CH 01 Eng S v1.0
CH 01 Eng S v1.0
CH 01 Eng S v1.0
TEACHER VERSION AI Education Curriculum for Junior Secondary Schools in Hong Kong
RESOURCES
Chapter
1
Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Contents
1.1 1-2
1.1.1 Basic concepts of AI 10 1-4
1.1.2 AI applications and non-AI applications 15 1-5
1.1.3 Examples of AI failure 20 1-7
1.1
Learning Objectives
Today is Kelly’s birthday. Her parents have a big surprise for her.
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Kelly closes her eyes, and her dad puts a Kelly opens the box, and a cute robotic
3 4
big box in front of her. pet dog jumps out.
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Happy birthday Kelly! Nice
WOW! It looks so cute! to meet you.
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This is not a real dog. It is a robot Artificial intelligence, AI.
dog with high intelligence.
AI? It sounds interesting.
What is AI?
High intelligence?
What do you mean?
It is interesting!
Let me explain AI to you.
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Thank you, Mum. I have a basic I think AI is too powerful and
idea of what AI is, but now I am will replace humans one day.
a little scared.
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1.2
Learning Objectives
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AI Dog, look at me, What are you guys doing?
I am Grandma.
Grandma...
We are training AI Dog
to recognise us.
AI Dog, look at me,
I am Brother. Brother...
That’s funny! AI Dog can
be trained?
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Real dogs can recognise their owners Machines can learn?
naturally, but AI dogs need training!
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI)
History of AI
AI
Hear
Read & Write
Speak Rabbit
provide information
Big Data Speech
Machine
AI Prediction /
algorithm Vision
Learning Generation
...
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So, AI consists of big data, machine
learning and cloud computing. Can I
say that big data is like a knowledge Yes, smart girl!
repository, cloud computing is
similar to our brain power, and
machine learning is like human logic
when we learn?
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI)
1.3
Learning Objectives
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Wow, this girl is beautiful! I have downloaded a very funny
Who is she? application on my phone. It can change
my face from a boy’s to a girl’s!
That is…me! Hahaha!
That is really interesting!
But how is it done?
I don’t know …
3 3 This application uses AI technologies 4 I heard on the news that a lady was
to recognise facial features, such as scammed by someone with a fake photo
our eyes, nose, and mouth, to change and lost a large amount of money.
people’s appearance.
Yes, I heard that too. AI is a very
powerful technology, but using it
improperly could throw our world
into chaos.
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35 INTERMEDIATE
1.3.2 How do AI applications affect our lives in positive or negative ways?
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI)
假新聞AI大師能寫高品質的假新聞,也能識破92%的假新聞
假新聞也不僅由人類產生,機器也可以生產出令人信服的假新聞。隨著時間的推移和技術的發展,這種情
況只會變得越來越普遍,並且可能更有破壞性。真真假假分不清,不如「以火治火」,用AI來檢測AI寫的
假新聞。這個檢測假新聞的AI就是Grover。
你對假新聞司空見慣了嗎?
一張真假難辨的圖片,一個在現實和虛假間游離的故事,這會讓你難以分辨事實的真相。久而久之,在習
慣用質疑的眼光看一切的你看來,真新聞也像假新聞,假新聞也有真事實。
而在今天,假新聞也不僅由人類產生,機器也可以生產出令人信服的假新聞。隨著時間的推移和技術的發
展,這種情況只會變得越來越普遍,並且可能更有破壞性。
真真假假分不清,不如「以火治火」,用AI來檢測AI寫的假新聞。這個檢測假新聞的AI就是Grover。
「我們對Grover的研究表明,檢測虛假訊息的最佳模型就是產生它的最佳模型。」
Grover從Google新聞上5,000個不同媒體撰寫的新聞中進行學習。在這過程中,它接收了120 GB的真實新
聞文章,並用這些文章進行訓練,最終Grover分辨人和AI寫的故事的正確率是92%。在此之前,最好的假
新聞辨識器的正確率是73%。
Grover之所以能如此有效地發現假內容,是因為它也非常善於自己製作內容。畢竟造假大師和鑑假大師
之間只有一線之隔。
華盛頓大學教授和論文的共同作者Yejin Choi在一份新聞稿中就表示辨別假新聞的Grover在假新聞撰寫編
造上也遠比他人得心應手。「在我們的研究中,我們發現Grover的假新聞內容遠比我們人類同胞寫的新
聞更可信,這一事實說明了自然語言生成的發展程度⸺以及為什麼我們需要努力克服這種威脅。」
Grover 研究團隊
這個擅長打假也擅長造假的AI還有能力模仿特定媒體的風格,甚至是特定作家的風格。之前,Grover生成
的一篇假新聞就模仿了《紐約時報》專欄作家Paul Krugman的文章風格。不過研究人員也表示,即使是
最好的人工智慧假新聞,所做的一切依然基於習得的風格和語調,而不是對語言和世界的真正理解。因此
,只要我們有耐心,我們可以從原作者浩如煙海的文章中找到Grover模仿的痕跡。
大方的研究者們將Grover的演示放在網上,每一個人都可以用它寫些天馬行空的假新聞。Fastcompany
的編輯就用它寫了一個《為什麼川普一天要做100個仰臥起坐》的怪誕文章。面對這種專業編輯都有點束
手無策的文章,Grover的表現也蠻出彩:
當你想到仰臥起坐時,第一個想到的形象絕對並不是美國總統。
作為一名三軍統帥,川普的健康狀況幾乎不為人知,雖然他承諾一旦當選總統就會鍛鍊身體。在《名人學
徒》節目中,他對阿諾•史瓦辛格的技術大加嘲諷,沒有什麼能阻止川普不做「川普式的仰臥起坐」。
不過就連川普自己也承認,不管你的工作多麼適合你,要想駕馭自己的身體都是極其困難的。那麼,是什
麼讓三軍統帥走上正軌呢?答案是100個仰臥起坐。
雖然只有短短兩段內容,但是我們也可以看出Grover對川普性格和言論的把握和本人性格非常相似。刨
開令人啼笑皆非的新聞主題,可能真的會有不少人相信這條新聞。
Grover論文的第一作者Zellers表示:「儘管書寫看起來很流暢,但Grover和其他神經語言生成器所寫的
文章包含了機器獨有的語言怪癖,這暴露了它們的機器起源。」這些語言不暢之處就類似於神經文本生成
器的簽名或水印。Grover知道去尋找這些「水印」,這使得它在挑選人工智慧創造的故事時更為高效。
Grover依然需要進化,雖然它已經比同行做得更加出色了,但它依然還有無法辨識的8%假新聞。
隨著人工智慧變得越來越複雜,用AI抵禦AI「製造」可能是我們能夠採取的最佳手段。
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI)
AI將改變世界 但「AI偏見」亦會
人工智能偏見,也稱AI偏見(AI bias)已經成為一個熱門話題。在美國,最近爭取種族平等的大規模抗議
活動讓人們注意到治安算法不公平地針對少數族裔,而多年來,已有活動家指出,搜索算法經常將負面
形象或詞語與弱勢社群聯繫起來。在香港版Google中輸入「黑人是」,可以看看世界上最著名的搜尋AI
會給出什麼建議。如今,當人工智能技術將徹底改變我們的社會和經濟時,我們是否應該害怕它也會破
壞我們社會的平等和正義?
可以「學習」,便可有偏見
亞馬遜人工智能招聘引發性別爭議
當亞馬遜開始使用其招聘算法時,算法表現出性別歧視的傾向。為什麼呢?很簡單,因為算法學會了過
去招聘人員的性別偏見。最廣泛討論的偏見類型發生在數據收集期間。
深度學習算法只能從我們提供給它分析的數據中學習,如果訓練數據將偏見的資料輸入演算法,演算法
自然也一定會輸出偏見。電腦科學領域有一句習語指「垃圾進,垃圾出」。「垃圾」可以通過兩種方式
引入到算法中。第一是數據無法很好地反映現實情況:譬如,如果面部識別算法都是用淺色皮膚的臉的
圖片訓練的,那麼它將很難識別其他膚色的臉。第二種情況是,數據正確地反應現實,但現實本身卻是
不公的。這種情況通常發生在使用歷史數據來訓練算法的時候。當亞馬遜公司使用它過去的招聘數據來
訓練其招聘算法時,算法表現出性別歧視的傾向。為什麼呢?很簡單,因為算法學會了過去招聘人員的
性別偏見。可以想像,如果在香港有公司使用歷史數據來訓練招聘算法,它很可能會學會怎麼歧視那些
在底層組別學校上學或住在公屋的求職者。
AI偏見是一面鏡子
我們應該很清楚「種族主義」或「性別歧視」等問題並非來自於深度學習機器本身,而是來自於創造它
的人。我們使用的人工智能雖然強大,但仍然只是一種處理數據的複雜數學工具。就像割草機或吹風機
一樣,深度學習算法是為人製造的,是我們欲望的產物,我們社會結構的結果。AI不會創造新的偏見,而
它會放大已有的偏見。通過教算法如何「學習」,我們教它們像我們一樣行事。通過給它們的目標,提
供的數據或對AI的不同用途,我們教算法重現我們最想隱藏的「特徵」:我們思想和社會的不公平性。
Google會給出帶有種族主義色彩的搜索建議,正是因為人們會搜索種族主義的內容。如果AI公司和研究
員想要學會遏制AI偏見,他們需要審視自己的偏見。古人用「銅、史、人」這三面鏡子來正衣冠、知興替
、明得失,或許在如今這個科技時代,我們也可「以AI為鏡,以祛偏見」。
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Applied AI
Technologies? Reasons
(✓/✗)
Not applied in normal security checkpoints with X-ray and human operators.
A ✓ or ✗ Applied in the new security checkpoint tool, Syntech ONE, which employs computer vision
(object detection) technologies.
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