1.1.

Introduction
This project of construction of G+5 floors commercial building is located in North Province,
Musanze District, Muhoza Sector. The Reinforced concrete design is very important step in
a building construction activities. The Reinforced concrete design design is done to make
safer the structure. The major structural members in reinforced concrete structures comprise
slabs, beams, columns, footings, and stairs case. They are reinforced against bending, shear
forces or torsion.
.
1.2.The reinforced concrete design assumes the following conditions:
 Partial safety factors for loads
The load actually used in the design is called the design load; it’s the product of the load and
the relevant factor γf
DL= γf *characteristic load
γf for a characteristic dead load is 1.4 and
for imposed load γf is 1.6
Design load(n)=1.4 Gk +1.6Qk
 Partial safety factors for material strength, according to(BS8110) part1.
γm is 1.15 for steel and 1.5 for concrete
 Ceiling =0.1KN/m2
1.3. Design data to be used according to British standard
General loading conditions
 BS Codes 648 for selfweight of construction materials
 BS Codes 6399 for live load of buildings
 BS Codes 8110-1-1997 Structural use of concrete
 Roof –Imposed =1.5kN/m2
 Floor –Imposed and partitions for commercial building=4kN/m2
 Stairs –Imposed =4kN/m2
 finishes to floors and stairs =2kN/m2
 Granite Tiling =2.75g/cm3 or 26.9775KN/m3ou 0.53955KN/m2
 Iron galvanized sheets =0.12KN/m2
 Truss =0.3KN/m2
 Purlins and system bracing =0.1KN/m2
 Concrete compressive strength:30N/mm2, tensile strength of reinforcement: 460 N/mm2
for both main reinforcement and stirrups, Cover for slab:25mm, for beams and
columns:30mm, for footing:50mm, and safe bearing capacity of soil according to the site
condition: 300kN/m2
 Self-weight of Reinforced concrete = 25kN/ m3
 Self-weight of masonry (bricks) = 18kN/ m3
 Self-weight of plaster = 20kN/ m3

2. Summary sheet
TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN/SLAB AND BEAMS LAYOUT
Notes:
 1 Columns: 300mm*300mm (Internal and external edge and corner columns)
 2 Columns: 300mm*300mm (Internal and external edge and corner columns)
 Floor beams: 300mm*450mm
 Roof beams: 300mm*300mm
 Storey height=3.62m
3. Slab Design

𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐧
D minimum = 𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐜 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ∗ 𝐦𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫
4.3x 10^3mm
dmin = = 118.13mm
26 x 1.4
Let’s take 125mm and assume that diameter of reinforcement steel is 16 mm
Effective depth = 125mm
H= effective depth x Ө/2+ cover
h = 125mm + 16/2 +25mm
h = 158mm. Let’s take 160 which is practicable at the site , now D=129
Design load = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk
Self-weight of slab = 0.156m x 25KN/m3 = 3.9 KN/m2 + 2KN/m2 +0.53955KN/m2= 6.44KN/m2
Live load equal to 4 KN/m2
Ultimate design load = (6.79 x 1.4) + (4 x 1.6) = 9.02 + 6.4=15.42KN/m2
Design load (n) to 1 meter of slab =15.42KN/m2 x 1m =15.42KN/m
DESIGN OF TWO-WAY SPANNING SLAB
Msxn =βsx*n* Lx2
Msyn = βsy*n* Lx2
Bending moments coefficients, βsx and βsy for restrained slabs (based on table 3.14, BS8110)
Table 1: Moments in slab in mid-span and near the supports
 Coefficient Coefficient Bending Bending
βsx and βsy at βsx and βsy at moments at moments at
the support the Mid-Span the support the Mid-Span
Panel Ly Lx Lx2 Ly/Lx Βsx- βsy- βsx βsy Msx- Msy- Msx+ Msy+
P1 4 4 16 1 0.031 0.032 0.024 0.024 7.6 7.9 5.9 5.9
P2 4 3.1 12.4 1.3 0.062 0.037 0.047 0.028 11.9 7.1 9.0 5.4
P3 4 2.5 10 1.6 0.082 0.037 0.062 0.028 12.6 5.7 9.6 4.3
P4 4.5 3.5 15.75 1.3 0.057 0 0.043 0.034 13.8 0.0 10.4 8.3
P5 2.5 2.5 6.25 1 0.046 0 0.034 0.034 4.4 0.0 3.3 3.3
P6 3.1 2.5 7.75 1.2 0.036 0.037 0.036 0.028 4.3 4.4 4.3 3.3

From the table above, it is obviously seen that the most loaded panels are panel P3(Three edge
discontinuous (one long edge continuous)and panel P9(One long edge discontinuous) with
the following moments:
Maximum Moment at the support: P3: Msx-=19.35KNm, P9: Msy-=14.72KNm
Maximum Moment at mid-span: P3: Msx+=14.51KNm, P9: Msy+=11.14KNm
Formula to calculate moment at support and at middle
The moments at mid span and at the support of the two ways slabs, where the moments are found
by using these formulas based BS8110):
𝐌𝐬𝐗− = 𝛃𝐬𝐗− × 𝐧 × 𝐋𝐱 𝟐 negative moment in the direction of Lx at the support
𝐌𝐬𝐲− = 𝛃𝐬𝐲− × 𝐧 × 𝐋𝐱 𝟐 negative moment in the direction of Ly at the support
𝐌𝐬𝐗+ = 𝛃𝐬𝐗+ × 𝐧 × 𝐋𝐱 𝟐 positive moment in the direction of Lx at the mid span
𝐌𝐬𝐲+ = 𝛃𝐬𝐲+ × 𝐧 × 𝐋𝐱 𝟐 positive moment in the direction of Ly at the mid span
4.1.1.1. AT CONTINEOUS EDGE
Maximum Moment at the support (negative moment) Main steel
For P4, Msx- is 13.8 KNm and for P1: Msy- is 7.9 KNm

P4, Msx- is 13.8 KNm

𝑀 13.8 × 106
𝐾= = = 0.028 < 0.156(𝑜𝑘)
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 30 × 1000 × 1292
Since k< 0.156, means no compression reinforcement required
𝐾
Hence find lever arm using the following formula:𝑍 = 𝑑[0.5 + 0.25 − 0.9 = 0.96𝑑>0.95d,

so, Z used is Z=0.95d

Z=0.95*129=>122.55mm
So, the critical Z is 122.55mm
 𝑀𝑠𝑥 − 13.8 ×10 6
The area of steel reinforcements,𝐴𝑠 = = = 𝟐𝟖𝟏. 𝟑𝟕𝒎𝒎𝟐
0.87×𝑓𝑦 ×𝑧 0.87×460×122.55

As min=0.13%bh=0.13%*1000mm*160mm=208mm2
For AS min<As ,AS is used to provide main steel reinforcement
Those reinforcements were provided T10@260mm for As provided=314mm2 according to
table 4. 1.Cross –sectional areas per meter width for various bar spacing(mm2) (from Bs
part one)
  Secondary steel

Msy-=7.9KNm

𝜃 10
d’= h-θ- 2 − 𝐶=160-10- 2 − 25=120mm

𝑀 15.5KNm × 106
𝐾= = = 0.036 < 0.156 𝑂𝐾
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 30 × 1000 × 120
Since k<0.156 means that no compression reinforcements required
𝐾
Hence find lever arm using the following formula:𝑍 = 𝑑[0.5 + 0.25 − 0.9 = 0.99𝑑>0.95d,

so, Z=0.95d used

𝑍 = 120 ∗ 0.95 => 114
So, the critical Z is 114 mm
𝑀𝑠𝑦 − 7.9 × 106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 215.2
0.87 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝑧 0.87 × 460 × 114
As min=0.13%bh=0.13%*1000*160=208mm2
For AS min<As, AS is used to provide main steel reinforcement
Those reinforcements were provided T10@260mm for As provided=314mm2 according to
table 4. 2.Cross –sectional areas per meter width for various bar spacing(mm2) (from Bs
part one)
4.1.1.2. AT MID-SPAN

Maximum Moment at mid-span (positive moment)

For P4: Msx+=10.4KNm, P1: Msy+=5.9KNm

Main steel

Msx+=10.4KNm
𝑍 = 129 ∗ 0.95 =122.55mm
𝑀𝑠𝑥𝑝 10.4 × 106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 𝟐𝟏𝟐𝐦𝐦
0.87 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝑧 0.87 × 460 × 122.55
As min=0.13%bh=0.13%*1000*160=208mm2
For AS min<As, AS is used to provide main steel reinforcement
Those reinforcements were provided T10@260mm for As provided=314mm2 according to
table 4. 3.Cross –sectional areas per meter width for various bar spacing(mm2) (from Bs
part one)

Secondary steel

Msyp=11.14KNmand Z = 0.95*120=114mm
𝑀𝑠𝑦 − 5.9×10 6
𝐴𝑠 = 0.87×𝑓𝑦 ×𝑧 = 0.87×460×114 = 129.3𝑚𝑚2

As min=0.13%bh=0.13%*1000*160=208mm2
For AS min>As, AS we have to used 208mm2 to provide main steel reinforcement
Those reinforcements were provided T10@260mm for As provided=314mm2 according to
table 4. 4.Cross –sectional areas per meter width for various bar spacing(mm2) (from Bs
part one)

Deflection check

𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 4000
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = =31.01
𝑑 129
477−𝐹𝑠 5 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
Mf=0.55 + 𝑀 ≤ 2.0 where 𝐹𝑠 = 8 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
120 0.9+
𝑏𝑑 2

5 𝟐𝟏𝟐
𝐹𝑠 = 8 ∗ 460 392 = 157.68N/mm2,
 477−157.68N
Mf=0.55 + 10 .4∗10 6
=2.3>2, hence take Mf=2(BS 8110 part 1, clause 3.4.7. table 3.10.
120 0.9+
1000 ∗129 ²

modification factor for tension reinforcements)

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
= 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 ∗ 𝑀. 𝐹
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑕
=26*2=52; thus 52>31.01 therefore the slab is safe against deflection
 4. DESIGN OF BEAM

Influence area for critical beams and columns.

Continuous beam 4
Cross section of beam

We know that hf= 0.16m

Let’s assume that bw= 0.3m and dw=0.45m
Self-weight of beam = 0.3m x 0.45m x 25KN/m3 = 3.38KN/m
 Span 4(A-B) = Span 4(E-F) 2.5m with area A and E = 3.92m2
Self-weight of slab = 0.16m x 25KN/m3 = 4KN/m2 + 2KN/m2+ 0.53955KN/m2= 6.54KN/m2
Load due to slab on beam = 6.54KN/m2 x 3.92 m2÷2.5m = 10.25KN/m
Wall = 2.49m x 0.24 x 18KN/m3=10.7KN/m
Total dead load = 10.25KN/m + 3.38KN/m + 10.7KN/m
Total dead load (Gk) = 24.33KN/m
Live load (Qk) =4KN/m2x 3.92m2÷2.5m=6.27KN/m
Design = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk
Design load = (1.4 x 24.33KN/m) + (6.27KN/m x 1.6)
Design load =44.09KN/m
 Span 4(B-C)= 4(C-D)= 4(D-E)= 4m with area. C, D, E = 9.25m2
Load due to slab on beam=6.79KN/m2 x 9.25m2÷4m=15.7KN/m
Live load (Qk) = 4KN/m2 x 9.25 m2÷4m=9.25KN/m
Load due to the wall=2.49m x 0.24 x 18KN/m3=10.7KN/m
Total dead load = 15.7KN/m +3.38 KN/m+10.7KN/m
Total dead load = 29.78KN/m
Design = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk
Design load = (29.78KN/m x 1.4) +(1.6 x 9.25KN/m) =56.5KN/m
Figure: BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM from Prokon software

MOMENTS: X-X M max = -79.49kNm @ 6.50m

-80.0
-70.0
-60.0
-50.0
-40.0
-30.0
-20.0
.500

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

5.50

6.00

6.50

7.00

7.50

8.00

8.50

9.00

9.50

10.0

10.5

11.0

11.5

12.0

12.5

13.0

13.5

14.0

14.5

15.0

15.5

16.0

16.5

17.0

-10.0

10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0

Figure: BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM from Prokon software

 100
120

20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0

-100
-80.0
-60.0
-40.0
-20.0
.500

1.00
SHEAR: X-X

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

5.50

6.00

6.50

7.00

7.50

8.00

8.50

9.00

9.50
Figure: SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM from Prokon software

10.0

10.5

11.0

11.5

12.0

12.5

13.0

13.5

14.0

14.5

15.0

15.5

16.0

16.5

17.0
V max = -117.2kN @ 6.50m
The maximum positive moment on the mid span is 16.85kN𝒎 @4.3 m and it occur when the
beam is minimized loaded, So the tensile reinforcement to resist this moment should be at the
bottom, On the other hand the maximum moment on the supports is 79.49KNm @ 6.5 as it is
located when the beam is loaded at the maximum so the reinforcement should be placed at the
top. And the maximum shear force is obtained as 117.2KN @ 6.5m.
DESIGN OF REINFORCEMENTS

Cross section of beam

Web = 300mm
Bf = 300 + LZ/ 5
Lz = shortest span x 0.7
Lz = 2500 x 0.7
Bf = 300 + 350mm
Bf=650mm
AT SUPPORT D5
M=79.49KNm
dw=450mm
hf=170mm
d= (hf+ dw-cover-Φ/2-  ′)
Assuming the main reinforcing bars to be 20mm (∅) and links of 8mm (∅′ )
20
d=160 + 450 − 30 − − 8 = 562𝑚m
2

Ultimate moment
Mu=0.156fcubd2=0.156*30*300*5622=443.44KNm
Since Mu>M, no compression reinforcements required
Moment of resistance
𝑕𝑓 160
Mf=0.45fcu*bw*hf(d- 2 )= 0.45*30*300*160(562- )=312.35KNm
2

M<Mf, i. 79.49KNm<335.30KNm, so the stress block lies within the flange so the design of this
T beam will be proceeded as the rectangular beam with width=bf and effective depth as d
Tensile reinforcements at support
 𝑀 79.49×10 6
𝐾=𝑓 = 30×300×562 2 = 0.028 < 0.156, 𝑕𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 No compression reinforcement required.
𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2

𝐾
Hence find lever arm using the following formula:𝑍 = 𝑑[0.5 + 0.25 − 0.9 = 0.96𝑑 >

0.95𝑑, so we use Z=0.95d

𝑍 = 0.95 ∗ 562𝑚𝑚=mm
Then the critical Z is 533.9mm
𝑀 79.49 ∗ 106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 𝟑𝟕𝟐. 𝟎𝟐𝒎𝒎𝟐
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑍 0.87 ∗ 460 × 533.9
As min=0.13%bh=0.13%*300*450=175.5mm2<𝟓𝟒𝟎. 𝟏𝟔mm2
Provide 2T16 with As provided=402mm2 at the top
AT BOTTOM MIDDLE B 1-2
M=16.85𝑲𝑵𝒎
𝑀 𝟏𝟔.𝟖𝟓×10 6
𝐾=𝑓 = 30×300×562 2 = 0.006 < 0.156, 𝑕𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 No compression reinforcement required
𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2

Z=533.9mm
𝑀 16.85 × 106
𝑨𝒔 = = = 78.86
𝑂. 87𝑓𝑦𝑧 0.87 × 460 × 533.9
As min=0.13%bh=0.13%*300*450=175.5mm2>122.75𝑚𝑚2
Provide 2T12 with As provided=226 mm2 at the bottom
DESIGN FOR SHEAR
The maximum shear force (Vmax)=117.2KN
B=300mm
d=562mm
fyv=460N/mm2
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 117.2∗10 3
The shear stress (V) = = 300∗562 =0.69
𝑏𝑑
100𝐴𝑠 100×339
= = 0.2 , BS 8110 part1, clause 3.4.5.6. table 3.8 value of Vc design concrete
𝑏𝑑 300x562

shear stress, the value of𝑣𝑐(𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 25𝑁/mm2 is 0.528𝑁/mm2)

X0 = 0.15 Y0 = 0.34
X1 = 0.2 Y1 =?
X2 = 0.25 Y2 = 0.40
( 𝑥1−𝑥0)
Y1 = yo + (y2 –yo)
(𝑥2−𝑥0)
( 0.2−0.15)
Y1 = 0.34 + (0.4–0.34)
(0.25−0.2)

Y1=0.34+0.06
Vc=0.4
 3 30
𝑣𝑐 = × 0.4 = 0.43/mm2
25

Provide minimum links where V≤(Vc + 0.4) = (0.4 + 0.4)

Asv 0.4b
Vc+0.4 >V, so =
Sv 0.87fyv
(BS 8110 pt1, clause 3.4.5.6. table 3.7. form and area of shear reinforcements

in beam)
Asv 0.4∗300
=
Sv 0.87∗460
=0.300
Asv
Provide H8@200mm ( Sv = 0.503)

DEFLECTION CHECK
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 4000
= 562 = 7.12
𝑑
477−fs 5 Arearequired
MF = 0.55 + M ≤ 2.0 Where fs = fy
120 0.9+ 8 Areaprovided
bd2

5 78.86
fs = 8 ∗ 460 ∗ 𝟐𝟐𝟔
=266
477−100.2
MF = 0.55 + 𝟏𝟔.𝟖𝟓∗10 6
=3.5>2 (BS 8110 part 1, clause 3.4.7. table 3.10. modification factor for
120 0.9+
300 ∗562 2

tension reinforcements)
Permissible span
= basic ratio ∗ M. F = 26 ∗ 2 = 52, Thus 52>7.12Therefore, there is no deflection
effective depth
BEAM 3

 Span 2.5m with AREA1=3.92m2

Load due to slab on beam=6.54KN/m2 x 3.92m2 ÷2.5m=10.25KN/m
Live load (Qk) = 4KN/m2 x 3.92 m2÷2.5m=6.27KN/m
Total dead load = 3.38KN/m +10.25KN/m
Total dead load = 13.63KN/m
Design = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk
Design load = (13.63KN/m x 1.4) + (1.6 x 6.27KN/m) =29.1KN/m
 Span 4m with AREA2=4.62m2
Load due to slab on beam=6.54KN/m2 x 4.62m2÷4m=7.55KN/m
Load due to the wall=2.49m x 0.24 x 18KN/m3=10.7KN/m
Live load (Qk) = 4KN/m2 x 4.62m2÷4m=4.62KN/m
Total dead load = 3.38KN/m +7.55KN/m + 10.7KN/m
Total dead load =22.16KN/m
Design = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk
Design load = (22.16KN/m x 1.4) + (1.6 x 4.62KN/m) =38.4KN/m
  Span 4m with AREA3= AREA4= AREA5= 5.78m2

Load due to slab on beam=6.54KN/m2 x 9.26m2÷4m=15.14KN/m

Load due to the wall=2.49m x 0.24 x 18KN/m3=10.7KN/m
Live load (Qk) = 4KN/m2 x 9.26m2÷4m=9.26KN/m
Total dead load = 3.38KN/m +15.14KN/m + 10.7KN/m
Total dead load =29.22KN/m
Design = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk
Design load = (29.22KN/m x 1.4) + (1.6 x 9.26KN/m) =55.7KN/m

 Span 3.1m with AREA6= 9.26m2

Load due to slab on beam=6.54KN/m2 x 5.78m2÷3.1m=12.19KN/m

Load due to the wall=2.49m x 0.24 x 18KN/m3=10.7KN/m
Live load (Qk) = 4KN/m2 x 5.78m2÷3.1m=7.4KN/m
Total dead load = 3.38KN/m +12.19KN/m + 10.7KN/m
Total dead load =26.3KN/m
Design = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk
Design load = (26.3KN/m x 1.4) + (1.6 x 7.4KN/m) =48.66KN/m

SPAN 1 SPAN 2 SPAN 3 SPAN 4 SPAN 5

1 2 3 4 5 6

Live
6.27 4.62 9.26 7.40

Dead+
13.49 21.49 29.09 26.04
Own W

2.500 4.000 4.000 4.000 3.100

 MOMENTS: X-X M max = -78.11kNm @ 10.5m
-80.0
-70.0
-60.0
-50.0
-40.0
-30.0
-20.0
.500

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

5.50

6.00

6.50

7.00

7.50

8.00

8.50

9.00

9.50

10.0

10.5

11.0

11.5

12.0

12.5

13.0

13.5

14.0

14.5

15.0

15.5

16.0

16.5

17.0

17.5
-10.0

10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0

Figure: BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM from Prokon software

SHEAR: X-X V max = 539.0kN @ 0.00m

500
400
300
200
100
.500

1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500

Figure: SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM from Prokon software

The maximum positive moment on the mid span is 35.43𝑲𝑵𝒎 @ 3.9m and it occur when the
beam is minimized loaded, So the tensile reinforcement to resist this moment should be at the
bottom, On the other hand the maximum moment on the supports is 78.11KNm @ 6.4m as it is
located when the beam is loaded at the maximum so the reinforcement should be placed at the
top. And the maximum shear force is obtained as 112.9 KN @6.4m.
Web = 300mm
Bf = 300 + LZ/ 5
Lz = shortest span x 0.7
Lz = 2500 x 0.7
Bf = 300 + 350mm
Bf=650mm
AT SUPPORT 4d
M=78.11KNm
dw=450mm
hf=160mm
d= (hf+ dw-cover-Φ/2-  ′)
Assuming the main reinforcing bars to be 20mm (∅) and links of 8mm (∅′ )
20
d=160 + 450 − 25 − − 8 = 562𝑚m
2

Ultimate moment
Mu=0.156fcubd2=0.156*30*300*5622=443.44KNm
Since Mu>M, no compression reinforcements required
Moment of resistance
𝑕𝑓 160
Mf=0.45fcu*bw*hf(d- 2 )= 0.45*30*300*160(562- )=335.30KNm
2

M<Mf, i.e78.11KNm<335.30KNm, so the stress block lies within the flange so the design of this
T beam will be proceeded as the rectangular beam with width=bf and effective depth as d
Tensile reinforcements at support
𝑀 78.11×10 6
𝐾=𝑓 2
= 30×300×562 2 = 0.027 < 0.156, 𝑕𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 No compression reinforcement required.
𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑

𝐾
Hence find lever arm using the following formula:𝑍 = 𝑑[0.5 + 0.25 − 0.9 = 0.94𝑑so we use

Z=0.94d
𝑍 = 0.95 ∗ 562𝑚𝑚=533.9mm
Then the critical Z is 533.9mm
𝑀 78.11 ∗ 106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 𝟑𝟔𝟓. 𝟓𝟕𝒎𝒎𝟐
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑍 0.87 ∗ 460 × 533.9
As min=0.13%bh=0.13%*300*450=175.5mm2<𝟕𝟑𝟐. 𝟗𝟖mm2
Provide 2T16 with As provided=402 mm2 at the top
AT BOTTOM MIDDLE OF CONTINUOUS BEAM
M=40.43𝑲𝑵𝒎
𝑀 𝟑𝟓.𝟒𝟑×10 6
𝐾=𝑓 = 30×300×562 2 = 0.014 < 0.156, 𝑕𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 No compression reinforcement required
𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2

Z=533.9mm
𝑀 𝟑𝟓. 𝟒𝟑 × 106
𝑨𝒔 = = = 165.8𝑚𝑚2
𝑂. 87𝑓𝑦𝑧 0.87 × 460 × 533.9mm
As min=0.13%bh=0.13%*300*450=175.5mm2<152.585𝑚𝑚2
Provide 2T16 with As provided=402 mm2 at the bottom
The maximum shear force (Vmax)= 112.9 KN
B=300mm
d=562mm
fyv=460N/mm2
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 112.9∗10 3
The shear stress (V) = = =0.6
𝑏𝑑 300∗562
100𝐴𝑠 100×402
= = 0.0.24 , BS 8110 part1, clause 3.4.5.6. table 3.8 value of Vc design concrete
𝑏𝑑 300x562

shear stress, the value of𝑣𝑐(𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 25𝑁/mm2 is 0.528𝑁/mm2)

X0 = 0.15 Y0 = 0.34
X1 = 0.24 Y1 =?
X2 = 0.25 Y2 = 0.4
( 𝑥1−𝑥0)
Y1 = yo + (y2 –yo)
(𝑥2−𝑥0)
( 0.24−0.15)
Y1 = 0.34 + (0.4–0.34)
(0.25−0.15)

Y1 = 0.34+ 0.054
Y1=0.394
Vc =0.394

3 30
𝑣𝑐 = × 0394 = 0.42𝑁/mm2
25

Provide minimum links where V>(Vc + 0.4) = (0.42 + 0.4)

 Asv b(v−vc )
Vc+0.4 <V, so =
Sv 0.87fyv
(BS 8110 pt1, clause 3.4.5.6. table 3.7. form and area of shear reinforcements

in beam)
Asv 300(1.09−0.42)
= =0.5
Sv 0.87∗460
Asv
Provide H8@200mm ( Sv = 0.503)

DEFLECTION CHECK
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 4000
= 562 = 7.14
𝑑
477−fs 5 Arearequired
MF = 0.55 + M ≤ 2.0 Where fs = 8 fy Areaprovided
120 0.9+
bd2

5 165.8
fs = 8 ∗ 460 ∗ 𝟒𝟎𝟐
=118.57
165.8

477−118.57
MF = 0.55 + =2.9>2 (BS 8110 part 1, clause 3.4.7. table 3.10. modification factor for
𝟑𝟓.𝟒𝟑×106
120 0.9+
300 ∗562 2

tension reinforcements)
Permissible span
effective depth
= basic ratio ∗ M. F = 26 ∗ 2 = 52, Thus 52>9.58Therefore, there is no deflection
3. COLUMN
The most loaded column
Influence area for column

influence area = 16m2

3.1. COLUMN DESIGN
 Height of slab = 0.16m

Self-weight of slab = 0.16m x 25KN/m3 = 4 KN/m2 + 2KN/m2+ 0.53955KN/m2=
6.54KN/m2
 MASONRY (cross) in bricks 0.24m x 2.6m x 18KN/m3 =11.23KN/m
 CEMENT MORTOR SCREED
Thickness = 0.02m
20KN/m3 x 0.02m = 0.4KN/m2
The most loaded columns

Let us using combination 1(comb1): DL=1.4 Gk +1.6Qk

Story Axial load

Element Unity weight Influence zone
No in KN

5 Iron galvanized
sheet and 0.12KN/m2 16m2 1.92
insulation board
Truss 0.3KN/m2 16m2 4.8
Purlins and system
0.1KN/m2 16m2 1.6
bracing
Ceiling 0.1KN/m2 16m2 1.6
Finishes roof 0.01KN/m2 16m2 0.16
Upper beams for
25KN/m3 0.3*0.3*10=0.9m3 22.5
supporting roof
Slab 25KN/m3 0.16*25=4m3 100
2
Finishes on floor 2KN/m2 16m 50
3
T-beam(x) 25KN/m3 4*0.3*0.45=0.54 m 13.5
t-beam (y) 25KN/m3 4*0.3*0.45=0.54m3 13.5
3
Column 25KN/m3 3*0.3*0.26=0.27m 6.75

Masonry brick wall 18KN/m3 4*0.24*3=3m3 54

Finishes on roof 1.5KN/m2 16m2 24

Live load on the roof (Iron galvanized 24

Imposed loads on
4KN/m2 16m2 64KN
the floor (Qk)
TOTAL DEAD LOADS(KN) 275.93

Total load N5=1.4Gk+1.6Qk=1.4*275.93KN +1.6*88KN =527.1KN

4 Slab 25KN/m3 0.160*16=2.56m3 64

3
T-beam(x) 25KN/m3 4*0.3*0.45=0.675 m 13.5
t-beam (y) 25KN/m3 4*0.3*0.45=0.675m3 13.5
Column 25KN/m3 3*0.3*0.3=0.27m3 7.29
 Masonry brick wall 18KN/m3 4*0.24*3=3.6m3 64.8

Finishes on floor 2 KN/m2 16m2 32

Imposed loads
4KN/m2 16m2 64KN
(Qk)
TOTAL DEAD LOADS(KN) 195.09

Total load N4=1.4Gk+1.6Qk=1.4*195.09KN+1.6*64KN=375.52KN

Total design load from N5 to N4=375.52KN +527.1KN=902.62KN

3 Slab 25KN/m3 0.160*25=4.25m3 64
T-beam(x) 25KN/m3 4*0.3*0.45=0.675 m3 13.5
t-beam (y) 25KN/m3 4*0.3*0.45=0.675m3 13.5
3
Column 25KN/m3 3*0.3*0.3=0.27m 7.29

Masonry brick wall 18KN/m3 4*0.24*3=3.6m3 64.8

Finishes on floor 2 KN/m2 16m2 32

Imposed loads
4KN/m2 16m2 64KN
(Qk)
TOTAL DEAD LOADS(KN) 195.09

Total load N3=1.4Gk+1.6Qk=1.4*195.09KN+1.6*64KN=375.52KN

Total design load from N4 to N2=902.62KN +375.52KN =1278.14KN

2 Slab 25KN/m3 0.160*25=4.25m3 64
T-beam(x) 25KN/m3 4*0.3*0.45=0.675 m3 13.5
t-beam (y) 25KN/m3 4*0.3*0.45=0.675m3 13.5
Column 25KN/m3 3*0.3*0.3=0.27m3 7.29
Masonry brick wall 18KN/m3 4*0.24*3=3.6m3 64.8
2 2
Finishes on floor 2 KN/m 16m 32
Imposed loads
4KN/m2 16m2 64KN
(Qk)
TOTAL DEAD LOADS(KN) 195.09
 Total load N2=1.4Gk+1.6Qk=1.4*195.09KN+1.6*64KN=375.52KN

Total design load from N3 to N2= 1278.14KN +375.52KN =1653.66KN

1 Slab 25KN/m3 0.160*25=4.25m3 64
T-beam(x) 25KN/m3 4*0.3*0.45=0.675 m3 13.5
t-beam (y) 25KN/m3 4*0.3*0.45=0.675m3 13.5
3
Column 25KN/m3 3*0.3*0.3=0.27m 7.29

Masonry brick wall 18KN/m3 4*0.24*3=3.6m3 64.8

Finishes on floor 2 KN/m2 16m2 32

Imposed loads
4KN/m2 16m2 64KN
(Qk)
TOTAL DEAD LOADS(KN) 261.55

Total load N1=1.4Gk+1.6Qk=1.4*195.09KN+1.6*64KN=375.52KN

Total design load from N2 to N1=1653.66KN +375.52KN =2029.18KN

0 Slab 25KN/m3 0.160*25=4.25m3 64

T-beam(x) 25KN/m3 4*0.3*0.45=0.675 m3 13.5

t-beam (y) 25KN/m3 4*0.3*0.45=0.675m3 13.5

Column 25KN/m3 3*0.3*0.3=0.27m3 7.29

Masonry brick wall 18KN/m3 4*0.24*3=3.6m3 64.8

Finishes on floor 2 KN/m2 16m2 32

Imposed loads
4KN/m2 16m2 64KN
(Qk)
TOTAL DEAD LOADS(KN) 261.55

Total load N3=1.4Gk+1.6Qk=1.4*195.09KN+1.6*64KN=375.52KN

Total design load from N1 to N0=2029.18KN +375.52KN =2404.7KN

 𝑙 𝑙 𝑒𝑦
A braced column is said to be short if the ratios 𝑒𝑥 , , are less than 15 (may fail due to the
𝑕 𝑏

Compression failure of the concrete steel reinforcement) if not they are slender (may fail due to
𝑙 𝑒𝑥 𝑙 𝑒𝑦
Buckling). For the unbraced if the ratios , are less than 10 the column is said to be short if
𝑕 𝑏

not it is slender, Clause 3.8.1.3 and table 3.19) (BS 8110 part 1, 1997)
This column is braced because the lateral loads, due to wind for example, are resisted by shear
walls or some other form of bracing rather than by the column.
Since the depth of beam is greater to the depth of column, the value of beta for braced column in
y direction is 0.75 and the value of beta for braced column in x direction is 0.85. Values of beta
for braced columns (Table 3.19, BS 8110)
𝑙𝑒𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜 𝑥 ∗ 𝛽 = 3 × 0.75 = 2.25𝑚 And h=0.3m
𝑙𝑒𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑦 ∗ 𝛽 = 3.45 × 0.85 = 2.933𝑚 And b=0.3m
𝑙𝑒𝑥 2.25 𝑙𝑒𝑦 2.933
= = 7.5𝑎𝑛𝑑 = = 9.8
𝑕 0.3 𝑏 0.3
Therefore, because both 7.5and 9.8 are less than 15, the column is short braced
hence, let design the column as it is axially loaded.
𝑁 = 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑢𝐴𝑐 + 0.75𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑐. (Clause 3.8.4.4, BS8110)
𝑁−0.4𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝐴𝐶
From the above equation,𝐴𝑆𝐶 = 0.75𝑓𝑦

Table 1.4: Longitudinal reinforcements of column in each floor

Storey Axial load (N) fy(N/mm2) fcu(N/mm2) Ac(mm2)

5 527100 460 30 90000

4 902620 460 30 90000
3 1278140 460 30 90000
2 1653660 460 30 90000
1 2029180 460 30 90000
0 2404700 460 30 90000
Because the reinforcements from all storey5 negative, the standard states that in that case, the
reinforcements corresponding to 𝑨𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒏=0.4%bh must be provided.
As=0.4%bh<Asc< 6%bh, where the longitudinal bars in vertical cast column should be
provided from the minimum reinforcement.
 𝟎.𝟒∗𝟑𝟎𝟎∗𝟑𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒏= = 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒎²
𝟏𝟎𝟎

For firth storey, provide 4T12 with As=452mm2

For fourth storey, provide 6T12 with As=679mm2
For third storey, provide 6T16with As= 1210mm2
For second storey, provide 6T20with As=1890mm2
For first storey, provide 6T25th As= 2950mm2
For ground floor, provide 6T32with As=4830mm2
Links design
1
Size of at least of the largest longitudinal bar but not less than 6mm, which is not actually
4

available in practice. Take a minimum size of 8mm is preferable.

1
∗ 32 = 8𝑚𝑚, we use the stirrup of 8mm
4

The maximum spacing of links is equal 12times the size of smallest longitudinal bar
12*10=120mm, so provide T8@120mm
3.2. Column details

For firth storey, provide 4T12 with As=452mm2

For fourth storey, provide 6T12 with As=679mm2


For third storey, provide 6T16with As=1210mm2
 For second storey, provide 6T20 with As= 1890mm2


For first storey, provide 6T25with As= 2950mm2

 For ground floor, provide 6T32with As=4830mm2

4. FOOTING DESIGN
 H=1m, sub-column on footing=0.3m*0.3m*1m*25KN/m3=2.25KN
 Live load of sub-column=4KN/m2 *25m2=100KN
 Self-weight of ring beam=0.3m*0.45m*8m*25KN/m3=27KN
The following data have been used during the design:
 Concrete cover: 50mm
 The compressive strength (fcu) is 30N/mm2
 𝑓𝑦𝑖𝑠 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚²
 Bearing pressure of the soil is 300KN/m2
 Total dead load from the 5 floors up to the foundation = 1928.9𝐾𝑁
 The total live load from the 5 floors up to the foundation =396.2𝐾𝑁
 The ultimate axial load on the footing is 3271.11KN

Figure: Loaded column

Calculation of the loadings

 Computation of the plan area of the footing:
 Height is 1m
 Total load =1643.56𝐾𝑁+737.5𝐾𝑁=2381.06KN
 The self-weight of the footing range between 10-15% of the vertical load
 Let Self-weight of the footing 10% of total weight =2381.06KN*10%=238.106KN
 Total dead load = 1643.56KN+238.106KN =1881.67KN
 The total serviceability load including the self-weight of the footing (N) = 1*GK + 1*QK
= (1.0 ∗1881.67KN) + (1.0 ∗737.5𝐾𝑁) = 2619.17KN
 𝑁
Plan area of footing=𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙
2619.17
= = 8.7m2, hence provide 3m*3m rectangular base (base area =9m2)
300

 H=238.106KN/(9m2*25KN/m3)

H=1m

Let’s take the overall depth of footing (h) =700mm

 Self-weight of footing=area*h*density of concrete=9*0.7*25=157.5KN<assumed self-
weight= (238.106KN) OK

Bending reinforcements
Design moment
Total ultimate load (W) = 1.4Gk+1.6Qk== (1.4∗1881.67KN) + (1.6∗737.5𝐾𝑁) =4190.672KN
𝑊 4190.672
Earth pressure (Ps) =𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = 465.63KN/m2
9
 𝑃𝑠𝑙 2 465.63∗1.35 2
Maximum design moment occurs at face of column (M)= = =424.305KNm/m
2 2

width of slab
Ultimate moment
Effective depth
Le t’s assume the 20 mm diameter bars will be needed as bending reinforcement in both
directions
Hence, average effective depth of reinforcement, d is
d=h-c-ϕ=00-50-20=630 mm
Ultimate moment
Mu=0.156fcubd2=0.156*30*1000*6302=1857.492KNm
Since Mu = 1857.492KNm>M=424.305KNm
Main steel
𝑀 424.305∗10 6
k=𝑓 2
= 30∗1000 ∗630 2 = 0.0356<0.156, hence no compression reinforcement is required.
𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑

𝑍 = 𝑑[0.5 + (√(0.25 − 𝐾/0.9) ] ≤ 0.95𝑑

𝑍 = 630[0.5 + (√(0.25 − 0.0356/0.9) ] = 605.08𝑚𝑚 > 0.95 ∗ 630 =598.5mm
Let’s Take Z= 0.95*d=598.5mm mm
𝑀 424.305 ∗ 106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 1771.48𝑚𝑚2
𝑂. 87𝑓𝑦𝑧 0.87 ∗ 460 ∗ 598.5
Minimum steel area is = 0.13%bh = 0.13%*1000*700=910𝑚𝑚2
Since As min< AsOK
Provide reinforcements for area of reinforcementscalculated.
Hence from table3.22, provide H20 at 150 mm C/C (As = 2090 mm2) distributed uniformly
across the full width of the footing parallel to the x-x and y-y axis (see clause 3.11.3.2, BS 8110)
Critical shear stress

Figure: Punching shear

Critical perimeter Pcrit =column perimeter +8*1.5d

(4*300) +8*1.5*630=8760mm
Area within perimeter = (300+3d) *(300+3d) = (300+3*630) *(300+3*630) =4.7961m2
Ultimate punching force,
v=load on shaded area= Ps*(Area of Footing-Area within perimeter)
v=465.63kn/m2*(9-4.7961) m2 =1957.46KN
𝑉 1957.46∗10 3
Design punching shear stress, V =𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 ∗𝑑 = = 0.35N/𝑚𝑚2
8760 ∗630
100𝐴𝑠 100∗2090 𝑥1−𝑥0
=1000 ∗630 = 0.332, by interpolation = y1=y0 +𝑥2−𝑥0 (y2-y0)
𝑏𝑑

By interpolation Vc =0.43
30
Vc=(25 )1/3 *0.43=0.457

Since Vc>V, punching failure is unlikely and 700mm depth of footing is acceptable.
Face shear

Maximum shear stress (Vmax) occurs at column

𝐖 424.305∗10 3
Vmax=𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐧 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫∗𝐝=(𝟒∗𝟑𝟎𝟎)∗𝟔𝟑𝟎= 0.56Nmm2<permissible (0.8√35=4.73 Nmm2) OK

Transverse shear

Figure: Transverse shear

Ultimate shear force (V) = load on shaded area = Ps*area =465.63(3*0.72) =1005.761KN
Design shear stress V
𝐯 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟓.𝟕𝟔𝟏∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
V=𝐛𝐝= =0.421Nmm2< 𝑣𝑐=0.457 N, OK
𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟔𝟑𝟎

Hence, no shear reinforcement is required

Figure: Footing element details(Arya, 2009)

5. STAIR DESIGN
Assume 2R + G = 60cm
2R + 27cm = 60cm
2R = 60cm – 28cm
2R = 32cm
R = 32cm/2 =16cm
181cm
N= = 11No
16cm

Nᵒ of going = number of rises – 1 = 10

2R+G=60cm→G=60 cm -2x16cm= 28cm
Span = 10 x 28cm = 280cm

d = span ÷20 x mf
d = 2800mm÷20 x 1.4 = 100mm
waist = effective depth + Ø/2 +c
Waist = 100mm + (12÷2) + 25 = 131mm
Waist = 131mm = 13.1cm = 0.131m
c = length of waist
c= 2.8 2 + 1.81 2 = 3.334m
1
Dead load of waist = {(0.131m x 2m x 3.334m) + 2(0.28m x 0.16m x 2m)} x 25KN/m3 =

22.958KN
Dead load = 22.958KN
Finishes = 2KN/m2 x 0.131m x 3.22m = 0.844KN
Total dead load = 22.958KN + 0.844KN
Total dead load = 23.802KN
Live load = 2.5KN/m2 x 2.8 x 2m = 14KN
Design load = 1.4 x 23.802KN + 1.6 X 14KN = 55.72KN
W .L 55.72KN x 2.8m
M= = =19.502KNm
8 8
M 19.502KNm x 10 6
K = fcub d 2 = = 0.065
30 x 1000 x100 2

0.0488
Z = 100(0.5 + 0.25 − ≤ 0.95 x 100
0.9

Z = 92.78mm ≤ 95dOK
M 19.502 x 10 6 Nmm
As = 0.87fyz = 0.87 x 460 x 92.78

As = 525.23mm2
AS Provide T 12@ 200mm (As = 566mm2)
0.24 x 1000 x 131
Distribution steel = 0.24bh/100 = = 314mm2
100

As provided=393 mm2
 SITE PLAN

S-01 S-01
 GROUND FLOOR
30

30 250 30
86
314
30
1,820

400
30
400
30
250
30

30

30 250 30 400 30 400 30 400 30 400 30 310 30 30 350 30 400 30 400 30 400 30 400 30 250 30

30 2,310 30 30 2,350 30
 1st FLOOR
30

30 250 30
86
314
30
1,820

400
30
400
30
250
30

30

30 250 30 400 30 400 30 400 30 400 30 310 30 30 350 30 400 30 400 30 400 30 400 30 250 30

30 2,310 30 30 2,350 30
 2nd FLOOR
30

30 250 30
86
314
30
1,820

400
30
400
30
250
30

30

30 250 30 400 30 400 30 400 30 400 30 310 30 30 350 30 400 30 400 30 400 30 400 30 250 30

30 2,310 30 30 2,350 30
 3rd FLOOR
30

30 250 30
86
314
30
1,820

400
30
400
30
250
30

30

30 250 30 400 30 400 30 400 30 400 30 310 30 30 350 30 400 30 400 30 400 30 400 30 250 30

30 2,310 30 30 2,350 30
 4th FLOOR
30

30 250 30
86
314
30
1,820

400
30
400
30
250
30

30

30 250 30 400 30 400 30 400 30 400 30 310 30 30 350 30 400 30 400 30 400 30 400 30 250 30

30 2,310 30 30 2,350 30
 5th FLOOR
30

30 250 30
86
314
30
1,820

400
30
400
30
250
30

30

30 250 30 400 30 400 30 400 30 400 30 310 30 30 350 30 400 30 400 30 400 30 400 30 250 30

30 2,310 30 30 2,350 30
Deflection check
 T12@200mm (As = 566mm2)
 T10@260mm (As = 396mm2)
477−Fs
Mf = 0.55 + M
120 ( 0.9+ )
Bd2

5 Asrequired
Fs = 8 fy As provided = 0.625 x 460 x 525.23/566

Fs = 266.79
M
= 19.502 x 106 ÷1000 x 1002= 1.95
Bd 2
477−266.79
Mf=0.55 + 19 .502 ∗10 6
=2.3>2, hence take Mf=2(BS 8110 part 1, clause 3.4.7. table 3.10.
120 0.9+
1000 ∗100 ²

modification factor for tension reinforcements)

actual span
= 2800mm÷100 = 28
effective span

Permissible span
= basic ratio ∗ M. F
effective depth
=20*2=40; thus 40>28, therefore the slab is safe against deflection

Figure: Details of stair