1, 2 or 3 one at a time

    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 3


    Free Index

    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 4


    Dummy Index
    Any repeated index is called a dummy index.

    Since a repeated index implies a summation over all possible values of the
    index, one can always relabel a dummy index, i.e.

    Note:

    i = free index

    j = dummy index
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 5
    Einstein’s summation convention

    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 6


    Kronecker delta function

    Scalar (dot) product

    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 7


    Levi- Civita function/tensor (Permutation symbol)

    (Useful for representing vector cross product in indicial notation)


    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 8
    Indicial Notation:

    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 9


    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 10
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 11
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 12
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 13
    Refer Class notes & pdf attached

    Concept of Tensor

    Ref: http://oliver.rmee.upc.edu/

    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 14


    Order of Tensor

    A vector may be represented by a row or column matrix, a second-order


    tensor by a square 3 × 3 matrix.

    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 15


    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 16
    Vector as a first order Tensor

    Ref: http://oliver.rmee.upc.edu/

    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 17


    Coordinate transformation of Vectors and Tensors
    As already mentioned, although vectors and tensors have an identity
    independent of any particular reference or coordinate system, the relative
    values of their respective components do depend upon the specific axes to
    which they are referred. The relationships among these various
    components when given with respect to two separate sets of coordinate
    axes are known as the transformation equations.

    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 18


    Ref: Michael S. Ruderman

    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 19


    ….. (a)

    Ref . [1]
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 20
    Ref . [1]
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 21
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 22
    Ref . [1]
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 23
    Coordinate Transformation of Tensors

    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 24


    PRINCIPAL VALUES, TRACE AND INVARIENTS

    Ref . [3]
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 25
    Ref . [3]
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 26
    Ref . [3]
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 27
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 28
    Principal Values and Principal Directions of
    Symmetric Second Order Tensors
    First, let us take the inner product of a second order tensor T with the arbitrary
    vector u (which we write here in both the indicial and symbolic notation),

    Any second-order tensor may be thought of as a linear transformation which transforms


    the vector u into the vector v in a Euclidean three-space. In particular, for every symmetric
    tensor T having real components Tij, and defined at some point in physical space, there is
    associated with each direction at that point (identified by the unit vector ni ), an image
    vector vi given by

    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 29


    Ref . [1]
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 30
    (a), (b) and © are known as the first, second, and third invariants, respectively, of the tensor T.

    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 31


    First Invariant

    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 32


    Ref . [1]
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 33
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 34
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 35
    Gradient, Divergence and Curl of a Vector and Tensor fields

    Ref . [2]
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 36
    Gradient, Divergence and Curl of a Vector and Tensor fields ….

    Ref . [2]
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 37
    Gradient, Divergence and Curl of a Vector and Tensor fields ….

    Ref . [2]
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 38
    Gradient, Divergence and Curl of a Vector and Tensor fields ….

    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 39


    Note: Curl is a mathematical technique to measure how much rotation a
    vector field has. Eg. The magnetic field produced by a wire with current has
    curl.

    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 40


    Stokes’ Theorem (Line Integral)

    Ref . [2]
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 41
    Gauss Divergence Theorem

    Ref . [1]
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 42
    Gauss Divergence Theorem …

    Ref . [2]
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 43
    Gauss Divergence Theorem

    Ref . [1]
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 44
    References:

    (1) Continuum Mechanics for Engineers , G Thomas Mase and George E. Mase,
    CRC Press LLC (1999)
    (2) George Mase - Schaum's Outline Series- theory and problems of Continuum
    Mechanics-McGraw-Hill (1970)
    (3) Introduction to the Mechanics of a Continuous Medium, Lawrence E. Malvern,
    Prentice-Hall (1969)

    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 45


    46
    APPENDIX

    https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Engineering/Courses/En221/Notes/Index_notation/Index_notation.htm

    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 47


    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 48
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 49
    Levi- Civita Symbol

    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 50


    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 51
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 52
    Dr. Mathew John S4 CM (Hon.) CET 53

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