Sig and Sys Ecz 19062023

SIGNAL AND SYSTEM
LABORATORY MANUAL
B.Tech. Semester
Subject Code: KEC-453
Session: 2022-23, Even Semester

Name:
Roll. No.:
Group/Branch:
DRONACHARYA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

DEPARTMENT OF ECZ
#27 KNOWLEDGE PARK 3
GREATER NOIDA
AFFILATED TO Dr. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,

LUCKNOW
Signal and System Lab (KEC-453)
Table of Contents
1. Vision and Mission of the Institute
2. Vision and Mission of the Department
3. Programme Educational Objectives (PEOs)
4. Programme Outcomes (POs)
5. Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
6. University Syllabus
7. Course Outcomes (COs)
8. CO- PO and CO-PSO mapping
9. Course Overview
10. List of Experiments
11. DOs and DON’Ts
12. General Safety Precautions
13. Guidelines for students for report preparation
14. Lab assessment criteria
15. Details of Conducted Experiments
16. Lab Experiments
Department of ECZ 2022-23

Vision and Mission of the Institute

Vision:
“Dronacharya Group of Institutions, Greater Noida aims to become an Institution of excellence in
imparting quality Outcome Based Education that empowers the young generation with Knowledge,
Skills, Research, Aptitude and Ethical values to solve Contemporary Challenging Problems”
Mission:
M1: To prepare students for full and ethical participation in a diverse society and encourage lifelong
learning by following the principle of ‘Shiksha evam Sahayata’ i.e. Education and Help.
M2: To impart high-quality education, knowledge and technology through rigorous academic
programs, cutting-edge research, and industry collaborations, with a focus on producing engineers and
managers who are socially responsible, globally aware, and equipped to address complex challenges.
M3: Educate students in the best practices of the field as well as integrate the latest research into the
academics.
M4: Provide quality learning experiences through effective classroom practices, innovative teaching
practices, and opportunities for meaningful interactions between students and faculty.
M5: To devise and implement programmes of education in technology and management that are
relevant to the changing needs of society, in terms of breadth of diversity and depth of specialization.
Vision and Mission of the Department

Vision:
“To become a Centre of Excellence in teaching and research in Information Technology for
producing skilled professionals having a zeal to serve society”
Mission:
M1: To create an environment where students can be equipped with strong fundamental concepts,
programming and problem-solving skills.
M2: To provide an exposure to emerging technologies by providing hands on experience for
generating competent professionals.
M3: To promote Research and Development in the frontier areas of Information Technology and
encourage students for pursuing higher education
M4: To inculcate in students ethics, professional values, team work and leadership skills.

Programme Educational Objectives (PEOs)

PEO 1. Engineers will practice the profession of engineering using a systems perspective and analyze,
design, develop, optimize & implement engineering solutions and work productively as
engineers, including supportive and leadership roles on multidisciplinary teams.
PEO 2. Continue their education in leading graduate programs in engineering & interdisciplinary areas
to emerge as researchers, experts, educators & entrepreneurs and recognize the need for, and
an ability to engage in continuing professional development and life-long learning.
PEO 3. Engineers, guided by the principles of sustainable development and global interconnectedness,
will understand how engineering projects affect society and the environment.
PEO 4. Promote Design, Research, and implementation of products and services in the field of
Engineering through Strong Communication and Entrepreneurial Skills.
PEO 5. Re-learn and innovate in ever-changing global economic and technological environments of
the 21st century.

Programme Outcomes (POs)

PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis
of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.
PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
PO9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.
PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSO1: Develop applications in the areas of Electronics and Computer Engineering based on the knowledge of
Operating Systems, Signal processing, Computer Networks, Embedded Systems, Data analysis and
algorithms.
PSO2: Ability to design, analyse, integrate and synthesize different novel systems to be capable for
lifelong learning and advanced industrial research.
PSO3: Be proficient enough to make use of the technical concepts, suitable methods and algorithms for
research as well as for the social needs.

University Syllabus
1. Introduction to MATLAB
a. To define and use variables and functions in MATLAB.
b. To define and use Vectors and Matrices in MATLAB.
c. To study various MATLAB arithmetic operators and mathematical functions.
d. To create and use m-files.
2. Basic plotting of signals
a. To study various MATLAB commands for creating two and three dimensional
plots.
b. Write a MATLAB program to plot the following continuous time and discrete
time signals.
i. Step Function
ii. Impulse Function
iii. Exponential Function
iv. Ramp Function
v. Sine Function
3. Time and Amplitude transformations
Write a MATLAB program to perform amplitude-scaling, time-scaling and time shifting on a given signal.
4. Convolution of given signals
Write a MATLAB program to obtain linear convolution of the given sequences.
5. Autocorrelation and Cross-correlation
a. Write a MATLAB program to compute autocorrelation of a sequence x(n) and
verify the property.
b. Write a MATLAB program to compute cross-correlation of sequences x(n) and
y(n) and verify the property.
6. Fourier Series and Gibbs Phenomenon
a. To calculate Fourier series coefficients associated with Square Wave.
b. To Sum the first 10 terms and plot the Fourier series as a function of time.
c. To Sum the first 50 terms and plot the Fourier series as a function of time.
7. Calculating transforms using MATLAB
a. Calculate and plot Fourier transform of a given signal.
b. Calculate and plot Z-transform of a given signal.
8. Impulse response and Step response of a given system
a. Write a MATLAB program to find the impulse response and step response of a
system form its difference equation.
b. Compute and plot the response of a given system to a given input.
9. Pole-zero diagram and bode diagram
a. Write a MATLAB program to find pole-zero diagram, bode diagram of a given
system from the given system function.
b. Write a MATLAB program to find, bode diagram of a given system from the
given system function.
10. Frequency response of a system
Write a MATLAB program to plot magnitude and phase response of a given system.
11. Checking linearity/non-linearity of a system using SIMULINK
a. Build a system that amplifies a sine wave by a factor of two.
b. Test the linearity of this system using SIMULINK.

Course Outcomes (COs)

Upon successful completion of the course, the students will be able to:
CO 1 Understand the basics operation of MATLAB

CO 2 Analysis the time domain and frequency domain signals.
CO 3 Implement the concept of Fourier series and Fourier transforms.
CO 4 Find the stability of system using pole-zero diagrams and bode diagram.
CO 5 Design frequency response of the system.
CO-PO Mapping
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO 1 2
3 - - 3 2 - - - 1 1 -
CO 2 2
3 2 1 - - - - - 2 2 -
CO 3 1
2 2 2 - 2 - - - 1 1 -
CO 4 2
2 1 2 2 1 - - - 1 1 -
CO 5 2
1 2 3 2 1 - - - 1 1 -
Course
Correlati 1.4 1.6 - - - 1.2 1.2 - 1.8
2.2 1.6 1.2
on
mapping
CO-PSO Mapping
PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
CO 1 2 3 2
CO 2 2 3 2
CO 3 2 3 2
CO 4 1 3 2
CO 5 2 3 2

Web Technology Lab (KCS-652)
Course Overview
This lab is designed to give you a quick way to become familiar with the MATLAB software by
introducing you the basic features, commands, and functions. In this lab, you will discover that entering
and solving complex numbers in MATLAB is as easy as entering and solving real numbers, especially
with the help of MATLAB built-in complex functions. The lab is intended to be very interactive. You
should have the required software running while you are reading the pages, and you should perform
along with the examples. Upon completion, you should know how to start MATLAB, how to get HELP,
how to assig variables in MATLAB and to perform the typical complex numbers operations.

List of Experiments mapped with COs

Si Name of the Experiment Course
No. Outcom
e
1 Introduction to MATLAB CO 1
a. To define and use variables and functions in MATLAB.
b. To define and use Vectors and Matrices in MATLAB.
c. To study various MATLAB arithmetic operators and mathematical functions.
d. To create and use m-files.
2 Basic plotting of signals CO 1
a. To study various MATLAB commands for creating two and three dimensional
plots.
b. Write a MATLAB program to plot the following continuous time and discrete
time signals.
i. Step Function
ii. Impulse Function
iii. Exponential Function
iv. Ramp Function
v. Sine Function
3 Time and Amplitude transformations CO 2
Write a MATLAB program to perform amplitude-scaling, time-scaling and time shifting on a
given signal.
4 Convolution of given signals. Write a MATLAB program to obtain linear convolution of the given CO 2
sequences.
5 Autocorrelation and Cross-correlation CO 3
a. Write a MATLAB program to compute autocorrelation of a sequence x(n) and
verify the property.
b. Write a MATLAB program to compute cross-correlation of sequences x(n) and
y(n) and verify the property.
6 Fourier Series and Gibbs Phenomenon CO 2
a. To calculate Fourier series coefficients associated with Square Wave.
b. To Sum the first 10 terms and plot the Fourier series as a function of time.
c. To Sum the first 50 terms and plot the Fourier series as a function of time.
7 Calculating transforms using MATLAB CO 4
a. Calculate and plot Fourier transform of a given signal.
b. Calculate and plot Z-transform of a given signal.
8 Impulse response and Step response of a given system CO 2
a. Write a MATLAB program to find the impulse response and step response of a
system form its difference equation.
b. Compute and plot the response of a given system to a given input.
9 Pole-zero diagram and bode diagram CO 3
a. Write a MATLAB program to find pole-zero diagram, bode diagram of a given
system from the given system function.
b. Write a MATLAB program to find, bode diagram of a given system from the
given system function.
10 Checking Linearity/Non-Linearity of a system using SIMULINK. CO 2

DOs and DON’Ts

DOs
1. Login-on with your username and password.
2. Log off the computer every time when you leave the Lab.
3. Arrange your chair properly when you are leaving the lab.
4. Put your bags in the designated area.
5. Ask permission to print.
DON’Ts
1. Do not share your username and password.
2. Do not remove or disconnect cables or hardware parts.
3. Do not personalize the computer setting.
4. Do not run programs that continue to execute after you log off.
5. Do not download or install any programs, games or music on computer in Lab.
6. Personal Internet use chat room for Instant Messaging (IM) and Sites is strictly prohibited.
7. No Internet gaming activities allowed.
8. Tea, Coffee, Water & Eatables are not allowed in the Computer Lab.

General Safety Precautions

Precautions (In case of Injury or Electric Shock)
1. To break the victim with live electric source, use an insulator such as fire wood or plastic to break
the contact. Do not touch the victim with bare hands to avoid the risk of electrifying yourself.
2. Unplug the risk of faulty equipment. If main circuit breaker is accessible, turn the circuit off.
3. If the victim is unconscious, start resuscitation immediately, use your hands to press the chest
in and out to continue breathing function. Use mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if necessary.
4. Immediately call medical emergency and security. Remember! Time is critical; be best.
Precautions (In case of Fire)

1. Turn the equipment off. If power switch is not immediately accessible, take plug off.
2. If fire continues, try to curb the fire, if possible, by using the fire extinguisher or by covering it
with a heavy cloth if possible isolate the burning equipment from the other surrounding
equipment.
3. Sound the fire alarm by activating the nearest alarm switch located in the hallway.
4. Call security and emergency department immediately:
Emergency : 201 (Reception)
Security : 231 (Gate No.1)

Guidelines to students for report preparation

All students are required to maintain a record of the experiments conducted by them. Guidelines
for its preparation are as follows: -
1) All files must contain a title page followed by an index page. The files will not be signed by the
faculty without an entry in the index page.
2) Student’s Name, Roll number and date of conduction of experiment must be written on all
pages.
3) For each experiment, the record must contain the following
(i) Aim/Objective of the experiment
(ii) Pre-experiment work (as given by the faculty)
(iii) Lab assignment questions and their solutions
(iv) Test Cases (if applicable to the course)
(v) Results/ output
Note:
1. Students must bring their lab record along with them whenever they come for the lab.
2. Students must ensure that their lab record is regularly evaluated.

Lab Assessment Criteria

An estimated 10 lab classes are conducted in a semester for each lab course. These lab classes are
assessed continuously. Each lab experiment is evaluated based on 5 assessment criteria as shown in
following table. Assessed performance in each experiment is used to compute CO attainment aswell
as internal marks in the lab course.
Grading
Exemplary (4) Needs Improvement
Criteria Competent (3) Poor (1)
(2)
AC1: Designing The student chooses the The student chooses the The student fails to The student does not
experiments problems to explore. problems but does not define the problem identify the problem.
set an appropriate goal adequately.
for how to explore them.
AC2: Collecting Develops a clear Observations are Observations are Observations are
data through procedure for completed with completed with incomplete. Lacks the
observation investigating the necessary theoretical necessary theoretical appropriate knowledge
and/or problem calculations and proper calculations but without of the lab procedures.
experimentation identification of required proper understanding.
components. Obtain the correct
values for only a few
components after
calculations. Followed
the given experimental
procedures but obtained
results with some
errors.
AC3: Decides what data and Can decide what data Student decides what Student has no
Interpreting data observations are to be and observations are to data to gather but not knowledge of what data
collected and verified be collected but lacks the sufficient and observations are to
knowledge to verify be collected
AC4: Drawing Interprets and analyses Incomplete analysis of Cannot analyse the data Lacks the required
conclusions the data in order to data hence the quality of or observations for any knowledge to propose
propose viable conclusions drawn is not kind of conclusions. viable conclusions and
conclusions and up to the mark solutions
solutions
AC5: Lab Well-organized and Presentation of record is Presentation of record No efforts were
record confident presentation acceptable lacks clarity and exhibited
assessment of record & ability to organization
correlate the theoretical
concepts with the
concerned lab results
with appropriate
reasons.

LAB EXPERIMENTS

LAB EXPERIMENT 1
OBJECT:
Introduction to MATLAB.
(i) To define and use variables and functions in MATLAB.
(ii) To define and use vectors, matrices and polynomials in MATLAB.
(iii) To study various MATLAB arithmetic operators and mathematic function.
(iv)To create and use m-files.
SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB 7.9
THEORY: MATLAB is a programming language developed by Math Works. It started out as a

matrix programming language where linear algebra programming was simple. MATLAB (matrix
laboratory) is a fourth-generation high-level programming language and interactive environment
for numerical computation, visualization and programming.
MATLAB is developed by Math Works.

It allows matrix manipulations; plotting of functions and data; implementation of algorithms;
creation of user interfaces; interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C,
C++, Java, and FORTRAN; analyze data; develop algorithms; and create models and
applications.
It has numerous built-in commands and math functions that help you in mathematical
calculations, generating plots, and performing numerical methods.
In MATLAB environment, every variable is an array or matrix.

Variables can be defined in MATLAB in the following ways:
x=3 % defining x and initializing it with a value

x = sqrt(16) % defining x and initializing it with an expression
The clear command deletes all (or the specified) variable(s) from the memory.
clear x % it will delete x, won't display anything

clear % it will delete all variables in the workspace
% peacefully and unobtrusively
A vector is a one-dimensional array of numbers. MATLAB allows creating two types of vectors:
• Row vectors
• Column vectors
Row vectors are created by enclosing the set of elements in square brackets, using space or
comma to delimit the elements.
For example,
r = [7 8 9 10 11]

Column vectors are created by enclosing the set of elements in square brackets, using
semicolon(;) to delimit the elements.
c = [7; 8; 9; 10; 11]
Creating Matrices
A matrix is a two-dimensional array of numbers.
In MATLAB, a matrix is created by entering each row as a sequence of space or comma separated
elements, and end of a row is demarcated by a semicolon. For example a 3-by-3 matrix is created
as:
m = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9]
MATLAB ENVIRONMENT:
• Command Window
• Command History
• Workspace
• Current Directory
• Figure Window
Command Window:
Whenever MATLAB is invoked, the main window called command window is activated. The
command window displays the command prompt’>>’ and a cursor where commands are entered
and are executed instantaneously.
Command History Window:

Command history window consists of a list of all the commands that are entered at the command
window. These commands remain in the list until they are deleted. Any command may be
executed by selecting and double clicking it with the mouse.
Workspace:
A workspace is a collection of all the variables that have been generated so far in the current
MATLAB session and shows their data type and size. All the commands executed from
Command Window and all the script files executed from the Command Window share common
workspace, so they can share all the variables.
Current Directory:
The Current Directory window contains all the files and folders present in the Current Directory.
To run any file, it must either be in the Current Directory or on the search path.
Edit Window:
An Edit Window is used to create a new program file, or to modify existing files. In this window,
programs can be written, edited and saved. The programs written using the MATLAB editor are
automatically assigned an extension (.m) by the editor and are known as M- files.

Figure Window:
A Figure Window is a separate window with default white background and is used to display
MATLAB graphics. The results of all the graphic commands executed are displayed in the figure
window.
MATLAB allows two different types of arithmetic operations −
• Matrix arithmetic operations
• Array arithmetic operations
Matrix arithmetic operations are same as defined in linear algebra. Array operations are executed
element by element, both on one dimensional and multi-dimensional array.
The matrix operators and arrays operators are differentiated by the period (.) symbol. However,
as the addition and subtraction operation is same for matrices and arrays, the operator is same for
both cases.
The following table gives brief description of the operators −
Description
Operator
Addition or unary plus. A+B adds the values stored in variables A and B. A and B
+ must have the same size, unless one is a scalar. A scalar can be added to a matrix
of any size.
Subtraction or unary minus. A-B subtracts the value of B from A. A and B must
- have the same size, unless one is a scalar. A scalar can be subtracted from a
matrix of any size.
Matrix multiplication. C = A*B is the linear algebraic product of the matrices A

and B. More precisely,
Slash or matrix right division. B/A is roughly the same as B*inv(A). More
/
precisely, B/A = (A'\B')'.
Array right division. A./B is the matrix with elements A(i,j)/B(i,j). A and B must
./
have the same size, unless one of them is a scalar.
Backslash or matrix left division. If A is a square matrix, A\B is roughly the same
as inv (A)*B, except it is computed in a different way. If A is an n-by-n matrix and
\ B is a column vector with n components, or a matrix with several such columns,
then X = A\B is the solution to the equation AX = B. A warning messageis
displayed if A is badly scaled or nearly singular.
Array left division. A.\B is the matrix with elements B(i,j)/A(i,j). A and B must
.\
have the same size, unless one of them is a scalar.
Array power. A. ^B is the matrix with elements A (i,j) to the B(i,j) power.
.^
A andB must have the same size, unless one of them is a scalar.

Matrix power. X^p is X to the power p, if p is a scalar. If p is an integer, the

power is computed by repeated squaring. If the integer is negative, X is inverted
^
first. For other values of p, the calculation involves eigenvalues and eigenvectors,
such that if [V,D] = eig(X), then X^p = V*D.^p/V.
Matrix transpose. A' is the linear algebraic transpose of A. For complex matrices,
'
this is the complex conjugate transpose.
Array transpose. A' is the array transpose of A. For complex matrices, this does
.' not involve conjugation.
Functions for Arithmetic Operations:-
Apart from the above-mentioned arithmetic operators, MATLAB provides the following
commands/functions used for similar purpose −
Function Description
Unary plus; increments by the amount a
uplus(a)
plus (a,b) Plus; returns a + b
uminus(a) Unary minus; decrements by the amount a
minus(a, b) Minus; returns a - b
times(a, b) Array multiply; returns a.*b
rdivide(a, b) Right array division; returns a ./ b
ldivide(a, b) Left array division; returns a.\ b
mrdivide(A, B) Solve systems of linear equations xA = B for x
mldivide(A, B) Solve systems of linear equations Ax = B for x
power(a, b) Array power; returns a.^b
mpower(a, b) Matrix power; returns a ^ b
PROGRAM:-
a = 10;
b = 20;
c=a+b
d=a-b
e=a*b
f=a/b
g=a\b
x = 7;
y = 3;
z=x^y
The M Files
MATLAB allows writing two kinds of program files −

• Scripts − script files are program files with .m extension. In these files, you write series
of commands, which you want to execute together. Scripts do not accept inputs and do
not return any outputs. They operate on data in the workspace.
• Functions − functions files are also program files with .m extension. Functions can accept
inputs and return outputs. Internal variables are local to the function.
You can use the MATLAB editor or any other text editor to create your .m files.
RESULTS:- All the operations have been performed a using MATLAB and results have been
seen on the command window.
RELATED QUESTIONS:-
1. How to create matrix in MATLAB?

2. Name some electronics engineering fields where MATLAB can be used.
3. What is the function of MATLAB function clc?
4. What happens if we put a semicolon after a statement in a MATLAB program?
5. What are M –files?

LAB EXPERIMENT 2
OBJECT:-
i) Plot the basic signals (Impulse, Step function and Ramp function)
ii) To create 2-D and 3-D plots.
SOFTWARE USED:- MATLAB 7.9
PROCEDURE:-
• Open MATLAB
• Open new M-file
• Type the program
• Save in current directory
• Compile and Run the program
• For the output see command window\ Figure window
THEORY:-
Impulse Function
The impulse function is defined as
and
δ(t = 0 for t ≠ 0)
That is the impulse function has zero amplitude everywhere expect at t = 0.
δ(t)
0 t
Step Function
The unit step function is defined as
U(t) = 1 for t ≥ 0
= 0 for t > 0
ut
1.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 t

Program:
t=(-2:0.01:10);
impulse = t==0;
unitstep = t>=0;
plot(t, impulse)
plot(t, unitstep)
ramp = t.*unitstep;
plot(t,ramp)
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')
title('impulse function')
title('unit step function')
title('ramp function')
2-D plot
Define x as a vector of linearly spaced values between 0 and . Use an increment
of π/10 between the values. Define y as sine values of x.
Program:
clc
clear all
x=(0:pi/10:2*pi)
y=sin(x)
plot(x,y)
title('2D Plot')
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')
3-D plot
A three-dimensional plot may refer to
a) A graph or plot embedded into a three-dimensional space
b) The plot of a function of two variables, embedded into a three-dimensional space
Program:
clc
clear all
t=(-4:0.01:4)
x=t.^2
y=4*t
plot3(x,y,t)
grid on
xlabel('x-axis')
ylabel('y-axis')
zlabel('z-axis')
title('3D Plot')

RESULTS:
Results have been seen on the command window.
Figure-1
Figure-2
Figure-3

2D Plot
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Amplitude
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time
Figure-4
3D Plot
2
z-axis
-2
-4
20
10 20
0 15
10
-10 5
-20 0
y-axis x- axis
Figure-5
PRECAUTIONS:-
1) Program must be written carefully to avoid errors.
2) Programs can never be saved as standard function name.
3) Functions in MATLAB are case sensitive so commands must be written in proper
format.

RELATED QUESTIONS:-
1. What is the type of program files that MATLAB allows to write?

2. How to plot a graph in MATLAB?
3. What is MATLAB used for?
4. How to run MATLAB code?
5. How to comment in MATLAB?

LAB EXPERIMENT 3
OBJECT: Write a MATLAB program to obtain linear convolution of the given

sequences.
PROCEDURE:-
• Open MATLAB
• Open new M-file
THEORY:
Convolution is a mathematical operation used to express the relation between input and
output of an LTI system. It relates input, output and impulse response of an LTI system as
y(t)=x(t)∗h(t)
Where y (t) = output of LTI
x (t) = input of LTI
h (t) = impulse response of LTI
There are two types of convolutions:

a) Continuous Convolution
b) Discrete Convolution

PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
close;
disp('enter the length of the first sequence m=');
m=input('');
disp('enter the first sequence x[m]=');
for i=1:m
x(i)=input('');
end
disp('enter the length of the second sequence n=');
n=input('');
disp('enter the second sequence h[n]=');
for j=1:n
h(j)=input('');
end
y=conv(x,h);
figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(x);
ylabel ('amplitude---->');
xlabel('n --- >');
title('x(n) Vs n');
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(h);
ylabel('amplitude --- >');
xlabel('n --- >');
title('h(n) Vs n');
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(y);
ylabel('amplitude --- >');
xlabel('n --- >');
title('y(n) Vs n');
disp('linear convolution of x[m] and h[n] is y');
INPUT:--
Enter the length of the first sequence m=

6
Enter the length of first sequence x[m]=
1
2
3
4
5
6
Enter the length of the second sequence n=
6
Enter the length of second sequence h[n]=
1
2
3
4
5
6
OUTPUT:-
Linear convolution of x[m] and h[n] is y=

1 4 10 20 35 56 70 76 73 60 36
RESULTS: - Thus the program for linear convolution is written using MATLAB and verified

PRECAUTIONS:

format.
RELATED QUESTIONS:
1. What is the MATLAB working environment?
2. What is the function of MATLAB function clear all?
3. What function can be used in MATLAB to calculate the linear convolution of two
sequences?
4. State mathematical formula for convolution of 2 discrete time signals X1 (n) & X2 (n)

LAB EXPERIMENT 4
OBJECT:- Write a MATLAB program to perform amplitude-scaling, time-scaling andtime-

shifting on a given signal.
SOFTWARE USED:-MATLAB 7.9
PROCEDURE:-
• Open MATLAB
• Open new M-file
THEORY:
Amplitude Scaling
In the amplitude scaling, a signal y(t) resulting from a signal x(t), on amplitude scaling
by a real value k becomes:
y(t)=k x(t)
Program:
clc
clear all
t=(-3:0.01:7)
unitstep=t>=0
u1=3*unitstep
ramp = t.*unitstep
r1=2*ramp
plot(t,unitstep)
hold on
plot(t,ramp)
hold on
plot(t,u1)
hold on
plot(t,r1)
title('amplitude-scaling')
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')
Time Shifting
The time shifting of the signal x(t) is done by replacing t by t-t0 . Thus x(t-t0) represents
x(t) time shifting by t0. If t0 is positive, the shift is to the right, i.e. x(t- t0) represents the
signal x(t) delayed by t0 and if t0 is negative, the shift is to the left, i.e., x(t+ t0) represents

the signal x(t) advanced by t0.
Program:
clc
clear all
t=(-1:0.01:10)
impulse=t==0
unitstep=t>=0
u1=t>=3
u2=t>=5
plot(t,unitstep,'r')
hold on
plot(t,u1,'g')
hold on
plot(t,u2,'m')
legend('unitstep','u1','u2')
title('Time-Shifting')
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')
Time scaling
clear all;
close all;
clc;
k=2;
x1=[1 2 3 4 5];
a=length(x1);
n=0:1:a-1;
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(x1);
xlabel('number of samples');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input signal');
x2=k*x1;
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(x2);
title('amplified signal');
x3=x1/k;
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(x3);
title('attenuated signal');

display(x2);
display(x3);
RESULTS:-
amplitude-scaling
14
12
10
8
Amplitude
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time
Figure-1
Time-Shifting
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Amplitude
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10
Time
Figure-2
Time scaling

Figure-3
PRECAUTIONS:-
format.
RELATED QUESTIONS
1. What operations can be performed on signal?

2. What functions can be used in MATLAB to label the axis in graph?
3. Differentiate between clc and clear all functions.
4. Functions in MATLAB are case sensitive or not.
5. How to plot a graph in MATLAB?

LAB EXPERIMENT 5
OBJECT:-Write a MATLAB program to compute autocorrelation and cross correlation of a
sequence.
SOFTWARE USED:-MATLAB 7.9
PROCEDURE:-
• Open MATLAB
• Open new M-file
THEORY:
Auto-correlation: Autocorrelation function gives the measure of similarity, match or
coherence between a signal and its delayed replica. This means that autocorrelation function
is a special from of a cross- correlation function. It is defined as the correlation of a signal with
itself.
Consider a signal x(t).Then the autocorrelation function of this signal with its delayed version
will be
R(τ) = lim
T→∞
The autocorrelation function is defined separately for energy signals and for power or periodic
signals.
Cross-Correlation: The correlation or more precisely cross-correlation between two different
waveforms or two signals is the measure of match or similarity or regularity between one signal
and time delayed version of the other signal.
Let us consider two general complex signals x1(t) and x2(t) is defined as
R12(τ) = lim
T→∞
PROGRAM:
stem(x1)
xlabel('Discrete time')
ylabel('Amplitude')
title('Input Sequence')
subplot(2,1,2)

stem(y)
title('Autocorelation of the Input Sequence')
RESULTS:
Input Sequence
4
3
Amplitude
0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Discrete time
Autocorelation of the Input Sequence
30
20
Amplitude
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Discrete time
Cross-correlation
r = xcorr(x,y)
r = xcorr(x)
r = xcorr( ,maxlag)
r = xcorr( ,scaleopt)
[r,lags] = xcorr( )
example
Cross Correlation of two vectors
Create a vector x and a vector y that is equal to x shifted by 5 elements to the right. Compute and
plot the estimated cross-correlation of x and y. The largest spike occurs at the lag value when the
elements of x and y match exactly (-5).
n = 0:15;

x = 0.84.^n;
y = circshift(x,5);
[c,lags] = xcorr(x,y);
stem(lags,c)
Normalized Cross-Correlation
Compute and plot the normalized cross-correlation of vectors x and y with unity peak, and
specify a maximum lag of 10.
n = 0:15;
x = 0.84.^n;
y = circshift(x,5);
[c,lags] = xcorr(x,y,10,'normalized');
stem(lags,c)
PRECAUTIONS:


3) Functions in MATLAB are case sensitive so commands must be written in proper format.
RELATED QUESTIONS:
1. Differentiate between auto correlation and cross correlation.

2. What is the use of stem function in MATLAB?
3. What do you mean by M-file in MATLAB?
4. What is the use of title function in MATLAB?
5. What is the relation between cross correlation and auto correlati

LAB EXPERIMENT 6
OBJECT: Write a MATLAB program to generate Fourier series of a Square Wave.
PROCEDURE:-
• Open MATLAB
• Open new M-file
THEORY:
Let’s assume we have a square wave with following characteristics:
Period=2ms
Peak−to−Peak Value=2 V
Average Value=0 V
So, we can express it as:
If g(t) is given by
Now, a Mat lab code can be written for g(t) between 0 and 4ms with an interval of 0.05 ms to
demonstrate that g(t) is a decent approximation of original function x(t).
PROGRAM:
% Fourier Series Expansion for Square Wave

%% Parameters as mentioned in text
f = 500; % Frequency
C = 4/pi; % Constant Value
dt = 5.0e-05; % Interval between teo time steps
tpts = (4.0e-3/5.0e-5) + 1; % Total points & quot;(final point-initial point)/Interval+1%
for n = 1: 12 % Values we are considering to approximate Fourier Series
instead of infinity as given in original function x(t)

for m = 1: tpts % Here, we'll consider all & quot;t& quot; points to cover &
quot;from 0 to 4ms interval & quot;
s1(n,m) = (4/pi)*(1/(2*n - 1))*sin((2*n - 1)*2*pi*f*dt*(m-1)); % Approximate Fourier
Series g(t)
end
end
for m = 1:tpts
a1 = s1(:,m); % VERY IMPORTANT ! Here, we are assigning a1 for each
single column (total 81)
a2(m) = sum(a1); % Here, we are summing up the whole column to one single
value (adding all 12 values in one column)
end
% Now, we have a row vector "a2" with total values
"81"
f1 = a2'; % Here, we have final values "f1" (total 81 points) as
transpose of a2 computed above
t = 0.0:5.0e-5:4.0e-3; % it's already given in text (0 to 4ms with interval of 0.05 ms)
plot(t,f1)
xlabel('Time, s')
ylabel('Amplitude, V')
title('Fourier Series Expansion')
RESULTS:
Results have been seen on the figure window.

PRECAUTIONS:
RELATED QUESTIONS:
1. State Dirichlet’s conditions for a function to be expanded as a Fourier series.

2. What is Fourier series?
3. What are the two types of Fourier series?
4. How is a trigonometric Fourier series represented?
5. How to comment multiple lines in MATLAB?

LAB EXPERIMENT 7
OBJECT:
Write a MATLAB program to Calculate and plot using MATLAB Fourier Transform and
Z-Transform of a given signal.
PROCEDURE:-
• Open MATLAB
• Open new M-file
THEORY:
Z transform:-

Fourier Transform:-
The Fourier transform of the function f is traditionally denoted by adding
a circumflex: There are several common conventions for defining the Fourier
transform of an integral function f : ℝ → ℂ. Here we will use the following definition:
for any real number ξ.

When the independent variable x represents time (with SI unit of seconds), the transform
variable ξ represents frequency (in hertz). Under suitable conditions, f is determined
by via the inverse transform:
f or any real number x.
PROGRAM:
Fourier transform of exp (-2*x^2)
clc
clear all
syms x
f=exp(-2*x^2) %our function
ezplot(f,[-2,2]) % plot of our function
FT=fourier(f) %Fourier transform
ezplot(FT)
z transform of
clc
clear all
syms z n
ztrans(1/4^n)
Inverse z transform of
clc
clear all
syms z n
iztrans(2*z/(2*z-1))
(21/2 1/2)/(2 exp(w2/8))
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
w
Figure-1
RESULTS:
Z- Transform of x(n) = ¼n u(n)
x(z = z/(z-1/4)
Inverse Z- Tranforms of x(z) = 2z/2z-1
X(n) = (1/2)n
PRECAUTIONS:
format.
RELATED QUESTIONS:
1. What are functions used in MATLAB to find z transform and Fourier transform?
2. Find Z Transform of X(n) = nu(n).
3. Find the inverse Fourier transform of f(t)=1.
4. What is the set of all values of z for which X(z) attains a finite value?
5. The Z-Transform X(z) of a discrete time signal x(n) is defined as _

LAB EXPERIMENT 8
OBJECT: Write a MATLAB program to find the impulse response and step response of a
system from its difference equation.
PROCEDURE:-
• Open MATLAB
• Open new M-file
THEORY:
Step Response
Step Response is the output from a system excited with a step input. The output step response
lasts for infinite time.
Impulse Response
Impulse Response is the output from a system excited with a unit impulse input. The output
impulse response lasts for infinite time.
PROGRAM:
Step Response: Determine the first 50 values of the step response of a system with a known
impulse response h[n]=0.5n *u[n].
clc
clear all
h=0.5.^[0:49]
x=ones(1,50)
y=conv(x,h)
stem([0:49],y(1:50))
Impulse Response: Determine the first 50 values of the step response of a system with a known
impulse response h[n] =0.5n *u[n]. Here define delta as a vector containing 21 elements. Element
number 11 is one the rest are zeros.)
clc
clear all
delta=[ zeros(1,10), 1, zeros(1,10)]
h=0.5.^[0:49]
y=conv(delta,h)
stem([0:49],y(1:50))
RESULTS:


2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Figure-1: Impulse Response

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Figure-2: Step Response
PRECAUTIONS:
RELATED QUESTIONS:
1. What is the relation between the step response and impulse response?
2. What is the use of conv function in MATLAB?

3. What will be the step response of the impulse response of a ramp function?
4. To save a file, what should be the extension of file?
5.In MATLAB, the impulse response of the step response of a system is to the step response
of the impulse response of the system.

LAB EXPERIMENT 9
OBJECT: Write a MATLAB program to plot magnitude and phase response of a given
system.
PROCEDURE:-
• Open MATLAB
• Open new M-file
THEORY:
If X(jΩ) is Fourier Transform of continuous time signal x(t), then
X(jΩ) = dt for all Ω
and
(t)= dΩ for all t
In general, X (jΩ) is a complex valued function of Ω. Therefore we can write X(jΩ) as
X (jΩ) = (jΩ) + j X (jΩ)
Where
(jΩ) is real part of X(jΩ)
and
X (jΩ) is imaginary part of X(jΩ)
The magnitude of X(jΩ)is given by
X(jΩ) =
and the phase of X(jΩ) is given by
X(jΩ) = tan-1
The plot between | X (jΩ) | vs Ω is known as amplitude spectrum and the plot between
X (jΩ) vs Ω is known as phase spectrum.

PROGRAM:
clc
clear all
t = 0:1/100:10-1/100;
x = sin(2*pi*15*t) + sin(2*pi*40*t);
y = fft(x);
m = abs(y);
p = unwrap(angle(y));
f = (0:length(y)-1)'*100/length(y);
subplot(2,1,1), plot(f,m)
ylabel('Abs. Magnitude')
grid on
hold on;
subplot(2,1,2), plot(f,p*180/pi)
ylabel('Phase [Degrees]')
grid on
xlabel('Frequency [Hertz]')
RESULTS:
600
Abs. Magnitude
400
200
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
x 104
3
Phase [Degrees]
-1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Figure-1
PRECAUTIONS:


format.
RELATED QUESTIONS:
1. How do you find the magnitude and phase of a frequency response?

2. Differentiate between plot and subplot functions
3. What do you understand by grid on and hold on functions in MATLAB?
4. Is it possible to save a program with a standard function name?
5. Explain MATLAB API (Application Program Interface)

LAB EXPERIMENT 10
OBJECT: Checking Linearity/Non-Linearity of a system using SIMULINK.
PROCEDURE:-
• Open MATLAB
• Open new M-file
THEORY:
Linear and nor-linear systems
A system that obeys the superposition principle is said to be a linear systems. Superposition
principle states that the response to a weighted sum of input signals be en qual to the
corresponding weighted sum of the outputs of the systems to each of the individual input signals.
If an arbitrary input (t) produces an output y1(t) and an arbitrary input (t) produces an
output y2(t) then the system is linear if the weighted sum of inputs a(t) + b (t) produces an
output ay1(t)+by2(t), where a and b are constants.
That is,
T[a (t) + b (t)] = aT[ (t)] + bT[ (t)]
Similarly for a discrete-time linear system
T[a (n) + b (n)] = aT[ (n)] + bT[ (n)]
PROGRAM:
clc
clear all
a=2
n=3
S1 = @(x) a*x.^n %// anonymous function 1 describing your system
x1 = 1:4 %// test input signal
x2 = 11:14 %// test input signal. Same length
r1 = S1(x1)+S1(x2)
r2 = S1(x1+x2)
S2 = @(x) a*x %// anonymous function 2 describing your system
r1 = S2(x1)+S2(x2)
r2 = S2(x1+x2)
RESULTS:
a=
2

n=
3
S1 =
@(x)a*x.^n
x1 =
1 2 3 4
x2 =
11 12 13 14
r1 =
2664 3472 4448 5616
r2 =
3456 5488 8192 11664
S2 =
@(x)a*x
r1 =
24 28 32 36
r2 =
24 28 32 36
PRECAUTIONS:

3) Functions in MATLAB case sensitive so commands must be written in proper format.
RELATED QUESTIONS:
1. What is the difference between linear and nonlinear system?

2. What is the following type of system called? y[n] = x[n] + y[n-1].
3. Determine the nature of the given system: y(t)=x(sint).
4. What does MATLAB consist o

This lab manual has been updated by
Dr. Pallavi Verma
([email protected])
Crosschecked By
HOD ECZ
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SIGNAL AND SYSTEM

Subject Code: KEC-453

Session: 2022-23, Even Semester

DRONACHARYA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

AFFILATED TO Dr. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,

Department of ECZ 2022-23

Vision and Mission of the Institute

Vision and Mission of the Department

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Programme Educational Objectives (PEOs)

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Programme Outcomes (POs)

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Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

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Course Outcomes (COs)

CO 1 Understand the basics operation of MATLAB

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List of Experiments mapped with COs

10 Checking Linearity/Non-Linearity of a system using SIMULINK. CO 2

DOs and DON’Ts

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General Safety Precautions

Precautions (In case of Fire)

Emergency : 201 (Reception)

Security : 231 (Gate No.1)

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Guidelines to students for report preparation

2. Students must ensure that their lab record is regularly evaluated.

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Lab Assessment Criteria

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THEORY: MATLAB is a programming language developed by Math Works. It started out as a

MATLAB is developed by Math Works.

In MATLAB environment, every variable is an array or matrix.

x=3 % defining x and initializing it with a value

clear x % it will delete x, won't display anything

Department of ECZ 2022-23

c = [7; 8; 9; 10; 11]

Command History Window:

Department of ECZ 2022-23

Matrix multiplication. C = A*B is the linear algebraic product of the matrices A

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Matrix power. X^p is X to the power p, if p is a scalar. If p is an integer, the

Functions for Arithmetic Operations:-

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1. How to create matrix in MATLAB?

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SOFTWARE USED:- MATLAB 7.9

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Department of ECZ 2022-23

Department of ECZ 2022-23

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1. What is the type of program files that MATLAB allows to write?

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OBJECT: Write a MATLAB program to obtain linear convolution of the given