FACULTY OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE AND POLICY STUDIES

DIPLOMA IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE

(PAD 120)

TITLE :
CHAPTER SUMMARY 1

PREPARED FOR :
DR. ARIFF AIZUDDIN BIN AZLAN

PREPARED BY : N4AM1102B
NURUL AIN BINTI ROSDI ( 2020917403 )

PHONE NUMBER : 011-16006492

SEMESTER 2
SESSION 2020/2021
CHAPTER SUMMARY 1: INTRODUCTION

Political science is in general, an analytical discipline that explores and examines

politics. Politics here applies to the rules, processes and activities of individuals

responsible for the state's decision-making. It studies the state's origins. The origins

illustrate how the behaviour of someone is controlled by a community of people. It

also discusses how a state developed, the system it also takes on the tasks it

administers. The possession and use of power is often analyzed and the sense of

"power corrupts" is established. Political science analysis offers individuals the power

to control and convince the authorities to cooperate with large developmental thrusts

and to lead the direction the government is moving in. It has links to other social

sciences, such as history, sociology, philosophy and psychology, because political

science is concerned with the study of the global political economy.

As the dynamics of the past offer hints to the future, political science is intimately

related to history. There would be no better way of knowing the current and

anticipating the future than by observing and extrapolating events in the past to the

future. For example, as political scientists attempt to forecast the probable path taken

by the global political economy, they can rely on history to predict political actions.

Next, since all branches seek to research human behaviour in communities, political

science is deeply associated with sociology. While sociology examines societies as a

whole, political science is concerned with the political institutions that are part of

society as a whole. The study of people-state relationships is something that sociology

and political science both strive to do, and there is also a symbiotic relationship

between sociology and political science.

 Philosophy has to do with the next aspect. Since political action and government are

discussed in terms of political theory that discusses abstract conceptions of the role of

the state and the relationship between persons and the state with a focus on

understanding the concepts of public welfare and greater social good, political science

and philosophy have similar grounds in these aspects. Psychology is the last social

science specialty selected, because since this discipline examines human behaviour in

society, there are meeting points between political science and psychology, as they are

both obsessed with analyzing whether people act the way they do in the wider

political economy.

The spectrum of political science, then is political philosophy, international affairs,

political and government comparative politics and public administration. The

philosophy of strategy analyses basic principles of politics, such as authority and

democracy. Political philosophy speculates on what, instead of what it is, should be.

Although the study of non-state as well as state actors and powers has more recently

started to incorporate foreign affairs. Many sub-disciplines have been created, such as

international political economy, analysis of foreign policy, strategic studies and the

study of international organizations. In the fields of economics, politics, diplomacy

and warfare, such encounters exist.

Next the scope of political science is democracy and comparative politics. For

regional areas, that's new. This field studies the similarities and differences between

states in terms of their international affairs, political, legislative and judicial branches,

their constitutions, rules, and administrative organizations. When political scientists

look at the political parties in two or more cultures or socialization mechanisms, their
generalizations on a given political structure may be explained. Public administration,

meanwhile, deals with federal administrative operations. It deals, in general, with

strategies of government control and administration.

Finally, the review of the global political economy suggests that transition is the only

constant in the world, and that if countries around the world do not take the moment

for themselves and do not let go of opportunities, they are likely to be left behind in

the fight for supremacy and even survival.

 CHAPTER SUMMARY 2 : FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS: POWER,
AUTHORITY, LEGITIMACY, AND SOVEREIGNITY.

In general, all four of these concepts have a relationship that is more than just

connected loosely. It consists of power, authority, legitimacy, and sovereignty.

Control is the ability to do something or behave in a certain way, especially as a

faculty or quality. In a basic words, power is the intrinsic will to be able to do the

particular thing. Control is a way of influencing the actions of another person

favourably. This implies that in terms of power or right, the love for the actions of

another will come.

Power is a measure of the capacity of an object, and the actions of other entities, to

influence the world surrounding it. Power is a different types of restraint on human

behaviour, but also as that which, though in a restricted scope, makes action possible.

Power translates to the capacity to achieve a mission, and in the case of government,

this task is to be able to rule and protect the people. At that point, the government is

given the duty of authority, which also means that the government has the capacity to

order and command the people based on its own will. It implies the right to get a job

completed by someone purely by a desire in the case of control in terms of

government, and authority will literally be the use or regular use of that power. The

point of power consists of coercive, reward, legitimate, referent and expert.

The relational power of leaders to get people to respect them is authority. This

depends on a sense of responsibility focused on the legal authority of office. In

governance, power normally refers to the right to make legislation, regardless of the

jurisdiction to enact it or the ability to sanction anything. People obey power out of
love, although they obey power out of fear. Authority is founded on the authority

granted to the state, legislature, and government. This control is all focused on the

power granted to the state, the authority is merely the implementation of that

authority.

Legitimacy is therefore based on the force that Max Weber declared that "societies

behave cyclically with various types of governmental legitimacy in governing

themselves." That democracy was insufficient for legitimacy to be established, a

requirement that can be established, not by popular suffrage, by codified rules,

traditions and cultural values. Legitimacy is essentially the recognition in political

science of everything. Legitimacy is the origin of all systems of government that are

socialist, capitalist, and monarchy.

The quality of having supreme, independent authority over a territory is sovereignty.

It can be found in a power to rule and make law based on a political fact that can not

be given a purely legal explanation. Supreme, absolute, uncontrollable power, the

absolute right to govern, is meant by sovereignty in its greatest sense. The word that is

closest to the definition of "sovereignty" by itself is will or will, as applied to political

affairs.

In conclusion, political authority is legitimized authority, because this implies that

the state has accepted them and that the states have permission to govern them, which

is most certainly the authority that politicians want.

It is not the earthly kind that we address when we talk about authority. Earthly power

relies on worldly law, or the quantity of military forces one has, or authority seized or

given by others.
CHAPTER SUMMARY 3 :STATE

The Greek philosophers started with a thorough treatment of the essence of the state.

Aristotle claimed that a political being by nature; living in polis is his nature." For

Aristotle, for the intention of pursuing common good and moral excellence, the state

existed. Not only was it a political association, it also acted as a religious group and a

socializing community. They are separated into government and subjects; they are

governed by the monarch. A state is a constitutional and legal body that is not subject

to any greater political control. There are some elements of the state and the purpose

of a state in form.

The state is an entity that is individual. So the population is the main part. There's

no hard and quick population rule. A limited population was preferred by ancient

Greek authors like Plato and Aristotle. An optimal state should have a population of

5040, according to Plato. Aristotle laid down a general theory that a state's population

should be sufficiently high to make it sufficient and sufficiently limited to allow

effective governance. It must be recalled that in terms of small city-states, all of them

were speaking. A huge population may however be a liability if the state's finances

are not sufficient for its upkeep. Over-population is one of the key challenges faced

by developed nations. There should also be a happy balance between the scale of a

state's population and material capital.

As an integral feature of the entity, a certain and more or less permanent territory is

often considered. People are linked together in modern times by residency on a shared

territory. Land, water and air space form a state's territory. As with the people, no cap

can be imposed in the territory. Small and big states occur side by side. Both states are
equal in rank and right, according to international law no matter how unequal they are

in population and territory. It is believed that small states are ideal for successful

governance and a sense of solidarity and respect for the state is inculcated among the

people. It should be remembered that a state's strength and stability are not defined

purely by the scale of its territories.

Then , they are a purpose of the state which is the state functioned as a

modernization agent. Forming a state encourages persons to remain and grow

indefinitely in one location. As economics, schooling, health, housing and the social

environment are being designed and developed, new forms and technology to be used

in the administrative system are being implemented to help people in the state to live

a comfortable life. The Government of Malaysia for example, is renovating the

administrative system, the environment, schooling, health, infrastructure and the

social system, which will boost people's lives and reinforce the influence of the state.

Because of the wishes of the population, a state was created and the aim of the state

is to satisfy the people's needs. Effective governance of the government of good state

leaders would ensure that scarce state services are allocated equally to persons in the

state who are comfortable with varied and diversified demands. The government of

Malaysia, for example, would have appropriate and potential quantities to grow in

separate sectors and design budgets to ensure each state. Without a state, people

residing in a region will need to operate on their own to satisfy the need, so it is also

better for people to share with a state and to meet their needs with the aid of the state.
 In a conclusion, the state is very much like this, according to the theory of global

society: it has been an institutionalized part of modern politics and is thus culturally

repeated even though factors that may have been operative in its original development

are not present.