This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: C128 − 22

Standard Test Method for

Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Fine
Aggregate1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C128; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This test method covers the determination of relative 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
density (specific gravity) and the absorption of fine aggregates. C29/C29M Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”)
The relative density (specific gravity), a dimensionless quality, and Voids in Aggregate
is expressed as oven-dry (OD), saturated-surface-dry (SSD), or C70 Test Method for Surface Moisture in Fine Aggregate
as apparent relative density (specific gravity). The OD relative C117 Test Method for Materials Finer than 75-µm (No. 200)
density is determined after drying the aggregate. The SSD Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing
relative density and absorption are determined after soaking the C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
aggregate in water for a prescribed duration. gregates
C127 Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity)
1.2 This test method is not intended to be used for light-
and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate
weight aggregates that comply with Specification C332 Group
C188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement
I aggregates.
C330/C330M Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as Structural Concrete
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this C332 Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Insulat-
standard. ing Concrete
C566 Test Method for Total Evaporable Moisture Content of
1.4 The text of this test method references notes and
Aggregate by Drying
footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
considered as requirements of this test method.
C702/C702M Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the to Testing Size
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the C1252 Test Methods for Uncompacted Void Content of Fine
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Aggregate (as Influenced by Particle Shape, Surface
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- Texture, and Grading)
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor- D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- Water Pycnometer
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the 2.2 AASHTO Standard:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- AASHTO T 84 Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Aggregates3
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Concrete and Concrete Aggregatesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
C09.20 on Aggregates. the ASTM website.
3
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2022. Published January 2023. Originally Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation
approved in 1936. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as C128–15. DOI: Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,
10.1520/C0128-22. http://www.transportation.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 C128 − 22
3. Terminology are likely to contain an amount of absorbed moisture less than
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this the 24–h soaked condition. For an aggregate that has been in
standard, refer to Terminology C125. contact with water and that has free moisture on the particle
surfaces, the percentage of free moisture is determined by
4. Summary of Test Method deducting the absorption from the total moisture content
determined by Test Method C566 by drying.
4.1 A sample of aggregate is immersed in water for 24 h 6
4 h to essentially fill the pores. It is then removed from the 5.5 The general procedures described in this test method are
water, the water is dried from the surface of the particles, and suitable for determining the absorption of aggregates that have
the mass determined. Subsequently, the sample (or a portion of had conditioning other than the 24-h soak, such as boiling
it) is placed in a graduated container and the volume of the water or vacuum saturation. The values obtained for absorption
sample is determined by the gravimetric or volumetric method. by other test methods will be different than the values obtained
Finally, the sample is oven-dried and the mass determined by the prescribed 24-h soak, as will the relative density
again. Using the mass values thus obtained and formulas in this (specific gravity) (SSD).
test method, it is possible to calculate relative density (specific
gravity) and absorption. 6. Apparatus
6.1 Balance—A balance or scale having a capacity of 1 kg
5. Significance and Use or more, sensitive to 0.1 g or less, and accurate within 0.1 % of
5.1 Relative density (specific gravity) is the ratio of mass of the test load at any point within the range of use for this test
an aggregate to the mass of a volume of water equal to the method. Within any 100 g range of test load, a difference
volume of the aggregate particles – also referred to as the between readings shall be accurate within 0.1 g.
absolute volume of the aggregate. It is also expressed as the 6.2 Pycnometer (for Use with Gravimetric Procedure)—A
ratio of the density of the aggregate particles to the density of flask or other suitable container into which the fine aggregate
water. Distinction is made between the density of aggregate test sample can be readily introduced and in which the volume
particles and the bulk density of aggregates as determined by content can be reproduced within 6 0.1 cm3. The volume of
Test Method C29/C29M, which includes the volume of voids the container filled to mark shall be at least 50 % greater than
between the particles of aggregates. the space required to accommodate the test sample. A volu-
5.2 Relative density is used to calculate the volume occu- metric flask of 500 cm3 capacity or a fruit jar fitted with a
pied by the aggregate in various mixtures containing aggregate pycnometer top is satisfactory for a 500 g test sample of most
including hydraulic cement concrete, bituminous concrete, and fine aggregates.
other mixtures that are proportioned or analyzed on an absolute 6.3 Flask (for Use with Volumetric Procedure)—A Le Chat-
volume basis. Relative density (specific gravity) is also used in elier flask as described in Test Method C188 is satisfactory for
the computation of voids in aggregate in Test Method C29/ an approximately 55 g test sample.
C29M and in Test Method C1252. Relative density (specific
6.4 Temperature Measuring Device—Capable of measuring
gravity) (SSD) is used in the determination of surface moisture
the temperature of the water within the specified range and
on fine aggregate by displacement of water in Test Method
accurate to 6 1 °C with readability or graduations of 0.5 °C or
C70. Relative density (specific gravity) (SSD) is used if the
better.
aggregate is in a saturated surface-dry condition, that is, if its
absorption has been satisfied. Alternatively, the relative density 6.5 Mold and Tamper for Surface Moisture Test—The metal
(specific gravity) (OD) is used for computations when the mold shall be in the form of a frustum of a cone with
aggregate is dry or assumed to be dry. dimensions as follows: 40 mm 6 3 mm inside diameter at the
top, 90 mm 6 3 mm inside diameter at the bottom, and 75 mm
5.3 Apparent relative density (specific gravity) pertain to the
6 3 mm in height, with the metal having a minimum thickness
solid material making up the constituent particles not including
of 0.8 mm. The metal tamper shall have a mass of 340 g 6 15 g
the pore space within the particles that is accessible to water.
and a flat circular tamping face 25 mm 6 3 mm in diameter.
This value is not widely used in construction aggregate
technology. 6.6 Oven—An oven of sufficient size, capable of maintain-
ing a uniform temperature of 110 °C 6 5 °C (230 °F 6 9 °F).
5.4 Absorption values are used to calculate the change in the
mass of an aggregate material due to water absorbed in the pore 7. Sampling
spaces within the constituent particles, compared to the dry
condition, if it is deemed that the aggregate has been in contact 7.1 Sample the aggregate in accordance with Practice D75.
with water long enough to satisfy most of the absorption Thoroughly mix the sample and reduce it to obtain a test
potential. The laboratory standard for absorption is that ob- specimen of approximately 1 kg using the applicable proce-
tained after submerging dry aggregate for a prescribed period dures described in Practice C702/C702M.
of time. Aggregates mined from below the water table com-
monly have a moisture content greater than the absorption 8. Preparation of Test Specimen
determined by this test method, if used without opportunity to 8.1 Place the test specimen in a suitable pan or vessel and
dry prior to use. Conversely, some aggregates that have not dry in the oven to constant mass at a temperature of 110 6 5
been continuously maintained in a moist condition until used °C (230 6 9 °F). Allow it to cool to comfortable handling

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 C128 − 22
temperature (approximately 50 °C), cover with water, either by observe for fines becoming airborne; presence of airborne fines
immersion or by the addition of at least 6 % moisture to the indicates this problem. For these materials, consider the
fine aggregate, and permit to stand for 24 h 6 4 h. When saturated surface-dry condition as the point that one side of the
Specification C330/C330M or Specification C332 Group II fine aggregate slumps slightly upon removing the mold.
lightweight aggregates are used, immerse the aggregate in NOTE 2—The following criteria have also been used on materials that
water at room temperature for a period of 72 h 6 4 h, stirring do not readily slump:
for at least one minute every 24 h. (1) Provisional Cone Test—Fill the cone mold as described
8.1.1 When the absorption and relative density (specific in 8.3 except only use 10 drops of the tamper. Add more fine
gravity) values are to be used in proportioning concrete aggregate and use 10 drops of the tamper again. Then add
mixtures in which the aggregates will be in their naturally material two more times using 3 and 2 drops of the tamper,
moist condition, the requirement in 8.1 for initial drying is respectively. Level off the material even with the top of the
optional, and, if the surfaces of the particles in the sample have mold, remove loose material from the base; and lift the mold
been kept continuously wet until tested, the requirement in 8.1 vertically.
for 24 h 6 4 h soaking or 72 h 6 4 h is also optional. (2) Provisional Surface Test—If airborne fines are noted
NOTE 1—Values for absorption and for relative density (specific when the fine aggregate is such that it will not slump when it
gravity) (SSD) may be significantly higher for aggregate not oven dried is at a moisture condition, add more moisture to the sand, and
before soaking than for the same aggregate treated in accordance with 8.1. at the onset of the surface-dry condition, with the hand lightly
8.2 Decant excess water with care to avoid loss of fines (see pat approximately 100 g of the material on a flat, dry, clean,
also Appendix X1), spread the sample on a flat nonabsorbent dark or dull nonabsorbent surface such as a sheet of rubber, a
surface exposed to a gently moving current of warm air, and worn oxidized, galvanized, or steel surface, or a black-painted
stir frequently to secure homogeneous drying. Employ me- metal surface. After 1 to 3 s, remove the fine aggregate. If
chanical aids such as tumbling or stirring to assist in achieving noticeable moisture shows on the test surface for more than 1
the saturated surface-dry condition, if desired. Continue this to 2 s then surface moisture is considered to be present on the
operation until the test specimen approaches a free-flowing fine aggregate.
condition. Follow the procedure in 8.3 to determine if surface (3) Colorimetric procedures described by Kandhal and Lee,
moisture is still present on the constituent fine aggregate Highway Research Record No. 307, p. 44.
particles. Make the first trial for surface moisture when there is (4) For reaching the saturated surface-dry condition on a
still some surface water in the test specimen. Continue drying single size material that slumps when wet, hard-finish paper
with constant stirring and test at frequent intervals until the test towels can be used to surface dry the material until the point is
indicates that the specimen has reached a surface-dry condi- just reached where the paper towel does not appear to be
tion. If the first trial of the surface moisture test indicates that picking up moisture from the surfaces of the fine aggregate
moisture is not present on the surface, it has been dried past the particles.
saturated surface-dry condition. In this case, thoroughly mix a
few millilitres of water with the fine aggregate and permit the 9. Procedure
specimen to stand in a covered container for 30 min. Then 9.1 Test by either the gravimetric procedure in 9.2 or the
resume the process of drying and testing at frequent intervals volumetric procedure in 9.3. Make all determinations of mass
for the onset of the surface-dry condition. to 0.1 g.
8.3 Test for Surface Moisture—Hold the mold firmly on a 9.2 Gravimetric (Pycnometer) Procedure:
smooth nonabsorbent surface with the large diameter down. 9.2.1 Partially fill the pycnometer with water. Introduce into
Place a portion of the partially dried fine aggregate loosely in the pycnometer 500 6 10 g of saturated surface-dry fine
the mold by filling it to overflowing and heaping additional aggregate prepared as described in Section 8, and fill with
material above the top of the mold by holding it with the additional water to approximately 90 % of capacity. Agitate the
cupped fingers of the hand holding the mold. Lightly tamp the pycnometer as described in 9.2.1.1 (manually) or 9.2.1.2
fine aggregate into the mold with 25 light drops of the tamper. (mechanically).
Start each drop approximately 5 mm above the top surface of 9.2.1.1 Manually roll, invert, or agitate the pycnometer (or
the fine aggregate. Permit the tamper to fall freely under use a combination of these actions) to eliminate visible air
gravitational attraction on each drop. Adjust the starting height bubbles.
to the new surface elevation after each drop and distribute the
NOTE 3—About 15 to 20 min are normally required to eliminate the air
drops over the surface. Remove loose sand from the base and bubbles by manual methods. Dipping the tip of a paper towel into the
lift the mold vertically. If surface moisture is still present, the pycnometer has been found to be useful in dispersing the foam that
fine aggregate will retain the molded shape. Slight slumping of sometimes builds up when eliminating the air bubbles. Optionally, a small
the molded fine aggregate indicates that it has reached a amount of isopropyl alcohol may be used to disperse the foam.
surface-dry condition. 9.2.1.2 Mechanically agitate the pycnometer by external
8.3.1 Some fine aggregate with predominately angular- vibration in a manner that will not degrade the sample. A level
shaped particles or with a high proportion of fines does not of agitation adjusted to just set individual particles in motion is
slump in the cone test upon reaching the surface-dry condition. sufficient to promote de-airing without degradation. A me-
Test by dropping a handful of the fine aggregate from the cone chanical agitator shall be considered acceptable for use if
test onto a surface from a height of 100 mm to 150 mm, and comparison tests for each six-month period of use show

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 C128 − 22
variations less that the acceptable range of two results (d2s) Relative density ~ specific gravity! ~ OD! 5 @ S 1 ~ A/S ! # / @ 0.9975 ~ R 2
indicated in Table 1 from the results of manual agitation on the 2 R 1! # (2)
same material.
9.2.2 After eliminating all air bubbles, adjust the tempera- 10.2.2 Relative Density (Specific Gravity) (Saturated
ture of the pycnometer and its contents to 23.0 °C 6 2.0 °C if Surface-dry)—Calculate the relative density (specific gravity)
necessary by partial immersion in circulating water, and bring on the basis of saturated surface-dry aggregate as follows:
the water level in the pycnometer to its calibrated capacity. 10.2.2.1 Gravimetric Procedure:
Determine the total mass of the pycnometer, specimen, and Relative density ~ specific gravity! ~ SSD! 5 S/ ~ B1S 2 C ! (3)
water.
10.2.2.2 Volumetric Procedure:
9.2.3 Remove the fine aggregate from the pycnometer, dry
in the oven to constant mass at a temperature of 110 °C 6 5 °C Relative density ~ specific gravity! ~ SSD! 5 S 1 / @ 0.9975 ~ R 2 2 R 1 ! #
(230 °F 6 9 °F), cool in air at room temperature for 1 6 1⁄2 h, (4)
and determine the mass. 10.2.3 Apparent Relative Density (Specific Gravity)—
9.2.4 Determine the mass of the pycnometer filled to its Calculate the apparent relative density (specific gravity) as
calibrated capacity with water at 23.0 °C 6 2.0 °C. follows:
9.3 Volumetric (Le Chatelier Flask) Procedure: 10.2.3.1 Gravimetric Procedure:
9.3.1 Fill the flask initially with water to a point on the stem Apparent relative density ~ specific gravity! 5 A/ ~ B1A 2 C ! (5)
between the 0 and the 1-mL mark. Record this initial reading
with flask and contents within the temperature range of 23.0 °C 10.2.3.2 Volumetric Procedure:
6 2.0 °C. Add 55 g 6 5 g of fine aggregate in the saturated Apparent relative density ~ specific gravity!
surface-dry condition (or other measured quantity as neces- S 1 ~ A/S !
sary). After all fine aggregate has been introduced, place the 5
0.9975 ~ R 2 2 R 1 ! 2 @ ~ S 1 /S !~ S 2 A ! #
(6)
stopper in the flask and roll the flask in an inclined position, or
gently whirl it in a horizontal circle so as to dislodge all 10.3 Absorption—Calculate the percentage of absorption as
entrapped air, continuing until no further bubbles rise to the follows:
surface (Note 4). Take a final reading with the flask and Absorption, % 5 100 @ ~ S 2 A ! /A # (7)
contents within 1 °C of the original temperature.
11. Report
NOTE 4—A small measured amount (not to exceed 1 mL) of isopropyl
alcohol may be used to eliminate foam appearing on the water surface. 11.1 Report relative density (specific gravity) results to the
The volume of alcohol used must be subtracted from the final reading nearest 0.01 and indicate the basis for relative density (specific
(R2). gravity), as either oven-dry (OD), saturated-surface-dry (SSD),
9.3.2 For determination of the absorption, use a separate or apparent.
500 g 6 10 g portion of the saturated surface-dry fine 11.2 Report the absorption result to the nearest 0.1 %.
aggregate, dry to constant mass, and determine the dry mass.
11.3 If the relative density (specific gravity) values were
10. Calculations determined without first drying the aggregate, as permitted in
10.1 Symbols: A = mass of oven dry specimen, g 8.2, note that fact in the report.
B = mass of pycnometer filled with water, to calibration 12. Precision and Bias
mark, g
C = mass of pycnometer filled with specimen and water to 12.1 Precision—The estimates of precision of this test
calibration mark, g method (listed in Table 1) are based on results from the
R1 = initial reading of water level in Le Chatelier flask, mL AASHTO Materials Reference Laboratory Proficiency Sample
R2 = final reading of water in Le Chatelier flask, mL Program, with testing conducted by this test method and
S = mass of saturated surface-dry specimen (used in the AASHTO T 84. The significant difference between the meth-
gravimetric procedure for density and relative density (specific ods is that Test Method C128 requires a saturation period of 24
gravity), or for absorption with both procedures), g 6 4 h, and AASHTO Test Method T 84 requires a saturation
S1 = mass of saturated surface-dry specimen (used in the period of 15 to 19 h. This difference has been found to have an
volumetric procedure for density and relative density (specific insignificant effect on the precision indices. The data are based
gravity)), g on the analyses of more than 100 paired test results from 40 to
100 laboratories.
10.2 Relative Density (Specific Gravity):
10.2.1 Relative Density (Specific Gravity ) (Oven dry)— 12.2 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material
Calculate the relative density (specific gravity) on the basis of suitable for determining the bias for this test method, no
oven-dry aggregate as follows: statement on bias is being made.
10.2.1.1 Gravimetric Procedure:
13. Keywords
Relative density ~ specific gravity! ~ OD! 5 A/ ~ B1S 2 C ! (1)
13.1 absorption; aggregate; apparent relative density; fine
10.2.1.2 Volumetric Procedure: aggregate; relative density; specific gravity

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 C128 − 22
TABLE 1 Precision
Acceptable
Standard Range of
Deviation Two Results
(d2s)A
Single-Operator Precision
Relative density (specific gravity)
(OD) 0.011 0.032

Relative density (specific gravity)

(SSD) 0.0095 0.027

Apparent relative density (specific

gravity) 0.0095 0.027

B
Absorption, % 0.11 0.31
Multilaboratory Precision
Relative density (specific gravity)
(OD) 0.023 0.066

Relative density (specific gravity)

(SSD) 0.020 0.056

Apparent relative density (specific

gravity) 0.020 0.056

Absorption,B % 0.23 0.66

A
These numbers represent the (d2s) limits as described in Practice C670. The
precision estimates were obtained from the analysis of combined AASHTO
Materials Reference Laboratory proficiency sample data from laboratories using
15 h to 19 h saturation times and other laboratories using 24 h ± 4 h saturation
time. Testing was performed on normal weight aggregates, and started with
aggregates in the oven-dry condition.
B
Precision estimates are based on aggregates with absorptions of less than 1 %
and may differ for manufactured fine aggregates and the aggregates having
absorption values greater than 1 %.

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. POTENTIAL DIFFERENCES IN BULK RELATIVE DENSITY AND ABSORPTION DUE TO PRESENCE OF MATERIAL
FINER THAN 75 µm

X1.1 It has been found that there may be significant present and the nature of the material. When the material finer
differences in bulk relative density and absorption between fine than 75 µm is less than about 4 % by mass, the difference in
aggregate samples tested with the material finer than 75 µm relative density between washed and unwashed samples is less
(No. 200) present and not present in the samples. Samples from than 0.03. When the material finer than 75 µm is greater than
which the material finer than 75 µm is not removed usually about 8 % by mass, the difference in relative density obtained
give a higher absorption and a lower bulk relative density between washed and unwashed samples may be as great as
compared with testing the same fine aggregate from which the 0.13. It has been found that the relative density determined on
material finer than 75 µm is removed following the procedures fine aggregate from which the material finer than 75 µm has
of Test Method C117. Samples with material finer than 75 µm been removed prior to testing more accurately reflects the
may build up a coating around the coarser fine aggregate relative density of the material.
particles during the surface drying process. The resultant
relative density and absorption that is subsequently measured is X1.2 The material finer than 75 µm, which is removed, can
that of the agglomerated and coated particles and not that of the be assumed to have the same relative density as the fine
parent material. The difference in absorption and relative aggregate. Alternatively, the relative density (specific gravity)
density determined between samples from which the material of the material finer than 75 µm may be further evaluated using
finer than 75 µm have not been removed and samples from
Test Method D854, however, this test determines the apparent
which the material finer than 75 µm have been removed
relative density and not the bulk relative density.
depends on both the amount of the material finer than 75 µm

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 C128 − 22

X2. INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN RELATIVE DENSITIES (SPECIFIC GRAVITIES) AND ABSORPTION AS DEFINED
IN TEST METHODS C127 AND C128

X2.1 This appendix gives mathematical interrelationships 1 Sd

Ss 5 5 (X2.2)
among the three types of relative densities (specific gravities) 1 A ASd
2 12
and absorption. These may be useful in checking the consis- S d 100 100
tency of reported data or calculating a value that was not 1
reported by using other reported data. or S a 5 (X2.3)
11A/100 A
2
X2.2 Where: Ss 100

Sd = relative density (specific gravity) (OD), Ss

5
Ss = relative density (specific gravity) (SSD), A
15 ~S 2 1!
100 s
Sa = apparent relative density (apparent specific gravity),
and
A = absorption, in %. A5 S Ss
Sd D
2 1 100 (X2.4)

Calculate the values of each as follows:

S s 5 ~ 11A/100! S d (X2.1)
A5 S Sa 2 Ss
Sa ~Ss 2 1! D 100 (X2.5)

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee C09 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (C128–15)
that may impact the use of this standard.

(1) Added Section 6.4, Temperature Measuring Device.

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