SDS Cam

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking
1.1 Product identifier

Trade name: Citric Acid Monohydrate
Chemical Identification: CAS number: 5949-29-1
EC number:
201-069-1
Index number:
607-750-00-3
REACH registration number:
To Applied for
Nano form: no.
1.2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against
Application of the substance / the preparation:
Formulation
Intermediate
Cleaning products
Personal care products
Paper industry
Cement retardation products
Polymers and plastics
Scale inhibition in oilfield water systems
Textile industry
Coatings and paints
Photographic processing
Anti-scalant, complexing agent in water treatment systems
Treatment of metal surfaces
Cleaning of metal surfaces
Agricultural applications
Laboratory reagent
1.3 Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet
Manufacturer/Supplier:
Aarey drugs & Pharmaceuticals ltd
Factory -E-34, M.I.D.C, Tarapur
Boisar -401506
Tel no -02525-652165
Further information obtainable from:
Only Representative
Or to applied for
Emergency
telephone
number(s):
Ireland - National Poisons Information Centre: 01 837 9964 or 01 809 2566 (healthcare professionals only).
NHS Direct: 111
National Poisons Information Service (NPIS): 0121 507 4123 (healthcare professionals only).
SECTION 2: Hazards identification
2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture
Classification according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008
Eye Irrit. 2 H319 Causes serious eye irritation.
STOT SE 3 H335 May cause respiratory irritation.
2.2 Label elements
Labelling according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008:
The substance is classified and labelled according to the CLP regulation.
Hazard pictograms:
GHS07
Signal word: Warning

Hazard statements:
H319 Causes serious eye irritation.
H335 May cause respiratory irritation.
Precautionary statements:
P261 Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
P264 Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
P280 Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.
P305+P351+P338 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if
present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P312 Call a POISON CENTER/doctor if you feel unwell.
P337+P313 If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention.
2.3 Other hazards
Results of PBT and vPvB assessment
PBT: No PBT.
vPvB: No vPvB.
Determination of endocrine-disrupting properties
The product does not contain substances with endocrine disrupting properties.
SECTION 3: Composition/information on ingredients
3.1 Substances
CAS Number. Description.
5949-29-1 Citric Acid Monohydrate
EC number: 201-069-1
Index number: 607-750-00-3
Additional information: Purity: >=99.5%
Specific Concentration Limit: Not available.
Nanoform No.
SECTION 4: First aid measures
4.1 Description of first aid measures
After inhalation: Move patient to fresh air, if symptoms persist consult a doctor.
After skin contact:
Immediately rinse with water.
If skin irritation continues, consult a doctor.
After eye contact:
Rinse opened eye for several minutes under running water. If symptoms persist, consult a doctor.
After swallowing:
Rinse out mouth and then drink plenty of water.
Do not induce vomiting.
4.2 Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed
Symptoms: Severe eye irritation. Cough.
Risks: Causes serious eye irritation. May cause respiratory irritation.
4.3 Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed
No further relevant information available.
SECTION 5: Firefighting measures
5.1 Extinguishing media
Suitable extinguishing agents:
CO2, powder or water spray. Fight larger fires with water spray or alcohol resistant foam.
For safety reasons unsuitable extinguishing agents: Water with full jet.
5.2 Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
5.3 Advice for firefighters
Protective equipment:
Wear fully protective suit.
Wear self-contained respiratory protective device.
SECTION 6: Accidental release measures
6.1 Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Avoid dust formation.
Ensure adequate ventilation.
Use personal protective equipment. Keep unprotected persons away.
Avoid inhaling dust and fumes.
Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
6.2 Environmental precautions No special measures required.
6.3 Methods and material for containment and cleaning up
Non-sparking tools should be used.
Retrieve the product by mechanical means.
Send for recovery or disposal in suitable receptacles.
6.4 Reference to other sections
See Section 7 for information on safe handling.
See Section 8 for information on personal protection equipment.
See Section 13 for disposal information.
SECTION 7: Handling and storage
7.1 Precautions for safe handling
Keep away from sources of ignition.
Prevent formation of dust.
Do not inhale dust / smoke / mist.
Avoid contact with the eyes and skin.
Information about fire - and explosion protection: No special measures required.
7.2 Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
Requirements to be met by storerooms and receptacles:
Store in a dry, cool and well-ventilated area.
Keep container tightly closed.
Provide acid-resistant floor.
Information about storage in one common storage facility:
Store away from strong bases and oxidizing agents.
7.3 Specific end use(s): No further relevant information available.
SECTION 8: Exposure controls/personal protection
8.1 Control parameters
Ingredients with limit values that require monitoring at the workplace: Not required.
PNECs
77-92-9 Citric Acid
PNEC 0.44 mg/L (Water (Freshwater))
0.044 mg/L (Water (Marine Water))
>1,000 mg/L (Sewage Treatment Plant (STP))
PNEC 3.46 mg/kg sedim. dw (Sediment (Marine Water))
34.6 mg/kg sedim. dw (Sediment (Freshwater))
PNEC 33.1 mg/kg soil dw (Soil)
Additional information: The lists valid during the making were used as basis.
8.2 Exposure controls
Individual protection measures, such as personal protective equipment
General protective and hygienic measures:
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of work.
Do not eat, drink, smoke or sniff while working.
Immediately remove all soiled and contaminated clothing
Avoid contact with the eyes and skin.
Respiratory protection:
Use a suitable respiratory protective device in case of insufficient ventilation.
Suitable respiratory protective device recommended:
Filter P2
Hand protection
Protective gloves.
Eye/face protection
Safety goggles (EN 166).
Have an eye wash station available.

Body protection: Protective work clothing.
Environmental exposure controls
Avoid the release of the product into the environment. Comply with local and national law.
SECTION 9: Physical and chemical properties
9.1 Information on basic physical and chemical properties
General Information
Physical state Solid.
Colour: White.
Odour: Odourless.
Odour threshold: Not determined.
Melting point/freezing point: 153 °C
Boiling point or initial boiling point and boiling
range Decomposes before boiling.
Flammability Product is not flammable.
Lower and upper explosion limit
Lower: Not determined.
Upper: Not determined.
Flash point: Not applicable.
Ignition temperature: Not applicable.
Decomposition temperature: >175 °C
pH Not determined.
Viscosity:
Kinematic viscosity Not applicable.
VOC (EC):
Dynamic: Not applicable.
Solubility
Water at 20 °C: 592 g/l
Partition coefficient n-octanol/water (log value) -1.6 to -1.8
Vapour pressure at 25 °C: 2.2E-6 Pa
Density and/or relative density
Relative density at 20 °C 1.665
Vapour density Not applicable.
Particle characteristics 8-40 mash, 30-100 mesh
9.2 Other information
Appearance:
Form: Crystalline
Explosive properties: Product does not present an explosion hazard.
Softening point/range
Oxidising properties Not oxidising.
Evaporation rate Not applicable.
Information with regard to physical hazard
classes
Explosives Not applicable.
Flammable gases Not applicable.
Aerosols Not applicable.
Oxidising gases Not applicable.
Gases under pressure Not applicable.
Flammable liquids Not applicable.
Flammable solids Not applicable.
Self-reactive substances and mixtures Not applicable.
Pyrophoric liquids Not applicable.
Pyrophoric solids Not applicable.
Self-heating substances and mixtures Not applicable.
Substances and mixtures, which emit flammable
gases in contact with water Not applicable.
Oxidising liquids Not applicable.
Oxidising solids Not applicable.
Organic peroxides Not applicable.
Corrosive to metals Not applicable.
Desensitised explosives Not applicable.
SECTION 10: Stability and reactivity
10.1 Reactivity No further relevant information available.
10.2 Chemical stability Stable under normal circumstances.
10.3 Possibility of hazardous reactions No dangerous reactions known.
10.4 Conditions to avoid Avoid all sources of ignition: heat, sparks, open flames.
10.5 Incompatible materials
Strong bases
Oxidizing agents
10.6 Hazardous decomposition products
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
SECTION 11: Toxicological information
11.1 Information on hazard classes as defined in Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008
Acute toxicity Based on available data; the classification criteria are not met.
LD/LC50 values:
77-92-9 Citric Acid
Oral LD50 5,400 mg/Kg bw (Mouse) (OECD 401)
Dermal LD50 >2,000 mg/Kg bw (Rat) (OECD 402)
Skin corrosion/irritation: Based on available data, the classification criteria are not met.
Serious eye damage/irritation: Causes serious eye irritation.
Respiratory or skin sensitisation: Based on available data, the classification criteria are not met.
Germ cell mutagenicity: Based on available data, the classification criteria are not met.
Carcinogenicity: Based on available data, the classification criteria are not met.
Reproductive toxicity: Based on available data, the classification criteria are not met.
STOT-single exposure: May cause respiratory irritation.
STOT-repeated exposure: Based on available data, the classification criteria are not met.
Aspiration hazard: Based on available data, the classification criteria are not met.
11.2 Information on other hazards
11.2.1 Endocrine disrupting properties Substance is not listed.
SECTION 12: Ecological information
12.1 Toxicity
Aquatic toxicity:
77-92-9 Citric Acid
LC50/48h 440 mg/L (Fish) (OECD 203)
NOEC 425 mg/L (Algae)
LC50/24h 1,535 mg/L (Daphnia Magna)
12.2 Persistence and degradability Readily biodegradable

12.3 Bioaccumulative potential Does not accumulate in organisms.
12.4 Mobility in soil pKa: 3.13, 4.76 and 6.4 at 25°C
12.5 Results of PBT and vPvB assessment
PBT: No PBT.
vPvB: No vPvB.
12.6 Endocrine disrupting properties
The product does not contain substances with endocrine disrupting properties.
12.7 Other adverse effects No further relevant information available.
SECTION 13: Disposal considerations
13.1 Waste treatment methods
Recommendation: Disposal must be made in accordance with official regulations.
Uncleaned packaging:
Recommendation:
Packaging that may not be cleansed must be disposed of in the same manner as the product.
SECTION 14: Transport information
14.1 UN number or ID number
ADR, ADN, IMDG, IATA Not applicable.
14.2 UN proper shipping name
ADR, ADN, IMDG, IATA Not applicable.
14.3 Transport hazard class(es)
ADR, ADN, IMDG, IATA
Class Not applicable.
14.4 Packing group
ADR, IMDG, IATA Not applicable.
14.5 Environmental hazards
Marine pollutant: No
14.6 Special precautions for user Not applicable.
14.7 Maritime transport in bulk according to
IMO instruments Not applicable.
SECTION 15: Regulatory information
15.1 Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance or
mixture
No further relevant information available.
DIRECTIVE 2011/65/EU on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical
and electronic equipment – Annex II
Substance is not listed.
REGULATION (EU) 2019/1148
Annex I - RESTRICTED EXPLOSIVES PRECURSORS (Upper limit value for the purpose of licensing
under Article 5(3))
Annex II - REPORTABLE EXPLOSIVES PRECURSORS Substance is not listed.
Regulation (EC) No 273/2004 on drug precursors Substance is not listed.
Regulation (EC) No 111/2005 laying down rules for the monitoring of trade between the Community
and third countries in drug precursors
15.2 Chemical safety assessment
A Chemical Safety Assessment has been carried out.
SECTION 16: Other information

This information is based on our present knowledge. However, this shall not constitute a guarantee for any
specific product features and shall not establish a legally valid contractual relationship.
Abbreviations and acronyms:
WEL: Workplace Exposure Limits
ADR: Accord relatif au transport international des marchandises dangereuses par route (European Agreement Concerning the
International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road)
IMDG: International Maritime Code for Dangerous Goods
IATA: International Air Transport Association
GHS: Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals
EINECS: European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances
CAS: Chemical Abstracts Service (division of the American Chemical Society)
PNEC: Predicted No-Effect Concentration (REACH)
LC50: Lethal concentration, 50 percent
LD50: Lethal dose, 50 percent
Eye Irrit. 2: Serious eye damage/eye irritation – Category 2
STOT SE 3: Specific target organ toxicity (single exposure) – Category 3
EXPOSURE SCENARIOS - CITRIC ACID
Annex: Exposure Scenarios
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9.1 Exposure scenario 2: Formulation or re-packing - Formulation of citric acid

into preparations
Market sector: Generic formulation of citric acid into preparations

Product category formulated: PC 1: Adhesives, Sealants; PC 3: Air care products; PC 9a: Coatings
and Paints, Thinners, paint removers; PC 12: Fertilizers; PC 30: Photo-chemicals; PC 31: Polishes and
Wax Blends; PC 35: Washing and Cleaning Products; PC 39: Cosmetics, personal care products
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Environment contributing scenario(s):
CS 1 Formulation of citric acid into preparations ERC 2
CS 2 Formulation into solid matrix ERC 3
Worker contributing scenario(s):
CS 3 Chemical production or refinery in closed process without PROC 1

likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment
conditions; Liquid
CS 4 Chemical production or refinery in closed continuous process PROC 2

with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent
containment conditions; Liquid
CS 5 Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed PROC 3

batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes
with equivalent containment condition; Liquid
CS 6 Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises; PROC 4

Liquid
CS 7 Mixing or blending in batch processes; Liquid PROC 5
CS 8 Industrial spraying; Liquid PROC 7
CS 9 Transfer of substance or mixture (charging/discharging) at non PROC 8a

dedicated-facilities; Liquid
CS 10 Transfer of substance or mixture (charging/discharging) at PROC 8b

dedicated facilities; Liquid
CS 11 Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated PROC 9

filling line, including weighing); Liquid
CS 12 Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring; Liquid PROC 13
CS 13 Laboratory chemicals; Liquid PROC 15
CS 14 Manual activities involving hand contact; Liquid PROC 19

conditions; Solid, medium dustiness

containment conditions; Solid, medium dustiness

with equivalent containment condition; Solid, medium dustiness

Solid, medium dustiness
CS 19 Mixing or blending in batch processes; Solid, medium dustiness PROC 5

dedicated-facilities; Solid, medium dustiness
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dedicated facilities; Solid, medium dustiness

filling line, including weighing); Solid, medium dustiness
CS 23 Laboratory chemicals; Solid, medium dustiness PROC 15
CS 24 Manual activities involving hand contact; Solid, medium PROC 19

dustiness
Further description of the use:

Citric acid is formulated into a wide range of products, often at specialist formulation sites. The
processes and exposures are expected to be broadly similar across different industries. Formulation is
generally carried out in batch processes, which may be open or closed; several steps may be involved.
9.1.1 Env CS 1: Formulation of citric acid into preparations (ERC 2)
Exposure assessment and risk characterization are not required (see scope under 9.0.3).
9.1.2 Env CS 2: Formulation into solid matrix (ERC 3)
Exposure assessment and risk characterization are not required (see scope under 9.0.3).
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9.1.3 Worker CS 3: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without

likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions;
Liquid (PROC 1)
9.1.3.1 Conditions of use
Method
Product (article) characteristics
• Percentage (w/w) of substance in mixture/article: <= 100 % TRA Workers 3.0
• Physical form of the used product: Liquid TRA Workers 3.0
Amount used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
• Duration of activity: <= 8 h/day TRA Workers 3.0
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
• Closed process without likelihood of exposure
• General ventilation: Basic general ventilation (1-3 air changes per hour) [Effectiveness TRA Workers 3.0
Inhalation: 0%]
• Occupational Health and Safety Management System: Advanced TRA Workers 3.0
• Local exhaust ventilation: No [Effectiveness Inhalation: 0%, Dermal: 0%] TRA Workers 3.0
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
• Respiratory protection: No [Effectiveness Inhalation: 0%] TRA Workers 3.0
• Dermal protection: No [Effectiveness Dermal: 0%] TRA Workers 3.0
• Use of eye protection: Yes

Required as a qualitative risk management measure for local eye exposure.
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
• Place of use: Indoor TRA Workers 3.0
• Operating temperature: <= 40°C TRA Workers 3.0
9.1.3.2 Exposure and risks for workers
No exposure datasets are defined for this worker contributing scenario.

Remarks on exposure dataset obtained with ECETOC TRA
The vapour pressure at operating temperature (40°C) used for the calculation is 5.78E -6 Pa.
Risk characterisation
Qualitative risk characterisation (Inhalation, local, acute, Eye, local):
Citric acid is classified as irritating to eyes (Eye Irrit. Cat. 2) and the respiratory tract (STOT SE 3
(respiratory irritation)). No quantitative dose descriptors are available for these endpoints therefore
qualitative hazard conclusions and risk characterisation are applied. The overall hazard conclusion,
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according to ECHA Technical Guidance Part E, Table E.3-1 is “low hazard”.

When the appropriate measures are applied (such as those described in Section 9.0.4.2.) there is no
unacceptable risk to human health from storage or handling of citric acid.
9.1.4 Worker CS 4: Chemical production or refinery in closed continuous process

with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment
conditions; Liquid (PROC 2)
Method
• Closed continuous process with occasional controlled exposure
Inhalation: 0%]


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9.1.5 Worker CS 5: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed

batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with
equivalent containment condition; Liquid (PROC 3)
Method
• Closed batch process with occasional controlled exposure
Inhalation: 0%]

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9.1.6 Worker CS 6: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises;

Liquid (PROC 4)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]


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9.1.7 Worker CS 7: Mixing or blending in batch processes; Liquid (PROC 5)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
• Respiratory protection: Yes (Respirator with APF of 10) [Effectiveness Inhalation: TRA Workers 3.0
90%]
Required as a qualitative risk management measure for short term inhalation
exposure and as best practice to protect against aerosol exposure.


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9.1.8 Worker CS 8: Industrial spraying; Liquid (PROC 7)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]
Required as a qualitative risk management measure for short term inhalation exposure
and as best practice to protect against aerosol exposure

The exposure concentrations and risk characterisation ratios (RCR) are reported in the following
table.
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Table 9.1.1 Exposure concentrations and risks for workers
Route of exposure and type of Exposure concentration Risk quantification

effects
Inhalation, local, acute 40 mg/m³(TRA Workers) Qualitative risk

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9.1.9 Worker CS 9: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging/discharging) at non

dedicated-facilities; Liquid (PROC 8a)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]


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9.1.10 Worker CS 10: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging/discharging) at

dedicated facilities; Liquid (PROC 8b)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]


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9.1.11 Worker CS 11: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers

(dedicated filling line, including weighing); Liquid (PROC 9)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

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9.1.12 Worker CS 12: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring; Liquid (PROC
13)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]


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9.1.13 Worker CS 13: Laboratory chemicals; Liquid (PROC 15)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]


The vapour pressure at operating temperature (40°C) used for the calculation is 5.78E-6 Pa.
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9.1.14 Worker CS 14: Manual activities involving hand contact; Liquid (PROC 19)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

• Skin surface potentially exposed: Two hands and forearms (1980 cm2)

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Solid, medium dustiness (PROC 1)
Method
• Physical form of the used product: Solid (medium dusty form) TRA Workers 3.0
Inhalation: 0%]

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table.

effects
Inhalation, local, acute 0.04 mg/m³(TRA Workers) Qualitative risk

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conditions; Solid, medium dustiness (PROC 2)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

table.
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effects

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equivalent containment condition; Solid, medium dustiness (PROC 3)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]
Required for qualitative assessment due to STOT SE 3 inhalation hazard.

table.
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effects

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Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]
(Required to control exposure to dust from inhalation in order to reduce exposure
below the work place exposure limit (WEL) of 10 mg/m3 and as a qualitative risk
management measure for short term inhalation exposure.

table.
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effects

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9.1.19 Worker CS 19: Mixing or blending in batch processes; Solid, medium dustiness
(PROC 5)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]
Required to control exposure to dust from inhalation in order to reduce exposure

table.
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effects

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dedicated-facilities; Solid, medium dustiness (PROC 8a)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

table.
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effects

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dedicated facilities; Solid, medium dustiness (PROC 8b)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

table.

effects
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(dedicated filling line, including weighing); Solid, medium dustiness (PROC 9)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

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table.

effects

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9.1.23 Worker CS 23: Laboratory chemicals; Solid, medium dustiness (PROC 15)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]
exposure.

table.

effects
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9.1.24 Worker CS 24: Manual activities involving hand contact; Solid, medium
dustiness (PROC 19)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

• Skin surface potentially exposed: Two hands and forearms (1980 cm2)
table.
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effects

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9.2 Exposure scenario 3: Use at industrial sites - Use of citric acid as a chemical
intermediate
Market sector: Use of citric acid as a chemical intermediate

Product category used: PC 0: Other
Sector of use: SU 8: Manufacture of bulk, large scale chemicals (including petroleum products); SU
9: Manufacture of fine chemicals
CS 1 Use of citric acid as a chemical intermediate ERC 6a






Citric acid may be used as an intermediate in the formation of:
· Metal-salts, such as magnesium citrate, iron citrate or zinc citrate.
· Others salts, for example ammonium citrate.
· Esters such as triethyl citrate or tributyl citrate.
In a typical process for the production of citrate salts, citric acid is dissolved in deionised water.
Addition of a source of the other ion results in conversion of citric acid to its salt. The salt is separated
by evaporation and centrifugation, then dried, sieved and bagged.
The reactions may take place in a closed batch or continuous process with occasional opportunities for
exposure arising, for example, during sampling.
9.2.1 Env CS 1: Use of citric acid as a chemical intermediate (ERC 6a)
Exposure assessment and risk characterisation are not required (see scope under 9.0.3).
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Method
Inhalation: 0%]

Closed process with no likelihood of exposure

table.
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effects

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Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

table.
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effects

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Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

table.
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effects
Inhalation, local, acute 0.4 mg/m³( TRA Workers) Qualitative risk

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Method
Inhalation: 0%]
• Local exhaust ventilation: Yes (TRA effectiveness) [Effectiveness Inhalation: 90%, TRA Workers 3.0
Dermal: 0%]
90%]
exposure.

table.
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effects

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Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

table.

effects
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9.3 Exposure scenario 4: Use at industrial sites - Industrial use of citric acid in
detergent and cleaning products
Market sector: Use of citric acid in detergent and cleaning products

Product category used: PC 3: Air care products; PC 28: Perfumes, Fragrances; PC 31: Polishes and
Wax Blends; PC 35: Washing and Cleaning Products; PC 36: Water softeners
CS 1 Use of non-reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion ERC 4

into or onto article)


Liquid



CS 8 Roller application or brushing; Liquid PROC 10

containment conditions; Solid, low dustiness

Solid, low dustiness

dedicated-facilities; Solid, low dustiness

dedicated facilities; Solid, low dustiness

filling line, including weighing); Solid, low dustiness

Citric acid and its salts are used in a wide variety of cleaning and maintenance products for industrial
and professional uses.
The main use or function of citric acid and its salts in detergents and cleaning products is as a
complexing agent/ sequestering builders to remove water hardness minerals and ‘build’ the cleaning
efficiency of the surfactant. They can also function as additives (e.g. in hand-washing liquids [RIVM,
2006]) or acids (e.g., in bathroom/ toilet cleaning liquids or silver polish).
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Technical applications of citric acid and its salts in various industries as a complex-forming agent,
cleaning agent, softening agent, decalcifying agent, de-rusting agent, corrosive agent and synergist in
antioxidant mixtures accounted for 20% of the total production volume (500 000 tons/annum) in Europe
(including Eastern Europe and Israel ) in 1999 [HERA, 2005]. The total consumption of citric acid in
household cleaning applications in the EEA (i.e., EU + Iceland, Switzerland and Norway) in 2002 was
103 000 tons [HERA, 2005].
The concentration of citrate used in these applications varies. Concentrations of citrate (citric acid or
trisodium citrate) in the most important consumer products are estimated as follows:
Dishwasher Tablets up to approx. 40%
Dishwashing machine cleaner solid and liquid up to 70%
Descaler solid and liquid up to 70 %
Dishwasher Rinse Aids 0.5 - 5 %
Fabric care powder (phosphonate free) 2- 30%
Liquid fabric care (phosphonate free) 2 - 10%
Bath room cleaner, all purpose cleaner up to 10 %
Toilet bowl cleaner up to 10 %CAA
9.3.1 Env CS 1: Use of non-reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion into
or onto article) (ERC 4)
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Method
• Occupational Health and Safety Management System: Basic TRA Workers 3.0
Inhalation: 0%]


The Concentration limit for an ingredient in a mixture that is classified as eye irritation Category 2 for
effects on the eye (Causes serious eye irritation, H319) is 10% according to Table 3.3.5 in CLP
Regulation EC (No) 1272/2008. The classification of STOT-SE Category 3 does not have a defined
concentration limit. However, Aageneric concentration limit of 20 % is appropriate; as an additive of
all Category 3 ingredients for each endpoint according to section 3.8.3.4.5 in CLP Regulation EC
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(No) 1272/2008. It is therefore considered that there is no unacceptable risk to humans from eye or
inhalation exposure to citric acid.

Liquid (PROC 4)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]


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Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

table.
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effects

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Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]


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Method
Inhalation: 0%]

90%]

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Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

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9.3.8 Worker CS 8: Roller application or brushing; Liquid (PROC 10)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]


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9.3.9 Worker CS 9: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring; Liquid (PROC 13)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]


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conditions; Solid, low dustiness (PROC 2)
Method
• Physical form of the used product: Solid (non or low dusty form) TRA Workers 3.0
e.g. Detergent powders and tablets
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]
exposure.

62 / 313
table.

effects
Inhalation, local, acute 4E-3 mg/m³(TRA Workers) Qualitative risk

63 / 313
Solid, low dustiness (PROC 4)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]
exposure.

table.
64 / 313

effects

65 / 313

dedicated-facilities; Solid, low dustiness (PROC 8a)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]
exposure.

table.
66 / 313

effects

67 / 313

dedicated facilities; Solid, low dustiness (PROC 8b)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]
exposure.

table.
68 / 313

effects

69 / 313

(dedicated filling line, including weighing); Solid, low dustiness (PROC 9)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]
exposure.

table.
70 / 313

effects

71 / 313
9.4 Exposure scenario 5: Widespread use by professional workers - Professional

use of citric acid in cleaning products

Product category used: PC 3: Air care products; PC 31: Polishes and Wax Blends; PC 35: Washing
and Cleaning Products; PC 36: Water softeners
CS 1 Widespread use of non-reactive processing aid (no inclusion into ERC 8a

or onto article, indoor)
CS 2 Widespread use of non-reactive processing aid (no inclusion into ERC 8 d

CS 3 Widespread use of functional fluid (indoor) ERC 9a
CS 4 Widespread use of functional fluid (outdoor) ERC 9b
CS 5 Roller application or brushing; Indoor use; Liquid PROC 10
CS 6 Roller application or brushing; Outdoor use; Liquid PROC 10
CS 7 Non-industrial spraying; Indoor use; Liquid PROC 11
CS 8 Non-industrial spraying; Outdoor use; Liquid PROC 11
CS 9 Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring; Indoor use; Liquid PROC 13
CS 10 Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring; Outdoor use; PROC 13

Liquid
CS 11 Manual activities involving hand contact; Indoor use; Liquid PROC 19
CS 12 Manual activities involving hand contact; Outdoor use; Liquid PROC 19
CS 13 Manual activities involving hand contact; Indoor use; Solid, low PROC 19
dustiness
CS 14 Manual activities involving hand contact; Outdoor use; Solid, low PROC 19
dustiness

This scenario covers professional use of citric acid in cleaning products.
The large number of household products includes, but is not limited to:
· Laundry products: These include detergent powders, detergent liquids, laundry pre-treatment
products and fabric softeners.
· Dish washing products: These are hand dishwashing liquids and machine dishwashing products
(dishwashing powders/detergents and dishwashing liquids/rinse aids).
· All purpose cleaners: These are used in cleaning hard surfaces like windows, mirrors, wood, floors
and tiled walls [RIVM, 2006]. The products can be liquid cleaners, spray cleaners or wet tissue
application.
· Abrasive cleaners: These are used in remove soil which is firmly attached to the surface (e.g.
lavatory pan, washbasins and kitchen sink/ working top) and can be powders, liquids or scouring pads
[RIVM, 2006]
· Sanitary products: These are bathroom cleaners (sprays and liquids) and toilet cleaners.
72 / 313
· Floor, carpet and furniture products: These are products that provide a combined effect of cleaning
and polishing.
· Metal polish: Consumer or professional use of, e.g., silver polishes, either ready-to-use or solid
preparations which need to be dissolved in water.
· Water treatment/scale inhibition products for household appliances.
· Vehicle care products.
9.4.1 Env CS 1: Widespread use of non-reactive processing aid (no inclusion into or
onto article, indoor) (ERC 8a)
onto article, indoor) (ERC 8 d)
9.4.3 Env CS 3: Widespread use of functional fluid (indoor) (ERC 9a)
9.4.4 Env CS 4: Widespread use of functional fluid (outdoor) (ERC 9b)
73 / 313
9.4.5 Worker CS 5: Roller application or brushing; Indoor use; Liquid (PROC 10)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]


74 / 313
9.4.6 Worker CS 6: Roller application or brushing; Outdoor use; Liquid (PROC 10)
Method

• Place of use: Outdoor TRA Workers 3.0

75 / 313
9.4.7 Worker CS 7: Non-industrial spraying; Indoor use; Liquid (PROC 11)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]
exposure.

table.

effects
76 / 313
9.4.8 Worker CS 8: Non-industrial spraying; Outdoor use; Liquid (PROC 11)
Method
• Local exhaust ventilation: No [Effectiveness Inhalation: 0%, Dermal: 0%]
90%]
exposure.

77 / 313
table.

effects

78 / 313
9.4.9 Worker CS 9: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring; Indoor use;

Liquid (PROC 13)
Method

Product ingredients mixed, diluted and/or suspended
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]


79 / 313
9.4.10 Worker CS 10: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring; Outdoor use;
Liquid (PROC 13)
Method
90%]


80 / 313

9.4.11 Worker CS 11: Manual activities involving hand contact; Indoor use; Liquid
(PROC 19)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

81 / 313

82 / 313
9.4.12 Worker CS 12: Manual activities involving hand contact; Outdoor use; Liquid
(PROC 19)
Method
90%]


83 / 313
9.4.13 Worker CS 13: Manual activities involving hand contact; Indoor use; Solid, low
dustiness (PROC 19)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]
exposure.

table.
84 / 313

effects

85 / 313
9.4.14 Worker CS 14: Manual activities involving hand contact; Outdoor use; Solid,
low dustiness (PROC 19)
Method
90%]
exposure.

table.

effects
86 / 313
87 / 313
9.5 Exposure scenario 6: Consumer use - Consumer use of citric acid in cleaning
products



or onto article, outdoor)
Consumer contributing scenario(s):
CS 3 Air care products PC 3
CS 4 Polishes and wax blends PC 31
CS 5 Washing and cleaning products PC 35
CS 6 Water Softeners PC 36

This scenario covers consumer use of citric acid in cleaning products.
onto article, outdoor) (ERC 8 d)
9.5.3 Cons CS 3: Air care products (PC 3)
Method
• Percentage (w/w) of substance in mixture/article: <= 5 %
9.5.3.2 Exposure and risks for consumers
No exposure datasets are defined for this consumer contributing scenario.
88 / 313
The concentration of citric acid in consumer products is below the thresholds for classification of
ingredients as in mixtures for substances classified as Eye Irrit. Cat 2 and STOT SE 3 (respiratory
tract) according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008. No specific risk management measures are
required and there is no unacceptable risk to humans from eye or inhalation exposure to citric acid.
9.5.4 Cons CS 4: Polishes and wax blends (PC 31)
Method

9.5.5 Cons CS 5: Washing and cleaning products (PC 35)
Method

89 / 313
9.5.6 Cons CS 6: Water Softeners (PC 36)
Method

90 / 313

use of personal care products
Market sector: Personal care use

Product category used: PC 39: Cosmetics, personal care products

CS 2 Cosmetics, personal care products; Professional use PROC 0

This scenario covers professional use of personal care products.
Citric acid and its salts are used in a wide range of personal care products, including:·Shampoos and
conditioners· Astringent lotions·Bubble baths·Creams and lotions·Facial cleaners·Feminine
hygiene products·Permanent wave neutraliser·Propellants for aerosol -type
dispensers·Toothpastes·Mouth rinses·Body wash/cleanser·Hair colour and
bleaching·Moisturisers·H and soaps·Nail polish·Anti -aging productsIn these products, citric acid
acts as clarifying agents, water softeners, buffers, foam boosters and stabilizers, complexing agents
(for example to stabilize the formulation by complexing metal ions and preventing discoloration and
decomposition).The human health effects of the end us of these products is exempt from REACH,
however, the environmental impact must be assessed.
9.6.2 Worker CS 2: Cosmetics, personal care products; Professional use (PROC 0)
Conditions of use were not defined for this contributing scenario.

The human health assessment is not considered for professional use of personal care products, since
these are outside the scope of REACH.
91 / 313
9.7 Exposure scenario 8: Consumer use - Consumer use of personal care products
Market sector: Personal care use


CS 2 Cosmetics, personal care products; Consumer use PC 39

This scenario covers consumer use of personal care products.
9.7.2 Cons CS 2: Cosmetics, personal care products; Consumer use (PC 39)
The human health assessment is not considered for consumer use of personal care products, since
these are outside the scope of REACH.
Conditions of use were not defined for this contributing scenario.Outside the scope of REACH.

92 / 313
9.8 Exposure scenario 9: Use at industrial sites - Use in the Paper industry
Market sector: Use in the Paper industry

Product category used: PC 26: Paper and board treatment products
Sector of use: SU 6b: Manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products






Citric acid is used in the cleaning of papermaking machines and to prevent build up of deposits.
Cleaning applications are covered under another exposure scenario; this scenario covers use of citric
acid as an additive or processing aid in the paper-making industry.
Citric acid may be added to pulp slurry prior to bleaching to control paper staining by sequestering
metal ions. Bleaching of pulp is usually carried out in several stages, typically 3-5. Each stage typically
contains pumps, mixers, a washer, and a retention tower. Citric acid may be added prior to one or more
stages. Opportunities for exposure may arise during mixing/blending and transfer operations.
It is possible that a small amount of citric acid is incorporated into the finished paper products. However,
it is considered that releases from these products will be minimal compared to those from the paper
manufacturing process and release from articles is not considered in this scenario.
Citric acid may also be used as additives in paper products, such as tobacco papers. The human health
and environmental exposures resulting from use as an additive in paper-making are expected to be
equivalent to or less than the exposures resulting from use as a processing aid in the paper industry.
Therefore, the same exposure scenario is considered adequate to cover both uses. The human health
aspects of end use effects of tobacco products are outside the scope of this assessment. Environmental
exposures to citric acid resulting from this end use are not expected to be significant compared to losses
from other sources examined in the exposure scenarios of this report and are not considered further.
93 / 313

Method
Inhalation: 0%]


94 / 313


Method
Inhalation: 0%]
• Local exhaust ventilation: Yes (TRA effectiveness) [Effectiveness Inhalation: 90%, TRA Workers 3.0
Dermal: 0%]


95 / 313
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

96 / 313

97 / 313

Method
Transfer of solid substance
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

table.
98 / 313

effects

99 / 313

Method
Transfer of solid substance
Inhalation: 0%]
• Respiratory protection: Yes [Effectiveness Inhalation: 90%] TRA Workers 3.0

Required as a qualitative risk management measure for short term inhalation exposure.

table.
100 / 313

effects

101 / 313
9.9 Exposure scenario 10: Use at industrial sites - Use in cement retardation
products
Market sector: Use in cement retardation products

CS 1 Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article ERC 5


Liquid



containment conditions; Solid, high dustiness

Solid, high dustiness

dedicated-facilities; Solid, high dustiness

dedicated facilities; Solid, high dustiness
Subsequent service life exposure scenario(s):
ES13: Service life (worker at industrial site) - Service life of articles; cement retardation product; industrial use
Citric acid can be used to retard the setting rate of cement and reduce the amount of water needed. They
may therefore be added to concrete, mortar, plaster, sealant and render formulations. The concentration
of citric acid in these products is generally low (<1%).
Citric acid may be used in construction materials in industrial settings. This may include: mixing of
citric acid (generally as part of a solid formulation) with cement and other ingredients to form
concrete, mortar, plaster or render; and spreading, moulding or spraying of the product.
Cement-products containing citric acid may be used by members of the public (consumer use) and by
workers at the commercial level e.g. skilled trades (professional use). This may include mixing,
spreading, moulding or spraying operations. The citric acid may form part of a solid or liquid
formulation.
Citric acid will remain in the concrete, mortar, plaster or render during its service life. Release is not
intended, however, limited exposure is possible.
Both indoor and outdoor use of the formulations and articles is possible.
102 / 313
9.9.1 Env CS 1: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article (ERC 5)

Method

The concentration of citrate in these products is generally low (<1%).
Inhalation: 0%]
• Use of eye protection: No

Product concentration below threshold for hazard classification.Therefore, eye
protection is not required, see “risk characterisation” section below.

103 / 313
The concentration of citric acid is below the thresholds for classification of ingredients in mixtures for
substances classified as Eye Irrit. Cat 2 and STOT SE 3 (respiratory tract) according to Regulation
(EC) No 1272/2008. No specific risk management measures are required and there is no unacceptable
risk to humans from eye or inhalation exposure to citric acid.

Liquid (PROC 4)
Method

Inhalation: 0%]

104 / 313

105 / 313
Method

Inhalation: 0%]

Product concentration below threshold for hazard classification.Therefore,
respiratory protection is not required, see “risk characterisation” section below.

table.
106 / 313

effects

107 / 313

Method

Inhalation: 0%]

If the concentration of citric acid is less than 20%, then respiratory protection is not
required. However, if the substance is formulated with other classified ingredients, then
the supplier will have to take this into consideration when devising safe use conditions.


108 / 313

Method

Inhalation: 0%]


109 / 313

110 / 313

conditions; Solid, high dustiness (PROC 2)
Method

• Physical form of the used product: Solid (very dusty form) TRA Workers 3.0
Inhalation: 0%]


table.
111 / 313

effects

112 / 313

Solid, high dustiness (PROC 4)
Method

Inhalation: 0%]
90%]
below the work place exposure limit (WEL) of 10 mg/m3 and as best practice for
handling a very dusty solid.

table.
113 / 313

effects

114 / 313

dedicated-facilities; Solid, high dustiness (PROC 8a)
Method

Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

table.
115 / 313

effects

116 / 313

dedicated facilities; Solid, high dustiness (PROC 8b)
Method

Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

table.
117 / 313

effects

118 / 313

use in cement retardation products

CS 1 Widespread use leading to inclusion into/onto article (indoor) ERC 8c
CS 2 Widespread use leading to inclusion into/onto article (outdoor) ERC 8f
CS 3 Roller application or brushing; Indoor use; Liquid PROC 10
CS 4 Roller application or brushing; Outdoor use; Liquid PROC 10
CS 5 Non-industrial spraying; Indoor use; Liquid PROC 11
CS 6 Non-industrial spraying; Outdoor use; Liquid PROC 11
CS 7 Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring; Indoor use; Liquid PROC 13
CS 8 Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring; Outdoor use; PROC 13

Liquid
CS 9 Manual activities involving hand contact; Indoor use; Liquid PROC 19
CS 10 Manual activities involving hand contact; Outdoor use; Liquid PROC 19
CS 11 Tabletting, compression, extrusion, pelettisation, granulation; PROC 14

Indoor use; Solid, high dustiness

Outdoor use; Solid, high dustiness
CS 13 Manual activities involving hand contact; Indoor use; Solid, high PROC 19
dustiness
CS 14 Manual activities involving hand contact; Outdoor use; Solid, PROC 19

high dustiness
CS 15 Low energy manipulation and handling of substances bound in/on PROC 21

materials and/or articles; Indoor use; Solid, high dustiness

materials and/or articles; Outdoor use; Solid, high dustiness
ES14: Service life (professional worker) - Service life of articles; cement retardation product; professional use

This scenario cover professional use in cement retardation products.
9.10.1 Env CS 1: Widespread use leading to inclusion into/onto article (indoor) (ERC
8c)
119 / 313
9.10.2 Env CS 2: Widespread use leading to inclusion into/onto article (outdoor) (ERC
8f)
9.10.3 Worker CS 3: Roller application or brushing; Indoor use; Liquid (PROC 10)
Method

Inhalation: 0%]


120 / 313
9.10.4 Worker CS 4: Roller application or brushing; Outdoor use; Liquid (PROC 10)
Method



121 / 313
9.10.5 Worker CS 5: Non-industrial spraying; Indoor use; Liquid (PROC 11)
Method

Inhalation: 0%]


122 / 313
table.

effects

123 / 313
9.10.6 Worker CS 6: Non-industrial spraying; Outdoor use; Liquid (PROC 11)
Method



table.

effects
124 / 313
9.10.7 Worker CS 7: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring; Indoor use;

Liquid (PROC 13)
Method

Inhalation: 0%]


125 / 313

126 / 313
9.10.8 Worker CS 8: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring; Outdoor use;

Liquid (PROC 13)
Method




127 / 313
9.10.9 Worker CS 9: Manual activities involving hand contact; Indoor use; Liquid
(PROC 19)
Method

Inhalation: 0%]



128 / 313
9.10.10 Worker CS 10: Manual activities involving hand contact; Outdoor use; Liquid
(PROC 19)
Method



129 / 313

130 / 313
9.10.11 Worker CS 11: Tabletting, compression, extrusion, pelettisation, granulation;

Indoor use; Solid, high dustiness (PROC 14)
Method

Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

table.
131 / 313

effects

132 / 313

Outdoor use; Solid, high dustiness (PROC 14)
Method



table.

effects
133 / 313
9.10.13 Worker CS 13: Manual activities involving hand contact; Indoor use; Solid,
high dustiness (PROC 19)
Method

Inhalation: 0%]


134 / 313
table.

effects

135 / 313
9.10.14 Worker CS 14: Manual activities involving hand contact; Outdoor use; Solid,
high dustiness (PROC 19)
Method



table.

effects
136 / 313
137 / 313
9.10.15 Worker CS 15: Low energy manipulation and handling of substances bound
in/on materials and/or articles; Indoor use; Solid, high dustiness (PROC 21)
Method

Inhalation: 0%]


table.
138 / 313

effects

139 / 313
in/on materials and/or articles; Outdoor use; Solid, high dustiness (PROC 21)
Method



table.

effects
140 / 313
141 / 313
9.11 Exposure scenario 12: Consumer use - Consumer use in Cement retardation
products

CS 3 Cement retardation products; indoor use PC 0
CS 4 Cement retardation products; outdoor use PC 0

ES15: Service life (consumers) - Service life of articles; cement retardation product; consumer use

This scenario covers consumer use in cement retardation products.
8f)
8c)
9.11.3 Cons CS 3: Cement retardation products; indoor use (PC 0)
Method

142 / 313
ingredients in mixtures for substances classified as Eye Irrit. Cat 2 and STOT SE 3 (respiratory tract)
according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008. No specific risk management measures are required and
there is no unacceptable risk to humans from eye or inhalation exposure to citric acid.
9.11.4 Cons CS 4: Cement retardation products; outdoor use (PC 0)
Method


143 / 313
9.12 Exposure scenario 13: Service life (worker at industrial site) - Service life of
articles; cement retardation product; industrial use

Article categories:
AC 0: Other
CS 1 Service life - workers; Industrial ERC 12b, ERC 12a

materials and/or articles; Indoor use; Solid

materials and/or articles; Outdoor use; Solid
CS 4 High (mechanical) energy work-up of substances bound in/on PROC 24

materials and/or articles; Indoor use

materials and/or articles; Outdoor use
Exposure scenario(s) of the uses leading to the inclusion of the substance into the article(s):
ES10: Use at industrial sites - Use in cement retardation products
This scenario covers the industrial service life of articles which may contain residual registration
substance in cement retardation products.
9.12.1 Env CS 1: Service life - workers; Industrial (ERC 12b), ERC 12a
144 / 313

in/on materials and/or articles; Indoor use (PROC 21)
Method

Inhalation: 0%]

Product concentration below threshold for hazard classification. Therefore,

Product concentration below threshold for hazard classification. Therefore, eye
9.13.2.2. Exposure and risks for workers

table.

effects
145 / 313

(EC) No 1272/2008. Ocular exposure to the substance is not considered applicable during normal
handling and use of articles.
No specific risk management measures are required and there is no unacceptable risk to humans from
eye or inhalation exposure to citric acid.

in/on materials and/or articles; Outdoor use (PROC 21)
Method



146 / 313
table.

effects

substances classified as Eye Irrit. Cat 2 and STOT SE 3 (respiratory tract) according to Regulation (EC) No
1272/2008. Ocular exposure to the substance is not considered applicable during normal handling and use of
articles.
No specific risk management measures are required and there is no unacceptable risk to humans from eye or
147 / 313
9.12.4 Worker CS 4: High (mechanical) energy work-up of substances bound in/on

materials and/or articles; Indoor use (PROC 24)
Method

Inhalation: 0%]


table.
148 / 313

effects

149 / 313

materials and/or articles; Outdoor use (PROC 24)
Method



table.

effects
150 / 313

151 / 313
9.13 Exposure scenario 14: Service life (professional worker) - Service life of
articles; cement retardation product; professional use

Article categories:
AC 0: Other
CS 1 Service life - workers; Professional ERC 10a, ERC 11a




ES11: Widespread use by professional workers - Professional use in cement retardation products
This scenario covers the professional service life of articles which may contain residual registration
9.13.1 Env CS 1: Service life - workers; Professional ERC 10a, ERC 11a
152 / 313

Method

Inhalation: 0%]


table.
153 / 313

effects

154 / 313

Method



table.

effects
155 / 313

Method
Inhalation: 0%]


156 / 313
table.

effects

157 / 313

Method


table.

effects
158 / 313

159 / 313
9.14 Exposure scenario 15: Service life (consumers) - Service life of articles; cement
retardation product; consumer use

CS 1 Service life - consumers ERC 10a, ERC 11a
CS 2 Cement retardation products; Indoor AC 0
CS 3 Cement retardation products; Outdoor AC 0
ES12: Consumer use - Consumer use in Cement retardation products
This scenario covers the consumer service life of articles which may contain residual registration
9.14.1 Env CS 1: Service life - consumers ERC 10a, ERC 11a
9.14.2 Cons CS 2: Cement retardation products; Indoor (AC 0)
Method


160 / 313
9.14.3 Cons CS 3: Cement retardation products; Outdoor (AC 0)
Method


161 / 313
9.15 Exposure scenario 16: Use at industrial sites - Use in polymers and plastics
Market sector: Use in polymers and plastics

Product category used: PC 32: Polymer Preparations and Compounds
Sector of use: SU 11: Manufacture of rubber products; SU 12: Manufacture of plastics products,
including compounding and conversion





Citric acid and citrate salts may be used as a component of blowing agents in the manufacture of
foamed thermoplastics. This application, described below, should be taken as representative of where
and why citric acid or citrate salts may be used within the plastics and polymers industry; other
applications are possible.
Polyolefin foams are used for a variety of applications such as automotive, construction, food packaging,
sport and leisure, and many other industrial and consumer uses. They usually have a high strength to
weight ratio and are manufactured in a variety of processes and in low density (25 - 250 kg/m3) or high
density (250 - 700 kg/m3) versions, or even in densities as low as 16 kg/m3 for polystyrene. All current
extrusion processes involve the following steps: melting, mixing with blowing agents, cooling of melt,
expansion and degassing/aging. The steps in this process can be realized in different configurations of
equipment, e.g., with long single-screw extruders, twin-screw extruders, or tandem extruder lines.
The choice of chemical or physical blowing agents depends on the foam density to be reached (e.g.
the foam application) and influences the necessary foaming equipment and the costs of the foamed
materials. High-density thermoplastic foams based on, e.g., polypropylene or polystyrene, may be
produced using blowing agents which decompose to generate gas which is soluble in the melt but
which is released as the pressure is reduced (e.g., by passing through a dye) to produce a foam. The
foaming process is complex but involves bubble nucleation followed by bubble growth.
One example of a commercially used chemical foaming agent is based on citric acid (or monosodium
citrate) in combination with sodium carbonate or (sodium bicarbonate) in a weight ratio of between
about 1:1 and about 5:1 respectively [US 5 302 455]. The citric acid/sodium bicarbonate system
decomposes at 160 – 210°C to release 120 cm 3/g of CO2. [Karger-Kocsis, 1999; Brydson, 1999;
Holmberg, 2002]
Both citric acid (or citrate salt) and (bi)carbonate may be surface-treated with, for example, a fatty
acid ester to make them compatible with the polyolefin. A concentrated master batch of the
formulated foaming agent in polymer at loading levels of from about 5% to about 50% actives may
then be prepared. The master batch is added to the polymer melt which is to be foamed such that the
blowing agents are at 0.1 to 2.0% active levels in the final formulation [US 5 302 455 and refs.
therein]. The pre-treatment formulation and foaming processes are typically closed or open batch
162 / 313
processes. The citrate is typically present as a solid prior to mixing with the polymer melt.
By-products of this reaction are mono-, di-, and/or trisodium citrate, in combination with other sodium
salts, which will still be present within the foamed polymer. These residues are typically present at
around 50 wt.% of the initial foaming agent formulation which is equivalent to <1 wt.% of the total
foamed polymer in most cases [RAPRA, 2004]. No citric acid is present in the final polymer.

Method
Inhalation: 0%]

163 / 313

164 / 313
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]


165 / 313

Method
Transfer of solid
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

table.
166 / 313

effects

167 / 313

Method

transfer of solid
Transfer of solid
Inhalation: 0%]


table.
168 / 313

effects

169 / 313
9.16 Exposure scenario 17: Use at industrial sites - Use in scale inhibition in oilfield
water systems
Market sector: Use in scale inhibition in oilfield water systems

Product category used: PC 35: Washing and Cleaning Products; PC 37: Water treatment chemicals
Sector of use: SU 2a: Mining (without offshore industries); SU 2b: Offshore industries



Liquid



Citric acid may be used as a complexing agent to decrease scale formation and inhibit corrosion of
metal equipment and pipelines.
This includes, for example, cleaning of (steam) boilers or reheaters, removal of calcium and rust layers
from steam blocks and hot water systems, removal of rust in cleaning bilges and desalination units
aboard ships, removal of mill scale from welding operations in nuclear reactors. It may also be used as
an additive in circulating cooling water systems. These systems typically use high substance
concentration at low discharges and would usually have a waste water treatment plant (WWTP) in place.
Citric acid would generally be formulated in an additive package prior to use, and typically supplied in
aqueous solution form with active ingredient content of 25 – 65%.
170 / 313

Method
Inhalation: 0%]


171 / 313

Liquid (PROC 4)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]


172 / 313
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]


173 / 313

Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

174 / 313

175 / 313

Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]


176 / 313

177 / 313
9.17 Exposure scenario 18: Use at industrial sites - Use in the textiles industry
Market sector: Use in the textiles industry

Product category used: PC 20: Products such as ph-regulators, flocculants, precipitants,
neutralization agents; PC 23: Leather treatment products; PC 34: Textile dyes and impregnating
products
Sector of use: SU 5: Manufacture of textiles, leather, fur




The OECD Emission Scenario Document on the Textile Finishing Industry [OECD, 2004A] describes
the textile industry as “one of the largest and most complicated industrial chains in manufacturing
industry”. The industry is dominated by small and medium-sized companies, working in three main
sectors: clothing, home furnishings and industrial. Activity in the textile finishing industry is
distributed across the EU, but (within the EU-15) the dominant Member State is Italy, accounting for
around 36% of production, followed by German (approx. 13%), France (approx. 12%), the UK and
Spain (approx. 10% each). The overall market for textiles, including yarn production and carpets, is
also dominated by Italy, with around a 30% market share (EC, 2002). Similarly, for leather, the most
important producer and transformer in Europe is Italy (84% of all companies), followed by Spain
[OECD, 2004B].Within the textile and leather finishing industries, citric acid and related salts may be
used in a wide variety of applications. However, these uses may be summarized (albeit with some
overlap) as being based on either acidity (and pH regulation) or the ability to complex metal ions.
Examples of applications where these are important are:• Acidification of flame-retardant treating
baths• Curing catalyst for treatments such as easy-care resins • Sequestering of alkaline earth or
transition metal ions to prevent interference in dyeing and other processes. Potential exposure to
humans and especially the environment is dependent on the intended function of the substance, as
well as the substrates and processes used. Functional finishing agents and other chemically reactive
substances are intended to be consumed during use; therefore the amount released is related to the
efficiency of the process. On the other hand, non-reacting substances (e.g. processing aids) are not
consumed and will ultimately be lost to air or waste water, depending on their function and
physicochemical properties. In virtually all cases, it is expected that citric acid or citrate salts, as
process aids, will be lost to waste water. The following applications should be taken as representative
rather than exhaustive examples of where and why citric acid or citrates may be used within the textile
and leather finishing industries. Further details of these examples may be found in European
Commission Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for the Textiles Industry [BREF,
2003].Flame Retardants: Potassium salts of fluoro complexes of zirconium (potassium
hexafluorozirconate) are typically used as flame retardants for wool and wool-blend fibres. Typical
178 / 313
application conditions for carpet wool yarn are as follows:• Rinse to remove unwanted salts / anions.•
Bath set up at 20 – 30ºC and pH 3: citric acid (4 % on weight of fabric) may be used.• Addition of
potassium hexafluorozirconate dissolved in hot water.• Temperature raised at 1 – 2 K per minute to
60ºC and held at this temperature for 30 minutes• Rinse in cold water for 10 - 20 minutes. Durable
Press Resins: Cellulosic fabrics such as cotton or its blends are often treated with a finish which
prevents wrinkling and shrinkage during laundering and drying. These finishes are known by a variety
of names: easy-care, wash-and-wear finishing, no-iron, wrinkle resistant etc. Recipes for resin-
finishing liquors are in general aqueous solutions or dispersions which consist of a cross-linking resin,
a catalyst, a wetting agent/emulsifier (mainly a non-ionic surfactant) plus a number of additives.
Cross-linking resin systems are often based on urea-formaldehyde or melamine-formaldehyde. The
most commonly used catalyst is magnesium chloride. In many cases liquid mixtures are used, which
are based on magnesium chloride plus an organic acid such as citric acid. Catalyst is used at 10 –
30 % of the weight of the cross-linking resin, which is itself used in the range of 5% (for blends) up to
12% (for 100% cotton) on the weight of the fabric. A typical bath may contain: cross-linking resin, 50
g/l; catalyst (MgCl2), 7 g/l; and acid, 0.5 g/l.Pre-treatment and Dyeing: The presence of ions of
alkaline earth metals (calcium and magnesium) and/or other metals (especially iron) may have
negative effects on various wet processes not only in pre-treatment (e.g. catalytic destruction of
hydrogen peroxide) but also in dyeing. Purified and softened water is used in textile finishing mills
but often this is not enough and specific auxiliary formulations containing metal complexing agents
need to be added to the baths. Typical sequestering agents which have been used are polyphosphates,
phosphonates, and amino carboxylic acids (e.g., EDTA). The main concerns associated with the use
of these substances arise from their N- and P-content, their often-low biodegradability/bio-
eliminability, and their ability to form stable complexes with metals (the very reason they are used in
the first place!), which may lead to remobilisation of heavy metals in effluent or downstream
sediments. Hydroxy-carboxylic acids (e.g., gluconates, citrates) are convenient alternatives to the
above named conventional sequestering agents. None of these substances contains N or P in their
molecular structure. In addition, hydroxy-carboxylic acids are readily biodegradable. A typical
hydrogen peroxide-based bleaching formulation for cotton (or its blends) will use 0 – 20 g
sequestering agent per kg of textile being treated. For bleaching of wool, 5 – 30 g/kg may be used. For
dyeing of cellulosic fabrics, 1 – 3 g/litre of sequestering agent may be used.
179 / 313
Method
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90%]

table.

effects
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181 / 313

Method
Transfer of solid
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90%]

table.
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effects

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Method
Transfer of solid
Inhalation: 0%]


table.

effects
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Method
Inhalation: 0%]

185 / 313

186 / 313
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]


187 / 313
188 / 313
9.18 Exposure scenario 19: Use at industrial sites - Industrial use of coatings and
paints
Market sector: Use in coatings and paints

Product category used: PC 9a: Coatings and Paints, Thinners, paint removers




ES22: Service life (worker at industrial site) - Service life of articles; coatings and paints; industrial
use
The term “coatings” as used in this document describes any material that can be applied to a surface
as a thin continuous, layer (film). This includes paints, lacquers or varnishes. Such coatings are used
in a wide range of application to protect surfaces from corrosion and other environmental effects,
provide decorative effects and improve inherent performance properties. Film formation can be a
physical process, where solvents evaporate from solutions or melted substances solidify, or a chemical
process involving reactions between reactive groups in binders [OECD, 2007].
The application of a coating to a surface can be by manual use of brush/roller, spraying systems, and
dip or roll coating systems [OECD, 2007]. The type and constituent composition of the coating
product are based on the substrate, intended use, service environment and the desired role of coating.
Decorative coatings cover the use of paints applied to buildings, their trim and fittings and for
decorative and protective purposes by both professionals and the general public. All decorative
coatings are supplied as liquid materials [OECD, 2007].
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most important inorganic pigment in terms of quantity. The world
production in 2000 amounted to nearly 4 million tonnes per year. Titanium dioxide white inorganic
pigments are used primarily in the production of paints, printing inks, paper and plastic products.
Titanium dioxide is of outstanding importance as a white pigment because of its scattering properties,
its chemical stability, and lack of toxicity [BREF, 2007]. Citrates may be used to retard the settling of
titanium dioxide in aqueous dispersions.
The following application should be taken as representative rather than the sole example of where and
why citric acid or citrates may be used within the coatings industry.
Anti-settling of Pigment: In the paint industry citric acid and citrate salts are used to retard the
settling of titanium dioxide, the most common pigment used in paints and other coatings [APAC,
2009]. Shipping of titanium dioxide as an aqueous slurry has advantages in handling and storage
space versus shipping as a fine solid. Although titanium dioxide particles will initially disperse in
water, they separate rapidly and in a short time will form a hard-packed sediment which is virtually
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impossible to re-disperse. The presence of ions such as calcium or iron causes flocculation, which
exacerbates the problem. In the early 1970s, it was discovered that addition of 0.04 – 0.4% citric acid
or tartaric acid or their simple salts (sodium, potassium, ammonium) substantially retarded the settling
and packing of titanium dioxide particles in aqueous dispersions [US 3 663 284].
At least a portion of the citric acid added to aid shipment of the pigment is likely to still be present
during formulation of the paint. Indeed, it is possible that further additions are made to allow re-
dispersion of pigment in the final paint formulation.
Method
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table.

effects

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Method
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Method
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Method
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Method
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table.
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effects

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Method
Inhalation: 0%]


table.
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effects

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use in paints and coatings

Product category used: PC 9a: Coatings and Paints, Thinners, paint removers
Sector of use: SU 18: Manufacture of furniture; SU 19: Building and construction work
CS 4 Non-industrial spraying; Liquid PROC 11
CS 5 Manual activities involving hand contact; Liquid PROC 19

dustiness
ES23: Service life (professional worker) - Service life of articles; coatings and paints; professional use

This scenario covers professional use in paints and coatings.
8c)
8f)
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Method
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9.19.4 Worker CS 4: Non-industrial spraying; Liquid (PROC 11)
Method
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table.

effects
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9.19.5 Worker CS 5: Manual activities involving hand contact; Liquid (PROC 19)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]


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dustiness (PROC 19)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]


table.
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effects

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9.20 Exposure scenario 21: Consumer use - Consumer use in paints and coatings



CS 3 Coatings and paints, thinners, paint removers; Liquid PC 9a
CS 4 Coatings and paints, thinners, paint removers; Solid, medium PC 9a

dustiness
ES24: Service life (consumers) - Service life of articles; coatings and paints; consumer use
This scenario covers consumer use in paints and coatings.
9.20.3 Cons CS 3: Coatings and paints, thinners, paint removers; Liquid (PC 9a)
Method

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9.20.4 Cons CS 4: Coatings and paints, thinners, paint removers; Solid, medium
dustiness (PC 9a)
Method

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articles; coatings and paints; industrial use

Article categories:
AC 0: Other




ES19: Use at industrial sites - Industrial use of coatings and paints
This scenario covers the industrial service life of articles that may contain residual registration
substance in coatings or paints.
9.21.1 Env CS 1: Service life - workers; Industrial ERC 12b, ERC 12a
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Method
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table.

effects
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Method


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table.

effects

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Method
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table.

effects
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Method


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table.

effects

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9.22 Exposure scenario 23: Service life (professional worker) - Service life of
articles; coatings and paints; professional use

Article categories:
AC 0: Other
CS 1 Service life - workers; Professional ERC 10a, ERC 11a




ES20: Widespread use by professional workers - Professional use in paints and coatings
This scenario covers the professional service life of articles that may contain residual registration
9.22.1 Env CS 1: Service life - workers; Professional ERC 10a, ERC 11a
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Method
Inhalation: 0%]


table.

effects
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Method


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table.

effects

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Method
Inhalation: 0%]


table.

effects
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Method


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table.

effects

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9.23 Exposure scenario 24: Service life (consumers) - Service life of articles; coatings
and paints; consumer use

CS 1 Service life - consumers ERC 10a, ERC 11a
CS 2 Paints and coatings AC 0
ES21: Consumer use - Consumer use in paints and coatings
This scenario covers the consumer service life of articles which may contain residual registration
9.23.1 Env CS 1: Service life - consumers ERC 10a, ERC 11a
9.23.2 Cons CS 2: Paints and coatings (AC 0)
Method

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9.24 Exposure scenario 25: Use at industrial sites - Industrial use in photographic
processing
Market sector: Use in photographic processing

Product category used: PC 30: Photo-chemicals
CS 1 Use of reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion into ERC 6b
or onto article)
CS 5 Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring; Solid, medium PROC 13

dustiness

Citric acid is one of a range of complexing agents used in photography to control the effects of calcium
and magnesium hardness, and to keep iron soluble in solution as part of redox processes.
Due to the rapid growth of digital photography, use of chemicals in film processing is now limited
almost entirely to a small number of professional providers. The chemicals used are collected by
photochemical companies in order to recover silver and disposal to drain does not take place.
Citrate may also be used as a stop bath in professional or consumer settings as part of the process for
the manual development of photographic film.
The film is removed from the camera and wound onto a reel in darkroom or a lightproof bag. The reel
is placed in a light-proof tank and a succession of aqueous solutions is added. Sheet film may be
processed by placing the film in a succession of trays containing the appropriate solutions.
The film is pre-soaked in water and then soaked in the developer to convert the latent image to a visible
image. The developer is normally alkaline, so a mild acid such as citric acid will neutralize it; this is
called a stop bath. The image is then fixed and the film is washed and dried.
The citric acid stop batch may be purchased pre-formulated or mixed from citric acid powder and
other ingredients.
9.24.1 Env CS 1: Use of reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion into or
onto article) (ERC 6b)
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Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]


225 / 313
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]


226 / 313

(PROC 5)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

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table.

effects

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9.24.5 Worker CS 5: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring; Solid, medium

dustiness (PROC 13)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

table.
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effects

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9.25 Exposure scenario 26: Consumer use - Consumer use in photographic

processing
Market sector: Use in photographic processing


CS 2 Photo-chemicals PC 30

This scenario covers consumer use in photographic processing.
9.25.2 Cons CS 2: Photo-chemicals (PC 30)
Method

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9.26 Exposure scenario 21: Use at industrial sites - Industrial use as an anti-scalant,
complexing agent in water treatment systems
Market sector: Use as an anti-scalant, complexing agent in water treatment systems

Product category used: PC 20: Products such as ph-regulators, flocculants, precipitants,
neutralization agents; PC 36: Water softeners; PC 37: Water treatment chemicals
CS 1 Industrial use as an anti-scalant, complexing agent in water ERC 4

treatment systems
CS 2 Use of functional fluid at industrial site ERC 7

conditions; Liquid


Liquid




Citric acid may be used as a complexing agent to decrease scale formation and inhibit corrosion of
metal equipment and pipelines.This includes, for example, cleaning of (steam) boilers or reheaters,
removal of calcium and rust layers from steam blocks and hot water systems, removal of rust in
cleaning bilges and desalination units aboard ships, removal of mill scale from welding operations in
nuclear reactors. It may also be used as an additive in circulating cooling water systems. These
systems typically use high substance concentration at low discharges and would usually have a waste
water treatment plant (WWTP) in place.Citric acid would generally be formulated in an additive
package prior to use, and typically supplied in aqueous solution form with active ingredient content of
25 – 65%.
9.26.1 Env CS 1: Industrial use as an anti-scalant, complexing agent in water

treatment systems (ERC 4)
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9.26.2 Env CS 2: Use of functional fluid at industrial site (ERC 7)

Liquid (PROC 1)
Method
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Method
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Liquid (PROC 4)
Method
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Method
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90%]

table.

effects
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Method
Transfer of solid
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90%]

table.
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effects

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Method
Transfer of solid
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90%]

table.

effects
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Method
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90%]

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243 / 313
9.27 Exposure scenario 28: Use at industrial sites - Industrial use of treatment of
metal surfaces
Market sector: Treatment of metal surfaces

Product category used: PC 7: Base metals and alloys; PC 14: Metal surface treatment products

conditions; Liquid


Liquid




ES29: Service life (worker at industrial site) - Service life of articles; treatment of metal surfaces;
industrial use

Citric acid may be used as a complexing agent during metal surface treatment operations. The following
applications should be taken as representative rather than the sole example of where and why citric acid
or citrates may be used in the treatment of metal surfaces. Some industries using citric acid include
fasteners, medical devices, semi-conductors, automotive and aerospace.
Passivation: Citric acid may be used in stainless steel passivation to assist oxidation of the surface of
the stainless steel and prevent later corrosion. After thorough cleaning, the stainless steel part is
immersed in a passivating acid bath. Any one of three approaches can be used: nitric acid passivation,
nitric acid with sodium dichromate passivation and citric acid passivation. Which approach to use
depends on the grade of stainless steel and prescribed acceptance criteria. When citric acid passivation
is used, typical solutions range from 4 to 10% citric acid by weight.
Electroless plating: Plating describes the coating of surfaces with metals, either through an electrolysis
or electroless plating processes. Electroless plating is also known as ‘autocatalytic’ plating; deposition
of the metal starts on metal nuclei such as palladium and continues autocatalytically. Electroless plating
is favoured over electrolysis for most component production (EA 2009).
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There are usually three stages in the electroless plating process: de-smearing, activation and electroless
copper plating. The plating solution has a copper content of 2 – 5 g/l, with sodium hydroxide (15 – 20
g/l), complexing agents (10 – 15 g/l) or tartrates (5 – 10 g/l) and reducing agents, such as formaldehyde
(3 – 5 g/l). The process solution lifetime is limited by the build-up of reaction products and is
proportional to the rate of throughput of components (EA 2009). Citrate may be used as a complexing
agent.
Electroless plating involves the large-scale use of water in both providing the medium for the process
itself and for the subsequent rinsing and washing of components. There is a degree of recycling of rinse
water through use to top-up the plating tanks, but there is ultimately loss through carry-over on
components. Spent fluids can only be topped up a limited number of times before the media needs
replacing. Water-soluble waste is discharged in waste water for basic on-site treatment (settling and pH
adjustment) before discharge to municipal treatment works, controlled by local discharge consent
agreements (EA 2009).
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Liquid (PROC 2)
Method
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Method
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Liquid (PROC 4)
Method
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Method
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90%]

table.
249 / 313

effects

250 / 313

Method
transfer of solid
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

table.
251 / 313

effects

252 / 313

Method
transfer of solid
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]
exposure.

table.
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effects

254 / 313

Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]


255 / 313

Method
Inhalation: 0%]


256 / 313
9.27.10 Worker CS 10: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring; Liquid (PROC
13)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

257 / 313

258 / 313
articles; treatment of metal surfaces; industrial use
Market sector: Treatment of metal surfaces

Article categories:
AC 0: Other




ES28: Use at industrial sites - Industrial use of treatment of metal surfaces
This scenario covers the industrial service life of articles that may contain residual registration
substance on treated metal surfaces.
9.28.1 Env CS 1: Service life - workers; Industrial ERC 12b, ERC 12a
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Method

Assumed as a reasonable worst-case for residual citric acid on the metal surface.
Inhalation: 0%]


table.
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effects

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Method



table.

effects
262 / 313

263 / 313

Method

Inhalation: 0%]


table.
264 / 313

effects

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Method



table.

effects
266 / 313

267 / 313
9.29 Exposure scenario 30: Use at industrial sites - Cleaning of metal surfaces
Market sector: Cleaning of metal surfaces

Product category used: PC 35: Washing and Cleaning Products




filling line, including weighing)

Citric acid may be used as cleaning of circuit boards prior to soldering, and metal cleaning or
chemical polishing for the surface treatment of aluminium, copper and other metals.
268 / 313
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

table.

effects
269 / 313

270 / 313

Method
transfer of solid
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

table.
271 / 313

effects

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Method
transfer of solid
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

table.

effects
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(dedicated filling line, including weighing) (PROC 9)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

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Method
Inhalation: 0%]

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Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]


277 / 313
9.30 Exposure scenario 31: Use at industrial sites - Use in agricultural applications
Market sector: Use in agricultural applications

Product category used: PC 12: Fertilizers








Citrate complexes of iron, copper, magnesium, manganese and zinc are used to correct soil
deficiencies of these minerals because they are soluble in water at normal soil pH. The soluble citrate
complex promotes the transfer of the metal nutrient into the plant’s root or leaf system. The
biodegradability of citric acid is important for this application (APAC 2009).
One common method for making fertilisers involves dissolving metal sulfates in water and citric acid
followed by neutralization with ammonia. This process may be carried out in an industrial setting as
part of the formulation of solid or liquid fertilisers/plant feeds. In this case, citric acid is an
intermediate and it is the metal-citrate or ammonium citrate that must be considered for the
professional or consumer use of fertilisers/plant feeds. Magnesium citrate may be used in this context.
Alternatively, mixing of fertilisers may take place on farms. In this case, exposure may be to solid or
liquid citric acid or metal-citrate (including sodium citrate).
Citrates may also be present as dispersant/scale inhibiting agents, i.e. adjuvants in the preparation.
Evidence from other applications in which citrate is acting as a scale control agent/dispersant suggests
that citrate may be present at very low levels in the formulation, perhaps approx. 1-20 ppm.
In any of the above cases, marketed products may be solid (granules or pellets) or solution. Processes
used may include transfer, loading, mixing, rolling/brushing and spraying.
Plant feeds containing citrates may also be used in professional or consumer settings. The products
may be liquids or granules and may be sprayed or poured.
Citrates may also be used in plant protection products and in animal feed; however, these applications
fall outside the scope of REACH.
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Method
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Method
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90%]

280 / 313

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Method
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90%]


282 / 313


Method
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90%]


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Method
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90%]
exposure.

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table.

effects

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(PROC 5)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

table.
286 / 313

effects

287 / 313

Method
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90%]

table.
288 / 313

effects

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Method
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table.

effects

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291 / 313

use in agricultural applications

Product category used: PC 12: Fertilizers

CS 2 Widespread use of reactive processing aid (no inclusion into or ERC 8b

onto article, indoor)
CS 4 Non-industrial spraying; Liquid PROC 11
CS 5 Use as laboratory reagent; Liquid PROC 15

CS 7 Use as laboratory reagent; Solid, medium dustiness PROC 15

dustiness

This scenario covers professional use in agricultural applications in liquid products.
onto article, indoor) (ERC 8 d)
9.31.2 Env CS 2: Widespread use of reactive processing aid (no inclusion into or onto
article, indoor) (ERC 8b)
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Method
Inhalation: 0%]


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9.31.4 Worker CS 4: Non-industrial spraying; Liquid (PROC 11)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

table.

effects
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9.31.5 Worker CS 5: Use as laboratory reagent; Liquid (PROC 15)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]

295 / 313

296 / 313

Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

table.
297 / 313

effects

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9.31.7 Worker CS 7: Use as laboratory reagent; Solid, medium dustiness (PROC 15)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]
exposure.

table.

effects
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dustiness (PROC 19)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

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table.

effects

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9.32 Exposure scenario 33: Consumer use - Consumer use in agricultural

applications


CS 2 Widespread use of reactive processing aid (no inclusion into or ERC 8b

onto article, indoor)
CS 3 Fertilizers PC 12

This scenario covers consumer use in agricultural applications.
9.32.2 Env CS 2: Widespread use of reactive processing aid (no inclusion into or onto
article, indoor) (ERC 8b)
9.32.3 Cons CS 3: Fertilizers (PC 12)
Method

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9.33 Exposure scenario 34: Use at industrial sites - Laboratory reagent
Market sector: Laboratory reagent

Product category used: PC 21: Laboratory Chemicals

CS 2 Use of functional fluid at industrial site ERC 7




CS 7 Use as laboratory reagent; Solid, medium dustiness PROC 15

Citric acid may be used at low levels within laboratories.
9.33.2 Env CS 2: Use of functional fluid at industrial site (ERC 7)
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Method
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table.

effects
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305 / 313

Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]
exposure.

table.
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effects

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Method
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90%]

table.
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effects

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Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]

table.
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effects

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9.33.7 Worker CS 7: Use as laboratory reagent; Solid, medium dustiness (PROC 15)
Method
Inhalation: 0%]
90%]
exposure.

table.

effects
312 / 313
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MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking

1.1 Product identifier

Signal word: Warning

Safety goggles (EN 166).

Have an eye wash station available.

12.2 Persistence and degradability Readily biodegradable

SECTION 16: Other information

Annex: Exposure Scenarios

9.1 Exposure scenario 2: Formulation or re-packing - Formulation of citric acid

Market sector: Generic formulation of citric acid into preparations

Environment contributing scenario(s):

CS 1 Formulation of citric acid into preparations ERC 2

CS 2 Formulation into solid matrix ERC 3

Worker contributing scenario(s):

CS 3 Chemical production or refinery in closed process without PROC 1

CS 4 Chemical production or refinery in closed continuous process PROC 2

CS 5 Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed PROC 3

CS 6 Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises; PROC 4

CS 7 Mixing or blending in batch processes; Liquid PROC 5

CS 8 Industrial spraying; Liquid PROC 7

CS 9 Transfer of substance or mixture (charging/discharging) at non PROC 8a

CS 10 Transfer of substance or mixture (charging/discharging) at PROC 8b

CS 11 Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated PROC 9

CS 12 Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring; Liquid PROC 13

CS 13 Laboratory chemicals; Liquid PROC 15

CS 14 Manual activities involving hand contact; Liquid PROC 19

CS 15 Chemical production or refinery in closed process without PROC 1

CS 16 Chemical production or refinery in closed continuous process PROC 2

CS 17 Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed PROC 3

CS 18 Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises; PROC 4

CS 19 Mixing or blending in batch processes; Solid, medium dustiness PROC 5

CS 20 Transfer of substance or mixture (charging/discharging) at non PROC 8a

CS 21 Transfer of substance or mixture (charging/discharging) at PROC 8b

CS 22 Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated PROC 9

CS 23 Laboratory chemicals; Solid, medium dustiness PROC 15

CS 24 Manual activities involving hand contact; Solid, medium PROC 19

Further description of the use:

9.1.1 Env CS 1: Formulation of citric acid into preparations (ERC 2)

9.1.2 Env CS 2: Formulation into solid matrix (ERC 3)

9.1.3 Worker CS 3: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without

9.1.3.1 Conditions of use

Product (article) characteristics

• Percentage (w/w) of substance in mixture/article: <= 100 % TRA Workers 3.0

• Physical form of the used product: Liquid TRA Workers 3.0

Amount used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure

• Duration of activity: <= 8 h/day TRA Workers 3.0

Technical and organisational conditions and measures

• Closed process without likelihood of exposure

• Respiratory protection: No [Effectiveness Inhalation: 0%] TRA Workers 3.0

• Dermal protection: No [Effectiveness Dermal: 0%] TRA Workers 3.0

• Use of eye protection: Yes

Other conditions affecting workers exposure

• Place of use: Indoor TRA Workers 3.0

• Operating temperature: <= 40°C TRA Workers 3.0

9.1.3.2 Exposure and risks for workers

No exposure datasets are defined for this worker contributing scenario.

according to ECHA Technical Guidance Part E, Table E.3-1 is “low hazard”.

9.1.4 Worker CS 4: Chemical production or refinery in closed continuous process