[R23 Chemistry - 3, 4 & 5 units Very short answer type questions and answers]

UNIT III: Electrochemistry and Applications:

1) Define electrochemical cell. Give example.(or) Galvanic cell.

Electrochemical cells are the devices in which chemical energy is converted to electrical energy. Daniel
cell is an example for the Electrochemical cell. Electrochemical cells are also referred as Galvanic Cells
(or) Voltaic Cells.

2) What is the Representation of Galvanic cell?

It consists of two electrodes anode & cathode. It is represented by keeping in view the following points.
1). Anode must be written on the left hand side, cathode on the right hand side.
2). Left hand side electrode is written by writing the metal first and then electrolyte. These two are
separated by vertical line or a semicolon. The electrolyte may be written by the formulae of the
compounds or by ionic species.
Zn/Zn+2 (or) Zn; Zn+2 (or) Zn; ZnSO4
3). Cathode is written on the right hand side. In this first case, electrolyte is represented then only
electrode; these two are separated by a vertical line or a semicolon.
Cu+2 / Cu (or) Cu+2; Cu (or) CuSO4 / Cu
4). A salt bridge is denoted by two vertical lines, which separates the two half cells. Eg: Daniel cells
Zn; Zn+2 || Cu+2; Cu (or) Zn / Zn+2 || Cu+2 / Cu

3) What is salt bridge?

It consists of a U tube filled with a saturated solution of KCl or (NH4)2NO3 in agar-agar gel. It connects
the two half cells and performs the following functions
a) It eliminates the liquid junction potential.
b) It provides path for the flow of electrons between two half cells.
c) Completes the circuit.
d) Maintains electrical neutrality in the two compartments by migration of ions through the porous
material thus ensures the chemical reactions proceed without hindrance.
e) Prevents mixing of the electrode solutions.

4) Define Electrode Potential?

When a metal or non metal is dipped in the solution of it’s own ions, there exist a potential difference at
the metal/metal ion interface. This potential difference is called as electrode potential.
(or) The tendency of an electrode to lose or gain electrons when it is in contact with its own ions in
solution is called electrode potential.

5) What is single electrode potential?

The Potential of half cell is known as Single electrode potential.
Zn / Zn+2 || Cu+2 / Cu
 Half cell   half cell 
 single electrode   single electrode 
(anode) (cathode)

6) Define oxidation potential and reduction potential?

Oxidation potential: The tendency of a metallic electrode to lose electrons.
Reduction potential: The tendency of a metallic electrode to gain electrons.

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 For a metal both of these potentials have same numerical value with opposite signs.
If the oxidation potential of a metal is +x volts, then its reduction potential will be –x volts.
7) What is Standard Electrode Potential?
Electrode Potential determined at 250 C by taking 1 molar solution is called as Standard Electrode Potential.
It is indicated with E0.

8) Write the expression for single electrode potential.(Nernst's equation).

Where, E is electrode potential,

Eo is standard electrode potential.
n is no. of electrons transferred.
M+n is metal ion concentration.

9) Define potentiometric titrations.

The titrations in which the end point is detected with the help of potential measurements is called
potentiometric titration.

10) What is the principle of potentiometric titrations.

When the pair of electrodes are placed in the sample solution or analyte, it shows the potential difference
between two electrodes by the addition of the titrant or by the change in the concentration of ions.
Two electrodes are used in these titrations, namely Indicator electrode eg: Platinum electrode.
Reference electrode eg: Calomel electrode. The reference electrode is the electrode that maintains its
potential and remains stable when dipped into a sample solution. An indicator electrode is an electrode
that responds to variation in the potential of analyte solution.

11) Give advantages of potentiometric titrations.

a) They give accurate results.
b) There is no need to use indicator.
c) They are used successfully for titrations of weak acids against weak bases.
d) They are very useful in the titrations of very dilute solutions.
e) They are useful in the titrations involving colored solutions.
f) No special care is necessary near the end point as it is determined graphically.

12) Define specific conductance. Give its units.

Specific conductance (k) of a solution is defined as the conductance of a solution taken in a cell in which
electrodes are a unit distance apart and have a unit area .
Alternatively it may defined as conductance offered by 1 ml of a solution.
Units of specific conductance are ohm-1cm-1

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13) What is the effect of dilution on specific conductance.
Since the conductivity of a solution is due to the presence of ions in the solution , greater the number of
ions in a solution greater will be its conductivity.
So, the Specific Conductance of a solution decreases with dilution because the number of ions present
per 1 centimeter cube of the solution becomes less and less on dilution.

14) Define equivalent conductance. Give its units.

If one gram equivalent weight of an electrolyte is dissolved in V ml of solvent, then the conductivity of
all ions produced from one gram equivalent of an electrolyte at the dilution V is known as equivalent
conductance. Which is denoted by the symbol λ .
Units of Equivalent Conductance are Ohm-1 cm2 equiv-1

 V  1000
λ = Where, λ is Eq. conductance, ҚV is Sp. conductance.
N

15) What is the effect of dilution on equivalent conductance.

Since the conductivity of a solution is due to the presence of ions in the solution , greater the number of
ions in a solution greater will be its conductivity.
So, Equivalent Conductance of a solution increases with dilution because dissociation of an electrolyte
increases with dilution.

16) Define molar conductance. Give its units.

If one gram molecular weight of an electrolyte is dissolved in V ml of solvent, then the conductivity of
all ions produced from one gram molecular weight of an electrolyte at the dilution V is known as
molecular conductance. Which is denoted by the symbol µ.
 V  1000
µ =
M
Units of Molar Conductance are Ohm-1 cm2 mole-1

17) What is the effect of dilution on molar conductance.

Since the conductivity of a solution is due to the presence of ions in the solution , greater the number of
ions in a solution greater will be its conductivity. So, Molar Conductance of a solution increases with
dilution because dissociation of an electrolyte increases with dilution.

18) Define cell constant. Give its units.

The ratio of the distance between the electrodes, (l) to the cross sectional area, (a) of the electrodes is
known as cell constant. Units are cm-1

19) What is meant by conductivity cell.

The device used to measure the electrical conductivity of a solution in Conductometry is called
conductivity cell.
The electrical conductivity of a solution is a measure of its ability to conduct electricity and is dependent
on the concentration of ions in the solution. So, conductivity cell can provide information about the ion
concentration of the sample being tested.

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20) Define conductometric titrations. Give its principle.
The titrations in which the end point is detected with the help of conductivity measurements is called
conductometric titration.
The principle of conductometric titration is based on the fact that during the titration, one of the ions is
replaced by the other and invariably these two ions differ in the ionic conductivity with the result that
conductivity of the solution varies during the course of titration.
Conductance of the solution depends upon:
1) the number of free ions in the solution and their nature.
2) the charge on the free ions.
3) mobility (or speed) of the ions.

21) Give advantages of conductometric titrations.

a) They give accurate results.
b) There is no need to use indicator.
c) They are used successfully for titrations of weak acids against weak bases.
d) They are very useful in the titrations of very dilute solutions.
e) They are useful in the titrations involving colored solutions.
f) No special care is necessary near the end point as it is determined graphically.

22) Give examples of strong acid, strong base, weak acid and weak base.
Example of strong acid is HCl,
Example of strong base is NaOH,
Example of weak acid is CH3COOH,
Example of weak base is NH4OH.
Strong electrolytes: The electrolytes which completely dissociates in solution at all concentrations.
Their conductance is very high. Eg. HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, NaOH, etc
Weak Electrolytes: The electrolyte which partially dissociates at moderate concentration. Their
conductance is low as they dissociate only to a small extent even at very high dilutions. Eg: CH3COOH,
NH4OH etc.

23) Define electrochemical sensors.

It is defined as a device capable of measuring the concentration of a given molecule or compound that is
present in the environment.
In the Electrochemical sensors, the electro analytical devices which provide strong scientific base,
chemical environment and growing need for reliable sources of information guarantees their future.
The important application of electrochemical sensor is assay of blood glucose.

24) What are the types of electrochemical sensors.

Classification of Electrochemical sensors:
Based on electrical parameter, these are divided into three types. They are:
1) Potentiometric sensors – Parameter – potential (V)

2) Amperometric (or)Voltametric sensors – Parameter – current (A)

3) Conductometric sensors or Chemiresistors– Parameter – Resistance (R) or (C)

25) Give the applications of electrochemical sensors.

To estimate the conc. of ions in blood, urine and other biological samples.
To check the conc. levels of fertilizers, pesticides, drugs and pharmaceuticals, etc.

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 Environmental pollutants are monitored. Oxygen and toxic gases like (NzOy), (SxOy), (CxOy) & H2S.
26) Define potentiometric sensors.
Potentiometric sensors are the devices which measure potential difference between the working
electrode and reference electrode of the test sample.
Ion Selective Electrodes (ISE's) are used in Potentiometric sensors.
ISE's depends on the concentration of ionic species in the test solution used for electro analysis.

27) Define amperometric sensors.

Amperometric sensors are the devices which measure the flow of current in the test sample.
It is also called as Voltametric sensors.
This is a second kind in which it works based on the measurement of current between the working &
counter electrode, which is initiated by Redox reaction at working electrode.
The signal or response depends on the diffusion of current.
But, the Diffusion of current α Conc. of species at the electrodes.
The redox process at the electrode represent charge transfer reactions that can proceed in either direction
(oxidation and reduction) with its own rate of reaction.

28) What are Ion Selective Electrodes?

Ion Selective Electrodes (ISE) use a membrane which is sensitive to a particular chemical species.
ISE respond to certain specific ions present in a mixture while ignoring others and develop potential.
The potential developed is a measure of the concentration of the species of interest.
Examples: Glass electrode and Fluoride electrode.

29) What is meant by redox titrations.

The titrations in which both oxidation and reduction takes place is called redox titrations.

30) Define battery?

A device that stores chemical energy and releases it as electrical energy is called as battery or storage
battery.
A battery is an electrochemical cell which is often connected in series in electrical devices as a source of
direct electric current at a constant voltage.
Cell is a device in which chemical energy is converted into electrical energy. Many cells connected in
series are called battery.

31) Define Primary battery? Give examples.

Primary battery is a cell in which the cell reaction is not reversible. Thus, once the chemical reaction
takes place to release the electrical energy, the cell gets exhausted. They are use and throw type. Hence
cell becomes dead after the conversion of reactants into products. Such cells cannot be charged.
Example: Zinc-air cell, Dry cell etc.

32) Define Secondary battery? Give examples.

Secondary battery is a cell in which the cell reaction is reversible. They are rechargeable cells. Once the
battery gets exhausted, it can be recharged. Secondary cells may be used through a large number of
cycles of discharging and charging. Example: Li-ion battery, Nickel-Cadmium cell, Lead-acid cell etc.
33) Difference b/w Primary and Secondary Battery.
Primary Battery Secondary Battery
They are used only once They are used can reused
Chemical reactions are irreversible chemical reactions are reversible

Cheap and initial cost is low Cheap and initial cost is high

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34) Write the cell reaction of Zinc-air cell?

35) Write the cell reaction of Li-ion battery?

36) What are the advantages of Li-ion battery.

The Li-ion batteries are used in portable devices: these include mobile phones, laptops and tablets, digital
cameras and camcorders, electronic cigarettes, handheld game consoles and torches (flashlights).
Li-ion batteries are used in tools such as cordless drills, sanders, saws and a variety of garden equipment
including whipper-snippers and hedge trimmers.

37) Mention the anode , cathode, and electrolyte of Zinc -air battery?

Zinc air cell : ( Modern battery )

Anode : Zinc (Zn)
Cathode : Oxygen
Electrolyte : Potassium hydroxide (KOH)

38) Mention the anode , cathode, and electrolyte of Li-ion battery ?

39) Define fuel cell.

Fuel cells are the galvanic cells which converts chemical energy of fuels into electrical energy by the
combustion of fuels.
Fuel + Oxygen  Oxidation products + Electricity

40) Write the representation of fuel cell.

A fuel cell essentially consists of the following arrangement:
Fuel / electrode / electrolyte / electrode / oxidant.
At the anode, fuel under goes oxidation:
Fuel → Oxidation product + ne –

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 At the cathode, the oxidant gets reduced:
Oxidant + ne – → Reduction products.
The electrons liberated from the oxidation process at the anode can perform useful work when they pass
through the external circuit to the cathode.

41) What are the advantages of fuel cell.

 Their power efficiency is high.
 The cells have high energy density.
 They are ecofrindly.
 Space required for fuel cell is less.
 Produce harmless biproducts.
 Produces direct current for a long time.
 No moving parts and so elimination of wear and tear.
 They operate very silently.
 Absence of harmful waste products.
 No need of charging.

42) What are the limitations of fuel cell.

 Fuel cells produce energy only as long as fuels and oxidants are supplied.
 Electrodes are very costly.
 Power output is very costly.
 Fuels in the form of gases and oxygen need to be stored in tanks under high pressure.
 Reactions are constantly supplied and the products are constantly removed from the cell.

43) Explain the Classification of Fuel cells based on the Temperature.

a) Low temperature fuel cells [<100 0C]
These fuel cells are operated at temperature 1000C. Ex: - H 2 - O 2 fuel cell.
0 0
b) Intermediate temperature fuel cells:- [100 C-500 C]
These fuel cells are operated at temperature range b/w 1000C-5000C. Ex:- Phosphoric acid fuel cell.
c) High temperature fuel cells:-
These fuel cells are operated at temperature range >5000C . Ex:- Solid-Oxide fuel cell.

44) Explain the Classification of Fuel cells Based on Fuel?

1) Hydrogen as a fuel: - Ex: H2-O2 fuel cell.
2) Hydrocarbon as a fuel: - Ex: Methanol-O2 fuel cell.
3) Reformate gases as a fuel: - Ex: Solid-Oxide fuel cell.
4) Sodium amalgam as a fuel: - Ex: sodium amalgam fuel cell.

45) Explain the Classification of Fuel cells Based on electrolyte?

1) Alkaline Fuel cell. Ex: Electrolyte: KOH(Potassium hydroxide)
2) Phosphoric Acid Fuel cell. Ex: Electrolyte: H3PO4 (Phosphoric Acid)
3) Molten Carbonate fuel cell. Ex: Electrolyte: Mixture of sodium carbonate and potassium
carbonate (Na2CO3 + K2CO3)
4) Solid-Oxide Fuel cell. Ex: Electrolyte: Zirconia (ZrO2) doped with Yttria (Y2O3), called YSZ
(yttria-stabilised zirconia)
5) Polymer Electrolytic Fuel cell. Ex: Electrolyte: Teflon (Poly tetra fluoro ethylene)

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46) Write the cell reactions of hydrogen – Oxygen fuel cell?

47) Write the cell reactions of Polymer Electrolytic Fuel cell?

48) Write Differences between battery and Fuel cell? or Explain how fuel cells differ from battery.
Battery Fuel cell
Batteries are energy storage devices. Fuel cells are energy conversion devices.
The reactants and products from integral In fuel cells there is continuous movement of fuel,
parts of batteries oxidant & reaction products in and out of cells.
The active materials are mixture of The active materials are fuel and oxidant.
complex chemical compositions.
Create chemical pollution in the Less harmful bi-products discharged to atmosphere.
atmosphere.
Electrodes are relatively cheaper. Electrodes are very costly.

49)

50)

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 UNIT IV: Polymer chemistry:
[Very short answer type questions and answers]

1) What are Polymers?

Polymers are large molecules made up of many smaller molecules. 'Poly' means many and 'mer' means
unit or part.
Ex: Starch, Polyvinyl chloride, Polyethylene, Nylon 6, 6 and etc.

2) Explain the Classification of polymers with examples.

Based on their sources they are classified into;
1)Natural polymers: The polymers, which are obtained from natural sources such as plants and animals,
are called natural polymers. Eg: Wood, starch, cellulose, Jute, Cotton, Wool, Silk, Proteins, Natural
rubber etc.
2)Synthetic polymers: These are synthesized with the help of chemicals in industries
E.g.: polythene, nylon-6, 6, synthetic rubber etc.
3)Semi synthetic polymers: These are the synthetic derivatives of the natural polymers.
E.g.: Cellulose acetate (Rayon) and cellulose nitrate.
Classification based on structure:
a) Linear Polymers: These polymers consist of long and straight chains.
b) Branched chain polymers: These polymers contain linear chains having some branches.
c) Cross linked polymers (or) 3- dimensional network polymers:
Classification Based on Composition of Polymers: [1] Homopolymer [2] Copolymer
Classification Based on Backbone of the polymer chain: [1] Organic polymer [2] Inorganic
Polymers.
A polymer whose backbone chain is essentially made of carbon atoms is termed as organic polymer.
If chain backbone contains no carbon atom is called inorganic polymer. Glass and silicone rubber are
examples.

3) What are Monomers? Give examples.

Small molecules of low molecular weight, which combine to give a polymer, are called
monomers.(mono = one, mer = unit) monomers are joined together through polymerisation to form
polymers. A polymer contains hundreds of thousands of monomers. Monomers are the building blocks
of Polymer. Ex: Vinyl chloride, ethene, propylene etc.

4) Define Homo polymer and give examples.

A polymer, in which a single type of monomer is used, is called homo polymer.
Examples : Polythene, polystyrene, Polyvinylchloride etc.

5) Define Copolymer and give examples.

A polymer in which the monomers are more than one type is called copolymer (hetero polymer).
Examples : Buna-S is a copolymer of 1,3- butadiene and styrene.
Buna-N is a copolymer of 1,3- butadiene and acrylonitrile.

6) What is degree of polymerization (DP).

The number of repeating units (or) monomer units available in the polymer is known as degree of polymerization.
Polymers with a high degree of polymerization are called High polymers.
Polymers with low degree of polymerization are called Oligo polymers.

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7) Define Functionality of monomer.
The number of bonding sites (or) reactive sites (or) functional groups present in the monomer is called
functionality. When the functionality of monomer is two; it is bifunctional and Linear straight chain
polymer is formed. Examples for bifunctional monomers: a) ethylene b) styrene c) vinyl chloride d)
vinyl cyanide. When the functionality of monomer is three; it is tri-functional and three- dimensional
net work polymer is formed. Ex: phenol, glycerol.
When a trifunctional monomer is mixed in small amounts with a bifunctional monomer, a branched
chain polymer is formed.

8) Define tacticity or stereo specific polymers.

The stereo chemical placement of the asymmetric carbons in the polymer chain is called tacticity.
Based on the stereo chemical orientation of atoms the polymers can be classified as
a) Isotactic polymer. b) Syndiotactic polymers (Syntactic). c) Atactic polymer.

9) Define Polymerization. What are the types of polymerization.

The process of formation of polymers from respective monomers is termed as Polymerization.
There are two types of polymerization reactions. They are addition polymerization and condensation
polymerization.

10) What is Addition polymerization? Give examples.

During the polymerization process, if the polymer is formed without loss of small molecules like water,
ammonia etc; then this type of polymerization is called Addition polymerization.
Ex: Polyethylene (PE); Polystyrene (PS); Polyvinylchloride (PVC), Neoprene etc.

11) What is Condensation polymerization? Give examples.

During the polymerization process, if the polymer is formed with loss of small molecules like water,
ammonia etc; then this type of polymerization is called condensation polymerization.
In this type of polymerization by-products are formed. Ex: Nylon-6,6; Terylene and Bakelite etc.

12) What are the differences between addition and condensation polymerisation.

Addition Polymerisation Condensation Polymerisation

1. Polymer is formed by addition of monomers 1. Polymer is formed by two or more

without elimination of small molecules. monomers by the elimination of small
molecules.

2. No by-products are formed. 2. By products are formed.

3. Homo chain polymers, generally thermo plastic 3. Hetero chain polymer either thermo plastic
is obtained. or thermo setting can be obtained.

4. The growth of chain is at one active centre. 4. The growth of chain occurs at minimum of
two active centres.

5. Addition polymerization are also known as 5. Condensation polymerization is also known

chain growth polymerization. as step growth polymerization.

6. Examples are PVC, Teflon, Polyethylene etc 6. Examples are Bakelite, nylon 6,6 etc

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13) What are the uses of Ziegler Natta catalysis?(Significance)
Ziegler Natta catalyst is used for synthesizing the Syndiotactic and Isotactic polymers.
It is used for synthesizing the cis-1,4 poly isoprene which is identical to natural rubber.

14) What are the steps involved in mechanism of chain polymerisation?

1) Chain initiation. 2) Chain propagation. 3) Chain termination.

15) What are plastics? Give examples.

Plastics are linear, high molecular weight polymeric materials, which can be molded by the application
of heat and pressure. During the process of molding, these become hard but retain plasticity.
Ex: Polyethylene, Polystyrene, Poly vinyl chloride etc.

16) What are the advantages of plastics over other traditional materials (like wood, metals, glass etc).
 Plastics are available in attractive colours.
 They do not undergo corrosion.
 They are not affected by insects.
 They are light in weight.
 They are cheap.
 They can be moulded into any shape easily.
 They are chemically inert.

17) What are the disadvantages of plastics.

 Recycling of plastic is a costly process.
 Plastic undergo biodegradation after long time.
 Incineration of plastic causes pollution.
 Plastics are derived from petrochemicals and their production causes environmental pollution.
 Plastics are low heat resistance and brittle. They undergo deformation at low temperatures.

18) Write any four differences between thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics.

s.no THERMOPLASTIC RESINS THERMOSET RESINS

During fabrication process these resins are

These resins become soft on heating and
1. moulded. Once moulded or shapened, they
rigid on cooling.
can not be softened.
Thermoplastic resins are formed by chain Thermoset resins are formed by step
2.
polymerisation. polymerisation.
3. They can be reshaped. They cannot be reshaped
These plastics can be reclaimed from
4. They cannot be reclaimed from waste.
waste.
Thermoplastic resins are soft, weak and Thermoset resins are hard, strong and more
5.
less brittle. brittle.
These resins are usually soluble in Due to strong bonds and cross links, they are
6. organic solvents. insoluble in almost all organic solvents.
Eg: Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride etc. Eg: Bakelite, Nylon etc.

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19) Give the manufacture and applications of Teflon.
Teflon is the trade name of poly tetra fluro ethylene. The monomers for the preparation of Teflon are
tetra fluoro ethylene. Teflon is prepared by emulsion polymerization method using ammonium per
sulfate as initiators under pressure. Uses: It is used for insulating motors, cables, and generators
transformers, capacitors. Used for nonstick cooking utensils. Used for gaskets, belts pump and valves
packing etc. Used as a dry lubricant.

20) What are elastomers? Give examples.

Rubbers, also known as elastomers. These are high polymers, having elastic property i.e.; the ability to
regain their original shape after releasing the stress. They have temporary deformation in their physical
structure on application of stress of more than 600 elastic units. Thus, a rubber can be stretched to 4 to 10
times its original length. The elasticity of rubber is due to its coiled structure.
Examples of elastomers are Buna-S, Buna-N.
Elastomers are expected to have the following characteristics.
1) They have elasticity.
2) They have very low inter chain attraction forces.
3) They have coiled structure.
4) They can absorb water.
Elastomers are classified into two types 1) Natural rubber 2) Synthetic rubber.

21) What is natural rubber. Give its structure.

Natural rubber consists of basic material latex (cell sap) , which is a dispersion of isoprene. During the
treatment, these isoprene molecules polymerize to form, long-coiled chains of cis-polyisoprene. The
main source of natural rubber is the latex of the “Hevea brasiliensis”. More than 95% of the rubber is
obtained from Hevea brasiliensis. Natural rubber obtained from Hevea brasiliensis is a cis- polymer of
isoprene (2-methyl. 1, 3 – butadiene). The polyisoprene in natural rubber is in long coiled chain form,
responsible for its elasticity.

22) What are the Disadvantages of natural rubber?

The natural rubber obtained from latex cannot be used in industries because it has some defects.
1. It becomes soft and sticky during summer and it become hard and brittle during winter.
2. It swells in water and easily attacked by organic solvents, acids, bases and non polar solvents like
mineral oils, benzene.
3. It possesses poor tensile strength.
4. Atmospheric oxygen attacks the rubber and produces epoxides which gives bad smell, stick nature to
rubber.

23) What is synthetic rubber.

The natural rubber sources are not sufficient and could not supplement the needs of automobile industry.
An attempt was made to synthesize rubber, but rubber like materials were synthesized to supplement the
needs of various industries. These materials synthesized by various processes are called elastomers. The

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 artificially prepared polymer, which has elastomeric property, is known as synthetic rubber. There are
several types of synthetic rubbers available and used on commercial grade. Examples of synthetic
rubbers are Buna-S, Buna-N.

24) What are Conducting polymers? Give examples.

A polymer which conducts electricity is called conducting polymer.
Eg :- Polyaniline, polyacetylene, polypyrrole, Polythiopene etc
They are classified into two types :1) Intrinsically conducting polymers. 2) Extrinsically conducting
polymers.

25) What are applications of Conducting polymers?

Applications of conducting polymers in biomedical devices:
1)Conducting polymers are used in preparation of artificial devices like Heart valves, kidneys, and lungs.
2)Poly methyl methacrylate is used as bone cement used for some fracture repairs.
3)Poly methyl methacrylate is also used for artificial teeth.
Applications of conducting polymers in electronics:
1)They are used in rechargeable batteries.
2)Used in telecommunication systems.
3)Used in transistors and diodes.
4)Used in solar cells.
5)Used as wiring in air crafts and aerospace parts.

26) Define biodegradable polymers and give examples.

The polymers which are decomposed by microorganisms, bacteria, fungi etc with in a suitable period. so
that bio degradable polymers and their degraded products do not cause any harm to the environment are
called bio degradable polymers. Biodegradation is the chemical breakdown of materials by physiological
environment.
Ex: Poly Lactic acid (PLA), Poly Glycolic acid (PGA), Poly hydroxyl butyrovelarate (PHBV).

27) Give the importance of biodegradable polymers.

 It is used in drug delivery systems.
 It is used to coat a stent and release drugs in a controlled way.
 It is used in dental devices.
 It is used in orthopedic fixation devices.

28) Write the structure of poly Lactic acid. (PLA)

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29) Write the structure of poly Glycolic acid. (PGA)

30) What are the uses of poly lactic acid.

 Single-use items like plates, cups, film wrap.
 Plastic bottling and fast-food companies.
 Textile industry.
 Paper coatings, Clothing fibers, Compost bags
 Medical implants such as sutures, screws, rods, pins and mesh have been made due to its ability
to degrade into nontoxic lactic acid and eliminating the need for further surgery.
 Polylactic acid injections for skin rejuvenation.

31) Why teflon is chemically inert compound than PVC.

Teflon is chemically inert, due to presence of strong C-F bond.
Teflon has a high molecular weight than PVC and is generally an unreactive substance due to the highly
stable nature of the fluorine and carbon bonds in its structure.

32) How polymers are classified on the basis of their thermal behaviour.
On the basis of thermal behaviour polymers are classified into TWO types.
They are 1) Thermoplastics and 2) Thermosetting polymers.
Thermoplastic resins become soft on heating and rigid on cooling.
Thermoplastic resins are soft, weak and less brittle.
Thermosetting resins are permanent setting resins. They do not respond to heat.
Thermosetting resins are hard, strong and more brittle.

33) Explain the need for the use of biodegradable polymers. Give examples.
Biodegradable polymers protect the environment from pollution. They save the earth.
Biodegradable polymers have a major advantage over non-biodegradable polymers in terms of
degradation. This is because biodegradable polymers can be returned to the soil and enrich it by being
composted with microorganisms. Usage of biodegradable polymers can lower the cost of labour used for
the removal of conventional plastics from the environment since they degrade naturally. Moreover,
decomposition and degradation of the biodegradable polymers stabilizes the environment and increases
the longevity of the landfills by decreasing the garbage volume.
Biodegradable polymers are often used in medical products, including tissue in growth materials,
controlled drug release systems, plasma replacements, etc. These are used in agricultural materials such
as films and seed coatings. These are also used in fast-food wrappers, personal hygiene products etc.
Ex: Poly Lactic acid (PLA), Poly Glycolic acid (PGA), Poly hydroxyl butyrovelarate (PHBV).

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34) Give reason why vulcanization is required for natural rubber.
35) What kind of polymers act as conducting polymers.
36) Why conducting polymers show conductivity? give examples.
37) What are p-type conducting polymers.
38) What are p-type conducting polymers.
39) Why Plasticized PVC is soft and flexible, while Bakelite is hard and rigid.
40) What are plastics how do they differ from elastomers.
41) Write the preparation and uses of polyvinylchloride.
42) Write the preparation and uses of Teflon.
43) Write the preparation and uses of Bakelite.(phenol formaldehyde resin)
44) Write the preparation and uses of Buna S (or) SBR.
45) Write the preparation and uses of Buna N.
46) Write the preparation and uses of carbon fibre.
47) Write the preparation and uses of nylon 6,6

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 UNIT V: Instrumental Methods and Applications:
[Very short answer type questions and answers]

1) Define Spectroscopy.
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with the matter. During the
interaction the energy is absorbed or emitted by the matter. It is used to study the atomic and
molecular structure of the substance.

2) Explain the types of spectroscopy.

Types of spectroscopy: Two types: 1)Atomic spectroscopy. 2)Molecular spectroscopy.
1) Atomic spectroscopy: Atomic spectroscopy deals with the interaction of the electromagnetic radiation with
atoms. During which the atoms absorb radiation and gets excited from the ground state electronic energy level
to another.
2) Molecular spectroscopy: Molecular spectroscopy deals with the interaction of the electromagnetic
radiation with molecules. This results in transition between rotational, vibrational and electronic energy levels.

3) What is meant by Electromagnetic spectrum.

The arrangement of all types of electromagnetic radiations in order of their increasing wavelengths or
decreasing frequencies is known as electromagnetic spectrum.
Electromagnetic radiation is produced due to the interaction between the electric field and the magnetic field.
Electromagnetic radiation is divided into number of regions according to their wave length. It can be
represented as,
Gamma Micro Radio
X ray UV Visible IR
ray waves waves
Wave length ‘λ’ increases from left to right.
Energy ‘E’ increases from right to left.

4) Give the properties of Electromagnetic Radiation.

Wave length (λ):
It is the distance between two successive crests of a wave. It is denoted by ‘λ’. Wave length is expressed in
meters.
Frequency (v):
It is the number of waves crossing a point in unit time. It is denoted by ‘v’. Frequency is expressed in Hertz
(Hz).
Wave number ( ῡ ):
It is the reciprocal of the wave length. It is denoted by ῡ. Wave number is expressed in units of per centimeter
(cm-1).

5) Define Lamberts law of absorption.

When a beam of monochromatic light is passed through a solution of an absorbing substance, the rate of
decrease of intensity of radiation (‘dI’) with thickness of the absorbing solution (‘dx’) is directly proportional
to the intensity of incident radiation (I).
Mathematically, the law is expressed as,

𝐝𝐈
− 𝐝𝐗 = 𝐤 I

Where, I = Intensity of radiation.

x = Thickness of the medium.
k = Proportionality constant or absorption coefficient.

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 6) Define Beer's law of absorption.
When a beam of monochromatic light is passed through a solution of an absorbing substance, the rate
of decrease of intensity of radiation (‘dI’ ) with thickness of absorbing solution (‘dx’) is directly
proportional to the intensity of incident radiation (I), as well as concentration of the solution (c).
Mathematically, it is expressed as

dI
− dX = k 𝑙 Ic
Where, c = Concentration of the solution
kl = Molar absorption coefficient.

7) What are the limitations of Beer-Lamberts law?

 This law is not obeyed if the radiation used in polychromatic.
 This law is not obeyed when fluorescent compounds are present.
 It is not applied to suspensions.
 It is applicable only for dilute solutions.
 Deviation may occur, if the solution contains impurities.
 Deviations may also occur if the solution undergoes association or dissociation.
 This law is not obeyed when different forms of the absorbing molecules are in equilibrium as
in keto-enol tautomers.

8) What is the range of UV-Visible spectroscopy.

The absorption of UV-Visible radiation by a molecule leads to transition among the electronic energy
levels of the molecule and therefore it is called as electronic spectroscopy. All organic compounds
absorbs UV light.
The region between 200 – 400 nm is near UV region
400 – 800 nm is visible region
Below 200 nm is far (or) vacuum UV region
Absorption bands appear rather than absorption lines because vibrational and rotational effects are
superimposed on the electronic transitions, so that an envelope of transitions arises.

9) What are the various components of UV-Visible spectrometer.

The various components of UV-visible spectrometer are as follows.
a) Radiation source
b) Monochromator
c) Cells
d) Detectors
e) Recorder

10) What are the types of electronic transitions.

Types of electronic transitions:
1) σ → σ* transition.
2) n → σ * transition.
3) π → π * transition.
4) n→π* transition.

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 1) σ → σ* transition: It occurs in the compounds in which all the electrons are involved in single bond
and there are no lone pair of electrons. The energy required for this is very large (120 – 136 nm).
Eg. Saturated hydrocarbons.
2) n → σ* transition: It occurs in the saturated compounds having lone pair of electrons. This occurs at
longer wavelength (180 – 200 nm).
Eg. Tri methylamine
3) π → π * transition: It occurs in molecules having a π electron system.
Eg. Ethylene.
4) n → π* transition: It is shown by unsaturated molecule having hetero atoms like N, O, & S. It
occurs at longer wavelength with low intensity.
Eg. Aldehyde & ketone.

11) Write the applications of UV-Visible spectroscopy.

Detection of impurities: The band due to impurities is very intense.
In quantitative analysis to determine the concentration of compound in solution by using Beer-Lambert‟s law
(A = Ɛcl )
Determination of dissociation energy of a molecule with great accuracy.
In identification of cis or trans isomers of a compound.
It can be used to study the kinetics of reaction.
Determination of structure of organic compounds.

12) What is the range of IR spectroscopy.

IR spectroscopy provides useful information about the structure of molecule quickly over the other methods.
When infrared light is passed through a sample of an organic compound, some of the frequencies are absorbed
while other frequencies are transmitted through the sample. If we plot the percent absorbance or transmittance
against frequency, the result is an infrared spectrum.
Principle: Infrared spectra is produced by the absorption of energy by a molecule in the infrared region and
the transitions occur between vibrational levels. So, IR spectroscopy is also known as vibrational
spectroscopy.
Range of infrared radiation :
IR = 650 – 4000 cm-1;
Far IR = lower than 650 cm-1;
Near IR = higher than 4000 cm-1

13) Which lamp is used in IR spectroscopy?

For infrared spectroscopy, a Globar is employed as a thermal light source. It’s a silicon carbide rod
with a diameter of 5 to 10 mm and a length of 20 to 50 mm that’s been electrically heated to 1,000 to
1,650°C (1,830 to 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit).

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 14) Which solvent are used in IR spectroscopy?
Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) and Carbon Disulfide (CD) are the most prevalent solvents (CS2).
Solvents for polar materials include chloroform, methylene chloride, acetonitrile, and acetone. Solids
reduced to fine particles can be analysed as a thin paste or mull.

15) What are the fundamental modes of vibrations in IR Spectrum.

There are two kinds of fundamental vibrations in molecule.
1. Stretching vibrations: During stretching, the distance between two atoms decreases or increases, but bond
angle remains unaltered.
2. Bending vibrations: During bending, bond angle increases or decreases but bond distance remains
unaltered.
Types of Stretching and bending vibrations
Stretching vibrations: It classified into two types
(i)Symmetric stretching: The atoms of the molecule are moving in the same direction.
(ii)Asymmetric stretching: The atoms of the molecule are moving in opposite direction.
Asymmetric stretching requires more energy than the Symmetric stretching.
Bending vibrations: It classified into two types.
a) In-plane bending: Scissoring and Rocking.
b) Out-of plane bending: Twisting and Wagging.

16) Define Chromatography.

Chromatography is an analytical technique, widely used for the separation and purification of organic
and inorganic compounds.
 Chromatography was developed by Michael Tswelt, who for the first time separated the chlorophylls
and other plant pigments by chromatography.
 It may be regarded as an analytical technique employed for the purification and separation of organic
and inorganic substances.
 It is found useful for the fractionation of complex mixture, separation of closely related compounds,
such as isomers and in the isolation of unstable substances.

17) Give the classification of chromatography techniques.

18) Write the applications of chromatography.

 Chromatography is a method that is used in laboratories for the separation of a mixture.
 It is used to test drug levels and water purity.
 It is also used to determine the nutritional value of the food sample.

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  It is used to determine the type of chlorophyll in various photosynthetic organisms.

19) Define HPLC.

HPLC is an abbreviation for High Performance Liquid Chromatography.
High-performance liquid chromatography(or high-pressure liquid chromatography, HPLC) is a
chromatographic technique that can separate a mixture of compounds and is used in biochemistry
and analytical chemistry to identify, quantify and purify the individual components of the mixture.

20) Give the applications of HPLC.

 Water purification.
 Detection of impurities in pharmaceutical industries.
 Pre-concentration of trace components.
 Ligand-exchange chromatography.
 Ion-exchange chromatography of proteins.
 High-pH anion-exchange chromatography of carbohydrates and oligosaccharides.

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