CHEMISTRY WORKSHEET NO.

4 SAMHA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

Chapter no.1: States of Matter

1) May 2010 [31] Q (2_i)

2) Ozone is a form of oxygen. Ozone is present in the upper atmosphere and
it prevents dangerous solar radiation from reaching the Earth’s surface. Some
of the chemicals that diffuse into the upper atmosphere decompose ozone.
Chemicals that have this effect are methane (CH 4), chloromethane (CH3Cl)
and an oxide of nitrogen (NO2).
(i) Which of these three chemicals diffuses the most slowly? Give a reason for
your choice.
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2) Nov 2010 [33] Q (6_a, ii, b)
6 The Kineti c Theory explains the properties of matter in terms of the
arrangement and movement of particles.
(a) Nitrogen is a gas at room temperature. Nitrogen molecules, N 2, which are
spread far apart move in a random manner at high speed.
(ii) How does the movemen t and arrangement of the molecules in a crystal of
nitrogen differ from those in gaseous nitrogen?
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(b) Use the ideas of the Kinetic Theory to explain the following.
(i) A sealed container contains nitrogen gas. The pressure of a gas is due to
the molecules of the gas hitting the walls of the container.
Explain why the pressure inside the container increases when the
temperature is increased.
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(ii) The following apparatus can be used to measure the rate of diffusion of a
gas.

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Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 1

The following results were obtained

Explain why nitrogen diffuses faster than chlorine.

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Explain why the nitrogen diffuses faster at the higher temperature.
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3) May 2012 [31] Q (1_a)
1) The diagram below shows part of the Water Cycle.

(a) (i) State the name of each of the following changes of state.
H2O(l) 
→ H2O(g)

name ..................................................................................................................
H2O(g) 
→ H2O(l)
name ..................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Which one of the above changes of state is exothermic? Explain your
choice.
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Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 1

4) May 2012 [32] Q (1_c)

(c) When liquid nitrogen boils the following change occurs.
N2(l) 
→ N2(g)
The boiling point of nitrogen is very low even though the bond between the
atoms in a nitrogen molecule is very strong. Suggest an explanation.
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5) Nov 2012 [32] Q (2)
2 The diagram shows a heating curve for a sample of compound X.

(a) Is X a solid, a liquid or a gas at room temperature, 20 °C?

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(b) Write an equation for the equilibrium which exists in region BC.
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(c) Name the change of state which occurs in region DE.
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(d) Explain how the curve shows that a pure sample of compound X was
used.
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Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 1

6) Nov 2012 [33] Q (3)

3 (a) A small amount of liquid bromine is added to a container which is then
sealed.
Br2(l) 
→ Br2(g)
Use the ideas of the Kinetic Theory to explain why, after about an hour, the
bromine molecules have spread uniformly to occupy the whole container.
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(b) The diagrams below show simple experiments on the speed of diffusion of
gases.

Complete the following explanations. Diagram 1 has been done for you.
Diagram 1
There is air inside and outside the porous pot so the rate of diffusion of air into
the pot is the same as the rate of diffusion of air out of the pot. The pressure

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Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 1

inside and outside the pot is the same so the coloured liquid is at the same
level on each side of the tube.
Diagram 2
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Diagram 3
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7) May 2014 [31] Q (3_a, b, c, iii)
3 (a) Different gases diffuse at different speeds.
(i) What is meant by the term diffusion?
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(ii) What property of a gas molecule affects the speed at which it diffuses?
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(b) Helium is a gas used to fill balloons. It is present in the air in very small
quantities. Diffusion can be used to separate it from the air.
Air at 1000 °C is on one side of a porous barrier. The air which passes
through the barrier has a larger amount of helium in it.
(i) Why does the air on the other side of the barrier contain more helium?
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(ii) Why is it an advantage to have the air at a high temperature?
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(c) Most helium is obtained from natural gas found in the USA. Natural gas
contains methane and 7% helium. One possible way to obtain the helium
would be to burn the methane.
(iii) Suggest another method, other than diffusion, by which helium could be
separated from the mixture of gases in natural gas.
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Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 1

8) May 2014 [33] Q (2)

2 Explain each of the following in terms of the kinetic particle theory.
(a) The rate of most reactions increases at higher temperatures.
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(b) A liquid has a fixed volume but takes up the shape of the container. A gas
takes up the shape of the container but it does not have a fixed volume.

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9) Nov 2014 [33] Q (2_a)
2 Compound X is a colourless liquid at room temperature.
(a) A sample of pure X was slowly heated from –5.0 °C, which is below its
melting point, to 90 °C, which is above its boiling point. Its temperature is
measured every minute and the results are represented on the graph.

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Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 1

(i) Complete the equation for the equilibrium present in the region BC.
 ....................
X(s)  [1]

(ii) What is the significance of temperature t °C?

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(iii) What is the physical state of compound X in the region EF?

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(iv) What would be the difference in the region BC if an impure sample of X
had been used?
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10) May 2015 [31] Q (6_c)
(c) Gases diffuse, which means that they move to occupy the total available
volume.
(i) Explain, using kinetic particle theory, why gases diffuse.
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(ii) When the colourless gases hydrogen bromide and ethylamine come into
contact, a white solid is formed.
CH3CH2NH2(g) + HBr(g) 
→ CH3CH2NH3Br(s)
white solid
The following apparatus can be used to compare the rates of diffusion of the
two gases ethylamine and hydrogen bromide.

Predict at which position, A, B or C, the white solid will form. Explain your
choice.
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Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 1

11) Nov 2015 [33] Q (1_b)

(b) How could you show that a sample of water is pure?
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12) May 2016 [43] Q (6_a)
6 Concentrated ammonia solution gives off ammonia gas. Concentrated
hydrochloric acid gives off hydrogen chloride gas. Ammonia, NH3, and
hydrogen chloride, HCl, are both colourless gases.
Ammonia reacts with hydrogen chloride to make the white solid ammonium
chloride.
Apparatus is set up as shown.

After ten minutes a white solid forms in the tube where the gases meet.
(a) (i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction of ammonia with hydrogen
chloride.
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(ii) Name the process by which the ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases
move in the tube.
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(iii) At which point, A, B, C or D, does the white solid form? Explain why the
white solid forms at that point.
the solid forms at ..............
explanation .........................................................................................................
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[3]
(iv) The experiment was repeated at a higher temperature.
Predict how the results of the experiment would be different. Explain your
answer.
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Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 1

13) Nov 2016 [41] Q (2)

2 Matter can exist as solid, liquid or gas. The arrows show some changes of
state.

(a) Name the changes of state represented on the diagram.

(i) A ............................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) B .............................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) C ............................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Explain why energy has to be supplied to turn a liquid into a gas.
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(c) The diagrams represent the same number of particles of a gas in two
containers, D and E, which have different volumes. The two containers are at
the same temperature.

In which container will the pressure be higher? Explain your answer.

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Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_4_Topic 1

14) Nov 2016 [42] Q (1)

1 Particles behave differently when in different physical states.
(a) Solids have a fixed volume and a definite shape.
Gases have no fixed volume and take the shape of the container.
Describe the volume and shape of liquids.
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(b) Complete the table to show the separation, arrangement and movement of
particles in each physical state.

state separation of particles arrangement of particles movement of particles

solid

liquid touching one another randomly arranged move over one another

gas

[6]
(c) Name the following changes of state.
(i) Ice turning into water.
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(ii) Solid carbon dioxide turning directly into gaseous carbon dioxide at room
temperature.
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