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    Bimed 09

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    1) Embryonic development begins with fertilization and passes through three main stages - cleavage, gastrulation, and organ formation. 2) During cleavage, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division to form a hollow blastula sphere. 3) Gastrulation transforms the blastula into a gastrula with an inner and outer layer of cells and an archenteron cavity. 4) Organ formation involves the differentiation of the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - into specific organs and tissues.

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    Bimed 09

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    47 views11 pages
    1) Embryonic development begins with fertilization and passes through three main stages - cleavage, gastrulation, and organ formation. 2) During cleavage, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division to form a hollow blastula sphere. 3) Gastrulation transforms the blastula into a gastrula with an inner and outer layer of cells and an archenteron cavity. 4) Organ formation involves the differentiation of the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - into specific organs and tissues.

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    1) Embryonic development begins with fertilization and passes through three main stages - cleavage, gastrulation, and organ formation. 2) During cleavage, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division to form a hollow blastula sphere. 3) Gastrulation transforms the blastula into a gastrula with an inner and outer layer of cells and an archenteron cavity. 4) Organ formation involves the differentiation of the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - into specific organs and tissues.

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    47 views11 pages

    Bimed 09

    Uploaded by

    api-3706483
    1) Embryonic development begins with fertilization and passes through three main stages - cleavage, gastrulation, and organ formation. 2) During cleavage, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division to form a hollow blastula sphere. 3) Gastrulation transforms the blastula into a gastrula with an inner and outer layer of cells and an archenteron cavity. 4) Organ formation involves the differentiation of the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - into specific organs and tissues.

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    Embryonic development

    The embryonic development of any animal starts


    from the fertilized egg (zygote) which usually
    passes through three main stages which are:
    1) Cleavage, 2) Gastrulation and
    3) Organ formation (organogenesis).
    1) Cleavage:
    After fertilization, the zygote divides repeatedly
    by a series of mitotic divisions.

    Zygote vertical 2-blastomere stage


    at right angle to the horizontal
    1st division 4-blastomere stage
    double vertical
    8-blastomere stage 16-blastomere stage
    double horizontal
    32-blastomere stage (morula)

    64-blastomere stage 128-blastomere stage


    A blastula
    The blastula
    @ It is a hollow structure formed at the end of
    cleavage process.
    @ Its wall is consisted of a single layer of cells.
    These cells are differentiated into micromeres at
    the animal pole and macromeres at the vegetal
    pole.
    @ The fluid filled cavity in its center is termed
    blastocoel.
    This blastocoel is not connected to the exterior.
    2) Gastrulation

    The gastrula
    @ It is an elongated structure formed at the end of
    gastrulation process by flattening and invagination of
    macromeres of blastula.
    Invagination continues until the macromeres come in direct
    contact with micromeres.
    So, the blastocoel is disappeared while a new cavity is
    formed.
    @ Its wall is formed from a double layers of cells.
    The outer layer which is formed from micromeres (is known
    as the ectoderm) while the inner layer is formed from the
    macromeres (the endoderm forms).
    @ It has a cavity that called archenteron which is connected
    to the exterior through an opening called a blastopore.
    3) Organ formation (organogenesis):
    Zygote

    Blastula

    Gastrula

    Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm

    Epidermis Brain & Notochord


    Embrygonic gut
    Somites
    and nervous
    associated system Mesenchyme
    structures Outer
    (loose & covering Inner Inner lining
    e.g. skin, migrating lining of of
    hair, nails of the respiratory
    Muscles
    … etc.
    cells) internal digestive tract
    organs tract
    Dermis Circulating Bones & Glands
    (inner system cartilage including
    skin layer (heart & liver &
    blood pancreas
    Excretory Gonads
    vessels)
    system
    Histology
    Types of tissues

    Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous


    tissues tissue tissues tissues

    Origin Ectoderm, mesoderm Mesoderm, Ectoderm,


    endoderm or
    mesoderm

    Matrix Small Huge


    (intercellu- amount amount
    lar
    substance)

    Basement Has a Has not


    membrane basement basement
    membrane membrane
    Epithelial tissues
    According to their function

    Covering epithelium Glandular epithelium Neuro-epithelium

    According to the number of layers of cells

    Simple epithelium Pseudostratified epithelium Stratified epith.elium


    (one layer) (all cells are not attached to the (more than one layer)
    free surface
    According to the shape of cells &
    the presence or absence of cilia on
    the free surface Lining blood vessels
    1- Simple squamous
    epithelium Thyroid glands

    2- Simple cuboidal
    epithelium

    3- Simple columnar Lining


    digestive Lining
    epithelium
    tract of ovisac &
    Bufo oviduct
    4- Simple columnar of Bufo
    ciliated epithelium
    Epithelial tissues
    According to their function

    Covering epithelium Glandular epithelium Neuro-epithelium

    According to the number of layers of cells

    Simple epithelium Pseudostratified Stratified


    epithelium epith.elium

    According to the presence or absence of


    cilia on the free surface

    1- Pseudostratified
    columnar epithelium
    e.g. male urethra

    2- Pseudostratified
    ciliated columnar
    epithelium

    e.g. lining trachea


    Covering epithelium Glandular epithelium Neuro-epithelium

    Simple epithelium Pseudostratified Stratified


    epithelium epith.elium
    According to the shape of the cells & the
    presence or absence of cilia on the free surface

    1- Stratified squamous
    epithelium
    e.g. Epidermis of the
    skin
    2- Stratified cuboidal
    epithelium
    e.g. Cloaca of the toad
    3- Stratified columnar
    epithelium
    e.g. Conjunctiva of the
    eye
    4- Stratified ciliated
    columnar epithelium
    e.g. lining vas
    deferens
    5 Transional
    epithelium
    e.g. lining urinary
    bladder
    Covering epithelium Glandular epithelium Neuro-epithelium
    According to the presence or
    absence of ducts Exocrine glands
    Endocrine glands -With ducts-
    -without ducts)-
    (duct glands)
    (ductluss glands) According to the number of cells

    e.g. pituitary, thyroid, Unicellular


    Multicellular glands
    parathyroid, adrenal, glands
    - Moretothan
    According the one cell
    duct
    gonads (testes & -One cell-
    ovaries), islets of e.g. goblet cells system
    Compound
    Langerhans, glands
    According to the shape Simple glands
    of secretory portion (have one (have duct
    duct) system)
    1- S. tubular
    glands
    e.g. crypts of Lieberkühn
    2- S. coiled tubular
    glands
    e.g. sweat glands
    3- S. branched tubular
    glands
    e.g. gastric glands
    4- S. alveolar glands
    e.g. mucous & poisonous
    gland in skin of Bufo
    5- S. branched alveolar
    glands
    e.g. sebaccous glands
    Covering epithelium Glandular epithelium Neuro-epithelium

    Endocrine glands Exocrine glands


    (ductluss glands) (duct glands)
    According to the number of cells

    Unicellular
    e.g. pituitary, thyroid, Multicellular glands
    glands
    parathyroid, adrenal, e.g. goblet cells
    gonads (testes &
    ovaries), islets of Simple glands Compound
    Langerhans, …. Etc. According to theglands
    shape of
    secretory portion
    1- C. tubular
    glands
    e.g. lacrimal
    glands
    2- C. alveolar
    glands
    e.g. salivary gland
    3- C. tubulo-
    alveolar glands
    e.g. mammary
    gland & exocrine
    portion of pancreas
    4- Reticular glands
    e.g. liver of
    mammals
    ‫مع أرق تحياتى وأمنياتى لكم‬
    ‫جميعا بالتوفيق والتفوق‬

    ‫ا‪.‬د‪ .‬شــــبل شــــعلن‬

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