Sure, here are the differences between the types of epithelial tissues you mentioned in a tabular form:

Tissue Type Description Location Function

Protection, absorption,
Simple Squamous Lining of buccal cavity, blood
Thin, flat and hexagonal cells filtration, exchange of
Epithelium vessels, kidney alveoli of lung
gases

Lining of kidney tubules, sweat

Simple Cuboidal Secretion, absorption,
Cubical cells glands, salivary glands, gut,
Epithelium filtration
testis, ovary

Lining of the stomach, gastric

Simple Columnar
Tall and narrow columnar cells gland, intestinal gland, Protection, secretion
Epithelium
gallbladder, uterus, uterine wall

Protection from dust

Pseudostratified Columnar cells with nuclei at Lining of the trachea, large
particles entering the
Epithelium different levels bronchi, urinary ducts
respiratory tract

Hair, claws, nails (keratinized);

Stratified Squamous Upper layer cells are squamous Buccal cavity, pharynx,
Protection
Epithelium cells oesophagus, vagina (non-
keratinized)

Lining of ducts of sweat glands,

Stratified Cuboidal Outermost layer consists of
salivary glands, pancreatic gland, Protection
Epithelium cuboidal cells
female urethra

Lining of ducts of mammary

Stratified Columnar Outermost layer consists of tall
Epithelium columnar cells
gland, vasa differentia, trachea, Protection
bronchi

Transitional Composed of three or four layers Lining of urinary bladder, uterus, Allows organs to
Epithelium of cells ureters stretch and relax

Lining of the neck of uriniferous

Ciliated Epithelium Columnar or cuboidal cells with Conduction of mucus
tubules, sperm ducts, trachea,
(Modified) cilia at their free surfaces and other substances
bronchi

Sensory Epithelium Columnar cells with fine sensory Lining of the tongue and nasal Sensitivity to external
(Modified) fibres at their free surfaces cavity stimuli

Germinal
Cuboidal cells found in the testes
Epithelium Testes and ovary Production of gametes
and ovary
(Modified)

Columnar or cuboidal cells

Glandular
specialized for the manufacture and Production and
Epithelium Various glands
secretion of certain chemical secretion of substances
(Modified)
substances
Sure, here are the flashcards in a different format:
1. Question: What is connective tissue? Answer: Connective tissues are the major supporting tissues of the body, developed
from the mesoderm. They consist of different kinds of cells and fibers, and constitute about 30% of the body.
2. Question: What is the function of connective tissue? Answer: Connective tissue binds different cells or tissues together, stores
lipids or fat globules in the cells, supports the framework of the body, provides a hard surface for muscle attachments, and
defends the body against microorganisms and toxic substances.
3. Question: What are the types of connective tissue? Answer: The types of connective tissue are proper connective tissue and
fluid connective tissue.
4. Question: What is proper connective tissue? Answer: Proper connective tissue is made up of a soft matrix, consisting of a
jelly-like substance containing white collagen fibers or yellow elastic fibers or both, together with cells. These fibers are
formed by fibroblasts.
5. Question: What is loose connective tissue? Answer: Loose connective tissue is a type of proper connective tissue that
includes areolar tissue and adipose tissue.
6. Question: What is areolar tissue? Answer: Areolar tissue is the simplest and widely distributed connective tissue in the body.
It consists of a jelly-like soft matrix having fibers and other cells.
7. Question: What are white collagen fibers? Answer: White collagen fibers are long, unbranched, and white fibers present in
grooves or bundles. They are flexible but inelastic and contain a protein called collagen. They give mechanical strength to the
tissue.
8. Question: What are yellow elastic fibers? Answer: Yellow elastic fibers are long, branched, and yellow fibers present singly.
They are flexible and elastic and contain a protein called elastin. They give elasticity to the tissue.
9. Question: What is adipose tissue? Answer: Adipose tissue is a modified form of areolar tissue. It consists of a large number of
fat cells that are rounded or polygonal with a thin layer of cytoplasm. Due to fat, the nucleus lies at one side. Fibers are less or
absent. The tissue is found below the skin, in the heart, the kidney, and the eyeball.
10. Question: What is the function of adipose tissue? Answer: Adipose tissue serves as an insulating layer against heat loss,
serves as a fat reservoir, and acts as a cushion in the orbits or eye sockets to prevent the eye from injury.
11. Question: What is dense connective tissue? Answer: Dense connective tissue is a type of proper connective tissue that
includes white fibrous tissue (tendon) and yellow elastic tissue (ligament).
12. Question: What is white fibrous tissue? Answer: White fibrous tissue is a modified areolar tissue. It consists of thickly packed
white collagen fibers. These fibers are very tough and non-elastic. White fibers may run parallel to one another to form
tendons. The tendons connect muscles with the bones.
13. Question: What is yellow elastic tissue? Answer: Yellow elastic tissue consists of yellow elastic fibers. These fibers are thick
and branched but it also contains some white fibers. The matrix contains fibrocytes. It may form ligaments which bind bone to
bone.
14. Question: What is supporting connective tissue? Answer: Supporting connective tissue forms the endoskeleton of vertebrates.
It supports the body and protects the delicate and vital organs from injuries.
15. Question: What is cartilage? Answer: Cartilage is a skeletal tissue in the vertebrates body. A typical cartilage consists of a
cheese-like, semi-solid matrix containing a protein called chondrin. The matrix is secreted by oval-shaped small groups of
cartilage cells called chondrocytes or chondroblasts.
16. Question: What is hyaline cartilage? Answer: Hyaline cartilage is a type of cartilage that is flexible. Its matrix is transparent,
homogeneous, and tough. It covers joint surfaces, end of ribs, nose, and tracheal rings.
17. Question: What is elastic cartilage? Answer: Elastic cartilage is a type of cartilage that is more flexible. Its matrix consists of
a network of numerous yellow elastic fibers. It is found in the external ear, external auditory canals of the ear, epiglottis,
eustachian tube, and tip of the nose.
18. Question: What is bone? Answer: Bone is a specialized connective tissue which is very hard due to the deposition of calcium
carbonate. It forms the major part of the skeleton of the body and provides a framework to the body.
19. Question: What is the structure of bone? Answer: A typical bone has a structure that includes periosteum, endosteum, matrix,
and haversian system.
20. Question: What is the haversian system? Answer: The haversian system consists of lamellae arranged around the central
canal called the haversian canal. Each canal with lamellae and canaliculi together forms a haversian system together by the
Volkmann’s canals. It is found in the long bones.
Sure, here are the flashcards in a table format:
Table

Question Answer

What is Typhoid? It is a highly communicable disease caused by a bacillus bacterium. It is an infection in the intestine.

It is caused by the bacterium called Salmonella Typhi. It is a rod-shaped, motile, gram-negative

What are the causative bacillus bacterium. It measures about 1 to 1.5 micrometers. There are two strains of typhoid i.e.,
agents of Typhoid? Paratyphi-A and Paratyphi-B.

How is Typhoid It is transmitted through the faeco-oral route and urine oral route. It is transmitted by flies. It may
transmitted? take place through the water, food, muds contaminated with urine, faecal etc.

What is the incubation

period of Typhoid? The incubation period of the typhoid is 2 weeks.

Persistent high fever which slowly declines, the intestine shows lesions, haemorrhage and ulceration.
What are the symptoms It may lead to death due to the haemorrhage and puncturing of intestine. Other symptoms are
of Typhoid? haemorrhage, abdominal tenderness, and rose-coloured eruptions.

What are the treatments

for Typhoid? Chloromycetin, Cotrimoxazole, Ciprofloxacin, Amoxicillin.

What are the preventive Proper sanitation, proper disposal of human excreta, personal cleanliness, protection of food and
measures for Typhoid? water from microorganisms.
Sure, here are the flashcards in a table format:
Table

Question Answer

It is a common communicable disease. It is an infection in the lungs. It mortality rate is high. On the
basis of site of infection they are of two types: Pulmonary TB (the infection in the lungs only) and
Extra Pulmonary TB (the site of infection is other except lungs such as intestine, bone, meninges
What is Tuberculosis? etc.)

It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is a rod-shaped bacillus bacterium. It measures about

1 to 5 micrometers in length and 0.2 to 0.6 micrometers in breadth. It was first identified by Robert
What are the causative Koch that the causative agent of tuberculosis is M. tuberculosis. It is known as tubercle bacilli
agents of Tuberculosis? because it causes lesions called tubercles.

Self swallowing of the infected sputum by an infected person, the sneezing, coughing by an infected
How is Tuberculosis person, ingestion of bovine bacilli tubercle from the milk of infected or diseased cow, transplacental
transmitted? route results in the development of TB in the fetus from an infected mother, etc.

What is the incubation

period of Tuberculosis? The incubation period of Tuberculosis is few weeks to years.

What are the symptoms Persistent coughing for weeks, mild fever in the morning, loss of appetite and weight, weakness,
of Tuberculosis? chest pain, blood is seen in the sputum.

What are the tests to

detect Tuberculosis? X-ray of the chest, sputum test, Mantoux intradermal test.

What is a relapse in
Tuberculosis? It is the return of the symptoms of TB in a person who have been previously diagnosed and cured.

What are the treatments Directly observed treatment short-course in which the most effective medicine is taken in presence of
for Tuberculosis? health worker, BCG vaccine (Bacille Calmette Guerin).

What are the preventive

measures for Proper sanitation, proper disposal of human excreta, personal cleanliness, protection of food and
Tuberculosis? water from microorganisms, BCG vaccination.
Sure, here are the flashcards in a table format:
Table

Question Answer

It is a communicable disease caused by the retrovirus also known as human immunodeficiency virus. It
breaks down the immune system and leaves the infected person exposed to other infectious diseases. It
What is HIV/AIDS? is thought to be originated from Central Africa.

What are the causative

agents of HIV/AIDS? It is caused by a retrovirus known as HIV virus.

It is spherical in shape and 100 -140 nm in size. It contains an outer core having core proteins and
What is the structure enzyme reverse transcriptase. The core is covered by lipid membranes, the membranes are attached to
of the HIV virus? glycoproteins gp120 and gp41. HIV genome contains nine genes.

The HIV virus can survive only in body fluids. It is found in higher concentration in semen, blood and
cerebrospinal fluids and lower concentration in saliva tears etc. It can be transmitted through the
transfusion of blood that may be infected, through the infected mother to the fetus, through close
How is HIV/AIDS contact with an infected person, by using contaminated needles and syringe, and through sexual
transmitted? contact between infected and non-infected person.

What is the incubation The incubation period of HIV is few months to 10 years, the virus remains dormant for many years.
period of HIV/AIDS? This period is known as the latent period.

Who are the risk Male homosexuals and bisexuals, female sex workers, prostitutes, clients with STDs, men and women
groups for HIV/AIDS? with multiple sex partners.

What are the Diarrhea for more than 1 week, persistent fever, weight loss of more than 10% of the body, fatigue,
symptoms of malaise and night sweat, oropharyngeal candidiasis, enlargement of lymph nodes and splenomegaly,
HIV/AIDS? blood poisoning due to infection.

What are the tests for

HIV/AIDS? Blood Test, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay test.

What are the

treatments for
HIV/AIDS? Stavudine, Didanosine, Zalcitabine.

What are the

preventive measures Sex education and AIDS education program in school, screening of blood before transfusion, use of
for HIV/AIDS? condoms, counseling and HIV testing, early diagnosis and early treatment.
Sure, here are the flashcards in a table format:
Table

Question Answer

Candidiasis is an infection caused by the Candida fungus, a type of yeast that normally
What is Candidiasis? lives on our skin and multiplies under favorable conditions.

Candidiasis can be transmitted by kissing a person infected with candidiasis, sexual

contact with a person infected with penile yeast infection, or if two young children with
How is Candidiasis transmitted? the infection bathe together.

When the Candida yeast spreads in the mouth and throat, it causes an infection called
What are the symptoms of Thrush thrush. Symptoms include white or yellow patches on the tongue, lips, gums, and the roof
(Oropharyngeal Candidiasis)? of the mouth.

Symptoms include itchiness in the vagina, redness and swelling of the vagina and vulva,
What are the symptoms of Genital pain and burning sensation during sexual contact, and males may have an itchy rash on
Yeast Infection? their penis.

If the Candida yeast enters the bloodstream, it can travel to the heart, brain, blood, and
What is Invasive Candidiasis? eyes.

How is Candidiasis treated? Candidiasis can be treated with clotrimazole, butoconazole, tioconazole, or fluconazole.

Preventive measures include wearing loose-fitting clothes, changing clothes immediately

How can Candidiasis be prevented? after swimming, and using fragrance-free soaps.

Sure, here are the flashcards in a table format:

Table

Question Answer

What is euploidy? Euploidy is the addition or loss of one or more complete set of chromosomes.

Monoploidy is the loss of one complete set of chromosomes from the diploid set. For example,
What is monoploidy? wasps, bees, etc.

What is polyploidy? Polyploidy is the addition of one or more complete set of chromosomes in diploid organisms.

Autopolyploidy is the addition of more than two sets of chromosomes on the same genome. In this
type, there is a multiplication of sets of chromosomes within the same species or multiplication of the
What is same chromosomes. If a diploid species has two similar sets of chromosomes (AA), a tetraploid will
autopolyploidy? have chromosomes (AAAA).

Allopolyploidy is a type of polyploidy in which chromosomes are doubled. In this type, there is a
multiplication of chromosomes of different species. Hexaploid wheat is an example of
What is allopolyploidy? allopolyploidy; allopolyploidy is induced by chemical colchicine treatment of the seedlings.

What is Autoallopolyploidy is an intermediate condition where an allopolyploid shows the characteristics of

autoallopolyploidy? autoploidy for one or more genomes.

What are the effects of The effects of polyploidy include an increase in cell size, loss of resistance against frost, gigantic
polyploidy? plant parts, and an increase in ascorbic acid content.
Sure, here are the flashcards in a table format:
Table

Question Answer

What is the function

of nostrils in Nostrils are the external chambers through which air enters. The nostrils are separated by a septum. The
respiration? nostril and nasal chamber are lined with mucous and ciliated epithelium.

What are internal

nostrils? The external nostril opens into the internal nostril close to the glottis.

The larynx is a cartilaginous box-like structure situated in the anterior part of the trachea in the neck
What is the larynx? region which communicates with the glottis through the glottis.

The trachea is a hollow tube measuring about 12 cm in length and 2.5 cm in breadth. It extends
throughout the neck and thoracic cavity. It is situated ventral to the oesophagus. It is supported by 16 -
What is the trachea? 20 C shaped hyaline cartilage. It is lined with pseudostratified epithelium.

The trachea extends down the neck and bifurcates into two bronchi. Internally the bronchi is lined with
ciliated columnar epithelium. Each bronchus is divided into numerous bronchioles which ends in an
What are bronchi? alveoli or air sacs.

Lungs are the hollow, soft and spongy organs situated in the thoracic cavity. It is enclosed in a pleural
cavity by a pleural membrane filled with pleural fluid which reduces friction while breathing.
Internally, the lung is composed of millions of minute air sacs or alveoli through which air exchange
What are lungs? takes place.
Sure, here are the flashcards in a table format:
Table

Flashcard Question Answer

During inspiration, oxygen reaches the lungs. The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the
What is external lungs is more than that of the blood capillaries, as a result O2 diffuses from lungs to the
1 respiration? blood.

Oxygen molecules are transported by haemoglobin present in the blood. First O2 combine
How is O2 transported with the haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin. The oxygen is carried to different parts of
2 by blood? the body in the form of oxyhaemoglobin.

This respiration takes place in the tissue, so it is known as the cellular respiration. As soon
as the tissue reaches the tissue, oxyhaemoglobin is dissociated into free oxygen and
What is internal haemoglobin. The free oxygen now oxidizes glucose in presence of respiratory enzyme
3 respiration? and releases energy, water, and CO2.

How is CO2 The transportation of CO2 takes place in the following forms: in the form of carbonic
4 transported? acid, in the form of bicarbonate, and in the form of carbaminohaemoglobin compound.

CO2 combines with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) in the presence of the enzyme
carbonic anhydrase. The carbonic acid ionizes to form bicarbonates and H+ ions. The
bicarbonate ions are pumped out of the RBC to plasma where it combines with Na or K to
What is the Chloride form NaHCO3 and KHCO3. Due to the continuous movement of ions from the RBC,
shift or Hamburger there is a loss of ions in RBC. Chloride ions are shifted from plasma to the RBC. The
5 phenomenon? shifting of plasma from ions is known as the chloride shift.
Sure, here are the flashcards in a table format:
Table

Question Answer

What is the function of The testes are the primary sex organs. They are responsible for producing sperm and secreting
the testes? testosterone, which is necessary for the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

What is the function of

the epididymis? The epididymis is a long coiled tube that stores sperm and secretes a fluid that nourishes the sperm.

What is the function of The vasa differens is a thick muscular tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the seminal
the vasa differens? vesicle.

What is the function of The ejaculatory duct is formed by the combination of the seminal vesicle and the vasa differens. It
the ejaculatory duct? carries a mix of sperm and seminal fluid.

What is the function of The urethra is a tube arising from the urinary bladder. It serves as a common tube for the discharge
the urethra? of semen and urine.

What is the function of The penis is a highly muscular and erectile organ used for copulation. Its function is to deposit
the penis? sperm into the vagina.

The accessory glands include the seminal vesicle, prostate gland, and Cowper’s glands. They
What is the function of secrete fluids that nourish the sperm, provide energy, stimulate vaginal contractions, and act as a
the accessory glands? lubricant during copulation.