Bq27425 G1 Datasheet

bq27425-G1
www.ti.com SLUSAI6 NOVEMBER 2011
System-Side Impedance Track Fuel Gauge With Integrated Sense Resistor

1
FEATURES
Battery Fuel Gauge for 1-Series LiCoO2 battery Applications Easy to Configure Battery Fuel Gauging Based on Patented Impedance Track Technology Models Battery Discharge Curve for Accurate State-of-Charge Report Automatically Adjusts for Battery Aging, Battery Self-Discharge, and Temperature/Rate Inefficiencies Low-Value Integrated Sense Resistor (10 m typical) Resides on System Main Board Works with Embedded or Removable Battery Packs Integrated LDO allows devices to be powered directly from battery pack Microcontroller Peripheral Provides: Accurate Battery Fuel Gauging Internal Temperature Sensor for Battery Temperature Reporting Configurable Level of State-of-Charge (SOC) Interrupts 2 I C for Connection to System Microcontroller Port Small 15-pin 2,69 1,75 mm, 0.5 mm pitch CSP package
APPLICATIONS
Feature Phones Smart Phones PDAs Digital Still and Video Cameras Handheld Terminals MP3 or Multimedia Players
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DESCRIPTION
The Texas Instruments bq27425 system-side LiCoO2 battery fuel gauge is an easy to configure microcontroller peripheral that provides fuel gauging for single-cell LiCoO2 battery packs. The device requires minimal user configurations and system microcontroller firmware development for accurate fuel gauging. The bq27425 uses the patented Impedance Track algorithm for fuel gauging, and provides information such as remaining battery capacity (mAh), state-of-charge (%), and battery voltage (mV). Battery fuel gauging with the bq27425 requires only PACK+ (P+), PACK (P), for a removable battery pack or embedded battery circuit. The 15-pin 2,69 1,75 mm, 0.5 mm pitch CSP package is ideal for space constrained applications.
TYPICAL APPLICATION
Single Cell Li- Ion Voltage Sense VBAT VCC LDO System Interface I2C DATA SRX Integrated Current Sense VSS REGIN PACK +
PROTECTION IC
Battery Pack
bq27425
To Charger T
GPOUT BIN
PACK -
FETs
CHG DSG
Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet. Impedance Track is a trademark of Texas Instruments. I2C is a trademark of Phillips Corporation.
Copyright 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated
PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date. Products conform to specifications per the terms of the Texas Instruments standard warranty. Production processing does not necessarily include testing of all parameters.
bq27425-G1
SLUSAI6 NOVEMBER 2011 www.ti.com
These devices have limited built-in ESD protection. The leads should be shorted together or the device placed in conductive foam during storage or handling to prevent electrostatic damage to the MOS gates.
DEVICE INFORMATION AVAILABLE OPTIONS

PART NUMBER bq27425YZFR-G1 bq27425YZFT-G1 (1) PACKAGE (1) CSP-15 TA 40C to 85C COMMUNICATION FORMAT I2C TAPE and REEL QUANTITY 3000 250
For the most current package and ordering information see the Package Option Addendum at the end of this document; or, see the TI website at www.ti.com.
PIN DIAGRAM
CSP-15 (TOP VIEW) CSP-15 (BOTTOM VIEW)
A3
B3
C3
D3
E3
E3
D3
C3
B3
A3
A2
B2
C2
D2
E2
E2
D2
C2
B2
A2
A1
B1
C1
D1
E1
E1
D1
C1
B1
A1
PIN FUNCTIONS
PIN NAME SRX VSS VCC REGIN CE BAT SCL SDA NO. B1 C1 D1 E1 D2 E2 A3 B3 TYPE (1) IA P, IA P P I I I I/O DESCRIPTION Integrated Sense Resistor and Coulomb Counter input typically connected to battery PACK- terminal. For best performance decouple with 0.1F ceramic capacitor to Vss. Device ground and Integrated Sense Resistor termination. Regulator output and bq27425 processor power. Decouple with 1F ceramic capacitor to Vss. Regulator input. Decouple with 0.1F ceramic capacitor to Vss. Chip Enable. Internal LDO is disconnected from REGIN when driven low. Cell-voltage measurement input. ADC input. Recommend 4.8V maximum for conversion accuracy. Slave I2C serial communications clock input line for communication with system (Master). Use with 10k pull-up resistor (typical). Slave I2C serial communications data line for communication with system (Master). Open-drain I/O. Use with 10k pull-up resistor (typical). Battery-insertion detection input. A logic high to low transition is detected as a battery insertion event. Recommend using a pull-up resistor >1M (1.8 M typical) to VCC for reduced power consumption. An internal pull-up resistor option is also available using the Operation Configuration[BI_PU_EN] register bit. General Purpose open-drain output. May be configured as a Battery Low indicator or perform SOC interrupt (SOC_INT) function. No Connect.
BIN
C3
GPOUT
A2 A1, B2, C2, D3, E3
NC
IA
(1)
I/O = Digital input/output, IA = Analog input, P = Power connection
Submit Documentation Feedback
bq27425-G1
ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted) (1)
PARAMETER VREGIN VCC VIOD VBAT VI TA Tstg (1) Regulator input range Supply voltage range Open-drain I/O pins (SDA, SCL) BAT input pin Input voltage range to all other pins (SRX , GPOUT) Operating free-air temperature range Storage temperature range VALUE 0.3 to 5.5 0.3 to 2.75 0.3 to 5.5 0.3 to 5.5 0.3 to VCC + 0.3 40 to 85 65 to 150 V C C UNIT V V V
Stresses beyond those listed under "absolute maximum ratings" may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under "recommended operating conditions" is not implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
THERMAL INFORMATION
THERMAL METRIC (1) JA JCtop JB JT JB JCbot (1) Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance Junction-to-case (top) thermal resistance Junction-to-board thermal resistance Junction-to-top characterization parameter Junction-to-board characterization parameter Junction-to-case (bottom) thermal resistance Value YZF(15 PINS) 70 17 20 1 18 n/a C/W UNITS
For more information about traditional and new thermal metrics, see the IC Package Thermal Metrics application report, SPRA953
RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS

TA = 25C and VREGIN = VBAT = 3.6V (unless otherwise noted)
PARAMETER VREGIN CREGIN CLDO25 ICC ISLP IHIB VOL(OD) VOH(OD) VIL VIH VA2 VA3 Supply voltage External input capacitor for internal LDO between REGIN and VSS External output capacitor for internal LDO between VCC and VSS NORMAL operating-mode current (1) SLEEP mode operating mode current (1) Hibernate operating-mode current (1) Output low voltage on open-drain pins (SCL, SDA, GPOUT) Output high voltage on open-drain pins (SDA, SCL, GPOUT) Input low voltage, all digital pins Input high voltage (SDA, SCL) Input high voltage (BIN) Input voltage range (BAT) Input voltage range (SRX)
(1) (2)
TEST CONDITIONS No operating restrictions No NVM writes Nominal capacitor values specified. Recommend a 5% ceramic X5R type capacitor located close to the device. Fuel gauge in NORMAL mode. ILOAD > Sleep Current Fuel gauge in SLEEP mode. ILOAD < Sleep Current Fuel gauge in HIBERNATE mode. ILOAD < Hibernate Current IOL = 1 mA External pullup resistor connected to VCC
MIN 2.7 2.45
TYP
MAX 4.5 2.7
UNIT V F F A A A
0.1 0.47 1 118 23 8 0.4 VCC 0.5 0.3 1.2 1.2 VSS 0.125 VSS 0.040 0.6 5.5 VCC + 0.3 5 0.040
V V V V V V V
(1) (2)
Specified by design. Not production tested. Limited by ISRX maximum recommend input current with some margin for the Integrated Sense Resistor tolerance Submit Documentation Feedback 3
bq27425-G1
RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS (continued)

TA = 25C and VREGIN = VBAT = 3.6V (unless otherwise noted)
PARAMETER Ilkg tPUCD Input leakage current (I/O pins) Power-up communication delay 250 TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX 0.3 UNIT A ms
POWER-ON RESET
TA = 40C to 85C, typical values at TA = 25C and VREGIN = 3.6 V (unless otherwise noted)
PARAMETER VIT+ VHYS Positive-going voltage on VCC (Regulator output) Power-on reset hysteresis TEST CONDITIONS MIN 1.98 43 TYP 2.20 115 MAX 2.31 185 UNIT V mV
2.5V LDO REGULATOR

TA = 25C, CLDO25 = 1F, VREGIN = 3.6 V (unless otherwise noted)
PARAMETER 2.5 V LDO REGULATOR (1) 2.7V VREGIN 4.5V, IOUT 5mA VREG25 Regulator output voltage CE High-level input voltage CE Low-level input voltage Regulator dropout voltage Regulator output change with temperature Line regulation Load regulation Short circuit current limit 2.45V VREGIN < 2.7V (low battery), IOUT 3mA TA = 40C to 85C TA = 40C to 85C 2.4 2.4 2.65 VREGIN = 2.7 to 4.5V TA = 40C to 85C 0.8 2.7V, IOUT 5mA 2.45V, IOUT 3mA VREGIN = 3.6V, IOUT = 5mA 2.7V VREGIN 4.5V, IOUT = 5mA 0.2mA IOUT 3mA, VREGIN = 2.45 V 3mA IOUT 5mA, VREGIN = 2.7 V VREG25 = 0V TA = 40C to 85C TA = 40C to 85C TA = 40C to 85C TA = 40C to 85C 0.5% 18 34 31 250 40 40 mV mV mA 325 50 mV V 2.5 2.6 V V TEST CONDITION MIN NOM MAX UNIT
VIH(CE) VIL(CE) VDO VREGTEMP VREGLINE VREGLOAD ISHORT (1) (2)

(2)
LDO output current, IOUT, is the sum of internal and external load currents. Assured by design. Not production tested.
bq27425-G1
INTERNAL TEMPERATURE SENSOR CHARACTERISTICS

TA = 40C to 85C; typical values at TA = 25C and VREGIN = 3.6 V (unless otherwise noted)
PARAMETER GTEMP Temperature sensor voltage gain TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP 2 MAX UNIT mV/C
INTEGRATING ADC (COULOMB COUNTER) CHARACTERISTICS

PARAMETER VSR tSR_CONV VOS(SR) INL ZIN(SR) Ilkg(SR) (1) (2) Input voltage range Conversion time Resolution Input offset Integral nonlinearity error Effective input resistance (1) Input leakage current (1) TA = 25C 2.5 0.3
(1) (2)
TEST CONDITIONS VSR = V(SRX) VSS Single conversion
MIN 0.040
TYP 1
MAX 0.040 15
UNIT V s bits V % FSR M A
14 10 0.007
0.034
Specified by design. Not tested in production. Limited by ISRX maximum recommend input current with some margin for the Integrated Sense Resistor tolerance.
INTEGRATED SENSE RESISTOR CHARACTERISTICS

PARAMETER SRXRES ISRX Resistance of Integrated Sense Resistor from SRX to VSS. (1) (2) Recommended Sense Resistor input current. (1) (3) TEST CONDITIONS TA = 25C Long term RMS, average device utilization. Peak RMS current, 10% device utilization. (3) Peak pulsed current, 250mS max, 1% device utilization. (3) (1) (2) (3) Specified by design. Not tested in production. Firmware compensation applied for temperature coefficient of resistor. Device utilization is the long term usage profile at a specific condition compared to the average condition. MIN TYP 10 1000 2500 3500 MAX UNIT m mA mA mA
ADC (TEMPERATURE AND CELL MEASUREMENT) CHARACTERISTICS

PARAMETER VIN(ADC) tADC_CONV VOS(ADC) ZADC Ilkg(ADC) (1) Input voltage range Conversion time Resolution Input offset Effective input resistance (BAT) (1) Input leakage current (1) Not measuring cell voltage Measuring cell voltage TA = 25C 8 100 0.3 14 1 TEST CONDITIONS MIN 0.05 TYP MAX 1 125 15 UNIT V ms bits mV M k A
Specified by design. Not tested in production.
bq27425-G1
EEPROM MEMORY CHARACTERISTICS

PARAMETER Array Size Data retention (1) Programming write cycles (1) (1) Specified by design. Not production tested 10 100K TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP 256 MAX UNIT Bytes Years Cycles
I2C-COMPATIBLE INTERFACE COMMUNICATION TIMING CHARACTERISTICS

PARAMETER tr tf tw(H) tw(L) tsu(STA) td(STA) tsu(DAT) th(DAT) tsu(STOP) t(BUF) fSCL SCL/SDA rise time SCL/SDA fall time SCL pulse duration (high) SCL pulse duration (low) Setup for repeated start Start to first falling edge of SCL Data setup time Data hold time Setup time for stop Bus free time between stop and start Clock frequency 600 1.3 600 600 100 0 600 66 400 TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX 300 300 UNIT ns ns ns s ns ns ns ns ns s kHz
tSU(STA)
tw(H)
tw(L)
tf
tr
t(BUF)
SCL
SDA
td(STA) tr REPEATED START th(DAT) tsu(DAT)
tf
tsu(STOP)
STOP
START
Figure 1. I2C-Compatible Interface Timing Diagrams
bq27425-G1
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The bq27425 accurately predicts the battery capacity and other operational characteristics of a single LiCoO2 rechargeable cell. It can be interrogated by a system processor to provide cell information, such as state-of-charge (SOC). Information is accessed through a series of commands, called Standard Commands. Further capabilities are provided by the additional Extended Commands set. Both sets of commands, indicated by the general format Command( ), are used to read and write information contained within the bq27425 control and status registers, as well as its data locations. Commands are sent from system to gauge using the bq27425s I2C serial communications engine, and can be executed during application development, pack manufacture, or end-equipment operation. The key to the bq27425s high-accuracy gas gauging prediction is Texas Instruments proprietary Impedance Track algorithm. This algorithm uses cell measurements, characteristics, and properties to create state-of-charge predictions that can achieve high accuracy across a wide variety of operating conditions and over the lifetime of the battery. The bq27425 measures charge/discharge activity by monitoring the voltage across a small-value integrated sense resistor (10 m typical) located between the systems Vss and the batterys PACK terminal. When a cell is attached to the bq27425, cell impedance is computed, based on cell current, cell open-circuit voltage (OCV), and cell voltage under loading conditions. The bq27425 utilizes an integrated temperature sensor for estimating cell temperature. Alternatively, the host processor can provide temperature data for the bq27425. To minimize power consumption, the bq27425 has several power modes: INITIALIZATION, NORMAL, SLEEP, and HIBERNATE. The bq27425 passes automatically between these modes, depending upon the occurrence of specific events, though a system processor can initiate some of these modes directly. More details can be found in Section Power Modes. NOTE FORMATTING CONVENTIONS IN THIS DOCUMENT: Commands: italics with parentheses and no breaking RemainingCapacity( ). NVM Data: italics, bold, and breaking spaces, e.g. Design Capacity. Register bits and flags: brackets and italics, e.g. [TDA] NVM Data bits: brackets, italics and bold, e.g: [LED1] Modes and states: ALL CAPITALS, e.g. UNSEALED mode.
spaces,
e.g.
bq27425-G1
DATA COMMANDS
Standard Data Commands The bq27425 uses a series of 2-byte standard commands to enable system reading and writing of battery information. Each standard command has an associated command-code pair, as indicated in Table 1. Because each command consists of two bytes of data, two consecutive I2C transmissions must be executed both to initiate the command function, and to read or write the corresponding two bytes of data. Additional options for transferring data, such as spooling, are described in Section, I2C INTERFACE. Standard commands are accessible in NORMAL operation. Read/Write permissions depend on the active access mode, SEALED or UNSEALED (for details on the SEALED and UNSEALED states, refer to Section Access Modes.) Table 1. Standard Commands
NAME Control( ) Temperature( ) Voltage( ) Flags( ) NominalAvailableCapacity( ) FullAvailableCapacity( ) RemainingCapacity( ) FullChargeCapacity( ) AverageCurrent( ) StandbyCurrent( ) MaxLoadCurrent( ) AveragePower( ) StateOfCharge( ) IntTemperature( ) StateofHealth( ) CNTL TEMP VOLT FLAGS NAC FAC RM FCC AI SI MLI AP SOC ITEMP SOH COMMAND CODE 0x00 / 0x01 0x02 / 0x03 0x04 / 0x05 0x06 / 0x07 0x08 / 0x09 0x0a / 0x0b 0x0c / 0x0d 0x0e / 0x0f 0x10 / 0x11 0x12 / 0x13 0x14 / 0x15 0x18 / 0x19 0x1c / 0x1d 0x1e / 0x1f 0x20 / 0x21 UNITS N/A 0.1K mV N/A mAh mAh mAh mAh mA mA mA mW % 0.1K % SEALED ACCESS R/W R/W R R R R R R R R R R R R R
bq27425-G1
Control(): 0x00/0x01 Issuing a Control( ) command requires a subsequent 2-byte subcommand. These additional bytes specify the particular control function desired. The Control( ) command allows the system to control specific features of the bq27425 during normal operation and additional features when the bq27425 is in different access modes, as described in Table 2. Table 2. Control( ) Subcommands
CNTL FUNCTION CONTROL_STATUS DEVICE_TYPE FW_VERSION HW_VERSION PREV_MACWRITE BAT_INSERT BAT_REMOVE SET_HIBERNATE CLEAR_HIBERNATE SET_CFGUPDATE SEALED RESET SOFT_RESET CNTL DATA 0x0000 0x0001 0x0002 0x0003 0x0007 0x000c 0x000d 0x0011 0x0012 0x0013 0x0020 0x0041 0x0042 SEALED ACCESS Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No DESCRIPTION Reports the status of device. Reports the device type (0x0410). Reports the firmware version on the device type. Reports the hardware version of the device type. Returns previous MAC command code. Forces the [BAT_DET] bit set when the [BIE] bit is 0. Forces the [BAT_DET] bit clear when the [BIE] bit is 0. Forces CONTROL_STATUS [HIBERNATE] to 1. Forces CONTROL_STATUS [HIBERNATE] to 0. Force CONTROL_STATUS [CFGUPMODE] to 1 and gauge enters CONFIG UPDATE mode. Places the bq27425 in SEALED access mode. Forces a full reset of the bq27425. Performs a soft reset to reinitialize configuration data. Forces CONTROL_STATUS [CFGUPMODE] to 0.
bq27425-G1
CONTROL_STATUS: 0x0000
Instructs the fuel gauge to return status information to control addresses 0x00/0x01. The status word includes the following information. Table 3. CONTROL_STATUS Bit Definitions
bit7 High Byte Low Byte RSVD RSVD bit6 RSVD HIBERNATE bit5 SS RSVD bit4 CALMODE SLEEP bit3 CCA LDMD bit2 BCA RUP_DIS bit1 QMAX_UP VOK bit0 RES_UP RSVD
RSVD = Reserved. SS = Status bit indicating the bq27425 is in the SEALED State. Active when set. CALMODE = Status bit indicating the bq27425 is in calibration mode. Active when set. CCA = Status bit indicating the bq27425 Coulomb Counter Auto-Calibration routine is active. The CCA routine will take place approximately 3 minutes and 45 seconds after the initialization. Active when set. Status bit indicating Qmax has Updated. True when set. This bit is cleared after power on reset or when [BAT_DET] bit is set. When this bit is cleared, it enables fast learning of battery Qmax.
BCA = Status bit indicating the bq27425 board calibration routine is active. Active when set. QMAX_UP =
Status bit indicating that resistance has been updated. True when set. This bit is cleared after power on reset or when RES_UP = [BAT_DET] bit is set. Also this bit can only be set after Qmax is updated or QMAXU is set. When this bit is cleared, it enables fast learning of battery impedance. HIBERNATE = Status bit indicating a request for entry into HIBERNATE from SLEEP mode has been issued. True when set. Default is 0. SLEEP = Status bit indicating the bq27425 is in SLEEP mode. True when set. LDMD = Status bit indicating the algorithm is using constant-power mode. True when set. Default is 1. Note: The bq27425 always uses constant-power mode.
RUP_DIS = Status bit indicating the bq27425 Ra table updates are disabled. Updates disabled when set.. VOK = Status bit indicating cell voltages are OK for Qmax updates. True when set.
DEVICE_TYPE: 0x0001
Instructs the fuel gauge to return the device type to addresses 0x00/0x01.
FW_VERSION: 0x0002
Instructs the fuel gauge to return the firmware version to addresses 0x00/0x01.
HW_VERSION: 0x0003
Instructs the fuel gauge to return the hardware version to addresses 0x00/0x01.
PREV_MACWRITE: 0x0007
Instructs the fuel gauge to return the previous command written to addresses 0x00/0x01. The value returned is limited to less than 0x0015.
BAT_INSERT: 0X000C
This subcommand forces the Flags() [BAT_DET] bit to set when the battery insertion detection is disabled via OpConfig[BIE=0]. In this case, the gauge does not detect battery insertion from the BIN pins logic state, but relies on the BAT_INSERT host subcommand to indicate battery presence in the system. This subcommand also starts Impedance Track gauging.
BAT_REMOVE: 0X000D
This subcommand forces the Flags() [BAT_DET] bit to clear when the battery insertion detection is disabled via OpConfig[BIE=0]. In this case, the gauge does not detect battery removal from the BIN pins logic state, but relies on the BAT_REMOVE host subcommand to indicate battery removal from the system.
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bq27425-G1
SET_HIBERNATE: 0x0011
Instructs the fuel gauge to force the CONTROL_STATUS[HIBERNATE] bit to 1. This allows the gauge to enter the HIBERNATE power mode after the transition to SLEEP power state is detected. The [HIBERNATE] bit is automatically cleared upon exiting from HIBERNATE mode.
CLEAR_HIBERNATE: 0x0012
Instructs the fuel gauge to force the CONTROL_STATUS[HIBERNATE] and [HIBE] bit to 0. This prevents the gauge from entering the HIBERNATE power mode after the transition to SLEEP power state is detected. It can also be used to force the gauge out of HIBERNATE mode.
SET_CFGUPDATE: 0x0013
Instructs the fuel gauge to set the CONTROL_STATUS[CFGUPMODE] bit to 1 and enter CONFIG UPDATE mode. This command is only available when the fuel gauge is UNSEALED. Note: A SOFT_RESET subcommand is typically used to exit CONFIG UPDATE mode for use resume normal gauging.
FACTORY_RESTORE: 0X0015
Instructs the fuel gauge to reset learned resistance tables and Qmax values (default = DesignCapacity) to the default values. This command is only available when the fuel gauge is UNSEALED.
SEALED: 0x0020
Instructs the fuel gauge to transition from UNSEALED state to SEALED state. The fuel gauge should always be set to SEALED state for use in end equipment.
RESET : 0x0041
This command instructs the fuel gauge to perform a full device reset and reset RAM data to the default values from ROM. This command is only available when the fuel gauge is UNSEALED.
SOFT_RESET : 0x0042
This command instructs the fuel gauge to perform a partial reset to reinitialize configuration data and clear the ITPOR bit of the Flags( ) register to resume normal gauging from CONFIG UPDATE mode. This command is only available when the fuel gauge is UNSEALED.
11
bq27425-G1
Temperature( ): 0x02/0x03 This read-/write-word function returns an unsigned integer value of the temperature in units of 0.1 K measured by the fuel gauge. If [TEMPS] bit = 1, a write command sets the temperature to be used for gauging calculations while a read command returns to temperature previously written. If [TEMPS] bit = 0, a read command will return the internal temperature sensor value and write command will be ignored. Voltage( ): 0x04/0x05 This read-only function returns an unsigned integer value of the measured cell-pack voltage in mV with a range of 0 to 6000 mV. Flags( ): 0x06/0x07 This read-word function returns the contents of the gas-gauge status register, depicting the current operating status. Table 4. Flags Bit Definitions
bit7 High Byte Low Byte OT OCVTAKEN bit6 UT RSVD bit5 RSVD ITPOR bit4 RSVD CFGUPMODE bit3 RSVD BAT_DET bit2 EEFAIL SOC1 bit1 FC SOCF bit0 CHG DSG
OT = Over-Temperature condition is detected. True when set. See Over-Temperature Indication: Charge Sub-Section. UT = Under-Temperature condition is detected. True when set. See Over-Temperature Indication: Discharge Sub-Section. RSVD = Reserved. RSVD = Reserved. RSVD = Reserved. EEFAIL = EEPROM Write Fail. True when set. This bit is set after a single EEPROM write failure. All subsequent EEPROM writes are disabled. A power on reset or RESET subcommand is required to clear the bit to re-enable EEPROM writes. FC = Full-charged condition reached. True when set. CHG = (Fast) charging allowed. True when set. OCVTAKEN = Cleared on entry to relax mode and Set to 1 when OCV measurement is performed in relax RSVD = Reserved. ITPOR = Indicates a Power On Reset or RESET subcommand as occurred. True when set. This bit is cleared after the SOFT_RESET subcommand is received.
CFGUPMODE = Fuel gauge is in CONFIG UPDATE mode. True when set. Default is 0. Refer to CONFIG Mode section for details. Battery insertion detected. True when set. When OpConfig[BIE]] is set, [BAT_DET] is set by detecting a logic high to low BAT_DET = transition at BIN pin. when OpConfig[BIE]] is low, [BAT_DET] is set when host issues BAT_INSERT subcommand and clear when host issues BAT_REMOVE subcommand. SOC1 = SOCF = If set, StateOfCharge() <= SOC1 Set Threshold. The [SOC1] bit will remain set until StateOfCharge() >= SOC1 Clear Threshold. If set, StateOfCharge() <= SOCF Set Threshold. The [SOCF] bit will remain set until StateOfCharge() >= SOCF Clear Threshold.
DSG = Discharging detected. True when set.
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bq27425-G1
NominalAvailableCapacity( ): 0x08/0x09 This read-only command pair returns the uncompensated (less than C/20 load) battery capacity remaining. Units are mAh. FullAvailableCapacity( ): 0x0a/0x0b This read-only command pair returns the uncompensated (less than C/20 load) capacity of the battery when fully charged. Units are mAh. FullAvailableCapacity( ) is updated at regular intervals, as specified by the IT algorithm. RemainingCapacity( ): 0x0c/0x0d This read-only command pair returns the compensated battery capacity remaining. Units are mAh. FullChargeCapacity( ): 0x0e/0f This read-only command pair returns the compensated capacity of the battery when fully charged. Units are mAh. FullChargeCapacity( ) is updated at regular intervals, as specified by the IT algorithm. AverageCurrent( ): 0x10/0x11 This read-only command pair returns a signed integer value that is the average current flow through the sense resistor. It is updated every 1 second. Units are mA. StandbyCurrent( ): 0x12/0x13 This read-only function returns a signed integer value of the measured standby current through the sense resistor. The StandbyCurrent( ) is an adaptive measurement. Initially it reports the standby current programmed in Initial Standby (default = -10mA), and after spending some time in standby, reports the measured standby current. The register value is updated every 1 second when the measured current is above the Deadband ( = 5mA) and is less than or equal to 2 x Initial Standby (default = -10mA). The first and last values that meet this criteria are not averaged in, since they may not be stable values. To approximate a 1-minute time constant, each new StandbyCurrent( ) value is computed by taking approximate 93% weight of the last standby current and approximate 7% of the current measured average current. MaxLoadCurrent( ): 0x14/0x15 This read-only function returns a signed integer value, in units of mA, of the maximum load conditions. The MaxLoadCurrent( ) is an adaptive measurement which is initially reported as the maximum load current programmed in Initial Max Load Current (default = 500mA) . If the measured current is ever greater than Initial Max Load Current, then MaxLoadCurrent( ) updates to the new current. MaxLoadCurrent( ) is reduced to the average of the previous value and Initial Max Load Current whenever the battery is charged to full after a previous discharge to an SOC less than 50%. This prevents the reported value from maintaining an unusually high value. AveragePower( ): 0x18/0x19 This read-only function returns an signed integer value of the average power during battery charging and discharging. It is negative during discharge and positive during charge. A value of 0 indicates that the battery is not being discharged. The value is reported in units of mW. StateOfCharge( ): 0x1c/0x1d This read-only function returns an unsigned integer value of the predicted remaining battery capacity expressed as a percentage of FullChargeCapacity( ), with a range of 0 to 100%. IntTemperature( ): 0x1e/0x1f This read-/write-word function returns an unsigned integer value of the internal temperature sensor in units of 0.1 K measured by the fuel gauge. If OpConfig[WRTEMP] = 0, this command will return the same value as Temperature( ).
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bq27425-G1
StateofHealth( ): 0x20/0x21 0x20 SOH percentage: this read-only function returns an unsigned integer value, expressed as a percentage of the ratio of predicted FCC(25C, SOH LoadI) over the DesignCapacity(). The FCC(25C, SOH LoadI) is the calculated full charge capacity at 25C and the SOH LoadI which is programmed in factory (default = 400mA). The range of the returned SOH percentage is 0x00 to 0x64, indicating 0 to 100% correspondingly. 0x21 SOH Status: this read-only function returns an unsigned integer value, indicating the status of the SOH percentage. The meanings of the returned value are: 0x00: SOH not valid (initialization) 0x01: Instant SOH value ready 0x02: Initial SOH value ready Calculation based on uncompensated Qmax Updated at first grid point update after cell insertion 0x03: SOH value ready Utilize the updated Qmax update Calculation based on compensated Qmax Updated after complete charge and relax is complete 0x04-0xFF: Reserved
14
bq27425-G1
Extended Data Commands Extended commands offer additional functionality beyond the standard set of commands. They are used in the same manner; however unlike standard commands, extended commands are not limited to 2-byte words. The number of command bytes for a given extended command ranges in size from single to multiple bytes, as specified in Table 5. Table 5. Extended Commands
NAME OperationConfiguration( ) DesignCapacity( ) DataClass( ) DataBlock( ) BlockData( ) BlockDataCheckSum( ) BlockDataControl( ) DeviceNameLength( ) DeviceName( ) Reserved (1) (2)
(2) (2)
COMMAND CODE OPCFG DCAP DFCLS DFBLK DFD DFDCKS DFDCNTL DNAMELEN DNAME RSVD 0x3a / 0x3b 0x3c / 0x3d 0x3e 0x3f 0x400x5f 0x60 0x61 0x62 0x63...0x69 0x6a...0x7f
UNITS N/A mAh N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
SEALED ACCESS (1) (2) R R N/A R/W R R/W N/A R R R
UNSEALED ACCESS (1) (2) R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R R R
SEALED and UNSEALED states are entered via commands to Control( ) 0x00/0x01 In sealed mode, data CANNOT be accessed through commands 0x3e and 0x3f.
OperationConfiguration( ): 0x3a/0x3b SEALED and UNSEALED Access: This command returns the Operation Configuration register setting DesignCapacity( ): 0x3c/0x3d SEALED and UNSEALED Access: This command returns the value is stored in Design Capacity and is expressed in mAh. This is intended to be the theoretical or nominal capacity of a new pack and is used as an input for the algorithm to scale the normalized resistance tables. DataClass( ): 0x3e UNSEALED Access: This command sets the data class to be accessed. The class to be accessed should be entered in hexadecimal. SEALED Access: This command is not available in SEALED mode. DataBlock( ): 0x3f UNSEALED Access: This command sets the data block to be accessed. When 0x00 is written to BlockDataControl( ), DataBlock( ) holds the block number of the data to be read or written. Example: writing a 0x00 to DataBlock( ) specifies access to the first 32 byte block and a 0x01 specifies access to the second 32 byte block, and so on. SEALED Access: This command directs which data block will be accessed by the BlockData( ) command. Issuing a 0x01 instructs the BlockData( ) command to transfer Manufacturer Info Block A. BlockData( ): 0x400x5f UNSEALED Access: This data block is the remainder of the 32 byte data block when accessing general block data. SEALED Access: This data block is the remainder of the 32 byte data block when accessing Manufacturer Info Block.
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BlockDataChecksum( ): 0x60 UNSEALED Access: This byte contains the checksum on the 32 bytes of block data read or written. The least-significant byte of the sum of the data bytes written must be complemented ( [255 x] , for x the least-significant byte) before being written to 0x60. SEALED Access: This byte contains the checksum for the 32 bytes of block data written to Manufacturer Info Block. The least-significant byte of the sum of the data bytes written must be complemented ( [255 x] , for x the least-significant byte) before being written to 0x60. BlockDataControl( ): 0x61 UNSEALED Access: This command is used to control the data access mode. Writing 0x00 to this command enables BlockData( ) to access general data NVM. Writing a 0x01 to this command enables SEALED mode operation of DataBlock( ). SEALED Access: This command is not available in SEALED mode. DeviceNameLength( ): 0x62 UNSEALED and SEALED Access: This byte contains the length of the Device Name. DeviceName( ): 0x630x69 UNSEALED and SEALED Access: This block contains the device name that is programmed in Device Name Reserved 0x6a 0x7f
BLOCK DATA INTERFACE

Accessing Block Data The bq27425 contains both re-writable EEPROM non-volatile memory (NVM) and ROM-based data blocks. Upon device RESET, the ROM-based data blocks are copied to associated volatile RAM space to initialize default configuration and data constants to be used by the fuel gauging algorithm. Re-writable NVM-based data blocks contain information expected to change such as: calibration, customer data and Impedance Track fuel gauging data tables. If the application requires a change to the NVM or RAM configuration data, the host can update the data blocks in CONFIG UPDATE mode. RAM-based data changes are temporary and must be applied by the host using CONFIG UPDATE mode after each device RESET; while changes to the NVM data blocks are permanent. The data blocks can be accessed in several different ways, depending on the access mode and what data is being accessed. Commonly accessed data block locations, frequently read by a system, are conveniently accessed through specific instructions, already described in Section Data Commands. These commands are available when the bq27425 is either in UNSEALED or SEALED modes. Most data block locations, however, are only accessible in UNSEALED mode by use of the bq27425 evaluation software or by data block transfers. These locations should be optimized and/or fixed during the development and manufacture processes. They become part of a golden image file and can then be written to multiple battery packs. Once established, the values generally remain unchanged during end-equipment operation. To access data locations individually, the block containing the desired data NVM location(s) must be transferred to the command register locations, where they can be read to the system or changed directly. This is accomplished by sending the set-up command BlockDataControl( ) (0x61) with data 0x00. Up to 32 bytes of data can be read directly from the BlockData( ) (0x400x5f), externally altered, then rewritten to the BlockData( ) command space. Alternatively, specific locations can be read, altered, and rewritten if their corresponding offsets are used to index into the BlockData( ) command space. Finally, the data residing in the command space is transferred to the associated data block, once the correct checksum for the whole block is written to BlockDataChecksum( ) (0x60).
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Occasionally, a data CLASS will be larger than the 32-byte block size. In this case, the DataBlock( ) command is used to designate which 32-byte block the desired locations reside in. The correct command address is then given by 0x40 + offset modulo 32. For example, to access Terminate Voltage in the Gas Gauging class, DataClass( ) is issued 80 (0x50) to set the class. Because the offset is 48, it must reside in the second 32-byte block. Hence, DataBlock( ) is issued 0x01 to set the block offset, and the offset used to index into the BlockData( ) memory area is 0x40 + 48 modulo 32 = 0x40 + 16 = 0x40 + 0x10 = 0x50. Reading and writing subclass data are block operations up to 32 bytes in length. If during a write the data length exceeds the maximum block size, then the data is ignored. None of the data written to memory are bounded by the bq27425, the values are not rejected by the fuel gauge. Writing an incorrect value may result in hardware failure due to firmware program interpretation of the invalid data. The data written to NVM blocks is persistent, so a power-on reset does not resolve the fault.
ACCESS MODES
The bq27425 provides three security modes (FULL ACCESS, UNSEALED, and SEALED) that control data NVM access permissions according to Table 6. Although FULL ACCESS and UNSEALED modes appear identical, only FULL ACCESS mode allows the bq27425 to write access-mode transition keys. Table 6. Data NVM Access
Security Mode FULL ACCESS UNSEALED SEALED Data NVM R/W R/W None Manufacturer Info R/W R/W R
SEALING/UNSEALING DATA BLOCKS The bq27425 implements a key-access scheme to transition between SEALED, UNSEALED, and FULL-ACCESS modes. Each transition requires that a unique set of two keys be sent to the bq27425 via the Control( ) control command. The keys must be sent consecutively, with no other data being written to the Control( ) register in between. Note that to avoid conflict, the keys must be different from the codes presented in the CNTL DATA column of Table 2 subcommands. When in SEALED mode the [SS] bit of CONTROL_STATUS is set, but when the UNSEAL keys are correctly received by the bq27425, the [SS] bit is cleared. When the full-access keys are correctly received then the CONTROL_STATUS [FAS] bit is cleared. Both the sets of keys for each level are 2 bytes each in length and are stored in data ROM. The UNSEAL key (stored at Unseal Key 0 and Unseal Key 1) and the FULL-ACCESS key (stored at Full Access Key 0 and Full Access Key 1) can only be updated when in FULL-ACCESS mode. The order of the bytes entered through the Control( ) command is the reverse of what is read from the part. For example, if the 1st and 2nd word of the UnSeal Key 0 returns 0x1234 and 0x5678, then Control( ) should supply 0x3412 and 0x7856 to unseal the part.
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BLOCK DATA SUMMARY

Table 7 summarizes the data blocks available to the user, including their default, minimum, and maximum values. Table 7. Block Data Summary
Class Configuration [RAM] SubClass ID 2 SubClass Safety [RAM] Offset 0 2 4 36 Charge Termination [RAM] 0 2 3 4 5 6 49 Discharge [RAM] 0 1 2 3 68 System Data [NVM] Gas Gauging [NVM/RAM] 58 80 Power [RAM] Manufacturer Info [NVM] IT Cfg [RAM] 9 11 0-11 41 43 45 81 Current Thresholds [RAM] 0 2 4 82 State [NVM] 3 5 12 14 18 30 32 34 Ra Tables [NVM/RAM] 88 89 R_a [NVM] R_a [RAM] 0 - 28 0 - 28 Name Over Temp Under Temp Temp Hys Min Taper Capacity Current Taper Window TCA Set % TCA Clear % FC Set % FC Clear % SOC1 Set Threshold SOC1 Clear Threshold SOCF Set Threshold SOCF Clear Threshold Hibernate I Hibernate V Block A 0-11 User Rate-mA User Rate-mW Reserve Cap-mWh Dsg Current Threshold Chg Current Threshold Quit Current Reserve Cap-mAh Op Config Design Capacity Design Energy Terminate Voltage Taper Current Taper Voltage Sleep Current Cell0 R_a 0-14 Cell0 R_a 0-14 Data Type I2 I2 U1 I2 U1 I1 I1 I1 I1 U1 U1 U1 U1 I2 I2 H1 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 H2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 I2 Min -1200 -1200 0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 2400 0x0 2000 3000 0 0 0 0 0 0x0000 0 0 2800 0 0 0 Table Table Max 1200 1200 255 1000 60 100 100 100 100 255 255 255 255 700 3000 0xff 9000 14000 14000 2000 2000 1000 9000 0xFFFF 32767 32767 3700 1000 5000 100 Table Table Default 550 0 50 25 40 99 95 100 98 10 15 2 5 3 2550 0x0 0 0 0 167 133 250 0 0x01F8 1340 4960 3200 75 4100 10 Table Table Unit (EVSW Unit) 0.1C 0.1C 0.1C mAh mV % % % % % % % % mA mV mV CentiW cWattHour mA mA mA mAh Hex mAh mWh mV mA mV mA 2^10 (num) 2^10 (num)
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Table 7. Block Data Summary (continued)

Class Calibration [NVM] SubClass ID 104 SubClass Data [NVM] Offset 0 4 6 7 8 105 CC Cal [NVM] 0 4 Security [RAM] 112 Codes [RAM] 0 Name CC Delta CC Offset Board Offset Int Temp Offset Pack V Offset CC Gain CC Cal Temp Sealed to Unsealed Data Type F4 U2 I1 I1 I1 F4 I2 H4 Min 2.98E+04 0 128 128 128 1.00E-01 0 0x0 Max Default Unit (EVSW Unit) num (2^10) num (mV) num (uV) num (C) num (mV) Num (2^10) 0.1K -
1.19E+06 567744.5 68 65535 127 127 127 1200 0 0 0
4.00E+01 0.4768 32767 0xffffffff 2982 x367204 14
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION FUEL GAUGING

The bq27425 is an easy to configure fuel gauge that measures the cell voltage, temperature, and current to determine battery state of charge (SOC). The bq27425 monitors charge and discharge activity by sensing the voltage across a small-value resistor (5 m to 20 m typ.) between the SRX and VSS pins and in series with the cell. By integrating charge passing through the battery, the batterys SOC is adjusted during battery charge or discharge. The total battery capacity is found by comparing states of charge before and after applying the load with the amount of charge passed. When an application load is applied, the impedance of the cell is measured by comparing the OCV obtained from a predefined function for present SOC with the measured voltage under load. Measurements of OCV and charge integration determine chemical state of charge and chemical capacity (Qmax).The initial Qmax values are taken from the Design Capacity. The bq27425 acquires and updates the battery-impedance profile during normal battery usage. It uses this profile, along with SOC and the Qmax value, to determine FullChargeCapacity( ) and StateOfCharge( ), specifically for the present load and temperature. FullChargeCapacity( ) is reported as capacity available from a fully charged battery under the present load and temperature until Voltage( ) reaches the Terminate Voltage. NominalAvailableCapacity( ) and FullAvailableCapacity( ) are the uncompensated (no or light load) versions of RemainingCapacity( ) and FullChargeCapacity( ) respectively. In addition, a FACTORY_RESTORE subcommand is provided to restore default resistance and Qmax to factory condition.
FUEL GAUGING CONFIGURATIONS

The bq27425 features easy to configure data NVM to speed-up fuel gauging design. Users are required to configure Design Capacity, Termination Voltage, and Operation Configuration (see The Operation Configuration Register section for details) to achieve optimal performance. The Impedance Track algorithm uses these parameters with its built-in parameters to achieve accurate battery fuel gauging. Several built-in parameters are used in the Impedance Track algorithm to identify different modes of battery: Charging : Chg Current Threshold (default = DesignCapacity /13.3 ), Discharging: Dsg Current Threshold (default = DesignCapacity /16.7 ) Relax: Quit Current Threshold (default = DesignCapacity /25.0 ) To achieve accurate fuel gauging, the bq27425 uses Constant Power Model for fuel gauging. This model uses the average discharge power from the beginning of the discharge cycle until present time to compute load-compensated capacity such as RemainingCapacity( ) and FullChargeCapacity( ) in the Impedance Track algorithm.
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DETAILED PIN DESCRIPTIONS

The Operation Configuration Register Two bq27425 pins are configured via the Operation Configuration data NVM register, as indicated in Table 8. This register is programmed/read via the methods described in Section Accessing the Data NVM. Table 8. Operation Configuration Bit Definition
bit7 High Byte Low Byte INTSNSEN RSVD1 bit6 RSVD0 RSVD1 bit5 BIE SLEEP bit4 BI_PU_EN RMFCC bit3 GNDSEL RSVD1 bit2 RSVD0 BATLOWEN bit1 RSVD0 GPIOPOL bit0 RSVD1 WRTEMP
INTSNSEN = Enables temperature compensation of the integrated sense resistor. Default is 0. BIE = Battery Insertion Enable. If set, the battery insertion is detection via BIN pin input. If cleared, the detection relies on the host to issue BAT_INSERT subcommand to indicate battery presence in the system. Default is 0. The ADC ground select control. The Vss (Pin D1) is selected as ground reference when the bit is clear. Pin A1 is selected when the bit is set. Default is 0.
BI_PU_EN = Enables internal weak pull-up on BIN pin. Default is 0 which assumes an external pull-up resistor. GNDSEL =
SLEEP = The fuel gauge can enter sleep, if operating conditions allow. True when set. Default is 1. RMFCC = RM is updated with the value from FCC, on valid charge termination. True when set. Default is 1. BATLOWEN = If set, the BAT_LOW function for GPOUT pin is selected. If cleared, the SOC_INT function is selected for GPOUT. Default is 0.
GPIO_POL = GPOUT pin is active-high if set or active-low if cleared. Default is 0. WRTEMP = Enables the host to write Temperature( ) if set. If cleared, the internal temperature sensor is used for Temperature( ). Default is 0. RSVD0 = Reserved. Default is 0. (Set to 0 for proper operation) RSVD1 = Reserved. Default is 1. (Set to 1 for proper operation)
GPOUT Pin The GPOUT Pin is a multiplex pin and the polarity of the pin output can be selected via the [GPIO_POL] bit of the Operation Configuration. The function is defined by [BATLOWEN]. If set, the Battery Low Indicator (BAT_LOW) function for GPOUT pin is selected. If cleared, the SOC interrupt (SOC_INT) function is selected for GPOUT. When the BAT_LOW function is activated, the signaling on the multiplexed pin follows the status of the [SOC1] bit in the Flags( ) register. The bq27425 has two flags accessed by the Flags( ) function that warns when the batterys SOC has fallen to critical levels. When StateOfCharge( ) falls below the first capacity threshold, specified in SOC1 Set Threshold, the [SOC1] (State of Charge Initial) flag is set. The flag is cleared once StateOfCharge( ) rises above SOC1 Set Threshold. The bq27425s GPOUT pin automatically reflects the status of the [SOC1] flag when OpConfig[BATLOWEN=0]. When StateOfCharge( ) falls below the second capacity threshold, SOCF Set Threshold, the [SOCF] (State of Charge Final) flag is set, serving as a final discharge warning. Similarly, when StateOfCharge( ) rises above SOCF Clear Threshold and the [SOCF] flag has already been set, the [SOCF] flag is cleared. When the SOC_INT function is activated, the GPOUT pin generates 1ms pulse width under various conditions as described in Table 9.
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Table 9. SOC_INT Function Definition

Enable Condition SOCI_Delta SOCI_Delta 0 Pulse Width 1ms Description During charge, when the StateOfCharge() reaches greater than or equal to () the defined SOC_INT intervals. The intervals are defined as 100% and 100% n SOCI_Delta. During discharge, when the StateOfCharge() reaches less than (<) the defined SOC_INT intervals. The intervals are defined as 0% and 100% n SOCI_Delta. n: Integer value starting from 0. For SOCI_Delta = 10%, the SOC_INT intervals are 0%, 10%, 20%, .. 90%, and 100%. State Change Battery Removal SOCI_Delta 0 [BIE] bit is set in OpConfig 1ms 1ms When there is a state change including charging, discharging, and relaxation. When battery removal is detected by BIN pin.
Battery Detection (BIN) The host is responsible for battery detection by setting the [BAT_DET] bit to trigger INITIALIZATION mode. The function of OpConfig[BIE] bit is described in Table 10. When battery insertion is detected and INITIALIZATION mode is completed, the bq27425 runs in NORMAL mode to start Impedance Track fuel gauging. When battery insertion is not detected, fuel gauging is stopped. Table 10. Battery Detection
OpConfig[BIE] 1 Battery Insertion Requirement (1) Host drives BIN pin from logic high to low to signal battery insertion. or (2) A weak pull-up resistor can be used (between BIN and VCC pin). When battery pack with pull-down is connected, it can generate a logic low to signal battery insertion. Host sends BAT_INSERT subcommand to signal battery insertion. Battery Removal Requirement (1) Host drives BIN pin from logic low to high to signal battery removal. or (2) When battery pack with pull-down is removed, the weak pull-up resistor can generate a logic high to signal battery removal.
Host sends BAT_REMOVE subcommand to signal battery removal.
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
The bq27425 measures temperature using an on-chip temperature sensor. Alternatively if [WRTEMP] = 1, the host sends temperature data to the gauge with the initial default setting at 25C. Regardless of [WRTEMP] setting, the fuel gauge uses temperature data in Temperature() command for fuel gauging. Over-Temperature Indication: Charge If during charging, Temperature( ) reaches the threshold of OT Chg (default = 55C) for a period of OT Chg Time (default = 2 seconds) and AverageCurrent( ) > Chg Current Threshold (default = DesignCapacity / 13.3), then the [OTC] bit of Flags( ) is set. When Temperature() falls to OT Chg Recovery (default = 50C), the [OTC] of Flags() is reset. Over-Temperature Indication: Discharge If during discharging, Temperature( ) reaches the threshold of OT Dsg (default = 60C) for a period of OT Dsg Time (default = 2 seconds) , and AverageCurrent( ) -Dsg Current Threshold (default = DesignCapacity /16.7 ) , then the [OTD] bit of Flags( ) is set. When Temperature( ) falls to OT Dsg Recovery (default = 55C), the [OTD] bit of Flags( ) is reset.
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DETECTING CHARGE TERMINATION

The bq27425 detects charge termination when (1) during 2 consecutive periods of Current Taper Window (default = 40 seconds), the AverageCurrent( ) is < Taper Current (default = 100 mA), (2) during the same periods, the accumulated change in capacity > 0.25mAh/ / Current Taper Window (default = 40 seconds), and (3) Voltage( ) > (Charging Voltage 100mV) where Charging Voltage = 4200mV by default. When this occurs, the [CHG] bit of Flags( ) is cleared. Also, if the [RMFCC] bit of Operation Configuration is set, and RemainingCapacity( ) is set equal to FullChargeCapacity( ). Charge Inhibit The bq27425 can indicate when battery temperature has fallen below or risen above predefined thresholds Charge Inhibit Temp Low (default = 0C) or Charge Inhibit Temp High (default = 45C), respectively. In this mode, the [CHG_INH] of Flags( ) is made high to indicate this condition, and is returned to its low state, once battery temperature returns to the range [Charge Temp Low, Charge Temp High] (default = [5C,40C]).
OPERATING MODES
The bq27425 has different operating modes: POR, INITIALIZATION, NORMAL, CONFIG UPDATE, SLEEP, and HIBERNATE. Following Power On Reset (POR), the fuel gauge begins INITIALIZATION. In NORMAL mode, the bq27425 is fully powered and can execute any allowable task. Configuration data in RAM and NVM can be updated by the host using the CONFIG UPDATE mode. In SLEEP mode the fuel gauge turns off the high frequency oscillator clock to enter a reduced-power state, periodically taking measurements and performing calculations. In HIBERNATE mode, the fuel gauge is in a very low power state, but can be woken up by communication or certain I/O activity.
Power On Reset [POR]
Copy configuration ROM defaults to RAM data. Set Flags[ITPOR] = 1.
via RESET subcommand (from any mode)
INITIALIZATION . Initialize algorithm and data. Check for battery insertion. . (No gauging in this mode.) I CC = Normal
Exit From NORMAL
Exit from CONFIG UPDATE Flags [CFGUPMODE] = 0 AND Flags [ITPOR] = 0 (via SOFT_RESET subcommand)
CONFIG UPDATE
Host can change RAM and NVM based data blocks. (No gauging in this mode.)
Entry to CONFIG UPDATE Flags [CFGUPMODE] = 1 (via SET_CFGUPDATE subcommand)
Flags [BAT _ DET ] = 0
Entry to NORMAL Flags [ BAT _ DET ] = 1 Exit From HIBERNATE V CELL < POR threshold Exit From HIBERNATE Communication Activity OR bq27425 clears Control Status [HIBERNATE ] = 0 Recommend Host also set Control Status [HIBERNATE ] = 0
Flags [BAT _ DET ] = 0
NORMAL Fuel gauging and data updated every 1s ICC = Normal
Exit From SLEEP /FULLSLEEP Pack Configuration [SLEEP ] = 0 OR | AverageCurrent ( ) | > Sleep Current OR Current is Detected above I WAKE
HIBERNATE Disable all subcircuits except GPIO . I CC = Hibernate

Wakeup From HIBERNATE Communication to gauge AND Comm address is NOT for bq27425
Entry to SLEEP Pack Configuration [SLEEP ] = 1 AND | AverageCurrent ( ) | = Sleep Current
SLEEP Fuel gauging and data updated every 20 seconds I CC = Sleep
Exit From
WAIT _HIBERNATE
Host must set Control Status [HIBERNATE ] = 0 AND VCELL > Hibernate Voltage
Exit From WAIT _ HIBERNATE Cell relaxed AND | AverageCurrent () | < Hibernate Current OR Cell relaxed AND < Hibernate Voltage
WAIT _HIBERNATE
Exit From SLEEP ( Host has set Control Status [HIBERNATE ] = 1 OR VCELL < Hibernate Voltage
System Sleep
Fuel gauging and data updated every 20 seconds I CC = Sleep /FullSleep
V CELL
System Shutdown
Figure 2. Power Mode Diagram

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bq27425-G1
POR and INITIALIZATION Modes Upon Power On Reset (POR), the fuel gauge copies ROM-based configuration defaults to RAM and begins INITIALIZATION mode where essential data is initialized and will remain in INITIALIZATION mode as halted-CPU state when an adapter, or other power source is present to power the bq27425 (and system), yet no battery has been detected. The occurrence of POR or a Control( ) RESET subcommand will set the Flags( ) [ITPOR] status bit to indicate that RAM has returned to ROM default data. When battery insertion is detected, a series of initialization activities begin including an OCV measurement. In addition CONTROL_STATUS[QMAXU] and [RESU] bits are cleared to allow fast learning of Qmax and impedance. Some commands, issued by a system processor, can be processed while the bq27425 is halted in this mode. The gauge will wake up to process the command, and then return to the halted state awaiting battery insertion. The current consumption of INITIALIZATION mode is similar to NORMAL mode. CONFIG UPDATE Mode If the application requires different configuration data for the bq27425. The host can update both NVM and RAM based parameters using the Control( ) SET_CFGUPDATE subcommand to enter CONFIG UPDATE mode as indicated by the Flags( ) [CFGUPMODE] status bit. In this mode, fuel gauging is suspended while the host uses the Extended Data Commands to modify the configuration data blocks. To resume fuel gauging, the host sends a Control( ) SOFT_RESET subcommand to return to the INITIALIZATION mode and clear both Flags( ) [ITPOR] and [CFGUPMODE] bits. NORMAL Mode The fuel gauge is in NORMAL mode when not in any other power mode. During this mode, AverageCurrent( ), Voltage( ) and Temperature( ) measurements are taken, and the interface data set is updated. Decisions to change states are also made. This mode is exited by activating a different power mode. Because the gauge consumes the most power in NORMAL mode, the Impedance Track algorithm minimizes the time the fuel gauge remains in this mode. SLEEP Mode SLEEP mode is entered automatically if the feature is enabled (Operation Configuration [SLEEP]) = 1) and AverageCurrent( ) is below the programmable level Sleep Current (default = 10mA). Once entry into SLEEP mode has been qualified, but prior to entering it, the bq27425 performs an ADC autocalibration to minimize offset. During SLEEP mode, the bq27425 periodically takes data measurements and updates its data set. However, a majority of its time is spent in an idle condition. The bq27425 exits SLEEP if any entry condition is broken, specifically when: AverageCurrent( ) rises above Sleep Current (default = 10mA). HIBERNATE Mode HIBERNATE mode could be used when the system equipment needs to enter a very low-power state, and minimal gauge power consumption is required. This mode is ideal when a system equipment is set to its own HIBERNATE, SHUTDOWN, or OFF modes. Before the fuel gauge can enter HIBERNATE mode, the system must set the [HIBERNATE] bit of the CONTROL_STATUS register. The gauge waits to enter HIBERNATE mode until it has taken a valid OCV measurement and the magnitude of the average cell current has fallen below Hibernate Current. The gauge can also enter HIBERNATE mode if the cell voltage falls below Hibernate Voltage. The gauge will remain in HIBERNATE mode until the system issues a direct I2C command to the gauge. I2C Communication that is not directed to the gauge will not wake the gauge (or at least for very long). It is the systems responsibility to wake the bq27425 after it has gone into HIBERNATE mode and prevents a charger from charging the battery before the [OCVTAKEN] bit is set which signals an OCV reading is taken. After waking, the gauge can proceed with the initialization of the battery information.
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I2C INTERFACE
The bq27425 supports the standard I2C read, incremental read, quick read, one byte write, and incremental write functions. The 7 bit device address (ADDR) is the most significant 7 bits of the hex address and is fixed as 1010101. The 8-bit device address will therefore be 0xAA or 0xAB for write or read, respectively.
Host generated S ADDR[6:0] 0 A CMD[7:0] (a) 1-byte write S ADDR[6:0] 0 A CMD[7:0] A Sr ADDR[6:0] 1 A bq27425 generated A DATA [7:0] A P S ADDR[6:0] 1 A DATA [7:0] N P
(b) quick read DATA [7:0] N P
(c) 1- byte read S ADDR[6:0] 0 A CMD[7:0] A Sr ADDR[6:0] 1 A DATA [7:0] A ... DATA [7:0] N P
(d) incremental read

S ADDR[6:0] 0 A CMD[7:0] A DATA [7:0] A DATA [7:0] A ... A P
(e) incremental write (S = Start, Sr = Repeated Start, A = Acknowledge, N = No Acknowledge, and P = Stop).
Figure 3. Supported I2C Formats The "quick read" returns data at the address indicated by the address pointer. The address pointer, a register internal to the I2C communication engine, increments whenever data is acknowledged by the bq27425 or the I2C master. "Quick writes" function in the same manner and are a convenient means of sending multiple bytes to consecutive command locations (such as two-byte commands that require two bytes of data). The following command sequences are not supported: Attempt to write a read-only address (NACK after data sent by master):
S
ADDR[6:0]
CMD[7:0]
DATA[7:0]
Attempt to read an address above 0x6B (NACK command):

S
ADDR[6:0]
CMD[7:0]
N P
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I2C Command Waiting Time To make sure the correct results of a command with the 400KHz I2C operation, a proper waiting time should be added between issuing command and reading results. For Subcommands, the following diagram shows, as an example, the 66 s waiting time required between issuing the control command and reading the status data. Similarly, a 100 ms waiting time is required between the BlockDataChecksum( ) Extended command. For read-write Standard Commands, such as Temperature( ), a minimum of 2 seconds is needed to observe the data read back following the associated data write. For read-only standard commands, there is no waiting time required; however, the host should not issue all standard commands more than two times per second. Otherwise, the gauge could result in a reset issue due to the expiration of a watchdog timer.
S S ADDR [6:0] ADDR [6:0] 0 A 0 A CMD [7:0] CMD [7:0] A A Sr DATA [7:0] ADDR [6:0] A 1 A DATA [7:0] DATA [7:0] A P A 66ms DATA [7:0] N P 66ms
Waiting time between control subcommand and reading results
ADDR [6:0] DATA [7:0]
0 A A
CMD [7:0] DATA [7:0]
A Sr N P
ADDR [6:0] 66ms
1 A
DATA [7:0]
DATA [7:0]
Waiting time between continuous reading results
I2C Clock Stretching I2C clock stretches can occur during all modes of fuel gauge operation. In the SLEEP and HIBERNATE modes, a short clock stretch of approximately 75 s will occur on all I2C traffic as the device must wake-up to process the packet. In NORMAL mode, clock stretching will only occur for packets addressed for the fuel gauge. The timing of stretches will vary as interactions between the communicating host and the gauge are asynchronous. The I2C clock stretches may occur after start bits, the ACK/NAK bit and first data bit transmit on a host read cycle. The majority of clock stretch periods are small (<= 4mSec) as the I2C interface peripheral and CPU firmware perform normal data flow control. However, very infrequent clock stretch periods of up to 144 ms maximum may occur if the host issues an I2C command while the gauge is asynchronously updating NVM data tables.
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REFERENCE SCHEMATIC
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Package Dimensions
D Max = 2720 m Min = 2660 m E Max = 1780 m Min = 1720 m
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IMPORTANT NOTICE
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Bq27425 G1 Datasheet

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bq27425-G1

www.ti.com SLUSAI6 NOVEMBER 2011

System-Side Impedance Track Fuel Gauge With Integrated Sense Resistor

DEVICE INFORMATION AVAILABLE OPTIONS

A2 A1, B2, C2, D3, E3

I/O = Digital input/output, IA = Analog input, P = Power connection

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ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS

MIN 2.7 2.45

MAX 4.5 2.7

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RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS (continued)

2.5V LDO REGULATOR

VIH(CE) VIL(CE) VDO VREGTEMP VREGLINE VREGLOAD ISHORT (1) (2)

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INTERNAL TEMPERATURE SENSOR CHARACTERISTICS

INTEGRATING ADC (COULOMB COUNTER) CHARACTERISTICS

TEST CONDITIONS VSR = V(SRX) VSS Single conversion

UNIT V s bits V % FSR M A

INTEGRATED SENSE RESISTOR CHARACTERISTICS

ADC (TEMPERATURE AND CELL MEASUREMENT) CHARACTERISTICS

Specified by design. Not tested in production.

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EEPROM MEMORY CHARACTERISTICS

I2C-COMPATIBLE INTERFACE COMMUNICATION TIMING CHARACTERISTICS

td(STA) tr REPEATED START th(DAT) tsu(DAT)

Figure 1. I2C-Compatible Interface Timing Diagrams

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Copyright 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated

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Copyright 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated

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Copyright 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated

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DSG = Discharging detected. True when set.

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Copyright 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated

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SEALED ACCESS (1) (2) R R N/A R/W R R/W N/A R R R

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BLOCK DATA INTERFACE

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Copyright 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated

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BLOCK DATA SUMMARY

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