Lesson

Health:
4
What Do We Need
for Our Healthy Life?
Unit Goals
In this unit, students will be able to:
– understand the meaning of living a healthy life and why it is important to us.
– explain ways to protect ourselves from epidemic or hygienic problems.
 Ready to Read

A Vocabulary
Check [✔] the words you already know.

inhibit molecule supplement

splash diabetes stimulate
transmit contract perpetuate

Examine each word in context to understand what it means.

1. The waves splashed against the shore.

2. Rats transmit diseases such as food poisoning and infection.
3. Don’t let shyness inhibit you from talking to others.
4. Research shows that young people often conceal diabetes fearing
discrimination or bullying.
5. A molecule is the smallest particle in a chemical element.
6. If a child contracts a disease, the parents will blame themselves.
7. Can you think of any popular movies that perpetuate stereotypes?

B Expressions
Check [✔] the phrases you already know.

map out take action at the top of one’s lungs

trace back figure out be consistent with
keep something at bay

Examine each phrase in context to understand what it means.

1. We should take actions to reduce suicide rate.

2. The airlines traced the lost luggage back to its owner.
3. Teachers need to be consistent with discipline to ensure their classrooms run
smoothly each day.
4. Ancient sailors used the stars to figure out their course.
5. Together the players mapped out a plan to win the basketball tournament.
6. Before camping, be sure to buy bug spray to keep the mosquitos at bay.
7. The nuns were so scared they screamed at the top of their lungs.

86 Lesson 4
C Structure
Examine how the ideas are combined in each sentence, referring to the signal
words highlighted in red or blue.

1. The more he cried or complained, the more we ignored him.

2. Eating a balanced diet every day is the best way to stay healthy.
3. It seems like every action movie has a scene where the hero almost dies.
4. When exposed to new situations, some people become embarrassed, causing
their faces to turn red.
5. Visiting my grandparents is always heartwarming and reinforces the love that
I feel for them.

D Cohesion
Examine how each cohesive device combines the different ideas.

not ... but ~

1. That’s not fair but it’s certainly true.
2. The following information is not a list of rules, but a guide for safety.
3. What is important to me now is not how much you love me, but how much I
love you.

for instance
1. Indonesia, for instance, is the world’s largest Muslim nation.
2. The situation is improving. This month, for instance, we achieved record sales.
3. The influence of Paris, for instance, is now minimal. Yet a lot is written about
Paris fashion.

in fact
1. Miracles do not, in fact, break the laws of nature.
2. I have a memory like an elephant. In fact, elephants often consult me.
3. The movie was really boring. In fact, I fell asleep halfway through the movie.

Health: What Do We Need for Our Healthy Life? 87

 Schema-activating Reading
source: goo.gl/ks5QmZ
Reading 1 Taking Life Too Seriously? You Could Be Harming Your Health.

If you’ve ever watched a child splashing in the water or

laughing at the top of her lungs at something as simple as a silly
hat or a goofy dance move, then you’ve seen fun in action. In our
busy world, kids are the keepers of fun, finding joy in the little
things that make life worth living.
As we get older and busier, however, fun can sometimes avoid
us. Our lengthy to-do lists and packed schedules often keep
us from cultivating time for carefree frolicking and good, old-
fashioned play. But scheduling a little fun into every day is an
important way to cultivate good health and overall happiness.

• What role does “fun” play in our busy world?

Reading 2 How Do We Stand Spicy Food? source: goo.gl/fRT7QU

Spicy food tolerance comes from a physical change in

how some of the body’s pain receptors react to capsaicin,
the molecule responsible for the “heat” in spicy peppers
and foods flavored with them. Psychology factors into
how much we like the burn, not how we feel the burn.
The spicy heat (as well as temperature heat) is
registered through specific receptors on the tongue’s
nerve cells. When exposed to capsaicin, these receptors
open to allow in sodium and calcium ions, causing
the receptors to transmit that hot signal to the brain.
However, with repeated short-term exposure to capsaicin, those calcium ions essentially
close the receptor door behind them, inhibiting further transmission of pain signals.
Over the long term, with repeated spicy meals, the whole nerve ending starts to
degrade in a way scientists are still trying to understand. The nerves aren’t permanently
damaged, though, and can grow back. That’s why it takes a regular diet of spicy food to
keep the burn at bay.

• What is involved in getting used to spicy food? Do our taste buds change or is any psychological
factor at play?

88 Lesson 4
Reading 3 Walk, Don’t Run, Your Way to a Healthy Heart source: goo.gl/extNRK

In fact, walking quickly can lower your risk of high blood pressure, high cholesterol,
and diabetes as much as running, according to a new study conducted at Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Life Science Division in Berkley, Calif. All three conditions
are risk factors for heart disease and stroke and you can do something about them.
Researchers analyzed 33,060 runners in the National Runners’ Health Study and
15,045 walkers in the National Walkers’ Health Study. They found that the same energy
used for moderate-intensity walking and vigorous-intensity running resulted in similar
reductions in risk for high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and possibly heart
disease over the study’s six years. The more people walked or ran each week, the more
their health benefits increased.
Maybe you’ve been sitting for a while. No problem. “Just get started,” said Russell
Pate, Ph.D., a professor of exercise science in the Arnold School of Public Health at
the University of South Carolina in Columbia, “even if it’s a few additional minutes per
day.” It’s not all or nothing; it’s step by step. So set a reachable goal just for today. Then
you can work toward your overall goal of 30 minutes a day by increasing your time as
you get in better shape. “Just find an approach that you find enjoyable,” said Pate, who
is also a volunteer for the American Heart Association. “It may be the setting, doing it
with someone or walking alone because you appreciate the solitude.”
And if you’re busy — like most of us — you can split up your walks into stretches
of 10 -15 minutes each. You can also work in walking when you:
• Take the dog out for a walk through the neighborhood.
• Spend quality time with the family at the park.
• Park farther from your workplace and use the stairs instead of the elevator.
• Window shop at the shopping center.
All you have to do is lace up with a good pair of sneakers — and walk. It’s that
easy. It’s also safe, the least expensive and has the lowest dropout rate of any type of
exercise. “It’s not a skill-dependent form of activity,” Pate said. “It’s the most accessible
form of physical activity. You can do it almost anywhere. And it doesn’t require a lot of
equipment.” Before you know it, quick walking can become a part of your daily routine.
And you’ll obtain plenty of benefits. “Clearly, walking is an important form of physical
activity,” Pate said.

1. What are the three risk factors for heart disease and stroke?
2. Between moderate-intensity walking and vigorous-intensity running, which one is more effective for
health?

Health: What Do We Need for Our Healthy Life? 89

Pre-reading
A
A What comes to your mind when you hear the word “virus”? Choose all of the
words from the list below that are related to virus and explain why you chose
them to your partner.

Ebola disease nucleic acid

inanimate object microorganism quarantine
contagion food poisoning living organism
infectious agent inhabitant

B
A Go to https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRv19gkZ4E0 and watch a short video
clip about the Ebola virus and try to answer the questions below.

1. What is the title of the video?

2. What makes the Ebola virus so dangerous?
3. How does the Ebola virus affect our body?
4. What is the fatality rate of the Ebola virus compared with malaria and the flu?
5. How can we protect ourselves against the Ebola virus?

C
A Search for any information about the history of the Ebola virus including the
video clip below and discuss it with your partner.

https://youtu.be/XCrOde-JYs0

90 Lesson 4
 Main Reading

Ebola Outbreak

The heart of the Ebola outbreak

The Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa between 2014 and 2016 killed more
than 10,000 people, but it started with one person: a 2-year-old child who died
on Dec. 6, 2013.
The child may have contracted the disease through contact with a fruit bat,
5 as the animals are reservoirs of the virus. Most likely, the outbreak started from
only this baby and no one else, researchers said, because their genetic analysis
of the virus found in multiple patients’ blood samples showed great similarities
within the samples. This suggests that the outbreak started from a single
introduction of the virus from animals into the human population. Fruit bat

10 In a disease outbreak, it’s important to find the first person to become infected
with the pathogen — called “patient zero” — because knowing that person’s Spot Question
1. How did the child
history can help researchers determine how and when the outbreak started. contract the Ebola virus?

• outbreak a sudden appearance of a disease

• contract become ill with (a disease)
• reservoir a large supply of anything
• pathogen a tiny organism that causes disease; a germ

Health: What Do We Need for Our Healthy Life? 91

 I t ’s l i k e l y t h a t E b o l a i s
transmitted to humans when they
hunt or eat infected bushmeat,
said Dr. William Schaffner, a
professor of preventive medicine 5

and infectious diseases. If a person

contracts the Ebola virus after
hunting for meat, epidemiologists
might ask questions that could help
them figure out how the virus jumps How the virus spreads through body fluids
10

from animals to people.

In Guinea, a traditional healer who had contact with the
2-year-old got sick, and then gave the virus to a doctor, who, in
turn, passed it on to his relatives, according to the New England
Journal of Medicine. The disease is not airborne, but spreads 15

through contact with the bodily fluids, such as blood and vomit,
of an infected individual.
In their study, the researchers mapped out the transmission of
the virus, showing how it spread. First, the virus wound slowly
through rural regions, and then spread rapidly as it moved into 20

populated areas, they said.

Finding patient zero requires painstaking detective work. It’s
like backtracking, said Lina Moses, an epidemiologist at Tulane
Ebola virus circulation in nature
and the way of transmission to University in New Orleans. “Every case has a point where patients can identify
humans
some type of exposure to someone who would be classified as a suspected case 25

of Ebola,” Moses said. “If you have the personnel and labor force to backtrack
— if you have people who are still surviving — then you can trace it back.”
When patient zero is identified, the next step is to figure out how the person
got sick. “You’d like to know when this might have happened,” a researcher
Spot Questions
said, “What was the animal that you killed, or you found already dead? What 30
2. What is the procedure of
finding patient zero? activities did you do? Did you skin it in the field? Did you cut yourself while
3. What is the next step
you were skinning it? Exactly how exposed were you to the entrails or the
after patient zero is
identified? blood of the animal?”

• bushmeat the meat of African wild animals eaten as food

• populated lived in or furnished with inhabitants
• exposure the condition of being open to weather or to a substance
• entrails the internal organs of an animal

92 Lesson 4
 Tracking Ebola
After the 2-year-old’s death in Guinea, the virus spread to Liberia in March,
2014, Sierra Leone in May and Nigeria by July. When researchers track the
virus’s transmission, it tells them how Ebola travels. For instance, in Guinea,
5 the boy’s family and caretakers caught it and passed it on to others. In Sierra
Leone, the first cases arose after 13 women attended the funeral of a traditional
healer who had treated Ebola patients in Guinea.
Tracking these routes of transmission is very clear, and just reinforces the
notion that dealing with the sick directly, whether you’re a family member or
10 a traditional healer, is in itself a high-risk event for acquiring the infection and
perpetuating the epidemic.
The first case of Ebola in Nigeria started in Liberia. A man who had a
fever and was under observation for the illness at a hospital in Monrovia
decided to leave, even though doctors asked him to stay. On July 20, he flew
15 by commercial airline from Liberia to Ghana, from Ghana to Togo and finally
from Togo to Nigeria, according to an Oct. 3 report from the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention.

• caretaker a person who takes care of another person who is ill or elderly
• reinforce add strength to something, make it stronger
• perpetuate cause to last or be remembered
• epidemic a disease that spreads quickly among many people

Health: What Do We Need for Our Healthy Life? 93

 The man potentially exposed 72 people at the Nigerian
airport and hospital and died five days later, the report
found. But Nigerian officials were largely able to contain the
virus by establishing an Ebola Incident Management Center
supported by the state and federal Nigerian government in 5

coordination with international partners. The center helped

rapidly coordinate the response and take actions such as
Ebola emergency
contacting people who had interacted with the man, isolating
people with symptoms caused by a virus, and disinfecting places the man had
visited, the report found. As of October, Nigeria had just 20 cases of Ebola and 10

eight deaths.
Other countries reported one or two cases. In early August, a 21-year-old
man traveled by road from Guinea to visit relatives in Dakar, Senegal’s capital
and largest city, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported. He had a
fever, diarrhea and vomiting, but doctors in Senegal initially diagnosed him 15

with malaria. A few weeks later, doctors referred him to infectious-disease

experts, and he later recovered.
Spot Question The United States has reported two cases, and Spain has reported one,
4. In Nigeria, what in which a nurse caught it from a priest who was airlifted from Liberia and
did the Ebola Incident
brought to Spain for treatment. The Spanish priest, 75-year-old Miguel Pajares, 20
Management Center do in
the epidemic crisis? died on Aug. 11, 2014.

• potentially possibly
• contain control something by stopping it from spreading
• coordinate order according to a common goal
• disinfect clean by killing germs or bacteria

94 Lesson 4
 Lessons from Ebola
There are lessons to be learned from the West Africa Ebola outbreak. “At the
global level we need to be working with each national government bilaterally
to help strengthen their capacities,” says David Heymann, an infectious-disease
5 epidemiologist at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. He
advocates channeling development assistance through the International Health
Regulations, an international treaty that requires all countries to strengthen
core public-health capacities, such as preparedness, surveillance, laboratory
and response mechanisms, and risk communication, to help avoid international
10 outbreaks. “Then, if you have global surveillance networks,” he says, “there is Spot Question
5. To avoid international
a safety net to tell you that an organism has not been dealt with properly and to outbreak of Ebola, what do
allow the necessary control measures to take place.” you think we need to do?

Global Surveillance Networks

source: http://www.livescience.
com/48285-ebola-patient-zero.html
http://www.pharmaceutical-journal.
com/news-and-analysis/features/
finding-patient-zero/20067543.article

• advocate express support for a particular idea or way of doing things

• core most important or most basic
• surveillance a close watch kept on someone suspected of doing wrong

Health: What Do We Need for Our Healthy Life? 95

Post-reading
A Read the following statements and check [✔] if they are true (T) or false (F).

T F
Ebola is likely to be transmitted to humans when they hunt or
1.
eat infected bushmeat.
2. Finding patient zero requires painstaking detective work.
In Sierra Leone, the first cases arose after 13 women attended
3.
the wedding ceremony of a traditional healer.
4. The first case of Ebola in Nigeria started in Liberia.
Dealing with the sick directly is a high-risk event for
5.
acquiring the infection.

B Read the main text again and complete the following report.

The Ebola Virus Report

1. Where and when did the outbreak occur?

2. Who was the first person infected with the pathogen and how was the
person affected?

3. What is the meaning of “patient zero” and why is it important to know?

Mapping the Case of Virus Transmission in Guinea

• Transmission Route
A 2-year-old child → → a doctor →

• Infection Source
Not but through contact with such as
blood and vomit of an infected individual.

96 Lesson 4
C Read the following interview with Dr. Darin Portnoy, Vice President of the
international board of Doctors Without Borders and discuss what you think
about the story with your partner.

Interview with Dr. Darin Portnoy

Interviewer : Is it known in which species Ebola

originated? Is the virus always
around? Why does it pop up?
Dr. Portnoy: Ebola was first identified in 1976.
Episodically people come in contact
with an animal that has the virus in it. People theorize it could
be bats. Bats could infect a monkey or some other bushmeat;
we know that people do eat bushmeat for nutrition, and for that
reason people may come in contact with infected animals and
Ebola may then be passed on to humans. Afterwards, it passes
from human to human through contact with blood and body
fluids.

Interviewer : Could Ebola mutate and become an airborne virus?

Dr. Portnoy: Viruses change, and they can change over time. But there are
no reports or evidence Ebola has ever been transmitted any
other way than through direct contact of bodily fluids.

Interviewer : What is the prognosis for an Ebola survivor?

Dr. Portnoy: Kidney, liver or lung function can take quite some time to
recover. If a patient goes into shock, it can affect the heart
muscle, and the heart may not ever recover. A shock-like state
can decrease blood flow to the brain, decrease oxygen, cause
some irreversible changes. Each case is different.

D Search the Internet for information about how we can protect ourselves against
the Ebola virus and share what you find with your partner.

Health: What Do We Need for Our Healthy Life? 97

 Language Focus

A Vocabulary Building
Choose the right word to complete each sentence. Change the form if
necessary.

1. Sometimes fear us from taking adventures which could help us

grow. (inhibit / blast)
2. It is said that in time of war Genghis Khan messages to his
troops by carrier pigeons. (merge / transmit)
3. Scientists have developed sensors that can detect protein
associated with certain diseases. (molecule / piece)
4. Being overweight, having poor eating habits, and sleeping too little can lead to
. (diabetes / wreck)
5. The bathroom shower had no curtain or door so water everywhere.
(splash / scrub)

B Phrasal Expressions
Choose the right word to complete the phrasal expressions. Change the form
if necessary.

1. The cowboys kept a fire burning throughout the night to the

wild animals at bay. (surrender / keep)
2. From the moment EXO appeared on stage thousands of devoted fans began
screaming at the top of their . (lung / throat)
3. Law enforcement authorities the rumor back to its source.
(trace / restrain)
4. This new database program is so simple that anyone can out
how to use it. (figure / squeeze)
5. After months of putting it off, I finally joined a gym, out a plan
with a trainer, and started working out. (glare / map)
6. What the candidate is saying now is not with what he said
previously. (sufficient / consistent)
7. We can all take to end hunger: donate food or money, volunteer,
and sponsor a child are just a few that come to mind. (actions / dignity)

98 Lesson 4
C Grammar in Use
Fill in each blank with the best word to complete each sentence. Change the
form if necessary.

reinforce be cause play have add

1. The more my cousin watched TV or video games each day, the

more his grades suffered.
2. Every adolescent a moment when they need advice from
someone.
3. When exposed to loud disturbing noises, hair cells in the inner ear may die,
your hearing to be damaged.
4. a little fun to the workplace is a good way to keep company
morale high.
5. The lecture on the Hubble telescope was very interesting, and it
my conviction that exploring outer space is important for expanding human
knowledge.

D Cohesive Devices
Combine one idea from A and one from B into a sentence using one of the
following cohesive devices: in fact, in particular, in general.

A
1. Not all criticism is bad.
2. The food was so good.
3. I couldn’t find a single thing that wasn’t interesting.

B
a. You need criticism to make you better.
b. The duck was the best I have ever tasted.
c. I enjoyed all of my classes, and they got me even more excited about chemical
engineering.

Health: What Do We Need for Our Healthy Life? 99

 Extended ReadingⅠ

How to Stop Ebola – and the

Next Outbreak
For only the third time in its 66-year help contain the spread of Ebola, and some
history, the World Health Organization has of this funding will be aimed at providing
declared a global public health emergency. immediate support for the health workers.
This time it is for the Ebola outbreak Second, the three countries need more
in the three West African countries of of everything. Liberia has one physician
Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. After
their traumatic ordeal in recent months,
governments and communities in those
three countries are looking desperately for
signs that Ebola can be stopped in its tracks.
As medical doctors who understand well
both the continent of Africa and infectious
disease control, we are confident that
the Ebola virus disease response plan,
led both by the countries and the World
Health Organization, can contain this Ebola
outbreak and, in a matter of months, remove for every 70,000 people, Sierra Leone one
it. Let’s also keep in mind that this is not for every 45,000. (The United Kingdom,
just an African problem, but a humanitarian in contrast, has a physician for every 360
one that happens to occur in a small part of people, the United States has one for every
Africa. 410.) We need to move quickly to have more
The emergency response must focus on health workers and provide more mobile
four key areas. laboratories, more clinics, and more rapid
First, we must support health workers who testing equipment.
are at the front line in fighting this epidemic. Third, countries and their international
They have paid too great a price thus far with partners need to communicate about the
close to 100 workers having lost their lives Ebola outbreak much more effectively
attending to the sick. We need to deliver t o c o m m u n i t i e s . Th e E b o l a v i ru s i s
proper protective equipment, give them transmitted to people from wild animals.
access to the necessary supplies, provide The virus spreads through human-to-human
pay that corresponds with their heroic work, transmission, with infection resulting from
and make available immediate high quality direct contact with the bodily fluids of
care should they fall ill. Fortunately, World infected people, and indirect contact with
Bank Group has guaranteed $200 million to contaminated environments. Another main

100 Lesson 4
message is that the quicker patients receive extremely weak and could not effectively
health services, including being rehydrated contain an infectious disease outbreak
with fluids, the faster they can recover. such as this Ebola epidemic. We must also
And fourth, we need to build stronger strengthen regional institutional capacity in
health systems in these three countries so Africa for disease prevention and control.
that when another outbreak of an infectious Now we are witnessing the results of our
disease occurs, these countries will be able acceptance of the status quo. We will be
to respond more effectively. Ebola could able to stop Ebola in the near future. But
return again, or a new infectious pathogen that is not the end of the story. Will we also
could jump from the animal world into ours. build a strong enough health system to stop
Part of the solution is stronger public the next outbreak? We believe that it is a
health and veterinary surveillance systems moral and economic necessity to do so, and
that spot and prevent new diseases before all of us must work toward that goal.
they get a lethal foothold in the general source: https://goo.gl/lRMcqL

population. The cost of building more

effective health systems isn’t minor —
fully half of the World Bank’s $200 million
emergency package to fight this outbreak
will go toward building health systems —
but it pales in comparison to the human
and economic losses already suffered
from the Ebola outbreak. We need to build
functioning, affordable public care systems
that can prevent, detect, and respond to
these kinds of epidemics much earlier.
The international community is now
starting to come to the aid of Guinea,
L i b e r i a , a n d S i e rr a Le o n e . We m u s t
acknowledge, though, that this tragedy is
a wake-up call. We all knew that in these
three countries, and in many others in the
developing world, the health systems were

Discussion
Discuss the following questions.

1. What other communicable diseases are as serious as Ebola?

2. What steps do we need to take to protect people from Ebola?

Health: What Do We Need for Our Healthy Life? 101

 Extended ReadingⅡ

Where Did the Five-Second

Rule Come from?

When you drop a piece of food on the Wondering if food is still OK to eat after
floor, is it really OK to eat it if you pick it up it’s been dropped on the floor (or anywhere
within five seconds? This urban food myth else) is a pretty common experience. And
contends that if food spends just a few it’s probably not a new one either. A well-
seconds on the floor, dirt and germs won’t known, but inaccurate, story about Julia
have much of a chance to contaminate it. Child may have contributed to this food
Research in my lab has focused on how myth. Some viewers of her cooking show,
food and food contact surfaces become The French Chef , insist they saw Child drop
cont aminated, and we’ve done some lamb (or a chicken, depending on the version
work on this particular piece of wisdom. of the tale) on the floor and pick it up, with
While the “five-second rule” might not the advice that if they were alone in the
seem like the most pressing issue for food kitchen, their guests would never know. So
scientists to get to the bottom of, it’s still what does science tell us about what a few
worth investigating food myths like this one moments on the floor means for the safety
because they shape our beliefs about when of your food?
food is safe to eat. So is five seconds on the The earliest research report on the five-
floor the critical limit that separates an edible second rule is attributed to Jillian Clarke,
morsel from a case of food poisoning? It’s a a high school student participating in a
bit more complicated than that. It depends research apprenticeship at the University of
on just how many bacteria can make it from Illinois. Clarke and her colleagues injected
floor to food in a few seconds and just how floor tiles with bacteria then placed food on
dirty the floor is. the tiles for varying times. They reported

102 Lesson 4
bacteria were transferred from the tile to individual bacterial cells, colonies of
breads and cookies within five seconds, but cells or cells living in communities
didn’t report the specific amount of bacteria contained within a protective film
that made it from the tile to the food. that provide protection. These
From a food safety perspective, if you microscopic layers of deposits
have millions of cells on a surface, 0.1% is containing bacteria are known
still enough to make you sick. Also, certain as biofilms, and they are found
types of bacteria are extremely virulent, on most surfaces and objects.
and it takes only a small amount to make S o t h e n ex t t i m e yo u
you sick. For example, 10 cells or less of consider eating dropped
an especially virulent strain of E. coli can food, the odds are in your
cause severe illness and death in people favor that you can eat that
with compromised immune systems. But morsel and not get sick. But
the chance of these bacteria being on most in the rare chance that there is a
surfaces is very low. microorganism that can make you sick on
And it’s not just dropping food on the floor the exact spot where the food dropped, you
that can lead to bacterial contamination. can be fairly sure the bug is on the food you
Bacteria are carried by various “media,” are about to put in your mouth. Research
which can include raw food, damp surfaces (and common sense) tell us that the best
where bacteria has been left, our hands or thing to do is to keep your hands, utensils
skin and from coughing or sneezing. and other surfaces clean.
Hands, foods, and utensils can carry source: https://goo.gl/MyXfh9

Discussion
Discuss the following questions.

1. What is the five-second rule?

2. Is the five-second rule reliable?

Health: What Do We Need for Our Healthy Life? 103

 Do It Yourself
If you’ve ever watched a child splashing in the water, or laughing at the top of her
1
lungs at something as simple as a silly hat or a goofy dance move, then you’ve seen fun
in action. In our busy world, kids are the keepers of fun, finding joy in the little things
that make life worth living.
As we get older and busier, however, fun can sometimes avoid us. Our lengthy to-
do lists and packed schedules often keep us from cultivating time for carefree frolicking
and good, old-fashioned play. But scheduling a little fun into every day is an important
way to cultivate good health and overall happiness.

1. What is the main topic of the passage?

① necessity of fun activity in our life ② nonsense of making a to-do list
③ ways to avoid dull life ④ how to move and dance well
⑤ panic of dealing with packed schedule

2. How are kids and grown-ups different in terms of having fun in our busy
world?

Spicy food tolerance comes from a physical change in how some of the body’s pain
2
receptors react to capsaicin, the molecule responsible for the “heat” in spicy peppers
and foods flavored with them.
(A) Over the long term, with repeated spicy meals, the whole nerve ending starts
to degrade in a way scientists are still trying to understand. The nerves aren’t
permanently damaged, though, and can grow back. That’s why it takes a regular
diet of spicy food to keep the burn at bay.
(B) Psychology factors into how much we like the burn, not how we feel the burn. The
spicy heat (as well as temperature heat) is registered through specific receptors on
the tongue’s nerve cells.
(C) When exposed to capsaicin, these receptors open to allow in sodium and calcium
ions, causing the receptors to transmit that hot signal to the brain. However, with
repeated short-term exposure to capsaicin, those calcium ions essentially close
the receptor door behind them, inhibiting further transmission of pain signals.

1. Choose the right order for the flow of the passage.

① (A) — (C) — (B) ② (B) — (A) — (C) ③ (B) — (C) — (A)
④ (C) — (A) — (B) ⑤ (C) — (B) — (A)

2. When exposed to capsaicin, what happens to receptors?

104 Lesson 4
 In a disease outbreak, it’s important to find the first person to become infected
3
with the pathogen — called “patient zero” — because knowing that person’s history
can help researchers determine how and when the outbreak started.
It’s likely that Ebola is transmitted to humans when they hunt or eat infected
bushmeat, Schaffner said. If a person contracts the Ebola virus after hunting for meat,
epidemiologists might ask questions that could help them figure out how the virus
jumps from animals to people.
In Guinea, a traditional healer who had contact with the 2-year-old got sick, and
then gave the virus to a doctor, who, in turn, passed it on to his relatives, according to
the New England Journal of Medicine. The disease is not airborne, but spreads through
contact with the bodily fluids, such as blood and vomit, of an infected individual.

1. Choose the best title for this passage.

① Why Ebola Study Does Not Deserve Attention
② Patient Zero: Starting Point of Contagion
③ Are Viruses More Fatal Than Bacteria?
④ Jump into the Unknown World of Research!
⑤ We Must Not Eat Raw Meat

2. Why is it important to find “patient zero”?

Finding patient zero ① requires painstaking detective work. It’s like backtracking,
4
said Lina Moses, an epidemiologist at Tulane University in New Orleans. “Every case
② has a point where patients can identify some type of exposure to someone
who would be classified as a suspected case of Ebola,” Moses said. “If you have the
personnel and labor force to backtrack — if you have people who are still surviving
— then you can trace ③ it back.” When patient zero is identified, the next step is
④ to figure out how the person got sick. “You’d like to know when this might have
happened,” a researcher said, “What was the animal ⑤ what you killed, or you found
already dead? What activities did you do? Did you skin it in the field? Did you cut
yourself while you were skinning it? Exactly how exposed were you to the entrails or
the blood of the animal?”

1. Which of the underlined parts is NOT grammatically correct?

2. Choose one word in the passage which describes the way we find patient zero.

Health: What Do We Need for Our Healthy Life? 105

 Do It Yourself

Whether you’re dancing, laughing with friends, playing music, or initiating a new
5
craft project, doing something enjoyable can help you relax and slow down. Too much
stress can negatively affect both mental and physical health. It can manifest itself in
feelings of anger or sadness, sleeping too much or not enough, weight loss or gain,
or in straight-up negative thinking. It is considered a risk factor for issues including
heart disease, mental illness, and some types of digestive disease, and can have a
negative effect on the immune system, which can leave the body vulnerable to disease.
An art therapist Nalini Iype, who says she turns to painting and ceramics, bike riding,
and having picnics with friends when she’s looking for fun, says she recently worked
with a man in his mid-thirties who was suffering from severe anxiety. “He was timid
using the art materials,” she explains, “so I suggested using finger paints. You could
tell how happy he was to be making a mess. There were no rules, except to have pure
fun.” Iype says she could see his body relax as he worked. “There was a change in his
body language. His shoulders dropped … he was really into it.” “I think having fun
allows people to connect to themselves and to become more in tune with themselves,”
she adds. “That’s a healthy thing, because you can become more aware of your own
wants, needs and desires — and that’s important because we are so often focused on
other people.”
source: goo.gl/K5r3Fx

1. Choose the best title for this passage.

① Laughing Makes You More Optimistic
② Body Language for Effective Communication
③ Stress: Main Cause of Weakening Immune System
④ All You Have to Do Is Look from a Different Angle
⑤ Want to Be Healthy? Look for a Fun Activity

2. Why do you think doing something enjoyable can help us relax and slow
down?

106 Lesson 4
Culture
Surprising Food Etiquette Rules
from Around the World
1. In Italy, never order cappuccino after a meal. Italians never order a milk after a meal
because milk disturbs digestion. Instead, they’ll choose straight espresso or coffee. No
one’s going to be outraged at you for ordering a cappuccino, but you might be branded a
tourist.

2. In China, never flip a fish. Flipping a whole fish

after eating one side is considered bad luck, as it’s
associated with a capsized fishing boat, and that
makes total sense. Instead, remove the bones
completely if you want to get to the other side, or
just stare at that delicious fish meat teasing you
from your plate. But feel free to burp while eating.
When dining in China, go nuts. Burping is a sign of
appreciation for the food.

3. In Ethiopia, get used to eating off one giant plate. While individual plates are sometimes
used, family meals are served off one giant plate. Extra plates are considered wasteful.

4. In Japan, never stick your chopsticks into the rice bowl. In Japanese culture, this behavior
is only acceptable at funerals, when food is offered to hungry ghosts. Also, it can resemble
funeral incense, which is just going to make dinner awkward. Never pass food from
chopsticks to chopsticks. During funeral rituals in Japan, bones are
passed from one set of chopsticks to the other, so passing
food this way is considered taboo.

5. When visiting friends in Nigeria’s Kagoro tribe, don’t

even think of asking for a spoon if you’re a woman.
According to Margaret Visser in The Rituals of Dinner ,
women aren’t allowed spoons. Everyone knows
spoons lead to rebellion.

6. In Thailand, don’t stick forks in your mouth. You’re

supposed to use your fork to push food onto your
spoon, then eat off that.
source: https://www.buzzfeed.com/adamellis/surprising-food-etiquette-
rules-from-around-the-world?utm_term=.poYV0V2j6#.vqb2m2dJE

Health: What Do We Need for Our Healthy Life? 107