Reading Material Chapter 05
Reading Material Chapter 05
Reading Material Chapter 05
External Morphology : It deals with external forms like shape, size, colour,
structure and relative position of different organs.
Internal Morphology : Further divided into anatomy and histology.
Anatomy : It deals with the study of internal structure exposed after dissection
and opening of various parts of an organ.
Histology : The study of tissues, their composition and structure.
The Root : The root is underground part of the plant and develops from
elongation of radicle of the embryo.
Characteristics : It is inside the soil, chlorophyll is absent, absence of nodes,
internodes, leaves and buds; positive geotropic and hydrotropic and negative
phototropic.
↓
Tap root Fibrous root Adventitious root
↓ ↓ ↓
Originates from radical Originates from base of Originates from parts of
the stem the plant other than radicle
Dicotyledonous plants, Monocotyledonous Banyan tree (Prop roots)
e.g., gram, pea, mango, plants, e.g., wheat, Maize (stilt roots)
mustard. paddy, grasses. Rhizophora (Respiratory
roots)
Regions of Roots
Root Cap : The root is covered at the apex by the thimble-like structure which
protect the tender apical part.
Region of meristematic activity : Cells of this region have the capability to
divide; cells are small, thin walled with dense protoplasm.
Region of elongation : Cell of this region are elongated and enlarged.This region
is responsible for the growth of root in length.
Region of Maturation : This region has differnentiated and matured cells. Some
epidermal cells form very fine and delicate thread like structures called root
hairs.
The Stem : Stem is the aerial part of the plant and develops from plumule of the
embryo. It bears nodes and internodes.
Functions of stem : Exposure of leaves, conduction of water and minerals,
translocation of food, exposure of flowers and fruits.
Modifications of Stem :
In some plants the stems are modified to perform the function of storage of food,
support, protection and vegetative propagation.
For food storage : Rhizome (ginger, turmeric), Tuber (potato), Bulb (onion),
Corm (Colocasia, Amorphophallus/Zamin-kand)
For support : Stem tendrils of watermelon, grapevine, cucumber, pumpkins.
For protection : Axilliary buds of stem of Citrus, Bougainvillea get modified into
pointed thorns. They protect the plants from animals.
For vegetative propagation : Underground stems of grass (runner), strawberry (stolons),
leateral branches of mint and jasmine, Eichhornia (offsets).
For assimilation of food : Flattened stem of Opuntia and cylindrical stem of
Euphorbia contains chlorophyll and performs photosynthesis.
The Leaf : Develops from shoot apcial meristem, flattened, green structure
acropetally arranged manufacture the food by photosynthesis. It has bud in axil. A
typical leaf has leaf base, petiole and lamina (leaf blade). In some leguminous plants
the leaf base may become swollen which is called as pulvinus.
Leaf base → bears two lateral outgrowth called stipules
Types of Leaf
Simple Compound
(Single leaf blade) (Leaf has number of leaflets)
e.g., mango, peeple
Pinnately Palmately
Compound Compound
(Leaflets present on common, (Leaflets attached to common
axis rachis) point at petiole tip)
(Neem, rose) (Silk, cotton)
Venation : The arrangement of veins and veinlets in the lamina of leaf.
Types of Venation :
Types of phyllotaxy
(Single leaf at a node)in (Two leaves at a node) in (More than two leaves in a
alternate manner opposite manner whorl at a node)
e.g., China rose Mustard, e.g., Calotropis, guava e.g., Nerium, Alstonia
Functions of Leaf
photosynthesis, gaseous exchange, transpiration, protection of buds and
conduction.
50 Modifications of Leaves :
Recemose Cymose
Main axis continues to grow and flowers Main axis terminates in flowers and the
borne in acropetal succession e.g. : Radish, flowers borne in basipetal succession e.g. :
Mustard, Amaranthus Cotton, Jasmine, Calotropis
Actinomorphic
(Radial symmetry)
↓ ↓ ↓
Trimerous Tetramerous Pentamerous
(multiples of 3) (multiples of 4) (multiples of 5)
On the basis of position of Calyx, corolla and androecium in respect of ovary,
flower can be—
↓ ↓ ↓
Hypogynous Perigynous Epigynous
(Superior Ovary) (Half inferior ovary) (inferior ovary)
↓ ↓ ↓
Mustard, China rose, Plum, Rose, Peach Guava, Cucumber
Brinjal ray florets (sun flower)
Thalamus/Receptacle : Swollen end of flower stalk (pedicel) which bears four whorls
of flower viz., Calyx (K), Corolla (C), Androecium (A) and Gynoecium (G).
Flower can be
Bisexual
if have both Androecium
Unisexual can
Bract—Reduced leaf base found at the base of pedicel. Flowers with bracts are
called bracteale and without bracts are called ebracteate.
Perianth : If calyx and corolla are not distinguishable, they are called perianth.
Example : Lily
Types of aestivation :
Valvate : Sepals or petals just touch one another at the margin, withut
overlapping. e.g., Calotropis
Twisted : Sepals or petals overlap the next sepal or petal e.g., China rose,
Imbricate : The margins of sepals or petals overlap one another but not in any
definite direction, e.g., Cassia, Gulmohar.
Vexillary : The largest petal overlaps the two lateral petals which in turn overlap
two smallest anterior petals, e.g., Bean, Pea.
Types of Placentation :
Marginal : Placenta forms a ridge along the ventral suture of ovary, e.g., Pea.
Axile : Margins of carpels fuse to form central axis, e.g., China rose, Tomato,
Lemon
Perietal : Ovules develop on inner wall of ovary, e.g., Mustard, Argemone
Free central : Ovules borne on central axis, lacking septa, e.g., Dianthus,
Primrose
The fruit : After fertilisation, the mature ovary develops into fruit. The
parthenocarpic fruits are formed from ovary without fertilisation (seedless fruit-
Banana)
Seed Coat
54 Biology Class - 11
Embryonal axis—Radicle and plumule.
Questions
Very Short Answer Question (1 mark each)
Name the part modified for food storage in the following (a) carrot (b) Radish
The pillar like roots developed from lateral branches for providing mechanical
support.
Roots coming out of the lower nodes of the stem and provide the support to the
plant.
Fill up the blank spaces (a), (b), (c) and (d) in the table given below :
‘Potato is a stem and sweet potato is a root.’ Justify the statement on the basis of
external features.
Differentiate between :
Actinomorphic flower and Zygomorphic flower
56 Biology Class - 11
25. Maize grain usually called as a fruit and not a seed. Why ?
Answers
Leaves
Lilliaceae
Reticulate venation.
In peas, there are five petals. The largest one (standard) overlaps the two lateral
petals (wings) which in turn overlap the two smallest anterior petals (keel).
Scutellum.
12. (a) and (b) Fleshy tap root (c) Stem tuber (d) root tuber
Half inferior
Epigynous
(i) Sessile
Lamina
Phyllotaxy
Stipules
Potato is the swollen tip of an underground stem branch (stolon). It has nodes
(eyes) which consist of one or more buds subtended by a leaf scar. Adventitious
roots also arise during sprouting. On the other hand sweet potato is a swollen
adventitious root (tuberous root). It has no nodes, internodes and buds like a
stem.
58 Biology Class - 11
22. Type of phyllotaxy Examples
(i) Alternate China rose, mustard
(ii) Opposite Calotropis, guava
(iii) Whorled Nerium, Aistonia
(1) Two equal halves are formed (1) Two equal havles are produ-
by any vertical division passing ced only by one vertical
through the centre. division
(2) It has a radial symmetry. (2) It has a bilateral symmetry.
The flower has several free free carpels The flower has fused carpels.
(ovary).
(1) The main axis has unlimited (1) The main axis has a limited
growth. growth.
(2) Flowers are arranged (2) Flowers are arranged
acropetally i.e., the lower basipetally i.e., the lower
flower are younger flowers are older
Maize grain is a single seeded fruit in which the seed covering or testa is fused
with pericarp or fruit wall. A micropyle is not found but base of style is present.
Morphology of Flowering Plants 59
Long Answers (5 marks each)
Stem Modification :
For food storage : Ginger (Rhizome), Potato (Tuber), Onion (Bulb), Colocasia (Corm).
For climbing (support) : Sterm tendril (cucumber,grapevine,watermelon)
For protection : Thorn (Bougainvillea, Citrus, Duranta) Description : Refer page 68, NCERT, Text
Book of Biology for Class XI.