CS-2 Lab Manual

Communication Systems-2 Lab
Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies,

NUZVID
Laboratory Manual
20EC3281 Communication Systems-2 Laboratory
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
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ENGINEERING THIRD YEAR: SEMESTER-I
20EC3281 COMMUNICATIONSYSTEMS-2 PCC 0L: 0T: 3P 1.5

LABORATORY CREDITS
List of Experiments
1. Modulation and Demodulation of Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).
2. Modulation and Demodulation of Frequency Shift Keying (FSK).
3. Modulation and Demodulation of Phase Shift Keying (PSK).
4. Simulation of BER performance of ASK over AWGN channels.
5. Simulation of BER performance of FSK over AWGN channels.
6. Simulation of BER performance of PSK over AWGN channels.
7. Simulation of BER performance of Digital modulation schemes over Rayleigh fading.
8. Study and analysis of Digital Communication techniques in real time Telecommunication systems.
9. Term Project.
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EXPERIMENT-1
Amplitude Shift Keying Modulation and Demodulation
Aim:
To generate and demodulate Amplitude Shift Keying signal and observe the waveforms.
Apparatus:
1. Transistor
2. Resistors
3. Capacitors
4. IC 741 op-amp
5. Potentiometer
6. Diode
7. Function generator
8. Digital Storage Oscilloscope
9. Probes
10. Bread Board
11. Connecting Wires
Definition: ASK is a type of modulation where the digital signal is represented as a change in amplitude. In order to
carry out amplitude shift keying, we require a carrier signal and a binary sequence signal. It is also known as On-Off
keying. This is because the carrier waves switch between 0 and 1 according to the high and low level of the input
signal.
Amplitude Shift Keying

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Here, (i) represents the digitized input sequence or message signal

(ii) represents the carrier wave of higher amplitude and frequency and
(iii) represents the ASK modulated wave.
Theory:
In amplitude shift keying, the phase and frequency of the carrier wave are maintained at a constant level
and only its amplitude is varied in accordance with the digitalized modulating signal. It is associated with two
levels only. However, there can be multiple levels of signal elements as well. Here, the carrier wave signal has a
greater amplitude range than the binary sequence signal.
The binary ASK system was one of the earliest forms of digital modulation used in wireless telegraphy.
In a binary, ASK system binary symbol ′1 ′ is represented by transmitting a sinusoidal carrier wave of fixed
amplitude Ac and fixed frequency fc for the bit duration Tb, whereas binary symbol ′0 ′ is represented by
switching of the carrier for Tbseconds. This signal can be generated simply by turning the carrier of a sinusoidal
ON and OFF for the prescribed periods indicated by the modulating pulse train. For this reason, the scheme is also
known as on-off shift Keying. Let the sinusoidal carrier can be represented by C(t) = Ac cos (2πfc t) then the binary
ASK signal can be represented by a wave S(t) given by S(t) = Ac cos (2πfc t), symbol ′1 ′ ASK signal can be
generated by applying the incoming binary data and the sinusoidal carrier to the two inputs of a product
modulator. The resulting output is the ASK wave.
Circuit Diagram Model Waveforms
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Demodulation:
The modulated ASK signal is given to the half-wave rectifier, which delivers a positive half output. The
low pass filter suppresses the higher frequencies and gives an envelope detected output from which the
comparator delivers a digital output.
Circuit Diagram:
Fig:2 ASK Demodulator circuit

Procedure:
Modulation:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 1.
2. Set the Function generators for the required Data signal and Carrier signal.
3. Apply the signal to the circuit.
4. Connect the DSO channel 1 probe at the data signal and channel2 at the output of the circuit to observe the
waveforms
5. Plot the waveforms.
Demodulation:
1. Choose the resistors and capacitor as per the calculation for demodulation circuit. (1/fc<RC <1/fm)
3. Apply the ASK Modulated signal to the circuit.
4. Connect the channel probe 1 at the demodulated output (pin 6 of op amp) and channel 2 should show the
modulated output.
5. Rotate the potentiometer until message frequency is seen
6. Observe and plot the wave forms. (With Amplitude and frequency readings)
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Precautions:
1. Equipment must be handled properly
2. Avoid the loose and wrong connections.
3. Check the connections before switching ON supply.
4. Do not disturb the circuit while doing the experiment.
5. Switch off the power supply after completing experiment.
Result:
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EXPERIMENT - 2
Frequency Shift Keying Modulation and Demodulation
Aim:
To generate and demodulate Amplitude Shift Keying signal and observe the waveforms.
Apparatus:
1. Transistor
2. Resistors
3. Capacitors
4. IC 741 op-amp
5. Potentiometer
6. Diode
9. Probes
10.Bread Board
11. Connecting Wires
Theory:
In digital data transmission, this corresponds to Frequency Shift Keying (FSK). FSK is a type of FM
where the modulating signal assumes discrete values and shifts the output frequency to a set of predetermined
discrete frequency values.
In FSK systems two sinusoidal carrier waves of same amplitude AC but different frequencies fC1 and fC2
are used to represent binary symbols 1 and 0 respectively. i.e., S (t) = Ac Cos (2 П fC1t) symbol 1 = Ac Cos (2 П
fC2t) symbol 2 The FSK is essentially a superposition of two ASK waveforms one with frequency f C1 and the other
with fC2. Hence the PSD of FSK is the sum of two ASKS specter at frequencies fC1 and fC2. The bandwidths of
FSK are higher than that of PSK and ASK. The application of FSK signals is in low-speed digital data
transmission.
Generation of FSK:
The FSK signal can be generated by applying the incoming binary data to a frequency modulator and to
other input a sinusoidal carrier wave of amplitude AC and frequency fC is applied. As the binary data changes
form one level to another (but non zero being pear) the output changes its frequencies is the corresponding
manner.
Detection of FSK:
FSK can be demodulated using synchronous or coherent detector. This type of detection or digital
communication reception is also known as correlation reception. The coherent detection requires phase and time
synchronization
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Model Waveforms:
Fig:1 FSK Modulator Circuit
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Fig:2 FSK Demodulation Circuit
Procedure:
Modulation:
3. Note down the frequency and amplitude of the Data and Carrier signal. Apply the signal to the circuit.
wave forms.
5. Plot the wave forms. (With Amplitude and frequency readings)
Demodulation:
1. Choose the resistors and capacitor as per the calculation for demodulation circuit. (1/fc< RC <1/fm)
3. Apply the FSK Modulated signal to the circuit.
modulated output.
5. Rotate the potentiometer until message frequency is seen.
6. Observe and plot the wave forms. (With Amplitude and frequency readings)
Precautions:
Result:
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EXPERIMENT-3
Phase Shift keying Modulation and Demodulation

Aim:
To generate and demodulate Phase Shift Keying signal and observe the wave forms.
Apparatus:
1. Transistor
2. Resistors
3. Capacitors
4. IC 741 op-amp
5. Potentiometer
6. Diode
9. Probes
10.Bread Board
11. Connecting Wires.
Theory:
Definition: Phase Shift Keying is a type of digital modulation technique we transmit the data by modulating the
phase of the carrier signal. The modulation is carried out by changing the inputs at regular intervals of time. Here
we use finite phases and each of these phases can be represented by a unique pattern of bits. The number of bits
used is the same in each case. A demodulator is used to determine the phase of the signal and recover the original
data from it. Such a system is referred to as a coherent system.
We can represent the PSK method by using the constellations diagram. Uniform phase separation is offered
among nearby points and therefore it is the best protection to corruption.
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Types of Phase Shift Keying:

PSK is of two types:
BPSK - Binary Phase-Shift Keying
QPSK - Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying
Binary Phase-Shift Keying

BPSK is also called phase reversal keying or 2PSK. It is the simplest form of PSK. Two phases are used
which has 180 degrees separation and the two phases are represented by 0 and 1 where 0 represents 0 degrees and
1 represents 180 degrees. In this method, certain basic functions are selected. The position of the constellation
points on the wave does not matter. They can be placed anywhere. It is the best form of PSK as it can take care of
huge noise distortion. However, one major disadvantage of PSK is that it can only modulate one bit per symbol.
QPSK uses quadrants or four different spaces. In this technique, different constellation points are used for
noise reduction. The constellation points also reduce the chances of error. In this kind of PSK, four different
phases are used which are 0, 90, 180 and 270 degrees. Two bits are used to represent the four different phases.
Circuit Diagram:
Fig:1 Phase Shift Keying Modulation Circuit

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Fig:2 Demodulation Circuit

Procedure:
Modulation:
3. Apply the signals to the circuit.
waveforms
5. Plot the waveforms.
Demodulation:
1 For Synchronous detection, connect the carrier signal and modulated signal (PSK) to the OP-AMP (add/sub).
Observe the output (ask signal).
2. Choose the resistors and capacitor as per the calculation for demodulation circuit. (1/fc<RC <1/fm)
4. Apply the PSK Modulated signal to the circuit.
modulated output.
6. Rotate the potentiometer until message frequency is seen.
7. Observe and plot the waveforms. (With Amplitude and frequency readings)
Precautions:
Result:
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EXPERIMENT-4
Simulation of BER performance of ASK over AWGN channels.

Aim:
To write and simulate program of ASK in MATLAB software and observe the curves of BER versus SNR
values with AWGN channel.
Apparatus
Name of the Software Specifications/Range Quantity
MATLAB, Computer installed 2018a 01
with Windows XP or higher
Version.
PREPARATION (PRE-LAB)
1. Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz for an ASK signal, what are the baud rate and bit rate?
2. Find the minimum bandwidth for an ASK signal transmitting at 2000bps.
THEORY:
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) is a digital modulation scheme where the binary data is transmitted using a
carrier signal with two different amplitude levels. For binary 0 and 1, the carrier switches between these two
levels. In its simplest form, a carrier is sent during one input and no carrier is sent during the other. This kind of
modulation scheme is called on-off keying. Asimple ASK modulator circuit is shown in figure. Here a sinusoidal
high frequency carrier signal is sent for logic ‘0’ (-5V) and no carrier is sent for logic ‘1’ (+5V). The transistor
works as a switch closes when the input (base) voltage is +5V (logic ‘1’) and shorts the output. When the input
voltage is -5V (logic ‘0’), the switch opens and the carrier signal is directly connected to the output.
ASK is a form of modulation that represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave.
The amplitude of an analog carrier signal varies in accordance with the bit stream (modulating signal), keeping
frequency and phase constant.
On-off keying (OOK) the simplest form of amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulation that represents
digital data as the presence or absence of a carrier wave. In its simplest form, the presence of a carrier for a
specific duration represents a binary one, while its absence for the same duration represents a binary zero.
In a ASK system, the pair of signal S1(t) used to represent binary symbols 1 & 0 are defined by
𝑆 (𝑡) = 2𝐸𝑏/𝑇𝑏 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡
0 where 0 ≤ t < Tb and
Eb = Transmitted signed energy for bit
The carrier frequency fc =n/Tb for some fixed integer n.
Block Diagram of ASK Transmitter:
Fig. ASK Transmitter block diagram

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The input binary symbols are represented in polar form with symbols 1 & 0 represented by constant
amplitude levels 𝐸 & − 𝐸 . This binary wave is multiplied by a sinusoidal carrier in a product modulator. The
result is a ASK signal.
ASK Receiver:
Fig. ASK Receiver block diagram

The received ASK signal is applied to a correlator which is also supplied with a locally generated
reference signal Ø1 (t). The correlated o/p is compared with a threshold of zero volts. If x1> 0, the receiver
decides in favour of symbol 1. If x1< 0, it decides in favour of symbol 0.
ALGORITHM
ASK Modulation
1. Generate the carrier signal (Ø1 (t) = √2/Tb cos 2πfct )
2. Generate the base band data signal.
3. Multiply the polar form data signal and carrier signal. The resultant signal is a PSK signal.
4. Plot the carrier, data and PSK signal.
ASK Demodulation
1. Multiply the received PSK signal with the carrier signal (Ø1 (t) = √2/Tb cos 2πfct )
2. Integrate the resultant signal(x1) .
3. If x1 is greater than zero then choose 1 and if it is less than 0 choose 0.
4. Plot the demodulated signal.
TEST PROCEDURE
1. Open the MATLAB® software by double clicking its icon.
2. MATLAB® logo will appear and after few moments Command Prompt will appear.
3. Go to the File Menu and select a New M- file. (File NewM-file) or in the left hand corner a blank
white paper icon will be there. Click it once.
4. A blank M- file will appear with a title ‘untitled’
5. Now start typing your program. After completing, save the M- file with appropriate name.
To execute the program Press F5 or go to Debug Menu and select Run.
6. After execution output will appear in the Command window .If there is an error then with an
alarm, type of error will appear in red color.
7. Rectify the error if any and go to Debug Menu and select Run.
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MATLAB Code:
BER_ASK
%BER_ASK
clc;
clear all;
close all;
num_bit=100;
data=randi (1, num_bit);
SNRdb=0:10;
SNR=10. ^(SNRdb/10);
For (k=1: length (SNRdb))
Y=awgn(complex(data), SNRdb(k));
error=0;
R=0;
M= [];
for(c=1:1:num_bit)
if(Y(c)>.5&&data(c)==0) ||(Y(c)<.5&&data(c)==1)
error =error+1;
M= [M ~ data(c)];
else
M= [M data(c)];
end
end
error=error/num_bit;
m(k)=error;
end
semilogy (SNRdb, m,'o','linewidth',2.5);
grid on;
hold on;
BER_th= (1/2) *erfc (.5*sqrt (SNR));
semilogy (SNRdb, BER_th,'r','linewidth',2.5);
grid on;
hold on;
title ('Curve for bit error rate versus SNR for binary ASK modulation');
xlabel ('SNR (db)')
ylabel ('BER');
legend('Simulation','thoeritical');
axis ([0 10 10^-5 1]);
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Plots
RESULT
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EXPERIMENT - 5
Simulation of BER performance of FSK over AWGN channels
AIM:
To write and simulate program of FSK in MATLAB software and observe the curves of BER versus
SNR values with AWGN channel.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
MATLAB, Computer installed with 2018a 01
Windows XP or higher Version.
PREPARATION (PRE-LAB)
1. Define modulation index.
2. Write a matlab program for generating PN sequence.
3. What is MSK and mention its significance.
4. Differentiate coherent and non-coherent FSK.
5. Give the expression for bandwidth of FSK scheme.
THEORY:
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) is a digital modulation scheme where the digital data is transmitted using
a high frequency carrier signal. For logic ‘0’ and ‘1’ the carrier signal switches between two preset frequencies,
hence the name FSK.
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) is digital transmission scheme where the binary data is transmitted
using out of phase signals. During logic ‘0’ a preset number of cycles of a sinusoidal carrier signal is
transmitted and during logic ‘1’ the same number of cycles of the carrier signal is transmitted but with 180o
phase shift.
In binary FSK system, symbol 1 & 0 are distinguished from each other by transmitting one of the two
sinusoidal waves that differ in frequency by a fixed amount.
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Block Diagram of FSK Transmitter:
The i/p binary sequence is represented in its on-off form, with symbol 1 represented by constant
amplitude of √Eb with & symbol 0 represented by zero volts. By using inverter in the lower channel,
we in effect make sure that when symbol 1is at the i/p, The two frequency f1& f2 are chosen to be
equal integer multiples of the bit rate 1/Tb .
By summing the upper & lower channel outputs, we get BFSK signal.
Block Diagram of FSK Receiver:
The receiver consists of two correlators with common inputs which are supplied with locally generated
coherent reference signals Ø1(t) and Ø2 (t).
The correlator outputs are then subtracted one from the other, and the resulting difference L is compared
with a threshold of zero volts. If L >0, the receiver decides in favour of symbol 1 and if L <0, the receiver
decides in favour of symbol 0.
ALGORITHM
BFSK Modulation
1. Generate two carrier signals (Ø1 (t) = √2/Tb cos 2πƒ1t and Ø2 (t) = √2/Tb cos2πƒ2 t)
2. Generate the base band data signal .
3. Convert the base band signal into on-off form.(i.e m(t))
4. Multiply the on-off form data signal m(t) and carrier signal 1 in one channel .
5. Invert the signal m(t) to get m1 (t)
6. Multiply the on-off form data signal m1 (t)and carrier signal 2in another channel
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7. Sum the output resultant signals of step 4 and 5.

8. The resultant signal is a FSK signal 9. Plot the carrier, data and FSK signal.
BFSK Demodulation
1. Multiply the received FSK signal with the carrier signal Ø1 (t) = √2/Tb cos 2πƒ1t in one channel and integrate
the resultant signal(x1)
2. Multiply the received FSK signal with the carrier signal Ø2 (t) = √2/Tb cos 2πƒ 2t in another channel and
integrate the resultant signal(x2)
3. Find x=x1-x2.
4. If x is greater than zero then choose 1 and if it is less than 0 choose 0 .
TEST PROCEDURE
3. Go to the File Menu and select a New M- file. (File NewM-file) or in the left hand corner a blank white paper
icon will be there. Click it once.
5. Now start typing your program. After completing, save the M- file with appropriate name. To execute the
program Press F5 or go to Debug Menu and select Run.
6. After execution output will appear in the Command window .If there is an error then with an alarm, type of
error will appear in red color.
MAT LAB Code:
BER_ FSK
% BER_ FSK
BER_ FSK
clear
N = 10^5 % number of bits or symbols
T = 8; % symbol duration
t = [0:1/T:0.99]; % sampling instants
tR = kron(ones(1,N),t); % repeating the sampling instants
Eb_N0_dB = [0:11]; % multiple Eb/N0 values
for ii = 1:length(Eb_N0_dB)
% generating the bits
ip = rand(1,N)>0.5; % generating 0,1 with equal probability
freqM = ip+1;
% converting the bits into frequency, bit0 -> frequency of 1, bit1 -> frequency of 2
freqR = kron(freqM,ones(1,T)); % repeating
x = (sqrt(2)/sqrt(T))*cos(2*pi*freqR.*tR); %generating the FSK modulated signal
% noise
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n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(1,N*T) + j*randn(1,N*T)]; % white gaussian noise, 0dB variance
% coherent receiver
y = x + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)*n; % additive white gaussian noise
op1 = conv(y, sqrt(2/T)*cos(2*pi*1*t)); % correlating with frequency 1
op2 = conv(y, sqrt(2/T)*cos(2*pi*2*t)); % correlating with frequency 2
% demodulation
ipHat = [real(op1(T+1:T:end)) < real(op2(T+1:T:end))]; %
nErr(ii) = size(find([ip - ipHat]),2); % counting the number of errors
end
simBer = nErr/N;
theoryBer = 0.5*erfc(sqrt((10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10))/2)); %theoretical BER
close all
figure
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBer,'b-');
hold on
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,simBer,'mx-');
axis([0 11 10^-4 0.5])
grid on
legend('theory:fsk-coh', 'sim:fsk-coh');
xlabel('Eb/No, dB')
ylabel('Bit Error Rate')
title('Bit error probability curve')
Plots
RESULT
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EXPERIMENT-6
Simulation of BER performance of PSK over AWGN channels
Aim:
To write and simulate program of PSK in MATLAB software and observe the curves of BER versus SNR
values with AWGN channel.
APPARATUS :
Version.
THEORY:
In a coherent binary PSK system, the pair of signal S1(t) and S2 (t) used to represent binary symbols 1 & 0
are defined by
S1 (t) = √2Eb/τb Cos 2πfct
S2 (t) =√2Eb/Tb (2πfct+π) = - √ 2Eb/Tb Cos 2πfct where 0 ≤ t < Tb and
Eb = Transmitted signed energy for bit
The carrier frequency fc =n/Tb for some fixed integer n.
In BPSK, there is only one basis function of unit energy.

Øb (t) = √2/Tb cos 2fπct 0≤ t< Tb
S1 (t) = √Eb Ø1 (t) 0≤ t ≤Tb
S2 (t) = √Eb Ø1 (t) 0≤ t< Tb
The signal space is 1dimensional (N=1) having two message points (M = 2)
ALGORITHM
BPSK Modulation
1. Generate the carrier signal (Ø1 (t) = √2/Tb cos 2πfct )
2. Generate the base band data signal.
3. Convert the base band signal into polar form.
4. Multiply the polar form data signal and carrier signal. The resultant signal is a PSK signal.
5. Plot the carrier, data and PSK signal.
BPSK Demodulation
1. Multiply the received PSK signal with the carrier signal (Ø1 (t) = √2/Tb cos 2πfct )
2. Integrate the resultant signal(x1).
3. If x1 is greater than zero then choose 1 and if it is less than 0 choose 0.
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TEST PROCEDURE
MATLAB Code:
BER_ PSK
% BER_ PSK
clear
rand('state',100); % initializing the rand() function
randn('state',200); % initializing the randn() function
% Transmitter
s = 2*ip-1; % BPSK modulation 0 -> -1; 1 -> 1
n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(1,N) + j*randn(1,N)]; % white gaussian noise, 0dB variance
Eb_N0_dB = [-3:10]; % multiple Eb/N0 values
% Noise addition
y = s + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)*n; % additive white gaussian noise
% receiver - hard decision decoding

ipHat = real(y)>0;
% counting the errors

nErr(ii) = size(find([ip- ipHat]),2);
end
simBer = nErr/N; % simulated ber
theoryBer = 0.5*erfc(sqrt(10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10))); % theoretical ber
% plot
close all
figure
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBer,'b.-');
hold on
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,simBer,'mx-');
axis([-3 10 10^-5 0.5])
grid on
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legend('theory', 'simulation');
xlabel('Eb/No, dB');
ylabel('Bit Error Rate');
title('Bit error probability curve for BPSK modulation');
Plots
RESULT
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EXPERIMENT-7
Simulation of BER performance of Digital modulation schemes over Rayleigh fading

Aim:
To write and simulate program of BER performance of digital modulation schemes over Rayleigh fading.
APPARATUS :
Version.
THEORY:
Fading:
In wireless communications, fading is considered as the deflection or attenuation induced by a
propagation media. Fading may vary with time, geographical position and radio frequencies. Fading may either be
due to multipath propagation, referred to as multipath induced fading, or due to shadowing from obstacles
affecting the wave propagation, sometimes referred to as shadow fading. In this paper, we are interested in two
types of fading due to multipath:
- Rayleigh Fading,
- Rician Fading.
Rayleigh Fading
In urban crossing buildings, vehicles and other objects, the transmitted, Tx, signals arrive at the receiver,
Rx, on different paths as presented in Fig.1. A Rayleigh channel is considered when there are different signal
paths between the transmitter and receiver, none of which dominates. This means that all the paths can vary and
affect the overall signal at the receiver.
BER performance over Rayleigh channel

A) A BPSK modulated signal with power 𝑃 = 𝐸 transmitted over (AWGN) Additive White
Gaussian Channel is affected by various types of noise, like thermal noise. This noise is additive in
nature, has flat spectrum (white - uncorrelated), has Gaussian PDF (probability density function).
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𝒀 =𝒉∗𝑿+𝑽
Where X is BPSK signal and V is Gaussian noise N(, 2)
TESTPROCEDURE
MATLAB Code:
% Rayleigh fading channel

% Script for computing the BER for BPSK modulation in a
clear
% Transmitter
s = 2*ip-1; % BPSK modulation 0 -> -1; 1 -> 0
Eb_N0_dB = [-3:35]; % multiple Eb/N0 values
n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(1,N) + j*randn(1,N)]; % white gaussian noise, 0dB variance
h = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(1,N) + j*randn(1,N)]; % Rayleigh channel
% Channel and noise Noise addition

y = h.*s + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)*n;
% equalization
yHat = y./h;
% receiver - hard decision decoding

ipHat = real(yHat)>0;
% counting the errors

nErr(ii) = size(find([ip- ipHat]),2);
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end
simBer = nErr/N; % simulated ber

theoryBerAWGN = 0.5*erfc(sqrt(10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10))); % theoretical ber
EbN0Lin = 10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10);
theoryBer = 0.5.*(1-sqrt(EbN0Lin./(EbN0Lin+1)));
% plot
close all
figure
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBerAWGN,'cd-','LineWidth',2);
hold on
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBer,'bp-','LineWidth',2);
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,simBer,'mx-','LineWidth',2);
axis([-3 35 10^-5 0.5])
grid on
legend('AWGN-Theory','Rayleigh-Theory', 'Rayleigh-Simulation');
xlabel('Eb/No, dB');
ylabel('Bit Error Rate');
title('BER for BPSK modulation in Rayleigh channel');
Plots
RESULT
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EXPERIMENT-8
Study and analysis of Digital Communication techniques in real time

Telecommunication systems
Aim:
To study and analyze the digital communication techniques in real time telecommunication systems.
THEORY:
Fundamental to entire communication process is modulation; it is defined as the process of varying one or
more properties of a periodic waveform, with a baseband signal that typically contains information to be
transmitted. The main goal of modulation is to compress as much data into the least amount of spectrum
possible. This is known as spectral efficiency, measures how quickly data can be transmitted in an assigned
bandwidth. The unit is bit per second per Hz ((bit/s)/Hz). Multiple techniques have developed to achieve and
improve spectral efficiency. Nowadays most of wireless transmissions are digital, and with the limited spectrum
available.
In a digital communication system, the source to be transmitted is discrete both in time and amplitude. In
this system, the modulating signal may be represented as a time sequence of symbols or pulses, where each
symbol has ‘m’ finite states. Each symbol represents ‘n’ bits of information where n = log2m bits/symbol. The
major advantage of using digital modulation technique is that the use of digital signals minimize hardware,
provides greater noise exemption, easier multiplexing of various forms of information like voice, data and video.
LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) developed by National
Instruments (NI), is a data acquisition, instrumentation and control programming tool widely used in industry. It
is a graphical programming environment with many software features and hardware options is the main
reason for its increasing popularity. It can be used to communicate with hardware such as DAQ, Vision, and
motion control devices [2]. The basic forms of digital modulation techniques are Amplitude Shift Keying
(ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) and Phase Shift Keying (PSK). In this work basic digital modulations are
carried out using LabVIEW[3].
The paper [2] had demonstrated through some experimental outcome of the concepts, in the course on digital
communication using the ability of the LabVIEW programming environment. The graphical programming
environment is easy to learn and simple to transform an equation or concept to a working program. This work
failed to demonstrate digital detection technique using the LabVIEW software. The proposed work deals with
the identification of demodulation output and error is also calculated.
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
LabVIEW provides a single graphical design tool for algorithm development, embedded system design,
prototyping and interfacing with real-world hardware. Additional modules have been designed to expand the real
time operating system, DSP and FPGA programming. National Instruments is increasingly focusing on the
capability of deploying LabVIEW code onto an increasing number of targets including devices like Phar Lap or
Vx Works OS based LabVIEW Real-Time Controllers, FPGAs Pocket PCs and PDAs.
The LabVIEW graphical programming environment with the included examples and documentation, makes it
simple to create small applications. The practical benefit of the graphical approach is that it puts more focus on
data and the operations being performed on that data, and abstracts much of the administrative complexity of
computer programming such as memory allocation and language syntax. G Programming language is a Intuitive
and flowchart-like dataflow programming model.
 Shorter learning curve than traditional text-basedprogramming.
 Naturally represents data-driven applications withtiming and parallelism.
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LabVIEW contains a powerful optimizing compiler that examines the block diagram and directly generates
efficient machine code, avoiding the performance penalty associated with interpreted or cross-compiled
languages. From a technical standpoint, G(Graphical) is a graphical dataflow language in which nodes
(operations or functions) operate on data as soon as it becomes available, rather than in the sequential line-by-
line manner that most programming languages employ. Fig. 1 shows the LabVIEW front panel with associated
block diagram.
Fig.1: LabVIEW front panel with associated block diagram

METHODOLOGY
This paper describes methodology to generate ASK, FSK and PSK modulation using LabVIEW. The
developed algorithm will perform modulation and detection of original digital signal. The periodic signal is
varied in accordance with digital input (Binary 1010111) to achieve desired modulation. The modulated signal is
send through detector circuit to recover original signal. Fig.2. shows the block diagram of system architecture.
Fig.2: Block diagram of system architecture
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
This section describes method of implementation in LabVIEW. There are many types of digital modulation
techniques and also their combinations depending upon the need. This work involves discussion about the
prominent ones such as OOK, FSK and PSK. In PSK different deviations are implemented such as BPSK, DPSK
and QPSK.
The basic modulations taken for explanation is On-Off keying, Frequency shift keying and Binary shift keying.
On- Off keying is a simplest form of ASK, where the carrier is selected based on the digital signal input. Here
the amplitude of carrier is varied according to digital input. If binary input is ‘1’ then the carrier signal of 2V is
selected. If the binary data is ‘0’ then output will be 0V [as explained in equation (1)]. OOK is most frequently
used to send Morse code over RF channel. It as high spectral efficiency than FSK but more susceptible to noise.
Fig.4 shows the flow diagram implementation in LabVIEW software. Identifying the data as ‘1’ or ‘0’ and
selecting the required carrier is achieved with ‘select’ function from block diagram pallet. It is available in
‘Express’ sub-palette. It returns the value wired to the ‘t’ input or ‘f’ input, depending on the value of ‘s’. If ‘s’ is
TRUE, this function returns the value wired to ‘t’. If ‘s’ is FALSE, this function returns the value wired to ‘f’.
The connector pane displays the default data types for this polymorphic function (shown in Fig.3).
Implementation of OOK in LabVIEW is explained in Fig.4. To recover original binary data in LABVIEW is
explained in Fig.5.
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Fig.3: Select SubVI
……(1)
Fig.4: Flow Diagram of ASK implementation in LabVIEW
Fig.5: Flow Diagram of ASK Detection implementation in LabVIEW

FSK is a type of frequency modulation scheme in digital modulation. Now the frequency of carrier is varied
according to the binary input. If binary input is ‘1’ then the carrier signal of frequency (f1 Hz) is selected. If the
binary data is ‘0’ then carrier signal of frequency (f2 Hz) is selected [as explained in equation (2)]. FSK is less
sensitive to errors than ASK with minimal noise effect. FSK is used in high-frequency radio transmission. Fig.6
shows the flow diagram implementation of FSK in LabVIEW.
….. (2)
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Fig.6: Flow Diagram of FSK implementation in LabVIEW

Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is a digital modulation scheme. Carrier signal changes its phase according to the
binary input is called as Binary PSK (BPSK). In BPSK, the transmitted signal is a sinusoid of fixed amplitude. It
has one fixed phase when the data is at one level and at the other level, phase difference by 180 degree[4].
Consider if the input is ‘1’ then the carrier is 0o phase shift and if the input is ‘0’ then the carrier with 180o phase
shift is selected which is shown in constellation diagram (Fig.7 and equation (3)). Due to PSK’s simplicity,
compared to Quadrature amplitude modulation, it is broadly used in wireless LANs, RFIDs and Bluetooth
communication [5]. This modulation is the most robust of all the PSKs since it is less resistant to noise so the
demodulator reaches an incorrect decision. This scheme able to modulate the data at the rate of 1 Mbit/symbol
and so is not appropriate for high data rate application. Fig.8 explains the flow diagram implementation of BPSK
in LabVIEW.
……(3)
Fig.7: Constellation Diagram of BPSK
Fig.8: Flow Diagram of BPSK implementation in LabVIEW
Differential PSK can afford the extended data rate of 2 Mbit/symbol. Modulation scheme is realized for encoded
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data not for direct input data so it improves the security. DPSK is simple to implement than ordinary PSK, since there
is no need for the demodulator to have a copy of the reference signal to determine the exact phase of the received
signal (it is a non- coherent scheme).
Fig.8: Flow Diagram of DPSK implementation in LabVIEW
Fig. 9: Flow diagram of DPSK demodulation using LabVIEW
Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK) is a very important and special digital modulation because it actually
transmits two bits per symbol. In other prospective, QPSK symbols represents 00, 01, 10 or 11. Henceforth in
QPSK, the carrier wave diverges in four possible phase shifts [4]. Those are mapped to 450, 1350, 2250 and 3150
states respectively (shown in Fig.10). Fig.11 shows the constellation diagram for QPSK modulation. With four
phases, QPSK can encode two bits per symbol to minimize the BER (bit error rate).
Fig.10: QPSK sample data represented with corresponding degree
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Fig.11: QPSK Constalletion diagram

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This section discusses results of the above stated modulation techniques. Fig.12 shows the ON-OFF keying
modulation and demodulation program as GUI program in block diagram panel. Here Carrier signal-1 is a 2V,
10Hz signal whereas carrier signal-2 is a 0V. The corresponding carrier will be selected based on the input data.
Here the input data/message signal is a square wave input and taken as reference to measure the error or delay
between input data anddemodulated output.
Fig.12: Block diagram and Square wave ON-Off Keying/ASK, Filter, and Error measurement output
waveform in LabVIEW
Fig.13 illustrates the binary input/symbol for demonstrating same ON-OFF Keying modulation and
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demodulation. Waveform charts and binary array are shown infront panel of LabVIEW.
Fig.13: Block diagram and Binary input ON-OFF Keying/ASK, Filter, demodulated output waveform in
LabVIEW
Fig.14 Shows the Front panel and Block diagram of FSK modulation and demodulation using LabVIEW. The
main logic of obtaining ASK from FSK because it helps to retain the same demodulation technique. The
obtained ASK should be of high frequency carrier signal. To obtain the desired ASK=FSK-ASK (of Low
frequency Carrier signal). Fig.13 shows the front panel and block diagram BPSK modulation and
demodulation techniques. Same methods of FSK demodulation is followed to obtain BPSK demodulated
signal.
Fig.14: Block Diagram and Binary input FSK, Filter, Demodulated output waveform in LabVIEW
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Fig.15 shows the program in block diagram for BPSK implementation in LabVIEW. Only two phase shifts are
observed and clearly shown in front panel waveform window.
Fig.15: Block Diagram and Binary input BPSK, Filter, Demodulated output waveform in LabVIEW
Fig.16 shows the detailed implementation of DPSK modulation. The binary data is encoded using Exclusive-
Exclusive
OR gate. For the encoded data modulation is performed. The demodulation is implemented in simple possible
steps.
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RESULT AND CONCLUSION

The user friendly environment realization of digital modulation techniques which are useful in wireless
communication system is verified in LabVIEW. The simulation and the output waveform of the different digital
modulation techniques have been conversed in this paper. The choice of digital modulation technique is purely
dependent on the type of precise application. Many applications may need higher accuracy in reception of data,
while the other constraint may be existing bandwidth or power. The facility provided by wireless communication
system can be significantly improved with the help of proper selection of modulation scheme. The importance of
this paper is implementation of demodulation scheme of digital modulation techniques is explained and discussed
using LabVIEW in detail and concluded that in WLAN QPSK is best suited.
Page 35 of 35

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Communication Systems-2 Lab

Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies,

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

ENGINEERING THIRD YEAR: SEMESTER-I

20EC3281 COMMUNICATIONSYSTEMS-2 PCC 0L: 0T: 3P 1.5

Amplitude Shift Keying Modulation and Demodulation

Amplitude Shift Keying

Here, (i) represents the digitized input sequence or message signal

Fig:2 ASK Demodulator circuit

Fig:1 FSK Modulator Circuit

Fig:2 FSK Demodulation Circuit

Phase Shift keying Modulation and Demodulation

Types of Phase Shift Keying:

Binary Phase-Shift Keying

Fig:1 Phase Shift Keying Modulation Circuit

Fig:2 Demodulation Circuit

Simulation of BER performance of ASK over AWGN channels.

Block Diagram of ASK Transmitter:

Fig. ASK Transmitter block diagram

Fig. ASK Receiver block diagram

Simulation of BER performance of FSK over AWGN channels

Block Diagram of FSK Transmitter:

Block Diagram of FSK Receiver:

7. Sum the output resultant signals of step 4 and 5.

MAT LAB Code:

Eb_N0_dB = [0:11]; % multiple Eb/N0 values

n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(1,N*T) + j*randn(1,N*T)]; % white gaussian noise, 0dB variance

Simulation of BER performance of PSK over AWGN channels

In BPSK, there is only one basis function of unit energy.

% receiver - hard decision decoding

% counting the errors

Simulation of BER performance of Digital modulation schemes over Rayleigh fading

BER performance over Rayleigh channel

% Rayleigh fading channel

% Channel and noise Noise addition

% receiver - hard decision decoding

% counting the errors

simBer = nErr/N; % simulated ber

Study and analysis of Digital Communication techniques in real time

Fig.1: LabVIEW front panel with associated block diagram

Fig.2: Block diagram of system architecture

Fig.3: Select SubVI

Fig.4: Flow Diagram of ASK implementation in LabVIEW

Fig.5: Flow Diagram of ASK Detection implementation in LabVIEW

Fig.6: Flow Diagram of FSK implementation in LabVIEW

Fig.7: Constellation Diagram of BPSK

Fig.8: Flow Diagram of BPSK implementation in LabVIEW

Fig.8: Flow Diagram of DPSK implementation in LabVIEW

Fig. 9: Flow diagram of DPSK demodulation using LabVIEW

Fig.10: QPSK sample data represented with corresponding degree

Fig.11: QPSK Constalletion diagram

RESULT AND CONCLUSION

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n = 1/sqrt(2)[randn(1,NT) + jrandn(1,NT)]; % white gaussian noise, 0dB variance