Lecture 9
Lecture 9
Lecture 9
MATH103
For Engineering
Winter 2023
Lecture # 9
Chapter 3
App’s of limits: Differentiation of functions
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Remember
Course Outlines
Engineering
Mathematics 1
Math 103
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Main objectives
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Derivative of Functions
1. By Definition.
2. Power function rule
3. Square root function rule.
4. Absolute value function rule.
5. Product “of 2 functions” rule.
6. Quotient “of 2 functions” rule.
7. Exponential function rule.
8. Logarithmic function rule.
9. Trigonometric functions rules and their inverses.
10. Hyperbolic functions rules and their inverses.
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1- The concept “Definition” of the derivative
For a function f(x), we define the derivative
of this function at any “x” in Df by:
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f ( x ) = lim , if the limit exists
h→ 0 h
• N. B.: If the limit: Does Not Exist or equals to
then we say that the function “is not differentiable” or
“has no derivative” at x.
The derivative is sometimes denoted by:
dy df
y = " or" Df ( x ) = f ' ( x ) =
dx dx
Solution:
f ( x ) = x 2 f ( x + h) = ( x + h) 2
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f ( x ) = lim
h→0 h
( x + h) 2 − x 2 x 2 + 2 xh + h2 − x 2
= lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
2 xh + h2 h( 2 x + h)
= lim = lim = lim ( 2 x + h) = 2 x
h→0 h h→0 h h→0
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3- Derivative of square root function
Example 2: Use the definition of derivative to find
f’(x), if f (x) = x
Solution:
f ( x) = x f ( x + h) = x+h
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f ( x ) = lim
h→ 0 h
x+h− x x+h− x x+h+ x
= lim = lim .
h→ 0 h h→ 0 h x+h+ x
( x + h) − ( x ) 1 1
= lim = lim =
h→ 0 h( x + h + x ) h→ 0 x+h+ x 2 x
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4- Derivative of Absolute value function
Example 3: Use the definition of derivative to find
f’(x) for f (x) = |x| for any x ≠ 0.
Solution: We now find the derivative of |x| at any x ≠ 0.
f ( x ) = | x | f ( x + h) = | x + h |
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) | x + h|− | x |
f ( x ) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
| x + h|− | x | | x + h|+ | x |
= lim . use "| x |2 = x 2 "
h→0 h | x + h|+ | x |
| x + h |2 − | x |2 h( 2 x + h) 2x x
= lim = lim = =
h→0 h(| x + h | + | x |) h→0 h(| x + h | + | x |) | x|+| x| | x|
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Alternative definition
Now we have to find the left hand and right hand limits.
− h −h
f ' (0 ) = lim = lim = −1, Notice that: this function is
h→ 0 − h h→ 0− h
continuous at x = 0 “why?”
+ h h but not differentiable at x = 0
f ' (0 ) = lim = lim = 1
h→ 0+ h h→ 0− h
h
lim does not exist. i.e., f (0) = DNE as f (0+ ) f (0− )
h→ 0 h
Hence, f ( x ) = x has no derivative at x = 0. 10
Summary:
If a function is differentiable, then it is continuous
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Example 5: Use the definition of derivative to find
f’(1), if f(x) = 2x2 + 3. When calculating derivative at a
given point, for simplicity, we use
Solution : (i) - By Definition The point right from the beginning
9 x :x3
f ( x) = 1 3
3 x + 18 : x 3
Solution :
9 : x 3
It is clear that f ( x ) = 2
x : x 3
−
f ( 3 ) = 9, & +
f ( 3 ) = x |x = 3 = 9
2
f ( 3 ) = 9 = f ( 3 ) f ( 3) " exists" = 9
−
+
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Geometric meaning of the derivative at a point
If the function y = f(x), represents a curve in the
xy-plane and x = x0 is a point in the domain of f(x)
then the derivative f’(x0) represents the slope m of
the tangent line at the point (x0, f(x0)) on the curve.
= f ( x 0 )
y − y0 = m( x − x0 )
Equation of any line through the
point (x0, y0) and with slope m 15
The slope of the tangent line as
the derivative at a point
Given the curve of a function f (x):
Find the slope “m” of the tangent of f at x= a?
If x moves from “a” to “a + h”, the change in x: ∆x = (a + h) - (a)
Then the corresponding change in f(x): ∆f = f(a + h) - f(a).
I - The slope of the secant line (PQ) using the 2 points P & Q is:
Opp. f f (a + h) − f (a )
tan( ) = = =
Slope of Secant line Adj. x h
II - The slope of the tangent line of f(x) at the point “a”; is obtained when
“the point Q moves to P” i.e., “as ∆x = h → 0”; by:
f (a + h) − f (a )
Slope of tangent line
m = lim = f (a )
h→ 0 h
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Example: Find the equation of the tangent line
to the curve y = x , at the point x = 4.
Solution:
f(x) = x , y0=f(4) = 2 and f’(x) = 1/(2 x ), f’(4)=1/4,
hence, the slope of the tangent line at the point
(4,2) is m = f’(4) = 1/4.
Therefore, the equation of the required tangent
line is:
y - y0 =m(x - x0)
y - 2 = (1/4)(x - 4),
y - 2 = (1/4)x - 1,
y = (1/4) x +1
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Example: Find the equation of the tangent
line to the curve y = 1/x , at the point x = 2.
d 1 d −1 −2 −1
Note that : [ ]= (x ) = −x = 2
dx x dx x
Solution:
y = 1/x, then y(2) = 1/2 and
y’(x) = -1/x2,, y’(2) = -1/4,
hence, the slope of the
tangent line m = -1/4
Therefore, the equation of
the required tangent line is
y -1/2 = (-1/4)(x - 2),
4 y - 2 = - x +2,
x+4y=4 18
Example: Find the equation of the tangent line
2
to the curve, y= x+ at the point (1,3).
x
Note that : [ ] = d ( x −1 ) = − x −2 = − 12
d 1
dx x dx x
Solution :
d 2 d
y(x) = ( x + ) = ( x + 2 x −1 ) = 1 − 2 x − 2
dx x dx
m = y( 1 ) = 1 − 2(1)− 2 = −1
the equation of the required tangent line is :
y - 3 = −1( x - 1 ) y = − x + 4
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Rules of differentiation
d d
( 3) = 0, ( −1) = 0
dx dx
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The proof follows from the definition
d 2 d 7
x = 2 x, x = 7x 6
dx dx
d d 2
3x = 3 x = 6x
2
dx dx
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Thank you
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