Agenda

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Introduction
– A Brief Programming History
– OOP
– Classes & Objects

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 Computer Programming
An algorithm is a step-by-step process.

A computer program is a step-by-step set of

instructions for a computer.

Every computer program is an algorithm.

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 Computer Programming
The history of computer programming is a
steady move away from machine-oriented
views of programming towards concepts and
metaphors that more closely reflect the way
in which we ourselves see & understand the
world

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 Programming Languages
• Programming languages allow programmers
to develop software.
• The three major families of languages are:
– Machine languages
– Assembly languages
– High-Level languages

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 Machine Languages
• Comprised of 1s and 0s
• The “native” language of a computer
• Difficult to program – one misplaced 1 or 0
will cause the program to fail.
• Example of code:
1110100010101 111010101110
10111010110100 10100011110111

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 Assembly Languages
• Assembly languages are a step towards easier
programming.
• Assembly languages are comprised of a set of
elemental commands which are tied to a
specific processor.
• Assembly language code needs to be translated
to machine language before the computer
processes it.
• Example:
ADD 1001010, 1011010

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 High-Level Languages
• High-level languages represent a giant leap
towards easier programming.
• The syntax of HL languages is similar to English.
• Example:
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay
• Interpreter – Executes high level language programs without compilation.

• Historically, we divide HL languages into two

groups:
– Procedural languages
– Object-Oriented languages (OOP)
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 Procedural Languages
• Early high-level languages are typically called
procedural languages.
• Procedural languages are characterized by
sequential sets of linear commands. The focus
of such languages is on structure.
• Examples include C, COBOL, Fortran, LISP,
Perl, HTML, VBScript

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 Object-Oriented Languages
• The focus of OOP languages is not on structure,
but on modeling data.
• Programmers code using “blueprints” of data
models called classes.
• Examples of OOP languages include C++,
Visual Basic.NET and Java.

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 Early programming languages
1950s 1960s 1970s
Simula
Lisp
Algol60 Algol68

Fortran Pascal

BCPL Classic C
COBOL

PL\1

Red==major commercial use

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Blue==will produce important “offspring”
 Introduction
– A Brief Programming History
– OOP
– Classes & Objects

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 OOP
• OOP is mainly a program design philosophy.
• OOP is an approach use to develop
software programming.
• OOP was introduced to overcome drawback
in procedural approach to programming
such as Reusability and Maintainability.

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 OOP
• In OOP programmers define not only the data type of a data
structure, but also the types of operations/methods
(functions) that can be applied to the data structure.

• Main fundamental idea behind the OOP language is to

combine into a single unit with both Data and Functions that
operate on that data such a unit called object.

• For example, objects can inherit characteristics from other

objects.

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 Object-Oriented Programming Languages

· Pure OO Languages
Eiffel, Actor, Emerald, JADE, Obix, Ruby, Python, Scala,
Smalltalk, Self.

· Hybrid OO Languages
Delphi/Object Pascal, C++, Java, C#, VB.NET, Pascal,
Visual Basic, MATLAB, Fortran, Perl, COBOL 2002,
PHP, ABAP, Ada 95.

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 Benefits of OOP
• It can easily upgrade from small to large system.
• It can easy to partition works for same program.
• Having message passing technique makes
communication easier.
• Software complexity can be easily managed.
• Maintenance cost is less.
• Simple to implement.

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 OOP Basic Terminology
Object
- usually a person, place or thing (a noun)
Method
- an action performed by an object (a verb)
Property or attribute
- Characteristics of certain object.
Class
- a category of similar objects (such as automobiles), does
not hold any values of the object’s attributes/properties

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Introduction
– A Brief Programming History
– OOP
– Classes & Objects

18
 Classes and Objects
• A class is a prototype, idea, and blueprint for
creating objects. It is a user defined data-
type.
• An object is an instance of a class.
• For example, in Java we define classes,
which in turn are used to create objects
• A class has a constructor for creating objects
• Class is composed of three things: its name,
attributes/properties, and methods.
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 Classes (objects)

Class

Class Properties:
Objects: Belong to the class
Instances of the class

Methods:
Functions of class
Instance Properties:
Belong to the object

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 Classes & Objects

A class is a definition of
objects with the same
properties and the same
methods.

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Classes Example

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Almost everything in the world can be
represented as an object

• A flower, a tree, an animal

• A student, a professor
• A desk, a chair, a classroom, a building
• A university, a city, a country
• The world, the universe
• A subject such as CS, IS, Math, History, …
• An information system, financial, legal, etc..
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 What Is an Object, again?

An object is an instance of a class

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 More about objects

• Informally, an object represents an entity, either

physical, conceptual, or software.

– Physical entity
Truck

– Conceptual entity
Chemical
Process

– Software entity

Linked List
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More formal definition of an “Object”

An object is a computational entity that:

1. Encapsulates some state
2. Is able to perform actions, or methods, on
this state

3. Communicates with other objects via

message passing

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 Class/Object

Each copy of an
object from a
particular class is
called an instance
of the class.

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 Class/Object

The act of creating a

new instance of an
class is called
instantiation.

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 In short…
• An Object is a Class when it comes alive!
• Homo Sapien is a class, John and Jack are
objects

• Animal is a class “Snowball” the cat is an object

• Vehicle is a class My neighbor's BMW is an
object

• Galaxy is a class, the MilkyWay is an object

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 Technical contrast between Objects & Classes

CLASS OBJECT
Class is a data type Object is an instance of Class.

It generates OBJECTS It gives life to CLASS

Does not occupy memory It occupies memory location.

location
It cannot be manipulated It can be manipulated.
because it is not available in
memory (except static class)

Object is a class in “runtime”

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 Objects Need to Collaborate!
• Objects are useless unless they can
collaborate together to solve a problem.
– Each object is responsible for its own
behavior and status.
– No one object can carry out every
responsibility on its own.
• How do objects interact with each other?
– They interact through messages.

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 Object Interaction
Object 1 Object 2

Message
Property Property

Method Method

Object 3

Property

Method

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 OOP Basic Concepts
– Encapsulation
– Inheritance
– Abstraction
– Polymorphism

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Encapsulation

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 Encapsulation
• Is the inclusion of property & method within a
class/object in which it needs to function properly.

• Also, enables reusability of an instant of an

already implemented class within a new class
while hiding & protecting the method and
properties from the client classes.

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 Encapsulation
• The class is kind of a container or capsule or a cell,
which encapsulate the set of methods, attributes and
properties to provide its indented functionalities to other
classes.
• In that sense, encapsulation also allows a class to
change its internal implementation without hurting the
overall functioning of the system.
• That idea of encapsulation is to hide how a class does its
operations while allowing requesting its operations.

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 Encapsulation in action
Example:
• Let’s say we have a class called “Date” (day,
month, year). And then you need to define
another class called “Person” that has the
following attributes (first name, last name, and
birthdate). So in this case we can instantiate an
object from class “Date” inside class “Person”.

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 Encapsulation – Benefits
 Ensures that structural changes remain local:
 Changing the class internals does not affect any code
outside of the class
 Changing methods' implementation
does not reflect the clients using them
 Encapsulation allows adding some logic when
accessing client's data
 E.g. validation on modifying a property value

 Hiding implementation details reduces complexity

 easier maintenance
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 OOP Basic Concepts
– Encapsulation
– Inheritance
– Abstraction
– Polymorphism

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 Inheritance
• Inheritance—a way of organizing classes
• Term comes from inheritance of traits like eye
color, hair color, and so on.
• Classes with properties in common can be
grouped so that their common properties are
only defined once in parent class.
• Super class – inherit its attributes & methods to
the subclass(es).
• Sub class – can inherit all its superclass
attributes & methods besides having its own
unique attributes & methods.
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 Inheritance
• Inheritance allows child classes to inherit the
characteristics of existing parent class
• Attributes (fields and properties)
• Operations (methods)
• Child class can extend the parent class
• Add new fields and methods
• Redefine methods (modify existing behavior)
• A class can implement an interface by providing
implementation for all its methods
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Modes of Inheritance
Public mode: If we derive a sub class from a public base
class. Then the public member of the base class will
become public in the derived class and protected members
of the base class will become protected in derived class.

Protected mode: If we derive a sub class from a Protected

base class. Then both public member and protected
members of the base class will become protected in
derived class.

Private mode: If we derive a sub class from a Private base

class. Then both public member and protected members of
the base class will become Private in derived class.
Modes of Inheritance
The below table summarizes the above three modes and shows
the access specifier of the members of base class in the sub
class when derived in public, protected and private modes:
 Inheritance

• Expresses commonality among

classes/objects
• Allows code reusability
• Highlights relationships
• Helps in code organization

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Inheritance

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 Inheritance – Example
Base class
Person
+Name: String
+Address: String

Derived class Derived class

Employee Student
+Company: String +School: String
+Salary: double
+Name: String +Name: String
+Address: String +Address: String
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 An Inheritance Hierarchy

Superclass
Vehicle
Subclasses

Automobile Motorcycle Bus

Sedan Sports Car School Bus Luxury Bus

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 Example: Single Inheritance
One class inherits from another.
Ancestor
Account
- balance
Superclass - name
- number
(parent)
+ withdraw()
+ createStatement()

Inheritance
Relationship

Savings Checking
Subclasses

Descendents 52
 Example: Multiple Inheritance

• A class can inherit from several other

classes.
FlyingThing Animal

Multiple Inheritance

Airplane Helicopter Bird Wolf Horse

Most modern languages don’t support multiple inheritance!

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 OOP Basic Concepts
–Encapsulation
– Inheritance
– Abstraction
– Polymorphism

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 Type of Classes

Concrete Class Abstract Class

Can be instantiated directly Can’t be instantiated directly

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 Abstraction
• Abstraction is a design principle.
• Is the process of removing characteristics from something in
order to reduce it to a set of essential characteristics.

• Through the process of abstraction, a programmer hides all

but the relevant data about a class in order to reduce
complexity and increase reusability.

• Abstraction is a basic representation of a concept.

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 Abstraction
• Abstraction allows programmers to represent complex
real world in the simplest manner.
• It is a process of identifying the relevant qualities and
behaviors an object should possess, in other word
represent the necessary features without representing
the back ground details
• You should always use abstraction to ease reusability,
and understanding for the design and enable extension.
• When we design the abstract classes, we define the
framework for later extensions.
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 Abstraction
• An abstract class, which declared with the
“abstract” keyword, cannot be instantiated.
• It can only be used as a super-class for
other classes that extend the abstract
class. Abstract class is a design concept
and implementation gets completed when
it is being realized by a subclass.

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 Abstraction - type of classes
DOB:
Person Name:
Address:

Concrete Class Abstract Class

Can be instantiated directly Can’t be instantiated directly

DOB: DOB:
Name: Teacher Student Name:
Address: Address:

Can be instantiated directly

 Abstraction
• An abstract class is a class that may not have any direct
instances.
• An abstract operation is an operation that it is
incomplete and requires a child to supply an
implementation of the operation.

Shape
{abstract} Abstract class

draw () {abstract} Abstract operation

Circle Rectangle

draw () draw () 56
 OOP Basic Concepts
– Encapsulation
– Inheritance
– Abstraction
– Polymorphism

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 Polymorphism
• Encapsulation, Inheritance, and
Abstraction concepts are very related
to Polymorphism.

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 Polymorphism
• Polymorphisms is a generic term that means 'many
shapes'. More precisely Polymorphisms means the
ability to request that the same methods be performed
by a wide range of different types of things.

• In OOP, polymorphisms is a technical issue and

principle.

• It is achieved by using many different techniques named

method overloading, operator overloading, and method
overriding.
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Types of Polymorphism
In C++ polymorphism is mainly divided into two types:
• Compile time Polymorphism
• Runtime Polymorphism

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 Types of Polymorphism
1. Compile time polymorphism: This type of polymorphism is achieved by
function overloading or operator overloading
• Function Overloading: When there are multiple functions with same
name but different parameters then these functions are said to
be overloaded. Functions can be overloaded by change in number of
arguments or/and change in type of arguments.
• Operator Overloading: C++ also provide option to overload operators. For
example, we can make the operator (‘+’) for string class to concatenate
two strings. We know that this is the addition operator whose task is to
add two operands. So a single operator ‘+’ when placed between integer
operands , adds them and when placed between string operands,
concatenates them.
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Types of Polymorphism
2. Runtime polymorphism: This type of polymorphism is
achieved by Function Overriding.
• Function overriding on the other hand occurs when a
derived class has a definition for one of the member
functions of the base class. That base function is said to
be overridden.

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 Advantages of OOP
• Code reuse & recycling
• Improved software-development productivity
• Improved software maintainability
• Faster development
• Lower cost of development
• Higher-quality software
• Encapsulation

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 Disadvantages of OOP
• Steep learning curve
• Could lead to larger program sizes
• Could produce slower programs

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 OOP Suitability
• Object oriented programming is good in
complex projects or modular type of
systems. It allows simultaneous system
development teams and also could aid
in agile system development
environments like Xtreme Programming.

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