Shortwave1940 Book

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COVER
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TITLE PAGE
The Vacuum Tube

Shortwave Radio
Understanding and Troubleshooting
Richard McWhorter
©2005 By Richard McWhorter, All rights reserved.
First printing 2007
Print in the United States of America
Library of Congress Data
McWhorter, Richard, 1945-
The Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio, Understanding and Troubleshooting
/ by Richard McWhorter
ISBN - 13: 978-1-60402-850-8

1. Superheterodyne receivers--Repairing. 2. Vacuum-tube circuit
Repairing. 3. Radio--Receivers and reception--Collectiors and collecting.
4. Superheterodyne receivers--Troubleshooting. 1. Title
REGISTRATION NUMBER TXu1-261-110
Back Cover Text By
Daniel McWhorter
Edited By
Michael Hamilton
NOTICES
PHILCO is a registered trademark of Philips Electronics North America
Corporation.
ZENITH is a registered trademark of Zenith Electronics Corporation.
RCA is a registered trademark of Thomson Corporation.
GE is a registered trademark of Thomson Corporation.
CROSLEY is a registered Trademark of Crosley Corporation.
WD-40 is a registered Trademark of the WD-40 Company.

Shortwave1940.book Page i Tuesday, November 27, 2007 5:41 AM
INTRODUCTION
This book was written for people that have some basic knowledge of
electronics and with a desire to learn about vacuum tube shortwave radio
circuits. The shortwave radio used in this book is the R.C.A. model 8Q2. Some
shortwave radios may have more vacuum tubes then does the 8Q2. In these
radios some of the vacuum tubes perform only one function in a circuit. An
example would be one tube for the oscillator circuit and another tube for the
mixer circuit. Where as in the R.C.A. model 8Q2, the oscillator and mixer circuits
are combined. All the vacuum tube circuits of the 8Q2 are representative of a very
popular architectural design dating from the late 1930’s through the early 1960’s.
This book starts with the preparation and cleaning of the radio, a review of
how vacuum tubes function, and then a chapter describing each circuit of the
radio. The description covers the function of each circuit and the functions of all
the components that make up the circuit. The remaining chapters are for repairing
the radio, starting with, Continuity Testing, Part Replacement, Safety - Testing &
Alignment, and Troubleshooting.
The chapter, Troubleshooting Guide, discusses several troubleshooting

scenarios. These scenarios cover some of the most likely problems that may occur
when repairing this type of radio (power transformer vacuum tube radio). There
is a troubleshooting outline at the end of the chapter that provides the reader with
an overall view of the scenarios.
The purpose of this book is to provide the reader with a practical reference
circuit guide, for a large group of power transformer vacuum tube shortwave
radios.
Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio i

Shortwave1940.book Page ii Tuesday, November 27, 2007 5:41 AM
Below is the circuit wiring diagram for the R.C.A. model 8Q2.
V1 6SK7 V2 6SA7 V3 6B8 TERMINAL ‘C’ OF 2nd. IF V4 6SC7 V5 6F6G

R.F.AMP. OSC.CONV. I.F.-DET.AVC. OSCILLOSCOPE/METER
TEST CONNECTION FOR
1stAF-PH.INVER. OUTPUT RCA
C43
C6 R3 ALIGNMENT 220PF MODEL
220PF 8 1 3 3 1 5 3
3
1MEG 1 1st. IF
L12 L13
Cap
4
2nd. IF
L14 L15
B
1
2
A C26 1 8Q2
11 11 7 7 .01MFD
C18 5
6 220PF 8 4 4
4
D C F B 120PF 3
5 4 6 C23 C24 6
5 2 6 8 5 R13 8 C33 .005MFD
C21 R11
C22 120 470K
56PF F A 10
A 56PF PF D C R12
R1 12 1 MEG 560
11 2 10
68 MEG R14 R16
10 S5 3 470K T2 SPEAKER
REAR C40 R4 594
9 4
0.1 AVC. 2.2MEG C25
8 5 + L16
MFD 180PF R15
C17 7 6 C38 _ C28 2
R9 10K
11-490 .05 R6 VOLUME
PF 3.9K 20
MFD 100K CONTROL
C30 MFD
R10 250K C29 L17
L5 C C41 0.1MFD .01MFD
HUM NEUTRAL
C7 0.25MFD COIL
2-10
R2 PF C36 8
LOCATED C42 .005MFD
1MEG R8 IN 2nd. IF .05MFD
V8 5
6U5/6G5 1MEG C27 4
L6 B .0025MFD
C4 C8 4
220 2-10 2 1
PF PF TUNING R7 PHONO.
12 1
EYE 22K R17 3
AVC. 11 2 R18
3 E 470K
C5 10 S6 3 470K
L7 A C39 B-
11-490 C9 REAR 4
R19 C19
5 100PF 9 V6 6F6G
PF 2-10 C37 5
33K 56PF 8 OUTPUT
PF 6000 CHASSIS
7 6
R.F. PF GROUND
LOCATED C31
C32
ON 2nd IF
C16 .0025MFD .007MFD
L8 C10 22PF
PRI. R5 11-490
15K PF B+
+
NOT
ANT. CONNECTED
_ C20
12 1 10MFD 12 1 IF PEAK 455 KC FIELD
L1 C1 11 2 OSC. 11 2
C 3-30 10 S1 10 S3 T1
3 3
PF FRONT FRONT 5VAC + +
9 4 L9 C11 9 4 L18 C34
2-12 5 _ 1060 _ CONNECTED
8 5 C 8 5 10MFD
PF 6 1
L2 C2 7 6 C12 7 110VAC 410
3-30 L10 3600 6 C35 = OHMS
B C14 8
PF PF 10MFD K = x 1000 OHMS
580 S7
C13 PF 2 MEG = x 1000,000 OHMS
B 4
12 1 2-12 12 1
C3 11 2 PF 11 2
V7 5Y3 MFD = MICROFARAD
L3 L11 125
RECTIFIER PFD = PICOFARAD = MMFD
3-30
A 10 S2 3 10 S4 3
PF
9 REAR REAR S8 150 TO HEATERS
4 9 4 6VAC 6SK7,6SA7,6B8,6F6G H = 2 & 7
8 C15 8 210 & DIAL LAMPS 6SC7 H = 7 & 8 6U5/6G5 H = 1 & 6
5 5
A 2-20
7 6 7 6
L4 PRI. PF 240V
17
ii Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio

CONTENT
Chapter 1 Shortwave Radio 1

The R.C.A. model 8Q2 Shortwave Radio 1
Warning 2
Triage 2
Cleaning 2
Tube Testing 3
Moveable Parts to Lubricate 4
Variable Capacitors 5
Wafer switches, tone and volume controls 6
Knobs 9
Dial Cord 10
Speaker Repair 11
Chapter 2 Vacuum Tubes 13

Vacuum Tubes 13
Diode 14
Diode Function 15
Electron-Ray Indicator Eye Tube 15
Triode 16
Triode Function 17
Pentode 18
Pentagrid Converter 18
Tube Biasing 19
Class A Biasing 19
Chapter 3 Power Supply 23

Full-Wave Rectifier Power Supply 23
Why full-wave rectification? 24
Function of the Full-Wave Rectifier 25
Filtration 27
Locating Electronic Components 30
Other Full-Wave Power Supplies 32
Electrolytic Capacitor Polarity 33
Electrolytic Capacitor Isolation 36
Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio iii

Chapter 4 Audio Output 37
Push-Pull Audio Output 37
Function of the Push-Pull Output 39
Audio Side A 39
Component Function, Side A 40
Feedback Circuit 41
Audio Side B 42
Component Function, Side B 43
Tone Control 44
Push-Pull Output Quality 45
Chapter 5 Audio Phase Inverter 47

Phase Inverter 47
Function of the Phase Inverter Circuit 49
Volume Control 49
The Phase Inverter 50
Component Function 51
Component Function (continued) 52
Other Phase Inverter Circuits 54
Transformer Phase Inverter 54
Screen Grid Phase Inverter 55
Chapter 6 I.F./Detector, Eye Tube 57

I.F./Detector AVC and Eye Tube 57
Function of the I.F/Detector AVC and Eye Tube Circuit 60
I.F. 60
Detector AVC 62
Eye Tube 63
Component Function (continued) 65
Tuning Meter Indicator Circuit 66
Chapter 7 Local Oscillator 67

Local Oscillator Mixer Converter 67
Function of the Local Oscillator Circuit 69
Switch S3 and S4 69
The Oscillator 70
Tuned Circuit 71
Function of the Mixer Converter Circuit 72
iv Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio

Chapter 8 R.F. Amplifier 75
Radio Frequency Amplifier 75
Function of the Radio Frequency Amplifier Circuit 77
Antenna Tuning 77
R.F. Amplifier and Output 78
Chapter 9 Continuity Testing 81

Continuity Testing
Transformers, Coils and Resistors 81
Test Points 82
Test Points for the Power Transformer 82
Test Points for the I.F. Transformers 84
Test Points for the Antenna Coils 85
Test Points for the R.F. Coils 86
Test Points for the Oscillator Coils 88
Test Points for the Speaker 89
Testing Resistors 90
Chapter 10 Part Replacement 91

Capacitors 91
Mica 91
Gimmick 92
Wax Capacitors 92
Electrolytic Capacitors 93
Spare Parts 95
Using Spare Parts 97
I.F. Transformer replacement 97
Power Transformer Replacement 98
Audio Transformer Replacement 99
Coil Replacement 99
Coil Repair 99
Coil Rewinding 100
Tube Adapters and Re-Basing 100
Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio v

Chapter 11 Safety, Testing & Alignment 103
Safety 103
Safe Working Environment 103
Power On Handling RULES 104
Powering Down the Radio 104
Isolation Transformer 104
Variable Transformer 105
Testing The Radio Chassis 106
Initial Chassis Power Up 106
Chassis Setup 106
Power Up Test 106
Alignment 108
Overview 108
Alignment Test Points 109
Signal Generator 110
NOTE #1: 111
NOTE #2: 111
NOTE #3: 111
NOTE #4: 112
Alignment Procedure - 1 113
Alignment II 115
Step #1 116
Step #2 116
Step #3 116
Step #4 116
vi Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio

Chapter 12 Troubleshooting Guide 117
Troubleshooting Guide 117
The Key and Purpose 117
Where to Start? 118
Current 119
No or Low Current 119
No Current 119
Low Current 120
All Tubes Lighted 120
C34, No B+ 120
B+ at C34, No Plate Voltage 121
Tubes Not Lighted 122
High Current 122
Current is Very High 122
Remove Rectifier Tube 122
Current is Now Low (rectifier tube is removed) 123
Current is Still High (rectifier tube is removed) 124
Current is a Little High, Almost Normal (all tubes installed) 125
T1 Runs Hot, but steady 125
T1 Runs Hot, and Increasing in Temperature 126
Is T1 still running hot and increasing in temperature?
Yes 127
NO 127
Normal Current 128
Does The Radio Play On All Bands? 128
Yes 128
NO 128
Does The Radio Play On Any Band? Yes 128
Does The Radio Play On Any Band? NO 130
All Voltages Read Correctly, but the Radio Does Not Play 131
Is a 60-Cycle Hum Heard at the Speaker? Yes 131
Is a 60-Cycle Hum Heard at the Speaker? NO 132
Signal Tracing 132
Building a Signal-Tracer 133
Using the Signal-Tracer 134
Where to Start Signal-Tracing 134
Connecting the Signal-Tracer to the circuit 135
NOTE: 135
Does the Signal-Tracer Detect Audio at the MID-POINT? Yes 135
Does the Signal-Tracer Detect Audio at the MID-POINT? NO 136
Does the Signal-Tracer Play at V2 pin 3? Yes 136
Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio vii

Does the Signal-Tracer Play at V2 pin 3? NO 137
Is the Local Oscillator Functioning? 138
How to determine if the local oscillator is oscillating. 138
Using Circuit Information 138
Using an Oscilloscope 138
Using a PLL Radio 139
Noise 140
What Radio Components Can Produce Noise? 140
Open Grounds 140
The 60-Cycle Hum 140
Static Noise 141
Thunder Storm Noise 141
Oscillator Problem 143
The Philco 37-650 Story 143
Locating the faulty circuit 143
NOTE: 143
Troubleshooting the oscillator circuit 144
Locating the fault in the circuit 145
Fault located 149
Repairing the Wafer Switch 150
Re-installing the oscillator unit 151
Replacing IF Mica Capacitors 153
Symptoms 153
Removing and Replacing 153
Troubleshooting Outline 157
GLOSSARY 175
INDEX 185
viii Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio

1
Shortwave Radio
Copyright by Richard A. McWhorter 2003
The R.C.A. model 8Q2 Shortwave Radio

FIGURE 1-1 R.C.A. Shortwave Radio
The RCA Model 8Q2 pictured in Figure 1-1 is a 3 band table top radio, and its
chassis is similar to that found in many console cabinet shortwave radios. The set
covers the AM broadcast band, and two shortwave bands. The circuit design is
representative of radio circuits found in the late 30s through the early 60s. Many
of the electronic principles used in this radio are still widely used today.
Warning
Never plug an old radio into house current until it has been restored
electrically. Most of the capacitors in these radios must be replaced and if power
were to be applied before restoration, one or more of these capacitors could short
and damage the radio. There are many steps that must be completed before it is
safe to apply power to an old radio.
When it’s time to apply power to the radio for testing, tuning, or troubleshoot-
ing, please use extreme caution while working on the open chassis. Some circuits
in this type of radio can develop 700 volts or more! Working safely with power
applied is discussed in Chapter - 11: Page - 103 "Safety." Until then NO POWER
should be applied to the radio.
Triage
Cleaning
Before removing the radio chassis from its cabinet, rotate the tuning capacitors
so that the fins are engaged completely. This will protect the fins from being
accidentally bent when removing the chassis.
Cleaning the radio chassis is a very important step in restoration. The dirt and
dust that has accumulated over the years can short out high frequency radio
signals. This could stop the radio from operating or it can introduce noise into the
radio circuits.
2 Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio

Triage
A small soft paintbrush, a vacuum, and a can of air works very well to remove
dust and dirt. Take your time. Great care must be taken around parts such as
coils, because they have very thin wire connections that can break easily.
It is very important that the variable tuning capacitors are cleaned thoroughly,
but be careful not to bend the fins.
A thorough cleaning of the chassis will help the radio’s performance and
eliminate some potential problems. One example involves a repaired radio that
was playing just great, when suddenly it stopped working. All of the tubes tested
good. When tracing the signal through the radio, it stopped at the second I.F.
transformer. There was a signal at its primary, but no signal at its secondary. This
seemed to be an open I.F. coil, however, the ohmmeter showed everything to be
normal. Removing the I.F. coil cover revealed an eighth of an inch of dust at the
bottom of the can. After cleaning both I.F. cans the radio played great again.
Tube Testing
One of the most basic steps in repairing radios is to test the tubes. Old tube
testers are still available.Good sources for old radio equipment and parts are
Hamfests, collectors, antique electronic catalog stores and the internet.
Here are the results of the tube tests for this radio:
6SA7 AMP BAD, OSC GOOD.
6SC7 TRIODE 1 GOOD, TRIODE 2 BAD.
6SK7 GOOD.
6B8 TRIODE GOOD, DIODE 1 GOOD, DIODE 2 GOOD.
6U5 BAD.
5Y3 PLATE 1 GOOD, PLATE 2 GOOD.Copyright by Richard A. McWhorter
2003
Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio 3

The 6F6 tubes used in this radio are not listed because someone had
substituted them with 6L6 tubes. Both 6L6s were replaced with new 6F6s.
Replace all the bad tubes with new tubes, and before installing any tube into
the radio re-test the tube. Refer to Figure A-2 for the tube location on this chassis.
FIGURE 1-2 Loose Tube Base
If a loose tube base is found,

one drop of instant glue on
either side of the tube base
restores the base to the glass as
GLUE
shown in Figure 1-2.
Just before installing a tube in

a tube socket, clean the tube
pins with WD-40® and wipe off
the excess.
Moveable Parts to Lubricate

Avoid using too much lubrication. These compounds can migrate beyond the
area of application and, in some cases, they may interact and degrade materials
such as dial cords.
Lubricate all shafts for the volume control, the tone control, the tuning and the
variable capacitor. Each shaft should be lubricated with a small amount of oil.
Delivering just one or two drops to each of these areas can be a problem. One
technique that works very well for me is to use a small common screwdriver, such
as a jeweler’s screwdriver. Place a drop of oil (or less) on the blade of the screw-
driver. The oil can be easily guided to the point where the shaft rotates in the
sleeve. When contact is made, capillary action will transfer the oil.

Triage
Variable Capacitors
FIGURE 1-3 Oiling the Variable Capacitor Shaft
JEWELERS
SCREWDRIVER
This screwdriver technique is shown in Figure 1-3, oiling the variable

capacitor shaft. This technique maybe repeated as necessary.

Wafer switches, tone and volume controls
Wafer Switches are very common in these radios. Great care must be taken
while working with them, because the insulating material is thin and brittle. This
radio has six wafer switches, S1 through S6. S1, S2 and S3, S4 are double sided
wafers and their construction is shown in Figure 1-4.
The wiring diagram shows the orientation of the wafers as they appear in the
complete wiring diagram of Figure A-1. The bottom view is when the chassis is
upside-down on the bench.
FIGURE 1-4 Wafer Switch

WAFER SWITCHES VIEW FROM
BOTTOM OF CHASSIS
7 6
WIRING DIAGRAM 5
8
9 4
12 1
11 2 10 3
10 3 11 2
FRONT 1
9 12
4
8 5
6 FRONT
7 98 7 6 54
STRAIGHT
DOWN VIEW 98 7 6 54
12 1
11 2 REAR
REAR 10 3 7 6
9 4 8 5
8 5 9 4
7 6 10 3
11 2
12 1
S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5 are all ganged together with a shaft that turns them
simultaneously. S1 and S2 switches the antenna coils while S3 and S4 switches the
oscillator coils, and S5 switches the R.F. coils. This entire complex is called the
band switch.
Wafer switch S6 is the radio/phonograph switch and the tone control

switch.Copyright by Richard A. McWhorter 2003

Triage
FIGURE 1-5 Band Switch
ANT.
COILS
V1
R.F.
COILS
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
The band switch is pictured in Figure 1-5. Refer to Figure A-4 for the complete
drawing of the chassis bottom view and to Figure A-15 for a picture of the entire
bottom view.

All of the wafer switches and the volume control should be cleaned with a
small soft brush and then lubricated. Over the years these parts have lost oils and
have become dirty. A short spritz of WD-40® does wonders.
FIGURE 1-6 Lubricating Wafer Switches and the Volume Control
S3 FRONT
S1 FRONT
S5 REAR
S2 REAR
S4 REAR
54
54
54
54
54
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
98
98
98
98
98
FRONT OF CHASSIS
TUNING SWITCHES S1-S6

R10
S8 VOLUME CONTROL
BOTTOM VIEW
OF CHASSIS
54
6
RADIO/PHONO/TONE SWITCH
7
S6 REAR
98
It is very important to avoid over lubrication and to only lubricate the

intended item.
Figure 1-6 shows the tuning switches, the volume control R10, and the radio/
phono/tone control switch. The arrows indicate the parts to be lubricated. Use the
plastic tube on the spray nozzle of the WD-40® can, to give good control of the
spray. If more control is needed, spray the WD-40® liquid in a small container
and then use a cotton swab to apply the liquid.
WD-40® is a good product to clean and lubricate all the contacts of S1-S6, the
carbon resistor inside the volume control and the wiper tap. It replaces the oils
that were lost over the years, and as a result it helps the insulating material to
return to its original shape.

Triage
Knobs
The 8Q2 radio had a knob with the flat part broken out and missing. This is
not uncommon and the repair for this knob is shown in Figure 1-7.
FIGURE 1-7 Knob Repair

ROSIN+HARDENER GLUE
CARDBOARD
METAL FLAT SPRING
METAL FLAT CARDBOARD WIRE COMPLETED REPAIR

SPRING
A B C
Figure 1-7 part A shows the three layers of the repair. The bottom layer is the
flat metal spring that holds the knob tight to the shaft. The next layer up is a thin,
cut to fit, piece of cardboard. The cardboard prevents the flat spring from being
glued to the knob. The top layer is filled with a quick setting epoxy glue. The
knob is placed in a small vice and positioned so that gravity holds the glue in
place until it hardens.
Figure 1-7 part B shows the knob after the glue has hardened. A small gauge
wire is wrapped around the knob shaft. The wire is then attached to the shaft with
instant glue.
Figure 1-7 part C shows the knob repaired. Black electrical tape is wrapped
over the wire and glue, making the last layer around the knob shaft.Copyright by
Richard A. McWhorter 2003

Dial Cord
Figure 1-8 shows the dial cord assemblies for this radio and manufacturer’s
information on stringing the dial cord.
FIGURE 1-8 Dial Cord

Pulley
Indicator Dial Cord
Rear Groove
Tuning Capacitors Set
Dial Cord Front Groove Screws
Tuning
Drum
Pulley Pulley
Gang at MAX Capacity

2¼
Tuning Drive Turns
DRIVE CORD ASSEMBLE
FIGURE 1-9 Adjusting Dial Cord
After re-stringing the dial cord, the

HOLD WHILE TUNING tension must be adjusted to ensure that the
DIAL CORD radio will tune properly. While holding the
Tuning SUPPLY
Drum dial cord as shown in Figure 1-9, turn the
tuning dial and adjust the slip knot for ten-
ONE SLIP KNOT
sion. When the radio tunes properly apply
AFTER ADJUSTING THE DIAL CORD one drop of instant glue to the slipknot.
TENSION, GLUE THE KNOT WITH A
DROP OF INSTANT GLUE. When the glue has dried, the last step is to
cut off the excess dial cord supply.

Triage
Speaker Repair
FIGURE 1-10 Speaker Cone Repair
RUBBER CONTACT CEMENT
The speaker in the 8Q2 radio was in reasonably good shape. There were no big
holes in the cone and it was in one piece. The corrugated ridges around the
speaker, however, had several small holes and there were signs of vibration
fatigue.
Placing the speaker so that the concave side is pointing straight up, apply a
thin coat of a rubber cement around the corrugated ridges. The rubber cement
will soak through the cone material, impregnating it, as shown in Figure 1-10.
When this coat is completely dry, apply another thin coat if needed, and let dry.
The rubber cement does not look pretty, but it strengthens the corrugated
ridges and will extend the life of the speaker for many years.

FIGURE 1-11 Speaker with a Loose Cone
GLUE THEN CLAMP
LIP LOOS E
NE CO
CO NE
E LI
OS P
O
L
AMP
CL CL
AM
P
CLA
MP
P
AM
CL
The glue holding the speaker cone (lip) to the speaker shell had dried out. This
causes annoying vibrating noises. Clamp the speaker cone in four places as
shown in Figure 1-11. Then check the voice coil movement by gently pushing on
the center of the cone to make sure that it does not rub. Glue and clamped (using
two more clamps) the loose cone lip to the speaker shell. When the glue has dried,
repeat these steps until the entire circumference of the cone has been glued.
If the speaker requires more than these simple repairs, send it to a antique
speaker repair shop. These repair shops can be found in antique radio magazines
and on the internet. Copyright by Richard A. McWhorter 2003

2
Vacuum Tubes
Vacuum Tubes
The 8Q2 RCA radio uses several types of vacuum tubes. The Diode (rectifier)
is used in the Power Supply circuit. The Triode is used in the Inverter circuit. The
Pentode is used in the Audio Output circuit and the R.F. Amplifier circuit. The
Pentagrid Converter is used in the Oscillator Mixer Converter circuit.
It is very important to understand the function of

each tube type.
This knowledge is key to understanding the
function of a tube circuit, and how to troubleshoot it.
Diode
FIGURE 2-1 Diode
GLASS
ENVELOPE PLATE
The schematic diagram for the tube type
diode is shown in Figure 2-1. This tube has
three parts, the filament, the cathode, and
VACUUM CATHODE the plate. The filament heats the cathode
causing it to emit electrons. The plate
collects the electrons. The two active
FILAMENT
elements are the cathode and the plate.
FIGURE 2-2 Diode Construction
+ + =
FILAMENT CATHODE PLATE DIODE
Figure 2-2 shows the construction of the diode (rectifier) tube. The filament is
placed inside the cathode and then both are placed inside the plate. All three parts
are housed in a glass envelope that is mounted on a base with the external
connection pins.
The rectifier tube in the 8Q2 is the 5Y3. It has two diodes in one glass
envelope. The 5Y3 does not have a cathode because in this tube the filament emits
the electrons.
Refer to Figure A-3 for the Tube Socket Pin Count and refer to Figure A-12 for
the Tube Base Diagram of the 5Y3.

Vacuum Tubes
Diode Function
FIGURE 2-3 Diode Function

R1 R1
V1 V1
5 5
0 10 0 10
MILLI- MILLI-
AMMETER AMMETER
90VDC BATTERY CURRENT 90VDC BATTERY NO

FLOW CURRENT
FLOW
(A) FORWARD BIAS (ON) (B) REVERSE BIAS (OFF)
The circuits in Figure 2-3 shows how the diode vacuum tube functions. The
filament is connected to the filament voltage supply (not shown). Its function is to
heat the cathode so the tube can function. In part (A) the negative side of the 90-
volt battery is connected to the cathode. The positive side is connected to the plate
through the milli-ammeter and resistor R1. This makes the cathode negative and
the plate positive and is the only time that current can flow through the rectifier
tube. This is shown in part (A) and is known as forward biasing.
Part (B) shows the positive side of the 90-volt battery connected to the cathode
and the negative side connected to the plate. This makes the cathode positive and
the plate negative. With this configuration no current can flow through the
rectifier tube. This is shown in part (B) and is known as reverse biasing.
Electron-Ray Indicator Eye Tube
For a detailed description refer to Chapter - 6: Page - 63 "Eye Tube."

Triode
GLASS FIGURE 2-4 Triode

ENVELOPE PLATE
The schematic diagram for the triode tube
CONTROL
GRID
type is shown in Figure 2-4. This tube has
four parts: the filament, the cathode, the
VACUUM CATHODE control grid, and the plate. The filament
heats the cathode and the cathode emits the
FILAMENT
electrons. The control grid controls the
electron flow from the cathode to the plate.
The plate collects the electrons. The three active elements are the cathode, control
grid, and the plate.
FIGURE 2-5 Triode Construction
+ + + =
FILAMENT CATHODE GRID PLATE TRIODE
The construction of the triode is shown in Figure 2-5. The filament is placed
inside the cathode and both are place inside the grid. Then all three are placed
inside the plate completing the Triode.
The triode tube in the 8Q2 radio is the 6SC7. It is a dual triode having two
triodes in one glass envelope.
Refer to Figure A-3 for the Tube Socket Pin Count and refer to Figure A-12 for
the Tube Base Diagram of the 6SC7.

Vacuum Tubes
Triode Function
FIGURE 2-6 Triode Function

R1
V1
0.5 5
0 1 0 10
MILLI- MILLI-
AMMETER AMMETER
(A) 90VDC BATTERY MAX PLATE

CURRENT
FLOW
R1
V1
0.5 5
0 1 0 10
MILLI- MILLI-
AMMETER AMMETER
(B) 90VDC BATTERY MID PLATE

CURRENT
FLOW
R1
V1
0.5 5
0 1 0 10
MILLI- MILLI-
AMMETER AMMETER
(C) 90VDC BATTERY NO

CURRENT
FLOW
The function of a triode (V1) is shown in Figure 2-6. Part (A) shows no
current flow through the control grid and the maximum current from the cathode
to the plate is 10 milliamperes. When the grid bias battery is connected to the
control grid as shown in part (B), it produces a small current through the control
grid. The control grid current also produces a negative field around the control
grid, reducing the electron flow from the cathode to the plate. The current from
the cathode to the plate is now reduced to 5.0 milliamperes. In part (C) another
control grid bias battery has been added. This increases the current flow through
the control grid and also increases the negative field around the control grid

blocking all electron flow from the cathode to the plate. This results in no current
flow from the cathode to the plate (0.0 milliamperes).
The three parts of Figure 2-6 show the amplification process of the vacuum
tube. A very small change of the control grid current produces a very large
change in the current flow from the cathode to the plate.
Pentode
GLASS PLATE FIGURE 2-7 Pentode

ENVELOPE
SUPPRESSOR GRID
The pentode has six parts. The filament,
SCREEN GRID cathode, control grid, and the plate
CONTROL function in the same way as in the Triode.
GRID
The suppressor grid is held negative and
VACUUM CATHODE any electrons that bounces off the plate,
are repelled by the suppressor grid back
FILAMENT
to the plate increasing the total current.
The screen grid is held positive, decreasing the capacitances of the tube elements.
Which then increases the frequency characteristics of the tube (6SK7, 6B8, 6F6).
Pentagrid Converter
GLASS
ENVELOPE
PLATE FIGURE 2-8 Pentagrid Converter
SUPPRESSOR GRID
VACUUM
SCREEN GRID The pentagrid Converter has seven
parts. The filament, cathode, control
CONTROL grid, screen grid, suppressor grid, and
GRID
the plate function in the same way as
SIGNAL GRID CATHODE in the pentode. The signal grid is
FILAMENT between the screen grids. The signal
grid is the radio frequency input to be
mixed with the local oscillator on the control grid. These two signals mixing
together create the intermediate frequency. Refer to Figure A-12 (6SA7).

Tube Biasing
Tube Biasing The electrical force applied to a vacuum tube,

for the purpose of establishing an electrical
reference level for the operation of the device.
Class A Biasing
FIGURE 2-9 Class A Bias
V1
R1 + 45.0
NO INPUT SIGNAL
DC
RV1
RB
- +
(A) +90VDC RED

BLACK
DC BIAS
SUPPLY
R1 + 45.0
DC
90VDC
- +
RV1 BLACK RED

(B)
RV1 = R1
The triode in Figure 2-9 part (A) is grid biased Class ‘A’. The control grid is
held at a potential that makes the internal resistance of V1 equal to R1. The source
of this potential is the DC bias supply and the bias resistor RB. The tube’s internal
resistance is shown as the variable resistor RV1. The result is that the plate of V1
reads 45 VDC, one half of the B+ (90VDC). The equivalent voltage divider circuit
is shown in Figure 2-9 part (B).

FIGURE 2-10 Class A with Signal
90VDC
V1
R1
NO INPUT SIGNAL
45VDC
RB
(A) +90VDC
DC BIAS 0VDC
SUPPLY TIME
90VDC
V1
R1
+
45VDC
-
RB
(B) +90VDC
DC BIAS 0VDC
SUPPLY TIME
Figure 2-10 part (A) shows a graph of the output of V1 (voltage and time) with
no input signal on the control grid. The output of V1 is a straight line at the
45VDC level. With a small sine wave signal applied to the control grid, as shown
in part (B), the output is an amplified sine wave 180 degrees out phase with the
input.
As the small sine wave signal makes the control grid more negative, V1
conducts less, thereby increasing the internal resistance of V1. This increases the
voltage drop across V1, (plate to ground) increasing the voltage at the plate.
As the small sine wave signal makes the control grid more positive, V1
conducts more and decreases the internal resistance of V1. This decreases the
voltage drop across V1, (plate to ground) decreasing the voltage at its plate.
The output increases to almost +90VDC and then decreases to almost 0VDC, a
nice clean output.

Tube Biasing
FIGURE 2-11 Bias to Negative

90VDC
V1
R1
NO INPUT SIGNAL
45VDC
RB
(A) +90VDC
DC BIAS 0VDC
SUPPLY TIME
90VDC
FLAT TOP
V1
R1
+
45VDC
-
RB
(B) +90VDC
DC BIAS 0VDC
SUPPLY TIME
If the biasing should become faulty, the output will be distorted. In Figure 2-
11 something in the bias circuit has caused the negative bias supply to become too
negative. This causes V1 to conduct less, increasing the voltage drop across V1 as
shown in part (A). The graph shows the plate voltage above 45VDC.
When a signal is applied to the control grid and the signal becomes more
negative, it cuts off V1 completely, causing a flat top distorted signal at its output
(plate). The input signal is trying to drive V1 beyond the B+ power source. The
result is a very distorted amplified signal, as shown graphically in Figure 2-11
part (B).Copyright by Richard A. McWhorter 2003

FIGURE 2-12 Bias Not Negative Enough
90VDC
V1
R1
NO INPUT SIGNAL
45VDC
RB
(A) +90VDC
DC BIAS 0VDC
SUPPLY TIME
90VDC
V1
R1
+
45VDC
-
RB
(B) +90VDC FLAT

BOTTOM
DC BIAS 0VDC
SUPPLY TIME
Figure 2-12 shows V1 when something in the bias circuit has caused the bias
supply to become less negative. This causes V1 to conduct more, lowering the
voltage drop across V1 as shown in part (A). The graph shows V1’s plate voltage
to be less than 45VDC.
When a signal is applied to the control grid of V1 and the signal is going more
positive, V1 goes into saturation (all the way ON). This causes a flat bottom as
shown in Figure 2-12 part (B). The input signal is trying to drive V1 below 0VDC.
This also causes distortion of the amplified signal.Copyright by Richard A.
McWhorter 2003

3
Power Supply
Full-Wave Rectifier Power Supply

The power supply, furnishes the Direct Current (DC) to each section of the
radio, and it is highlighted in Figure 3-1.
FIGURE 3-1 Full-Wave Rectifier Power Supply
I.F. DETECTOR 1st. AF

R.F. OSCILLATOR
AUTO-VOLUME PHASE
AMPLIFIER CONVERTER
CONTROL INVERTER
PUSH-PULL
AUDIO
SIGNAL FULL OUTPUT
TUNING EYE WAVE
POWER
INDICATOR POWER
AVC SUPPLY
The AUDIO OUTPUT, I.F.-DET.AVC., OSC.CONV, TUNING EYE, and
R.F.AMP. each receive about 270VDC, and the 1st.AF-PH.INV. receives about
62VDC. In most radios of this type the power supply uses a full-wave rectifier.
This means that both halves of the Alternating Current (AC) sine wave (360
degrees) are utilized to produce the Direct Current (DC).
Why full-wave rectification?

Because of the number of tubes and circuits in a shortwave radio, a more
robust power supply is needed. The full-wave power supply satisfies this need.
The wiring diagram for the 8Q2 is shown in Figure 3-2. For the complete wiring
diagram of this radio refer to Figure A-1.
FIGURE 3-2 Full-Wave Rectifier Wiring Diagram

FIELD B+
PRIMARY T1
5VAC + L18 +
5 _ _ C34
1060
10MFD
1
110VAC 410
6 C35
8
10MFD B-
S7
2
4
V7 5Y3 CHASSIS
125 GROUND
RECTIFIER
S8 150 TO HEATERS 6SK7,6SA7,6B8,6F6G H = 2 & 7
6VAC
210 & DIAL LAMPS 6SC7 H = 7 & 8 6U5/6G5 H = 1 & 6
240V
17 THREE SECONDARIES
Refer to Figure A-5 for the schematic and physical drawing.

The rectifier tube (V7) is a 5Y3 full-wave rectifier. Refer to Figure A-12 for the
tube base diagram. The filament voltage is 5VAC and the maximum plate voltage
is 350V RMS per plate. In this circuit V7 changes AC voltage into pulsating DC
voltage. V7 has two rectifiers housed in one glass envelope. Each rectifier
conducts electrons only when its plate is positive (forward biased). The electrons
flow from the filament to the positive plate. When a plate is negative, there is no
electron flow between the filament and the negative plate (reveres bias).

Function of the Full-Wave Rectifier

Transformer T1’s high voltage secondary supplies the 700VAC to V7 at pins 6
and 4. T1’s high voltage secondary center-tap is connected to chassis ground (B-).
The voltage between pin 6 (or pin 4) and the chassis ground is about 350VAC at
each pin. It is this 350VAC that is rectified into a pulsating 350VDC.
Figure 3-3 shows how V7 functions when pin 6 is positive. Plate A of V7 and
the filament are forward biased, causing current to flow from the filament to plate
A. The output is a 350VDC positive pulse, measured between the filament and
chassis ground.
FIGURE 3-3 Full-Wave Rectifier, Plate A Positive
T1
+
5VAC
PULSATING
350VAC DC OUTPUT
AC INPUT 1 350VDC
+ +
6 A
8
+ A
- 0
+ 2
4
- 5Y3
V7 -
RECTIFIER

Figure 3-4 shows how V7 functions when pin 4 is positive. Plate B of V7 and
the filament are forward biased, causing current to flow from the filament to plate
B. Again the output is another 350VDC positive pulse, measured between the
filament and chassis ground.
FIGURE 3-4 Full-Wave Rectifier, Plate B Positive

T1
+
5VAC
PULSATING
DC OUTPUT
AC INPUT
- 1 350VDC
+ 6
8
+ A B
- + 0
2
+
4 B
5Y3
V7 -
350VAC
RECTIFIER
The end result is that both the positive and negative halves of T1’s high
voltage secondary are rectified producing a 350V pulsating DC. Figure 3-5 shows
this relationship between the AC input and the output at the filament of V7.
FIGURE 3-5 Input and Output of Power Supply

+
120VAC
INPUT
_
350VDC A B A B A B A B
OUTPUT
FROM V7 PLATES A AND B CONDUCTING
The output of the power supply as shown in Figure 3-5 is still not usable. This
pulsating DC would cause a very loud hum from the speaker and would vary
little when the volume control is changed.

What is needed is a filter circuit to smooth out the pulsating DC. Electrolytic
capacitors (C35 and C34), field coils, and resistors are added to the power supply
circuit to filter the pulsating DC. The field coil is located physically around the
magnet of the speaker, refer to Figure 3-10, but it is electrically between C35 and
C34 as shown in Figure 3-6.
FIGURE 3-6 Power Supply Diagram

FIELD B+
PRIMARY T1
5VAC + L18 +
5 _ _ C34
1060
10MFD
1
110VAC 410
6 C35
8
10MFD B-
S7
2
4
V7 5Y3 CHASSIS
125 GROUND
RECTIFIER
6VAC
240V
Filtration
The purpose of Filtration is to fill in the gaps between each DC plus to produce
an almost perfect DC output. In this power supply a very popular filter circuit is
used, the PI Filter.
FIGURE 3-7 Greek Symbol for PI
The reason this filter is known as a PI Filter, is that the

electrical construction of this filter resembles the Greek symbol,
PI. The left leg of the symbol represents the electrolytic capaci-
tor C35 and the right leg represents the electrolytic capacitor
C34. The top of the Greek symbol represents the field coil in the 8Q2 radio,
although in other radios this maybe a resistor instead of a coil.Copyright by Rich-
ard A. McWhorter 2003

FIGURE 3-8 Filtered DC
C35 FILLED VERY SMOOTH DC AFTER
PULSATING DC FIELD COIL AND C34
+ +
A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B
350VDC FIELD 280VDC = B+

C D
+ L18 +
PULSATING DC _ 1060
_ C34
FROM V7 10MFD
+
C35
A B A B A B A B 10MFD
Figure 3-8 shows the function of the PI filter. V7 produces the pulsating DC
and the capacitor C35 fills in gaps between these pulses (point C). The field coil
and capacitor C34 complete the filtration, and at point D the 280VDC is very
smooth and almost battery quality. This voltage is then distributed to the
circuits of the radio as B+. The half circle and square in Figure 3-8 are the
identifying marks on the metal can that houses each capacitor, C34 and C35
respectively. The negative grounds for C35, C34, (C28 and C20 are used in other
radio circuits) are all connected to the metal can housing the four capacitors as
shown in Figure 3-9. The metal can is mounted on the chassis, making the ground
connections for all four capacitors, refer to Figure 3-11.
FIGURE 3-9 Electrolytic Capacitors

POSITIVE ELECTROLYTIC
CAPACITOR CONNECTIONS
10mfd 450v
10mfd 450v
10mfd 450v
20mfd 50v
NEGATIVE COMMON
GROUND CONNECTIONS

FIGURE 3-10 Field Coil
FIELD COIL The field coil is located on the back of the

speaker as shown in Figure 3-10. The field coil
serves two purposes. First, it is part of the PI
filter. Secondly, it supplies a strong
magnetic field for the voice coil. This
increases the audio performance of the
speaker, both in quality and volume.
The location of the metal can that houses C34, C35, C20, C28, and the locations
of transformer T1, rectifier tube V7 (5Y3), and the speaker socket are shown in
Figure 3-11. Refer to Figure A-2 for the complete parts location for this chassis.
FIGURE 3-11 Radio Chassis

T1 C20 & C28 V7 SPEAKER SOCKET
C34 & C35
CHASSIS

A list of voltages by pin number are shown in Figure 3-12. For a complete
listing of all voltages, refer to Figure A-11. This information is very useful when
troubleshooting because any large variations may indicate the problem area.
FIGURE 3-12 V7 Tube Socket Voltages

FILAMENT PIN# V7
VOLTAGE
5VAC
1 0.0
2 F 349VDC
FILAMENT VOLTAGE IS MEASURED 8 1
BETWEEN PINS 2 AND 8. 7 2 3 N/A
6 3
ALL OTHER VOLTAGES ARE MEASURED 5 4 4 340VAC
FROM PIN# TO CHASSIS GROUND.
V7
5 N/A
ALL VOLTAGES MAY VARY +/- 20%. 5Y3G
RECT. 6 341VAC
7 N/A
8 F 349VDC
Locating Electronic Components

Locating electronic components is an easy process when you use the wiring
diagram and the chassis drawing. But if you only have the wiring diagram,
locating components is more of a challenge. Figure 3-13 on the next page has three
parts. The top part is the wiring diagram for the power supply. The middle is a
drawing of the power supply (bottom view), and the last part is the wiring dia-
gram of the speaker and field coil. To locate C35, as an example, look at the wiring
diagram (top) in Figure 3-13 and you will see that the positive side of C35 is wired
to pin 2 of V7. Then look at V7’s tube socket (middle) and locate pin 2, then just
follow the wire to C35. The other wire on pin 2 is connected to the field coil
through the chassis cable and speaker socket.
Using the pins of the tube sockets is a reliable way of locating electronic
components. Refer to Figure A-3 for the pin outs of most tube sockets.

FIGURE 3-13 Power Supply Part Location

Power Supply Wiring Diagram
FIELD B+
PRIMARY T1
5VAC + L18 +
5 _ _ C34
1060
10MFD
1
110VAC 410
6 C35
8
10MFD B-
S7
2
4
V7 5Y3 CHASSIS
125
RECTIFIER GROUND
6VAC
240V
C34 B+
C35 D C20
Power Supply
C28
Bottom View
SECONDARY
CENTER TAP BLACK
T1 TO CHASSIS To Audio Output
BLACK
GROUND
POWER 5VAC
BROWN
TRANSFORMER CHASSIS
CABLE & SOCKET
BROWN BLACK
8 1 BROWN
7 2
6 3
120VAC 5 4
349VDC
700VAC
V7
SECONDARIES 5Y3G
PIN6 350VAC TO CHASSIS GROUND RECT.
PIN4 350VAC TO CHASSIS GROUND
Speaker and Field Coil

RED T2 SPEAKER
594
SPEAKER
PLUG L16
RED BLACK 2
RED
L17 HUM NEUTRAL

COIL
BROWN
L18
1060 FIELD COIL
BROWN

Other Full-Wave Power Supplies
There are many different types of full-wave rectifier circuits. The power
supply in this radio supplies only positive voltage and all of the electrolytic
capacitors have a common chassis ground.
Some radios require power supplies that produce both positive and negative
voltages. In these radios the basic operation of the full-wave rectifier is still the
same as before, but the filtering circuit is configured differently. These filtering
circuits usually have a PI filter (although it may look like its upside-down) and a
voltage divider circuit.
The voltage divider is a series of resistors connected between the positive and
negative of the DC power supply. The different voltages are developed across
each series resistor, known as a voltage drop. These voltages are distributed to the
circuits of the radio.
An example is shown in Figure 3-14. This power supply has a PI filter made
up of C1, C2 and a field coil. The voltage divider consist of the series resistors R1,
R2, and R3.
FIGURE 3-14 Full-Wave, Example A

V7 FULL-WAVE
RECTIFIER
+
CENTER TAP
_
C1 _
C2 R1
+ FIELD + R2
R3
R4
V7
+
+
TO HEATERS
CHASSIS
GROUND
_C3
& DIAL LAMPS

Electrolytic Capacitor Polarity
The replacement of the electrolytic capacitors in circuits like the one in

Figure 3-14 becomes a challenge. The electrolytic capacitors are polarized, which
means they have a positive and negative side. They must be installed properly
with the positive side of the capacitor to the positive side of the circuit and the
negative side to the negative side of the circuit. This is very important because if
these capacitors were to be installed backwards, the radio could be damaged,
and the capacitors could explode!
The center-tap of the secondary in Figure 3-14 is the most negative point in the
power supply. Capacitors C1 and C2 have their negative sides connected to the
center-tap, but this point is not chassis ground. One side of resistor R1 is also
connected to this point and the other side of R1 is connected to R2, and R2 is then
connected to R3 through to chassis ground. C3’s negative side is connected to
chassis ground. All the negative sides of the capacitors are orientated toward the
center-tap. C1, C2 are connected directly to the center-tap while C3 is connected
through chassis ground, then through R3, R2, and R1 and finally to the center-tap.
The positive sides of all the capacitors are orientated toward V7’s filament. The
positive side of C1 is connected directly to the filament, C2 is connected through
the field coil, and C3 is connected through resistor R4.Copyright by Richard A.
McWhorter 2003

Another example of a full-wave power supply with both positive and negative
outputs is shown in Figure 3-15. This power supply has a PI filter made up of C1,
C2 and a field coil. The voltage divider consists of the series resistors R1, R2, R3,
R4, and R5.
FIGURE 3-15 Full-Wave, Example B
V7 FULL-WAVE + +
RECTIFIER
R3 R4 R5
FIELD
+
+ +
V7 C1 C2
_ _
CENTER TAP
_ R1
CHASSIS
+C3
TO HEATERS GROUND R2
& DIAL LAMPS
POSITIVE
The center-tap is the most negative point of this power supply. Electrolytic
capacitors C1, C2, and C3 have their common negative leads connected directly to
the center-tap. As in the previous power supplies the positive sides of the capaci-
tors are orientated toward the filament of the rectifier tube V7.
The positive connections of C1 and C2 are the same as in Figure 3-14, but C3’s
positive connection is connected to the chassis ground. This seems to be very
different from the previous power supplies. The key to understanding C3’s
positive connection is to understand the voltage divider circuit made up of
resistors R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5. It is sometimes helpful to re-draw circuits making
it easier to understand. Figure 3-16 is a re-drawing of the filter circuit in
Figure 3-15.

FIGURE 3-16 Example B Filter
NEGATIVE POSITIVE
VOLTAGE + VOLTAGE
DC DC
- + - +
BLACK RED BLACK RED
CHASSIS CHASSIS
GROUND GROUND
+ + FIELD
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
TO CENTER-TAP
+ +
_ CHASSIS
GROUND
C3 _ +
_ +
C2
C1
TO FULL-WAVE
RECTIFIER
FILAMENT
The drawing in Figure 3-16 shows the series of resistors R1-R5. R1 is

connected to the most negative point, the center-tap, and R5 is connected to the
most positive point of the power supply, the rectifier filament. This voltage
divider circuit is connected to chassis ground at the connection between resistors
R2 and R3. All the DC voltages are measured from chassis ground. All the voltage
points to the left of chassis ground are negative and all the voltage points to the

right of chassis ground are positive as show by the DC voltmeters. In this
re-drawing of the filter circuit, it is much easier to see the polarization of all the
electrolytic capacitors.
Electrolytic Capacitor Isolation

Some of the electrolytic capacitors in the power supplies of Figure 3-14 and
Figure 3-15 must be isolated from chassis ground. Figure 3-17 shows the
construction of two isolated electrolytic capacitor cans. These can be used in
Figure 3-14 (C1 & C2) and Figure 3-15 (C1, C2 & C3) respectively. This drawing
shows that the base of the metal cans has an isolating material that mounts the
cans to the chassis, keeping the common grounds isolated from the chassis.
FIGURE 3-17 Isolated Electrolytic Capacitor

TWO CAPACITORS THREE CAPACITORS
POSITIVE CONNECTIONS POSITIVE CONNECTIONS
ISOLATING ISOLATING
MOUNTING MOUNTING
MATERIAL MATERIAL
NEGATIVE COMMON
GROUND CONNECTIONS
If a non-isolated electrolytic capacitor can was mistakenly used to replace the

capacitors (C1, C2) or (C1, C2, C3) in the power supplies of Figure 3-14 or
Figure 3-15, the non-isolated metal can would short out the negative voltages of
each power supply.Copyright by Richard A. McWhorter 2003

4
Audio Output
Push-Pull Audio Output

The Push-Pull Audio Output produces a high volume, high quality audio
output. The audio output circuit is highlighted in Figure 4-1.
FIGURE 4-1 Push-Pull Audio Output

R.F. OSCILLATOR
AUTO-VOLUME PHASE
AMPLIFIER CONVERTER
CONTROL INVERTER
PUSH-PULL
AUDIO
SIGNAL FULL OUTPUT
TUNING EYE WAVE
POWER
INDICATOR POWER
AVC SUPPLY
Push-Pull circuits require two audio input signals 180 degrees out of phase. In
the 8Q2, the first AF (Audio Frequency) phase inverter circuit provides the two
out of phase input signals.
The name Push-Pull refers to how the two output tubes function together.
When one output tube is increasing its conduction (pushing), the other output
tube is reducing its conduction (pulling) and then the roles are reversed. This cir-
cuit is shown in Figure 4-2. For the complete wiring diagram refer to Figure A-1.
FIGURE 4-2 Push-Pull Audio Output Circuit

V5 6F6G
FROM PHASE AUDIO OUTPUT
INVERTER OUTPUT INPUT A C43
A SIDE 220PF
3
1
C26
.01MFD
5
4
AUDIO INPUT SIGNALS R13 C33 .005MFD

8
180 DEGREES 470K
OUT OF PHASE
560
R14 R16
AUDIO 470K T2 SPEAKER
594
FEEDBACK
DRIVES INPUT OF R15 L16
PHASE INVERTER 10K 2
C28
B SIDE 20
C30 MFD
L17
.01MFD
HUM NEUTRAL
COIL
C36 8 C42 .005MFD
FROM PHASE AUDIO .05MFD
5
INVERTER OUTPUT INPUT B 4
B SIDE
1
RCA
12 1
R17 3 MODEL
11 2 R18
10 S6
REAR
3
TONE
470K
470K 8Q2
9 4
V6 6F6G
8 5 OUTPUT
7 6
C32 C31
.0025MFD .007MFD
B+

Function of the Push-Pull Output

The Vacuum Tubes used in 8Q2’s output circuit are two 6F6G tubes. The 6F6G
is a Power Amplifier Pentode and the filament voltage is 6.3VAC. The maximum
plate voltage is 375VDC and it is a class A amplifier. Refer to Figure A-12 for the
tube Base Diagram.
Audio Side A
FIGURE 4-3 Audio Input A

AUDIO C43 AUDIO
220PF V5 6F6G
AUDIO OUTPUT
INPUT A
FROM PHASE I.F.
INVERTER 3
OUTPUT 1
A SIDE C26
AUDIO & I.F. .01MFD
FREQUENCE 5
4
AMPLIFIED
455kHz
R13 8 C33 OUTPUT
CARRIER .005MFD
470K
560
R14 R16
470K T2 SPEAKER
AUDIO
594
FEEDBACK
TO V4 PIN4 R15 L16
DRIVES INPUT OF 10K 2
C28
PHASE INVERTER 20
B SIDE C30 MFD
L17
.01MFD
HUM NEUTRAL
COIL
TO TONE
CONTROL S6
B+
Input A is made up of one half of a 455kHz carrier and the audio information.
The 455 kHz carrier is filtered to chassis ground through C43. The audio
continues through C26 to pin 5 of V5, the control grid. V5 greatly amplifies the
audio signal and the output of the plate (pin 3) drives the top half of the audio
transformer T2, as shown in Figure 4-3. The amplified output of V5 is 180 degrees
out of phase with audio input A.

Component Function, Side A
Some components in Figure 4-3 are connected to the Phase Inverter Circuit
and the power supply (B+), these connections are not shown. Refer to Figure 4-2
for the complete push pull audio output circuit and Figure A-1 for the complete
wiring diagram.
C43 supplies a filter path for the 455kHz carrier to chassis ground.
R14 is the load resistor for plate A of V4 pin 2, the 6SC7 Phase Inverter Circuit.
R13 and R15 are control grid biasing resistors for V5 pin 5, 6F6G. R13 and R15
are also the voltage divider resistors for the audio feedback circuit.
R16 the cathode resistor, and the electrolytic capacitor C28 develop a positive
22VDC on the cathodes of both 6F6G output tubes V5 and V6.
C26 isolates the positive plate A voltage of V4 pin 2 (70.2VDC) from the bias
control grid voltage of V5 pin 5 (0.005VDC). C26 also passes the audio signal from
V4 pin 2 plate A to the control grid of V5 pin 5.
C30 isolates the control grid bias B (-0.57VDC) of V4 pin 4 from the voltage
divider bias between R13 and R15 (0.0001VDC). C30 also passes the audio feed-
back signal from the voltage divider to control grid B of V4 pin 4.
C33 gives the audio output a pleasing tone. It also shorts any remaining RF
from the plate of V5 to chassis ground through R16 and C28. C42 has the same
function for side B V6.
T2 is the Audio Output Transformer. Refer to Figure 4-6 for the physical
location. V5’s plate circuit drives the top half of T2 which drives the Speaker.
V5 (6F6G) is a Class A amplifier. It amplifies the audio signal on its control
grid. The amplified output appears at the plate, pin 3.
L17 is a Hum Neutralizing Coil. It is made up of a few turns of wire wound

around the field coil winding. The back EMF produced in L17 reduces the hum at
the speaker.

Feedback Circuit
In many circuits there are two electrical components, DC (plate voltage or grid
bias), and AC (RF modulated signal or Audio signal). Figure 4-4 shows both
components. The DC is indicated by the DC voltmeters while the AC signal is
indicated by the black arrows.
FIGURE 4-4 Feedback Voltage Divider Circuit
FROM V4 PIN2
+70.2
PLATE A
CALCULATING R15 VOLTAGE DROP
DC
E=I x R R total = R13 + R15 = 480K
- + I=E/R I = 0.005/480,000 = 0.00000001

E = 0.00000001 x 10,000 = 0.0001
BLACK RED R15
C43
220PF FROM AUDIO
+0.005 INPUT A +0.0001
DC RF DC
C26
.01MFD
- + - +
TO V5
PIN5
BLACK RED BLACK RED
R13
470K
AUDIO
FEEDBACK
DRIVES INPUT OF C30
R15
.01MFD
PHASE INVERTER 10K
B SIDE
The voltage divider resistor R13 reads +0.005VDC at V5 pin 5, at the

connection of R13 and R15 the value is +0.0001VDC, a fifty fold reduction. The
AC audio signal will vary with the volume control, but the volume level will
always be reduced by this proportion. This audio feedback signal is in phase with
audio input A and it drives the B side of the Phase Inverter Circuit.

Audio Side B
Some components in Figure 4-5 are connected to the Phase Inverter Circuit
and the power supply, B+. These connections are not shown. Refer to Figure 4-2
for the complete push pull audio output circuit and Figure A-1 for the complete
wiring diagram.
FIGURE 4-5 Audio Input B

R16
T2 SPEAKER
594
L16
2
C28
20
MFD
L17
HUM NEUTRAL
COIL
C36 8 C42 .005MFD
AUDIO .05MFD
5
INPUT B 4
1
FROM PHASE
R17 3
INVERTER OUTPUT 470K
R18 AMPLIFIED
B SIDE 470K OUTPUT
V6 6F6G
OUTPUT
B+
Input B is developed from plate B of V4 pin 5 and it is 180 degrees out of phase
with input A. Audio input B’s signal passes through C36 to the control grid of V6
which greatly amplifies the audio signal. The output of V6 (plate pin 3) drives the
bottom half of the audio output transformer T2. This amplified output is also 180
degrees out of phase with audio input B.

Component Function, Side B
Refer to Figure 4-5, Figure 4-2, and Figure A-1.
R16 (cathode resistor) and the electrolytic capacitor C28 develop a positive
22VDC on the cathodes of both 6F6G output tubes (V5 A and V6 B sides).
R17 is the load resistor for plate B of V4 pin 5, the 6SC7 Phase Inverter Circuit.
R18 is the control grid bias resistor for V6 pin 5.
C36 isolates the plate voltage B (73VDC) of V4 pin 5 and the control grid bias
(0.005VDC) of V6 pin 5. It also passes the audio signal B to the control grid of V6
pin 5.
V6 (6F6G) is a Class A amplifier. It amplifies the audio signal on its control

grid. The amplified output appears at the plate, pin 3.
T2 is the Audio Output Transformer. Refer to Figure 4-6 for physical location.
The V6 plate circuit drives the bottom half of T2, which drives the speaker.
FIGURE 4-6 Push-Pull Output Transformer T2

PUSH-PULL AUDIO
OUTPUT TRANSFORMER
T2
FIELD
COIL
SPEAKER

Tone Control
TO PLATE A FIGURE 4-7 Tone Switch

12 1 V4 PIN2
11 2
10 S6 3 Rotary switch S6 is the tone control and radio/
REAR 4
9
phonograph selector switch. The tone control has
8 5
7 6
three tone settings high, medium, and low. As the
C32 C31 switch is rotated, a metal wiper makes electrical
.0025MFD .007MFD contact with one of three S6 switch terminals. The
wiring diagram of the Tone Control circuit is shown
in Figure 4-7. The physical drawing of the tone
switch S6 is shown in Figure 4-8.
High tone is the connection at terminal 8. This is the chassis ground

connection and there is no other component in the circuit. This results in the
highest tone as shown in Figure 4-7 and Figure 4-8. By rotating S6 one click,
terminals 8 and 7 are connected together. This connects C32 to chassis ground,
adding a 0.0025MFD capacitor to audio input A, resulting in a medium tone.
Rotating one more click, terminals 8 and 6 are connected together. This connects
C31 to chassis ground, adding a 0.007MFD capacitor to audio input A. The result
is a low tone.
FIGURE 4-8 Switch S6

S6 REAR VIEW TONE SECTION ONLY
12 1 12 1 12 1
11 2 11 2 11 2
10 3 10 3 10 3
9 4 9 4 9 4
8 5 8 5 8 5
7 6 7 6 7 6
NO CONNECTION 8 AND 7 CONNECTED 8 AND 6 CONNECTED

HIGH TONE MEDIUM TONE LOW TONE

Push-Pull Output Quality
FIGURE 4-9 Push-Pull Output

DUAL-TRACE OSCILLOSCOPE
V5 6F6G
OUTPUT
SIDE
+
A 3
CH 1
1
5
4
8 C33
560
R16
T2
594
C28
20
MFD
+ +
CH 2
8 C42
5
4
3
SIDE GRND
B
V6 6F6G
OUTPUT
B+
The push-pull circuit produces a high quality audio output. This is the result
of the two audio output tubes working 180 degrees out of phase. The drawing of a
dual-trace oscilloscope in Figure 4-9 shows this relationship. When the side A is
most negative, side B is most positive and visa-versa. This results in the maxi-
mum DC potential across the primary winding of the audio output transformer
T2. This push-pull configuration almost doubles the audio dynamic range, as
compared to a single tube output, producing a high quality audio output.
Both output tubes should be matched. When the specifications of each output
tube match, both tubes will contribute equally.

A list of voltages by pin numbers of V5 and V6 are shown in Figure 4-10. For a
complete listing of voltages refer to Figure A-11. All voltages may vary by +/-
20%. This information is very useful when troubleshooting and any large
variations may indicate the problem area.
Refer to Figure A-3 for the tube socket pin count and refer to bottom view in
Figure A-4 for the physical tube socket locations.
FIGURE 4-10 Voltage Listing of V5 and V6

6SC7
1st.AF C40
PH.INVER. 70.2V
280V
278.6V C36 R13
C26
C34
C30
R12
R15
5 6 5 6 1 2
R18
4 7 4 7 8 3
C43
8 8 C35 D C20
3 3 7 4
2 1 2 1 6 5
V
73
22.6V
C28
V6 V5 R11 V4
C33
BLACK
C42 275V
RED
272.4V 6F6G
22.5V OUTPUT R16
V6 PIN1,V5 PIN1 CONNECTED
TO CHASSIS GROUND
PIN# V5 V6
TO 6F6G V6 PIN3
BLACK
PLATES V5 PIN3 BLACK 1 0.0 0.0
TO C34 & CHASSIS CABLE

& SOCKET 2 F F
6F6G PIN4
TO 5Y3G
FILAMENT
BROWN BLACK
3 275 272.4
BROWN
T2
4 280 278.6
RED SPEAKER
594
L16 5 0.005 0.005
RED BLACK 2
RED 6 N/A N/A

SPEAKER L17 HUM NEUTRAL
PLUG & CABLE COIL
BROWN 7 F F
L18
1060 FIELD COIL
BROWN 8 22.6 22.5

5
Audio Phase Inverter
Phase Inverter
The AF (Audio Frequency) Phase Inverter, converts the input audio signal
(from I.F. Detector) into two audio signals 180 degrees out of phase. The 1st AF
Phase Inverter is highlighted in Figure 5-1.
FIGURE 5-1 Phase Inverter

R.F. OSCILLATOR
AUTO-VOLUME PHASE
AMPLIFIER CONVERTER
CONTROL INVERTER
PUSH-PULL
AUDIO
SIGNAL FULL OUTPUT
TUNING EYE WAVE
POWER
INDICATOR POWER
AVC SUPPLY
The input signal is the negative half of the demodulated 455kHz intermediate
frequency carrier. This is shown in the wiring diagram of Figure 5-2. This input
will be converted into two audio signals 180 degrees out of phase. These signals
then drive the push-pull audio output circuit.
FIGURE 5-2 AF Phase Inverter Circuit

V4 6SC7 V5 6F6G
AUDIO & 1stAF-PH.INVER. OUTPUT
455kHz I.F. C43
220PF
5 2 3
1 1
A C26
B .01MFD
5
4 4
3
6 R13 8 C33 .005MFD
R11
470K
10
MEG R12 560
10
R14 R16
MEG
470K T2
INPUT AUDIO R15

SIGNAL R9 10K C28
VOLUME 3.9K
CONTROL 20
R10 250K C30 MFD
C29
0.1MFD .01MFD
LOCATED 8
C42 .005MFD
IN 2nd. IF C36
C27 5
4
.0025MFD
1
R7 12 1 PHONO.
22K 2
R17 3
11
E 470K
10 S6 3
C39 REAR 4
100PF 9 V6 6F6G
8 5 OUTPUT
7 6
LOCATED C31
ON 2nd IF C32
B+
For the complete wiring diagram, refer to Figure A-1, and for the physical
location of V4, refer to the bottom view drawing of Figure A-4.

Phase Inverter
Function of the Phase Inverter Circuit

The vacuum tube used in this circuit is the 6SC7 (V4). This tube is a High-Mu
Twin-Triode. The filament voltage is 6.3VAC and the maximum plate voltage is
250VDC (for each plate, A and B). Refer to Figure A-3 for the socket pin count and
for the Base Diagram of the 6SC7, refer to Figure A-12.
Volume Control
FIGURE 5-3 Volume Control

INPUT SIGNAL
1
TO V4 PIN3
HIGH LOW The input signal from the I.F. Detector is
455kHz 455kHz
attenuated by resistor R7. At terminal E,
455kHz AUDIO
capacitor C39 filters some of the 455kHz
AUDIO
intermediate frequency to chassis ground.
R9
VOLUME 3.9K In the radio mode, terminals 11 and 2 of
CONTROL
R10 250K C29 switch S6 are connected together,
0.1MFD
conveying the signal to R10. This signal is
LOCATED
IN 2nd. IF
at the high volume side of the volume
HIGH LOW C27
.0025MFD control, as shown in Figure 5-3.
R7
E
22K 11
12 1
2 When the volume control is turned, its
S6
C39
10
REAR wiper tap moves between the low and
100PF 9
high side. This makes a variable voltage
S6 positions 11 and 2
LOCATED are connected together divider with one end connected to chassis
ON 2nd IF in the radio mode.
ground (low volume). This results in the
signal varying from low to high. The
variable signal passes through C27 to the control grid of V4 pin 3.
R10 also has a stationary tap. One side of R9 is connected to this tap and the
other side to C29. Then, the other side of C29 is connected to chassis ground, as
shown in Figure 5-3. This circuit gives a pleasing tone to the audio at low volume.

The Phase Inverter
FIGURE 5-4 Phase Inverter Circuit

V4 6SC7
1stAF-PH.INVER.
The input from R10 (point 1) is C43
220PF
applied to V4’s side A control grid. This is 1
5 2
C26 2
amplified by V4 side A and is output at B A
.01MFD
the plate (pin 2). Capacitor C43 filters the 4

3
TO V5 PIN5
455kHz I.F. and allows the audio to pass R11

6 R13
470K
10
through C26. This signal drives the audio MEG R12
10
R14
output tube V5 (point 2) as shown in MEG
470K
Figure 5-4.
R15 3
1 10K
Because of the amplifying action of 4
INPUT
C30
vacuum tubes, the input signal is 180 445kHz .01MFD
degrees out of phase with it’s output.

When the control grid signal goes C36
TO V6 PIN5
negative, causing the tube to conduct less, 1 INPUT SIDE A
the plate voltage increase. When the 2 OUTPUT SIDE A 5
0 R17
1 AND 2 180 OUT
control grid signal goes positive, causing 2, 3, 4, IN PHASE
470K
the tube to conduct more, the plate volt- 4 INPUT SIDE B

age decreases. This causes the input 5 OUTPUT SIDE B
0
4 AND 5 180 OUT
signal at point 1 and the output signal at 0
2 AND 5 180 OUT B+
point 2 to be 180 degrees out of phase.
The voltage divider resistors R13 and R15 reduces the output signal by a factor
of 50 (point 3). This reduced audio signal passes through C30 and is applied to
V4’s side B control grid at point 4 (points 2, 3, and 4 are in phase). Point 4’s signal
is amplified by V4 side B and is output at its plate (pin 5). The input signal at
point 4 and the output signal at point 5 are 180 degrees out of phase, as shown in
Figure 5-4. This audio output (point 5) passes through capacitor C36 and drives
the audio output tube V6.
With one input signal at point 1, the phase inverter circuit produces two audio
output signals that are 180 degrees out of phase (points 2 and 5). Which is the
requirement to drive a push-pull audio output circuit.

Phase Inverter
Component Function
Refer to Figure 5-2 or Figure A-1.
R7 attenuates the 455kHz audio modulated signal that is applied to the high
volume side of variable resistor R10.
C39 filters some of the 455kHz carrier to chassis ground.
R10 is the volume control. It varies the level of the input signal to the phase
inverter circuit.
C27 passes the variable input signal to the phase inverter. C27 also isolates the
volume control’s center tap from the bias voltage of the control grid of V4 pin 3
(-0.8VDC) side A.
R9 and C29’s time constant produces a pleasing tone at low volume.
R12 is the bias resistor for the A side control grid of V4 pin 3 (class A bias).
C43 filters out (removes) the 455kHz carrier from the audio output signal from
the plate of V4 (side A).
R14 is the load resistor (current limiting and impedance matching resistor) for
the plate of V4 (side A).
C26 isolates the positive plate A voltage of V4 pin 2 (70.2VDC) from the bias
control grid voltage of V5 pin 5 (0.005VDC). C26 also passes the audio signal from
V4 pin 2 plate A to the control grid of V5 pin 5.
R13 and R15 are control grid biasing resistors for V5 pin 5 (6F6G). R13 and R15
are also the voltage divider resistors for the audio feedback circuit.
C30 isolates the control grid bias B (-0.57VDC) of V4 pin 4 from the voltage
divider bias between R13 and R15 (0.0001VDC). C30 also passes the audio feed-
back signal from the voltage divider to control grid B (V4 pin 4).
R11 is the bias resistor for the B side control grid of V4 pin 4 (class A bias).

Component Function (continued)
R17 is the load resistor (current limiting and impedance matching resistor) for
the plate of V4 (side B).
C36 isolates the plate voltage B (73VDC) of V4 pin 5 and the control grid bias
(0.005VDC) of V6 pin 5. It also passes audio signal B to the control grid of V6 pin
5.
V4 is a High-Mu Twin-Triode Vacuum tube and in the phase inverter circuit,

it produces two 180 degree out of phase signals that drives the push-pull audio
output.

Phase Inverter
FIGURE 5-5 Voltage Listing of V4

TO PHONO
PIN# V4
C32
BLACK
7 6 3 4
8 5 1 0.0
C31
R9
S6
3
2
11 2 2 70.2
C27
1 5
VOLUME R10 S8 POWER 3 -0.8

C29
CONTROL SWITCH
BLUE
6SC7
1st.AF C40
4 -0.57
PH.INVER. 70.2V
280V
R14
278.6V C36 5 73.0
C26
R13
RED
C34
C30
R12
R15
5 6 5 6 1 2 V8 PIN4 6 0.0
R18
4 7 4 7 8 3
C43
C35 D C20
3 8 3 8 7 4
V
2 1 2 1 6 5
7 F
R17
73
22.6V
C28
V6 V5 R11 V4
275V
C33
BLACK
8 F
R5
C42 RED
BROWN
272.4V 6F6G
C39
22.5V OUTPUT R16
E
V6 PIN1,V5PIN1,V4 PIN1 D
L14 PRI.ADJ. F RED
CONNECTED TO CHASSIS GROUND
455KC. 2nd IF
A
B C
A list of voltages by pin number is shown in Figure 5-5. For a complete listing
of all voltages refer to Figure A-11. All voltages may vary by +/- 20%. This
information is very useful when troubleshooting. Any large variations may
indicate the problem area.
Refer to Figure A-3 for the tube socket pin count and refer to the bottom view
in Figure A-4 for the physical tube socket location.

Other Phase Inverter Circuits
Transformer Phase Inverter
FIGURE 5-6 Transformer Phase Inverter
V4 V5
A.F.INPUT
C1
A C3
T1
T2 SPEAKER
TRANSFORMER C
COUPLED
R1 C2
PUSH-PULL
CIRCUIT
B C4
V6
TO BIAS TO B+
SUPPLY SUPPLY
The audio input is applied to the control grid of V4. V4 amplifies this input
which drives the primary of T1. This amplified signal is transferred to the
secondary of T1. The secondary of T1 has a center tap (point C) connected to a DC
control grid bias supply. This biases both V5 and V6 to class A operation.
Between points C and A, is the audio signal that drives V5, and the audio
signal that drives V6 is between Points C and B. Both audio signals at points A
and B are 180 degrees out of phase because of transformer action.

Phase Inverter
Screen Grid Phase Inverter
FIGURE 5-7 Screen Grid Phase Inverter
V4 V5 C4
A
A.F.INPUT
C2
C1 B
R2 T2 SPEAKER
C C3
R1
R4
R3
V6 C5
TO BIAS TO B+
SUPPLY SUPPLY
The input signal is amplified by V4 and it is then applied to the control grid of
V5 through capacitor C2 (point A). Resistors R2 and R3 bias the push-pull audio
output tubes V5 and V6 to class A operation. The output of V5 drives the top half
of T2 and it is 180 degrees out of phase with the signal on V5’s control grid.
Resistor R4 and the screen grid of V5 make up a voltage divider circuit. As V5

conduction varies with the audio, point B also varies in step (in-phase) with the
output. This instep signal passes through capacitor C3 (point C) to the control
grid of V6.
Both control grid signals at points A and C are 180 degrees out of phase,
driving the push-pull output circuit.

NOTES

6
I.F./Detector, Eye Tube
I.F./Detector AVC and Eye Tube

The Intermediate Frequency(I.F.)/Detector, the AVC (Automatic Volume
Control), and the Eye Tube Indicator are highlighted in Figure 6-1.
FIGURE 6-1 I.F./Detector AVC & Eye Tube

R.F. OSCILLATOR
AUTO-VOLUME PHASE
AMPLIFIER CONVERTER
CONTROL INVERTER
PUSH-PULL
AUDIO
SIGNAL FULL OUTPUT
TUNING EYE WAVE
POWER
INDICATOR POWER
AVC SUPPLY
The I.F./Detector Circuit amplifies the I.F. signal (455kHz Audio Modulated,
Intermediate Frequency) and detects the audio signal (Demodulates the
amplified signal). The tube used in this circuit is a 6B8 (V3). It is a Duplex-Diode
Remote Cutoff Pentode Converter, the filament voltage is 6.3VAC and the
maximum plate voltage is 300VDC. For the socket pin count refer to Figure A-3
and for the Base Diagram of the 6B8 refer to Figure A-12.
FIGURE 6-2 Chassis Back View
2nd. I.F.
CONTROL
GRID CAP
of the 6B8
1st.
I.F.
T1
6B8 5Y3
Figure 6-2 shows the location of V3. Besides the eight pin connections on the
base, this tube has a connection on top. This connection is known as the cap and
for the 6B8 is the connection for its control grid.
Figure 6-2 also shows the locations of the 1st. I.F. transformer and the 2nd. I.F.
transformer, power transformer T1, and the rectifier tube 5Y3. For the physical
location of all components refer to Figure A-2. Refer to Figure A-8 for the
schematic and physical drawing.

The eye tube V8 is a 6U5/6G5, an Electron-Ray Indicator. This tube indicates

the strength of the radio station signals as shown in Figure 6-3. The filament volt-
age is 6.3 VAC, and the maximum plate voltage is 285VDC.
FIGURE 6-3 Eye Tube Indicator

EYE TUBE
STRAIGHT ON VIEW
GREEN GLOW
WEAK OR NO STRONG SIGNAL

SIGNAL
FIGURE 6-4 Slide-Rule Dial and Eye Tube
In this radio the Eye Tube is conveniently located behind the slide-rule dial as
shown in Figure 6-4. Refer to Figure A-3 for the socket pin count and for the Base
Diagram of the 6U5/6G5 refer to Figure A-12.

The audio modulated carrier from V2 is the input signal to the detector circuit.
The output of the detector is the input for the inverter circuit. The wiring diagram
for the I.F./Detector AVC and the Eye Tube Circuit is shown in Figure 6-5. For the
complete wiring diagram refer to Figure A-1.
FIGURE 6-5 I.F./Detector AVC and Eye Tube Circuits

V3 6B8
FROM V2 I.F.-DET.AVC.
TWO CYCLES
PLATE
3 1
AMPLIFIED NEGATIVE
AUDIO MODULATED 1st. IF 2nd. IF
L12 L13 L14 L15 HALF OF MODULATED
4
455kHz SIGNAL 11 11 Cap 7 7 455kHz
D C F B 120PF C25
6 C23 C24
8 5 180PF
C21
C22 120 LOCATED
56PF F A 56PF C A IN 2nd. IF
TWO CYCLES
PF D
R4
AVC. 2.2MEG
C38
.05 R6
MFD 100K OUTPUT AUDIO
C41
SIGNAL
0.25MFD
LOCATED
V8 R8 IN 2nd. IF
LOCATED
6U5/6G5 1MEG ON 2nd IF
4 R7
2 22K
TUNING
12
EYE E
AVC. 3 11
10 S6
C39 REAR
5 100PF 9
8
7
B+
Function of the I.F/Detector AVC and Eye Tube Circuit
I.F.
The primary (L12 and C21) and secondary (L13 and C22) of the 1st. I.F.
transformer are two High-Q tuned circuits. Both circuits are tuned to the I.F. of
frequency 455kHz which effectively eliminates all other frequencies. The tuned
signal from the secondary (L13) is connected to the control grid of V3 (grid cap)
which greatly amplifies this signal.

FIGURE 6-6 I.F./Detector

+ POSITIVE AUDIO
INFORMATION
THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE HALVES

OF THE AUDIO INFORMATION ARE 0
455kHz
180 DEGREES OUT OF PHASE. CARRIER
NEGATIVE AUDIO
V3 6B8
FROM V2
PLATE
I.F.-DET.AVC. _ INFORMATION
3
AUDIO MODULATED 1st. IF 1 2nd. IF
L12 L13 L14 L15 AMPLIFIED NEGATIVE
455kHz 11 11 Cap
4
7 7
SIGNAL/CARRIER HALF OF MODULATED
D C F B 120PF
455kHz CARRIER
6 C23 C24 C25
8 5 180PF
C21
C22 120 LOCATED
PF D
R4
AVC. 2.2MEG
B+ - C38
+ .05
MFD
R6 _
100K
C41 OUTPUT AUDIO

0.25MFD B+
SIGNAL
The output of V3 at its plate, drives the primary of the 2nd. I.F. transformer as
shown in Figure 6-6. The amplified output of V3 is an amplitude modulated (AM)
carrier. The audio information riding on the carrier, and both the positive and
negative halves are 180 degrees out of phase. This means that the information (the
audio signal) of both halves, adds up to a DC potential of zero.
L14, C23 (primary) and L15, C24 (secondary) of the 2nd. I.F. are high Q circuits
also tuned to 455kHz effectively eliminating all other frequencies.

Detector AVC
The modulated signal from the 2nd. I.F. secondary (L15) is detected by the
diode plate (pin 5) and the cathode (pin 8) of V3. This part of the circuit rectifies
the modulated signal leaving only the negative half. This varying negative DC
potential contains the audio information and is the source for the AVC and the
audio signal in Figure 6-7.
FIGURE 6-7 Detector AVC

V3 6B8
I.F.-DET.AVC.
3 1
AMPLIFIED NEGATIVE
1st. IF 2nd. IF
L13 L14 L15
HALF OF MODULATED
4
11 Cap 7 7 455kHz
+ 0
AVC VOLTAGE C
6
F B 120PF C25
0 5
C23 C24
8 180PF
C22 120 LOCATED
A 56PF PF D C A IN 2nd. IF
TWO CYCLES
VARYING -VDC
WITH SIGNAL
-
_ STRENGTH
AVC.
R4
2.2MEG
- C38 LOCATED
_
IN 2nd. IF
+ .05 R6 R7
MFD 100K 22K OUTPUT AUDIO
LOCATED
C41 E ON 2nd IF SIGNAL
0.25MFD B+
C39
100PF
The automatic volume control (AVC) is negative because the diode plate of V3
pin 5 conducts only when it is positive. When terminal B of the 2nd. I.F. is
positive, terminal C is negative which is the detected audio signal. Part of this
signal passes through R4, and C38 stores and filters this negative voltage (AVC -
DC voltage).
The RC time constant of R4 and C38 is long enough so that the AVC varies
slowly. With a strong input signal, the negative voltage increases. This negative
DC voltage is applied through L13 to the control grid of V3, reducing its gain,
decreasing the audio signal.
If the input signal becomes weaker, the negative voltage decreases. This
decreasing negative DC voltage applied to the control grid of V3, increases its
gain, increasing the audio signal.

This action results in automatic control of the volume. When a strong

station is detected the gain is decreased. When a weak station is detected the gain
is automatically increased.
Eye Tube
The negative AVC voltage is also applied to the control grid of V8 (pin 3), the
Electron-Ray Indicator Eye Tube (6U5/6G5).
FIGURE 6-8 Signal Strength and Eye Tube

STRENGTH OF OUTPUT SIGNAL AND TUNING EYE INDICATIONS
WEAK STRONG WEAK STRONG
455kHz
R4
AVC. 2.2MEG TWO CYCLES
C38
.05
MFD
AVC = -1.1VDC AVC = -24.2VDC

LOCATED
V8 R8 IN 2nd. IF
LOCATED
6U5/6G5 1MEG ON 2nd IF
4 R7
2 22K
TUNING
12
EYE E
AVC. 11
EYE TUBE 3
C39
10 S6
REAR
5 100PF 9
8
7
B+
The eye tube is actually indicating the amount of negative AVC voltage. When
the AVC voltage is -1VDC the eye is opened, and when the AVC voltage is
-24VDC the eye is closed, as shown in Figure 6-8.
The eye tube is only an indicator, it does not influence or contribute to any
other circuit. This tube may be removed without any change to the radio’s
performance.

Component Function
The 1st. I.F. Transformer’s primary (L12, C21) and secondary (L13, C22) are
very sharply tuned to the intermediate frequency 455kHz. This allows only the
455kHz modulated carrier signal to pass from the primary circuit to the
secondary circuit, effectively eliminating all other signals.
The 2nd. I.F. Transformer primary (L14, C23) and secondary (L15, C24) are
very sharply tuned to the intermediate frequency 455kHz. This allows only the
amplified 455kHz modulated carrier signal to pass from the primary circuit to the
secondary circuit, effectively eliminating all other signals.
C25 filters some of the modulated 455kHz signal to chassis ground. This
capacitor is located inside the 2nd. I.F., refer to Figure 6-9.
R7 attenuates the amplified signal applied to the volume control R10. R7 is

located in the 2nd. I.F., refer to Figure 6-9.
FIGURE 6-9 2nd. I.F. Bottom View

SECOND I. F.
BOTTOM VIEW
E
D
L14 PRI.ADJ. F
R7
455KC. 2nd IF
C25
A B C
C39 filters some of the 455kHz signal applied to the volume control R10.
R4 and C38: R4 passes the negative DC voltage from the 2nd. I.F. terminal C to
C38. C38 stores this negative voltage, making the AVC Automatic Volume
Control voltage.
R6 and C41 maintains a positive bias on V3 screen grid (pin 3).
R8 supplies a positive potential on the plate of V8 pin 2.

Component Function (continued)
V3 amplifies the 455kHz modulated signal and also detects the audio signal
(de-modulating the audio signal).
V8 indicates the strength of the radio stations (AVC voltage).
FIGURE 6-10 Voltage listing for V3 and V8

C40
C34 RED 6U5/6G5

5 TUNING EYE
4 6
V8
D C20 3 1
C35 2
PIN# V3 V8 153V
C28 R8
1 0.0 F
R5
2nd. I.F.
2 F 153
C39
E
D
F RED
3 277.5 -1.1/-24.2
A
B C
4 0.0 280
RE
YELLOW
5 -16.0 0.0
D
BLUE
R4
6 233 F
7 F N/A
233V 1st. I.F.
8 0.0 N/A
R6
5 6 F
4 7 D
3 8
2 1 A
C38
277.5V V3
6B8 L12 PRI.ADJ.
I.F.CONV.AVC. 455KC 1st IF
A list of voltages by pin number are shown in Figure 6-10. For a complete
listing of voltages refer to Figure A-11. This information is very useful when
troubleshooting, any large variations may indicate the problem area. All voltages
may vary by +/- 20%. For the complete bottom view refer to Figure A-4.

Tuning Meter Indicator Circuit
Another type of strength indicator is the tuning meter. This meter is in series
with L1 as shown in Figure 6-11. As tube V1’s conduction increases or decreases,
the tuning meter indicates this change. Unlike the eye tube, the tuning meter
supplies a path for the B+ to the plate of V1. If the tuning meter was removed or if
its coil was open the radio would not play. An impedance matching resistor
(impedance matching the tuning meter coil) could be substituted to supply the B+
to V1 allowing the circuit to function.
FIGURE 6-11 Tuning Meter
V1 V2
L1 L2 L3 L4
R.F.
INPUT
R.F.CIRCUIT WITH
TUNING METER
TUNING
METER
TO B+

7
Local Oscillator
Local Oscillator Mixer Converter

The Local Oscillator Mixer Converter circuit is highlighted in Figure 7-1. This
circuit converts the AM (Amplitude Modulated carrier) radio station frequencies
to the 455kHz Intermediate Frequency (I.F.).
FIGURE 7-1 Oscillator Mixer Converter

R.F. OSCILLATOR
AUTO-VOLUME PHASE
AMPLIFIER CONVERTER
CONTROL INVERTER
PUSH-PULL
AUDIO
SIGNAL FULL OUTPUT
TUNING EYE WAVE
POWER
INDICATOR POWER
AVC SUPPLY
The amplified radio frequency(R.F.) is the input to this circuit. The output of
the Mixer Converter circuit is the I.F. -- a 455kHz modulated carrier. It is this
signal that the I.F./Detector Circuit, filters, amplifies, and demodulates.
The Vacuum tube used in this circuit is the 6SA7 (V2). It is a Pentagrid
Converter, the filament voltage is 6.3VAC and the maximum plate voltage is
300VDC. Refer to Figure A-3 for the socket pin count. For the Base Diagram of the
6SA7 refer to Figure A-12.
FIGURE 7-2 Local Oscillator Mixer Converter Circuit

V2 6SA7
OSC.CONV.
R3
1MEG
AVC. 3
1 1st. IF
FROM TUNED R.F. CIRCUITS C18 L12 L13
11
220PF 11
INPUT 8
5 D C
2 6
4 455kHz MODULATED
C21
R19 C19 C37 56PF F
CARRIER OUTPUT
33K 56PF A
BAND C 7.0MHz - 22.0MHz 6000
PF
BAND B 2.3MHz - 7.0MHz
BAND A 540kHz - 1,700kHz C16 C40
C10 22PF 0.1
11-490 MFD
PF
R5
15K
12 1 B+
OSC. 11 2 C20 OSCILLATOR
10 S3 10MFD FREQUENCY
3
FRONT
L9 C11 9 4
2-12
C
PF
8 5 BAND C 7,455kHz - 22,455kHz
C12 7 6
L10 3600
C14
PF
580
C13 PF
B
2-12 12 1
BAND B 2,755kHz - 7,455kHz
PF 11 2
L11
10 S4 3
9 REAR 4
C15 8
A 2-20 5 BAND A 995kHz - 2,175kHz
PF 7 6
The wiring diagram of the Local Oscillator Mixer/Converter Circuit is shown

in Figure 7-2. Refer to Figure A-1 for the complete wiring diagram. For the
physical location of all components refer to Figure A-2.

Function of the Local Oscillator Circuit
Switch S3 and S4
The cathode of V2 has a chassis ground connection through the taps of the
oscillator coils L9, L10, and L11, as shown in Figure 7-2. Starting at pin 6 of V2
there is a direct connection to the tap of L9. The ground connection continues
through the bottom part of L9 to the tap of L10. This connection continues
through the bottom part of L10 to the tap of L11, and then through the bottom of
L11 to chassis ground.
Switches S3 and S4 are both on the same wafer and they change all the
connections to the oscillator coils for each Band. Only one set of coils is used per
band. L11 is in the circuit for band A, L10 is for band B, and L9 is for band C.
S3 switches the top (or output) connection of each coil. When the band switch
is on band A, terminals 8 and 11 are connected together. For band B, terminals 9
and 11 are connected together, and for band C, terminals 10 and 11 are connected.
S3 also grounds the top (or output) of coils L11 and L10 when they are not in
use. If the switch is on band B, terminals 8 and 7 are connected together ground-
ing out L11 (band A). If the switch is on band C, terminals 9, 8 and 7 are all con-
nected together grounding out L10 and L11, grounding out bands A and B.
S4 switches the ground connection for L10 and L9. The bottom of L11 is
connected directly to chassis ground and is the band A connection. For band B,
terminals 5 and 7 are connected together, grounding the bottom of L10. When the
switch is on band C, terminals 5, 6 and 7 are all connected together, grounding the
bottoms of L10 and L11.
The output for all the bands in this switching system is at S3 terminal 11. This
terminal is connected to a series parallel capacitor circuit of C10, C16, and C37,
which tunes all three bands. C10 is the variable capacitor that varies when tuning
the radio.

The Oscillator
The result of S3 and S4 switching is shown in Figure 7-3. Band A is shown in

the oscillator circuit. To change bands, remove band A’s circuit and substitute the
other circuits. All three bands function the same.
FIGURE 7-3 Oscillator

V2 6SA7
OSC.CONV.
R3
1MEG
AVC. 3
1 1st. IF
L9 S3,11 C18 L12 L13
220PF 11 11
8
C11
C 2-12 5 D C
4
PF 2 6 C21
C19 C37
BAND C 7,455kHz - 22,455kHz 56PF F A
56PF 6000
PF
R19
33K C16 C40
C10 22PF 0.1
11-490 MFD
L10 S3,11 PF
R5
15K
C12
C13 3600
B+
B 2-12 PF L11 S3,11 C20
PF 10MFD
C14
BAND B 2,755kHz - 7,455kHz C15
580
A 2-20
PF
PF
BAND A 995kHz - 2,175kHz
FIGURE 7-4 Tuning Circuit

CONTROL GRID C19
56PF
Figure 7-4 shows all the capacitors and coil
CATHODE C14 R19 for band A. Capacitors C10, C16, and C37 are
580 33K
PF connected to the specific capacitors and coil
L11
S3,11
C37
6000 for each band.
C15 PF
A 2-20
PF C10
11-490
C16
22PF
All the capacitors (C10, C16, C37, C14, C15)
PF
effectively make a single variable tuning
capacitor, for the tuned circuit.

Tuned Circuit
Figure 7-5 shows the resulting tuned circuit from Figure 7-4.
FIGURE 7-5 Tuned Circuit

POSITIVE POSITIVE
FEEDBACK FEEDBACK
TO CONTROL TO CONTROL
GRID GRID
C19 C19
CATHODE CATHODE
S3,11 S3,11
C,10,16,37 C,10,16,37
,14,15 ,14,15
L L
(A) (B)
When current starts to flow through V2 (Cathode to Plate), electrons flow

through the bottom part of coil L. This causes the magnetic field to expand and
cut across the windings of the top part of coil L, increasing electron flow at the top
of coil L. This electron flow is applied to the control grid which causes V2 to
conduct more, as shown in Figure 7-5 part (A). Also capacitor C is being charged.
This process can only continue until V2 reaches maximum conduction.
At this point the magnetic field of coil L collapses inducing an electron flow in
the opposite direction. This is applied to V2’s control grid causing V2 to reduce its
conduction even more, as shown in Figure 7-5 part (B). This process can only
continue until V2 reaches minimum conduction and capacitor C discharges
through coil L.
This completes one cycle (oscillation), and at this point the process starts over.
The choice of coil L determines the band’s frequency. The variable capacitor C
varies the frequency with in the radio band.
This circuit continues to oscillate because of positive feedback. This is the

electron flow on the control grid of V2. It is always in step, controlling and
reinforcing the electron flow through V2.

Function of the Mixer Converter Circuit
FIGURE 7-6 Mixer Converter Circuit

RADIO STATION FREQUENCY = R
OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY = O
O+R= A
O-R= D
V2 6SA7
OSC.CONV.
BAND C 7.0MHz - 22.0MHz
R3 O - R = D = 455kHz = I.F.
1MEG
BAND B 2.3MHz - 7.0MHz AVC. 3 1st. IF
BAND A 540kHz - 1,700kHz 1
C18 L12 L13
FROM TUNED R.F. CIRCUITS 11 11
220PF 8
INPUT
5 D C
2 6
4 455KC MODULATED
C21
56PF F
CARRIER OUTPUT
A
OSCILLATOR C40
FREQUENCY 0.1
BAND C 7,455kHz - 22,455kHz MFD
BAND B 2,755kHz - 7,455kHz
R5
15K
B+
C20
10MFD
The mixer converter circuit combines two signals to produce the 455kHz
modulated Intermediate Frequency (I.F.).
The oscillator frequency is applied to the control grid of V2 pin 5. The

amplified radio frequency is applied to the signal grid of V2 pin 8. These two
signals are mixed together creating four major frequencies at the output of V2’s
plate. The frequencies are the oscillator frequency (O), the radio station frequency
(R), the oscillator plus the radio frequency ((A)dded together), and the oscillator
frequency minus the radio station frequency (the (D)ifference) -- which is the
intermediate frequency of 455kHz.
The 1st. I.F.’s primary and secondary circuit are sharply tuned to 455kHz
eliminating almost all unwanted frequencies. Only the filtered 455kHz modu-
lated signal passes through to the I.F. amplifier and detector circuit.Copyright by
Richard A. McWhorter 2003

Component Function
Refer to Figure 7-2 and Figure A-1.
R3 is the bias resistor for the signal grid. The bias voltage is supplied from the
AVC circuit.
C18 isolates the signal grid bias (DC) of V2 from the R.F. circuit (V1 plate DC).
It also passes the R.F. signal from V1 (AC) to the signal grid of V2.
R19 is the bias resistor for the control grid of V2.
C19 isolates the bias (DC) of the control grid from the tuning circuit (L and C).
It passes the positive feedback (AC) to the control grid of V2.
C10, C16 and C37 make up the variable capacitor tuning circuit for the local
oscillator.
L9 and C11: band C circuit.
L10, C13 and C12: band B circuit.
L11, C15 and C14: band A circuit.
S3 switches outputs of L9, L10, and L11 to the control grid of V2 pin 5.
S4 switches chassis ground to the bottom of L10 and L11.
C40 supplies a R.F. path for V2 pin 4 to chassis ground.
R5 Is a B+ voltage dropping resistor.

C20 Is an electrolytic filter capacitor.
L12, C21 1st. I.F. primary 455kHz tuned circuit. Load for V2’s plate pin 3.
V2 Is a 6SA7 the Local Oscillator Mixer/Converter Tube.

A list of voltages by pin number is shown in Figure 7-7. For a complete
listing of voltages refer to Figure A-11. All voltages may vary by +/- 20%. This
information is very useful when troubleshooting and any large variations may
indicate the problem area.
Refer to Figure A-3 for the tube socket pin count. Refer to Figure A-4 for the
physical tube socket location, bottom view.
FIGURE 7-7 Voltage Listing of V2
C34
C35 D C20
C28
GREEN
R5
271.6V 111.5V
C13
R19
PIN# V2
C39
V2 6SA7
E
D MIX.OSC. RED 1 0.0
F RED 3 4 C19 BLUE
2 5
1 6
A 8 7 C14
2 F
C
B 7 6
BLUE
8 5
9 S3 3 271.6
RE
C17 10 S4
D
BLUE
R4
BLACK
L9 11
4 111.5
C12
BLACK
L10TAP
L10
L11TAP OSC.
COILS L9 5 -15.8
L9TAP
C37
L10
L11 6 0.006
233V
C18
R6 C10
5 6 F GREEN 7 6 7 F
8 5
4 7 D R3
9 4
3 8 S5
2 1 A C11 10 8 -13.3
C38 11
1
YELLOW
277.5V V3 YELLOW
6B8
I.F.CONV.AVC. L12 PRI.ADJ.
C15 OSC. 455KC 1st IF
1500KC.

8
R.F. Amplifier
Radio Frequency Amplifier

The Radio Frequency (R.F.) Amplifier amplifies the radio station signal
from the antenna (input) and outputs this amplified signals to the Oscillator
Converter Circuit. The Radio Frequency Amplifier is highlighted in Figure 8-1.
FIGURE 8-1 Radio Frequency Amplifier

R.F. OSCILLATOR
AUTO-VOLUME PHASE
AMPLIFIER CONVERTER
CONTROL INVERTER
PUSH-PULL
AUDIO
SIGNAL FULL OUTPUT
TUNING EYE WAVE
POWER
INDICATOR POWER
AVC SUPPLY

In this radio, both the input and the output of the radio frequency amplifier
are tuned R.F. circuits. Each radio band (A, B, and C) has its own pair of input and
output tuned circuits.
FIGURE 8-2 Radio Frequency Amplifier Circuit

V1 6SK7
R.F.AMP.
C6
220PF 8 1
3
C18
6 220PF
4
5
R1 12 1
11 2
68
10 S5 3
9 REAR
4
8 5
C17 7 6
11-490
ANT. PF
12 1
L1 C1 11 2 L5 C C7
C 3-30 10 S1 2-10
3
PF FRONT R2 PF
9 4 1MEG
8 5
C2 7 6 B
L2 L6 C8
3-30 C4
B 2-10
PF 220
PF PF
AVC.
12 1
C3 11 2 C5
L3 L7 A
3-30 11-490
A 10 S2 3 C9
PF PF
9 REAR 2-10
4
8
PF
5
R.F.
7 6
L4 PRI.
PRI. L8
R5
15K
B+
C20
10MFD
The Vacuum tube used in this circuit is the 6SK7 (V1). It is a Remote Cutoff
R.F. Pentode. The filament is 6.3VAC, and the maximum plate voltage is 300VDC.
For the Base Diagram of the 6SK7 refer to Figure A-12.
The Radio Frequency Amplifier Circuit is shown in Figure 8-2, and for the
complete wiring diagram refer to Figure A-1. For the physical location of V1 refer
to Figure A-4. Refer to Figure A-10 for the schematic and physical drawing.

Function of the Radio Frequency Amplifier Circuit
Antenna Tuning
FIGURE 8-3 Antenna Tuning Coils and Switches

ANT.
TO V1,PIN4
S1,9 S2,8,7 C4
220
SWITCH S1 AND S2 IS THE FRONT PF
L1
AND REAR OF THE SAME WAFER S2,8
C1 C5
3-30 11-490
ANT. C PF PF
12 1
L1 C1 11 2 BAND C
C 3-30 10 S1 3
PF FRONT ANT.
9 4 TO V1,PIN4 TO V1,PIN4
8 5
L2 C2 7 6 S1,9,6
3-30 C4
B S2,8,6 C4
PF 220
PF 220
L2 PF
12 1 S2,8
C3 11 2 C5
L3 C2 C5
3-30 11-490
A 10 S2 3 3-30
PF PF 11-490
9 REAR PF
4 B PF
8 5
7 6
L4 PRI. BAND B
ANT.
TO V1,PIN4
S1,9,4
S2,8,5 C4
220
PF
L4 L3
S2,8
C3 C5
PRI.
3-30 11-490
A PF PF
BAND A
When the band switch is on band A, L4, L3, and C3 are connected in the
circuit as shown in Figure 8-3. In band B, L2 and C2 are connected in the circuit
and L4, L3, and C3 (S2, 4, 5) are connected to chassis ground. In band C, L1 and
C1 are connected in the circuit and L4, L3, C3, L2, C2 (S2, 4, 5, 6) are all connected
to chassis ground. All three bands have their output at S2, 8 and tuned by C5. This
signal is transferred through C4 to the control grid of V1 pin 4.

R.F. Amplifier and Output
FIGURE 8-4 R.F. Amplifier and Tuned Output

V1 6SK7
R.F.AMP.
C6
C6 220PF
220PF 8 1 S5,8,7,6
3 L8 L5 S5,7
C18 V1,PIN8
6 C7 C17
220PF PRI.
2-10 11-490
4 PF PF
5 C
R1 12 1 B+
68 11 2 BAND C
10 S5 3
9 REAR
4
8 5
C17 7 6 C6
11-490 220PF
PF S5,8,7,5
L8 L6 S5,7
L5 C C7 V1,PIN8
2-10 C8 C17
PRI. 11-490
R2 PF 2-10
1MEG PF PF
B
L6 B C8 B+
C4
220 2-10 BAND B
PF PF
AVC.
C5 L7 A
11-490 C6
C9
PF 220PF
2-10
PF S5,7,4
R.F. S5,7
L8 L7
V1,PIN8
C9 C17
L8 PRI. 11-490
PRI. R5 2-10
PF PF
15K A
B+ S5,8,11
C20 B+
10MFD BAND A
The signal on the control grid of V1 is greatly amplified and is output at the
plate (pin 3) through L8, the primary of all three R.F. coils. When the band switch
is on band A, L7 and C9 are connected in the circuit as shown in Figure 8-4. In
band B, L6 and C8 are connected in the circuit and L7, C9 are connected to chassis
ground. In band C, L5 and C7 are connected in the circuit and L6, C8, L7, C9 are
all connected to chassis ground. All three bands have their output at S5, 7, and are
tuned by C17. This signal is transferred through C18 to the signal grid of V2 pin 8
of the oscillator mixer converter circuit.

Component Function
S1 switches the antenna connection to the antenna-tuned circuits.
S2 switches the antenna-tuned circuits.
L1 and C1, band C antenna-tuned circuit.
L2 and C2, band B antenna-tuned circuit.
L3 and C3, band A antenna-tuned circuit.
L4 primary for L3, band A only.
C5 tunes all bands for the antenna-tuned circuits, when tuning the radio.
C4 transfers antenna-tuned signal to control grid of V1 pin 4.
S5 switches the R.F. output tuned circuits.
L5 and C7, R.F. tuned output circuit for band C.
L6 and C8, R.F. tuned output circuit for band B.
L7 and C9, R.F. tuned output circuit for band A.
L8 primary for all R.F. output coils.

C7 tunes all bands for the R.F. output tuned circuits, when tuning the radio.
C18 transfers the R.F. tuned output to the signal grid of V2 pin 8.
C6 transfers the amplified antenna-tuned R.F. from V1 pin 3 plate to the R.F.
tuned output circuits.
R1 cathode resistor, grid biasing and current limiting.
R2 control grid biasing resistor, DC source is the AVC.
V2 amplifies the R.F. and outputs this to the Primary of L8.

A list of voltages by pin number of V1 is shown in Figure 8-5. For a complete
listing of voltages refer to Figure A-11. All voltages may vary by +/- 20%. This
information is very useful when troubleshooting because any large variations
may indicate the problem area.
Refer to Figure A-3 for the tube socket pin count, and refer to Figure A-4 for
the physical tube socket locations, bottom view.
FIGURE 8-5 Voltage listings of V1

C3 ANT. C2 ANT. C1 ANT.
1500 KC. 6 MC. 20 MC.
ANT.
YELLOW COILS C20
YELLOW
L2 L4
RED L1
BROWN
7 6 L3
8 5
GREEN
9 4
C4
S1 DUMMY
GREEN
S2 3 LUGS
2 PIN# V1
GREEN
1 R2
BLUE
6SK7
C5
GREEN R.F.AMP. 1 0.0
V1
0.05V
3 4
2 5 2 F
1 6
8 7
3 0.049
113.9V
7 6
8 5 R1
9 S3 4 4 -17.8
C17 10 S4 280V
E
U
11
BL
5 0.049
C12
R.F.
COILS
OSC. L8
COILS L9 L7TAP
6 113.9
BLACK L7
C37
L10
C6 L8 7 F
B+ L5
C18
RED
L6
C10 8 280
V2,PIN5 GREEN 7 6
8 5
R3 4
9
10
S5
GREEN
C11
11
BROWN
1
AVC. YELLOW
YELLOW
C7 R.F. C8 R.F. C9 R.F. G A

20MC. 6MC. 1500KC.

9
Continuity Testing
Continuity Testing
Transformers, Coils and Resistors
FIGURE 9-1 Ohmmeter
Before ordering a set of vacuum tubes or replacing

the capacitors it is a good idea to test all
transformers, coils, and resistors first. If the power
OHMS transformer is burnt out, the cost to replace it may
be more than what the radio is worth. Other parts
that would be very difficult to repair or replace are
BLACK RED
the I.F. transformers, the oscillator, R.F., and the
antenna coils. If there are too many bad parts, then
the radio may be a candidate for the used parts box.
A typical digital ohmmeter illustrated in Figure 9-1 maybe used to test all the
transformers, coils, and resistors.
Remember, the radio should not be plugged into AC power! There are many
tests and repairs that must be completed before it is safe to power up the radio!
With the wiring diagram and drawings for your radio, remove all of the
vacuum tubes and place the radio chassis on the workbench upside down. For the
complete wiring diagram of the 8Q2 radio refer to Figure A-1. For the bottom
view refer to Figure A-4.
Test Points
Test Points for the Power Transformer
FIGURE 9-2 Power Transformer Test Points
T1
5VAC
5
1 0.3
110VAC 410
6
8
S7
2
4
V7 5Y3 OHMS
125
RECTIFIER
S8 150 TO HEATERS
6VAC
210 & DIAL LAMPS
240V BLACK RED
17
TESTING 5VAC
WINDING
BOTTOM
15.7 VIEW 8 1
OHMS 7 2
6 3
206 5 4
OHMS
UPPER HALF 204
OHMS SECONDARY LOWER HALF
V7 SECONDARY
5Y3G
RECT.
TUBE SOCKET
BLACK RED TOTAL OHMS
SECONDARY 410
The power plug is a convenient place to start. Figure 9-2 shows the procedure
for testing the primary side of T1. With the radio power switch (S8) in the “on”
position, connect the ohmmeter leads to the power plug prongs. The primary side
of T1 in Figure 9-2 shows a value of 5 ohms. Because the line cord and the switch
contacts all add resistance to this circuit, this test point reads 15.7 ohms. If this test

Continuity Testing Transformers, Coils and Resistors
point reads very high or very low in ohms, use the ohmmeter to test each
component separately. The plug and line cord, S8, S7, and the primary of T1.
*Note: Power switch might read open if the contacts are dirty.
The test points for the high voltage secondary and the 5VAC secondary of T1
are shown in Figure 9-2. These test points are found at the rectifier tube socket
(V7) and with the 5Y3 tube removed, this ensures that only the 5VAC winding is
measured.The 5VAC secondary winding is measured across pins 2 and 8, and it
reads about 0.3 ohms. The high voltage secondary is measured across pins 4 and 6
(410 ohms). The secondary tap is connected to the chassis ground. Each side of the
secondary is measures from chassis ground and pin 6 (206 ohms) and pin 4 (204
ohms).
FIGURE 9-3 6VAC Test Points

5 6
4 7
3 8 The 6VAC secondary winding test points are shown
2 1
in Figure 9-3. To ensures that only the winding of the
V3
6B8
6VAC secondary is measured, remove all the 6V
I.F.CONV.AVC. tubes. This secondary can be measured between pins 2
TUBE SOCKET
and 7 of V3, measuring about 0.1 ohms. All of the 6V
OHMS
0.1 tube filaments are wired in parallel and should
measure the same at each 6V tube socket. Refer to
Figure A-12 for the tube base diagrams for the tubes in this radio. Note that the
6SC7 filament connections are 7 and 8, and the 6U5/6G5 filament connections are
1 and 6.
If any of T1’s windings are open, the power transformer must be replaced. A
suitable replacement must have the same specifications as T1 or better. Refer to
Chapter - 10: Page - 98 "Power Transformer Replacement" for a detailed
replacement procedure.
If the maximum current output specifications of the replacement transformer

is less then the original (T1), the replacement transformer will run hot and
eventually burn out.
Conclusion: you must use an equal or higher rating.

Test Points for the I.F. Transformers
FIGURE 9-4 I.F. Transformer Test Points

V2 6SA7 V3 6B8 1 C34
OSC.CONV. I.F.-DET.AVC.
BOTTOM VIEW
C35 D C20
3 1st. IF 3 1 2nd. IF
1
L12 L13 4 L14 L15
11 11 Cap 7 7 C28
R5
GREEN
8
D C F B 120PF R19
5 4 6 C23 C24 2
C39
2 6 8 5
C21 E
C22 120 D
56PF F A 56PF C A
PF D F RED 3 4
2 5
6 1 6
A 8 7
R4 C
B
BLUE
AVC. 2.2MEG C25
180PF V2
RE
C38
6SA7
D
BLUE
.05 R6
R4
MFD LOCATED MIX.OSC.
100K TUBE SOCKET
R7 IN 2nd. IF L14 PRI.ADJ.
22K 455KC. 2nd IF
C41 E
0.25MFD
C39
100PF 7 L12 PRI.ADJ.
455KC 1st IF
LOCATED
ON 2nd IF
R6
5 6 F
B+ C34 4 7 D
10MFD 3 8
2 1
C38
A 4
V3 5 CONTROL GRID
WIRING DIAGRAM 3 6B8 CAP FOR 6B8
I.F.CONV.AVC. TOP OF 1st. I.F.
TUBE SOCKET C
The test points for both I.F. transformers are shown in Figure 9-4. Test points
1 and 2 test the primary of 1st. I.F. transformer. The ohmmeter is connected
between the positive terminal of C34 and pin 3 of V2, (11 ohms). Test points
1 and 3 test the primary of the 2nd. I.F transformer, and the ohmmeter is
connected between the positive terminal of C34 and pin 3 of V3, (7 ohms). Test
points 4 and 5 tests the secondary of the 1st. I.F. transformer. The ohmmeter is
connected between terminal A and the control grid cap of the 1st. I.F., (11 ohms).
Test points 6 and 7 tests the secondary of the 2nd. I.F. transformer. The ohmmeter
is connected between terminal C of the 2nd. I.F. and pin 5 of V3, (7 ohms).
If an I.F. transformer is found to be bad refer to Chapter - 10: Page - 97 "I.F.

Transformer replacement."

Test Points for the Antenna Coils
FIGURE 9-5 Antenna Coil Test Points

1500 KC. 6 MC. 20 MC.
ANT.
12 1 3 CHASSIS
C1 11
GROUND
L1 2
C 3-30 10 S1 3
4
PF FRONT
9 4 RED
8 5 YELLOW
ANT.
C2 7 6
L2 2 YELLOW COILS
B 3-30 L2
PF L4
L1
12 1
L3
C3 11 2 1
A
3-30 10 S2 8
7 6
5
L3 5
GREEN
3
BROWN
PF
REAR 9 S1 4
C4
9 4 DUMMY
8 5 S2 3 LUGS
7 2
GREEN
6
PRI. 1 R2
BLUE
L4
GREEN
C5
C3 C2 C1
L2
L1
L4
ANT. CHASSIS
COILS GROUND
L3
S1
DUMMY
BOTTOM VIEW LUGS
7 S2 6
All readings are with the band switch set to band A. All of the antenna coils
have one side connected to chassis ground as shown in Figure 9-5. Connect one
test lead of the ohmmeter to chassis ground (test point 1). The other lead will be
connected to the test points 2, 3, 4, and 5.
Test points 1 and 2 test L3 (4.0 ohms).
Test points 1 and 5 test the Primary (36.7 ohms).

Test Points for the R.F. Coils
FIGURE 9-6 R.F. Coil Test Points

WIRING DIAGRAM BOTTOM VIEW
V1 6SK7 6SK7
R.F.AMP. R.F.AMP.
TUBE SOCKET
C6 R3
V1
220PF 8 1
1MEG 3 4
2 5
3
C18 1 6
6 220PF 8 1 8 7
4
5
R1
R1 12 1
11 C17 10
68 2
E
U
11
BL
10 S5 3 7 R.F.
9 REAR
4 COILS
8 5
L8
C17 7 6 L7TAP 2
11-490 BLACK
PF
C37
L7
C6 L8
C18
L5 C RED
L5
L6
C7 C10
R2 2-10 GREEN 7 6
8 5
1MEG PF R3
9 4
10
S5
GREEN
L6 B C11
C4 11
BROWN
C8 1
220
2-10
PF
PF
4 5 3
C5 L7 A
11-490 C9
PF 2-10 6
PF
R.F. C7 R.F. C8 R.F. C9 R.F.
20MC. 6MC. 1500KC.
PRI. L8
R5
15K B+
All readings are with the band switch set to band A. Test points 1 and 2 have
one test lead of the ohmmeter connected to pin 8 of V1 and the other lead is
connected to the bottom side of L8, or the positive side of C34 (98.6 ohms).
Test points 1 and 2 test coil L8 (98.6 ohms).

Test points 3 and 7 test coil L7 tap (0.8 ohms).

FIGURE 9-7 R.F. Coils Bottom View
V1
CHASSIS
GROUND
L8
L7TAP
CHASSIS
BOTTOM R.F. L7
VIEW COILS
L8 L5
S5 L6
7 6
C7 C8 C9
FIGURE 9-8 Oscillator Coils Bottom View
C13 S3
S4
7 5
6
1st.I.F.
CHASSIS
BOTTOM
VIEW
OSC. C11
COILS
C15

Test Points for the Oscillator Coils
FIGURE 9-9 Oscillator Coil Test Points

WIRING DIAGRAM BOTTOM VIEW
C13
R19
V2 6SA7
V2 6SA7 MIX.OSC. RED CHASSIS
OSC.CONV. 3 4 C19 BLUE GROUND
2 5
1 6
3 8 7 C14
1 4 7 6
BLUE
8 5
3 9 S3
8 C17 10 S4
1
BLACK
L9 11
C12
4
BLACK
5
2 6 L10TAP
12 1 L10
OSC. 11 2 L11TAP OSC.
S3 COILS L9
10
3
FRONT
L9 C11 9 L9TAP
C37
4 L10
C 2-12 8 L11
5
PF 6
C12 7
L10 3600 C10
C14 7 6
PF F GREEN
5
580 8
C13 PF D 9 4
B S5
2-12 12 1 A C11 10
PF 11 2 11
L11 1
10 S4 3 YELLOW
9 REAR 4 YELLOW
C15 8
2
A 2-20 5
PF 7 6
5
L12 PRI.ADJ.
455KC 1st IF
C15 OSC.
1500KC.
All readings are with the band switch set to band A. The oscillator coils L9 and
L10 are connected to chassis ground through their center tap connections, ending
at the bottom of coil L11, as shown in Figure 9-9. Connect one test lead of the
ohmmeter to chassis ground (test point 1) and the other lead is connected to the
test points 2, 3, 4, and 5.
Test points 1 and 2 test L9, and the bottom of L10 and L11 (1.0 ohms).
Test points 1 and 3 test the bottom of L9, L10, and L11 (1.0 ohms).
Test points 1 and 4 test L10, and the bottom of L11 (1.8 ohms).
If any antenna, R.F., or oscillator coils are found to be bad refer to Chapter - 10:
Page - 99 "Coil Repair" and Chapter - 10: Page - 100 "Coil Rewinding."

Test Points for the Speaker
FIGURE 9-10 Speaker Socket Diagram
SPEAKER PLUG
PUSH/PULL AUDIO VOICE

OUTPUT TRANSFORMER COIL
RED T2
3 4 594
L16 SPEAKER
2 1 RED BLACK 2 CONE
RED
L17 HUM NEUTRAL

SPEAKER PLUG BACK VIEW
COIL
BROWN
L18
1060 FIELD COIL
BROWN
The illustration in Figure 9-10 show a picture of the speaker plug mounted on
the back of the speaker. It also has a wiring diagram of all the components
of the speaker.
The electrical components to be tested are the push/pull audio output

transformer, the voice coil, the hum neutralizing coil, and the field coil.
4 FIGURE 9-11 Speaker Test Points

3
Connect one lead of an ohmmeter to test point

SPEAKER PLUG
FRONT VIEW
1 as shown in Figure 9-11. This makes an
electrical contact with both the audio
2
transformer and the field coil as shown in the
1 wiring diagram of Figure 9-10.
Test points 1 and 2 test the field coil (1,093 ohms).

Test points 1 and 3 test the top half of the
audio transformer primary (290 ohms).
Test points 1 and 4 test the bottom half of the
audio transformer primary (322 ohms).

Sometimes there is no accessible electrical connection to the secondary of the
audio output transformer, the hum neutralizing coil, or the voice coil. If the test
points (1 and 3) and (1 and 4) are good a 1.5 volt battery can be used to test the
remaining coils.
FIGURE 9-12 Voice Coil Testing

1.5VDC
This procedure is shown in Figure 9-12 and also refer
to the wiring diagram in Figure 9-10.
If one side of the connection is removed and then

reconnected repeatedly, a small clicking sound should
SPEAKER PLUG
be heard from the speaker. This clicking sound confirms
that all the remaining coils have continuity.
If the audio transformer is bad refer to Chapter - 10:

Page - 99 "Audio Transformer Replacement."
Testing Resistors
Test all the resistors with an ohmmeter and replace the resistors that are out of
tolerance with resistors of matching specifications. A higher wattage replacement
resistor may be used, if it will physically fit in the circuit. If a resistor reads low,
always check the wiring diagram for other components that may be in parallel
with the resistor under test.

10
Part Replacement
Capacitors
After the continuity testing has been completed, capacitor replacement is
essential. There are three types of capacitors in most radios, the Pico Farad Mica
Capacitors (Micro-Micro Farad), the Micro Farad Wax Capacitors, and the Micro
Farad Electrolytic Capacitors.
Mica
FIGURE 10-1 Mica Capacitors
PLASTIC Two types of Mica capacitors are used in the

8Q2 R.C.A. radio, the plastic and the wafer as
shown in Figure 10-1. To test these capacitors
disconnect one side and then check the
capacitances with a capacitor tester. If a
WAFER
replacement is required, the exact capacitances
must be matched and the working voltage must
be the same or higher.
Gimmick
FIGURE 10-2 Gimmick Capacitor
There is another type of Pico Farad capacitor

known as a Gimmick. It consists of two insulated
wires twisted together as shown in Figure 10-2. This
type of capacitor is not used in the 8Q2 radio, but if
one is found in your radio do not unwind the wires. THESE ENDS ARE
CONNECTED IN THE
These capacitors are probably good if the insulation is RADIO CIRCUIT
intact. If it must be replaced, look in your wiring
diagram for the value of the capacitance.
Wax Capacitors
FIGURE 10-3 Complete Replacement

.01 40
0V
5 6 5 6
4 7 4 7
(A)
Over the years the wax has melted caus- 3
2 1
8 OLD WAX
CAPACITOR
3
2 1
8
ing the capacitors to fail. All wax capacitors

need to be replaced with new capacitors that
REMOVE SOLDER
have the same (or very close, less then 1MFD WITH A SOLDER WICK
within 5%, more then 1MFD within 10%) 4

5 6
7 4
5 6
7
(B)
capacitance, and the same or higher voltage 3
2 1
8 3
2 1
8
rating. Using capacitors that are all rated at

630 volts will simplify your inventory.
.01 63
0V
One way of replacing these capacitors is 5 6 5 6

4 7 4 7
to replace them completely as shown in (C) 3
2 1
8 INSTALL NEW CAPACITOR
AND RE-SOLDER
3
2 1
8
Figure 10-3.
Part (A) shows the capacitor that is to be

replaced in the chassis. Part (B) shows that the capacitor has been removed, but be
careful not to break the tube pins. The solder on the pins of the tube sockets has
been removed and cleaned, using a solder iron and a solder wick. Part (C) shows
the new capacitor installed and soldered.

Capacitors
FIGURE 10-4 Cut and Replace CUT

CUT .01 40
0V
5 6 5 6
4 7 4 7
(A)
Another method of replacing capacitors 3
2 1
8 OLD WAX
CAPACITOR
3
2 1
8
is shown in Figure 10-4. Part (A) shows the

old capacitor to be replaced. Part (B) shows CLEAN
that the old capacitor has been cut out and .01 63
0V
the remaining wire ends cleaned. The wire 4

5 6
7 4
5 6
7
(B) INSTALL NEW CAPACITOR
ends can be cleaned using a small file or a 3
2 1
8 3
2 1
8
fingernail file. Then 1/4 of an inch of the old

capacitor wire ends are bent back. The new SOLDER
capacitor is installed by bending the new .01 63

0V
wire ends with the old. The excess wire is 4

5 6
7 4
5 6
7
(C)
cut off and then both bends are closed. Part 3
2 1
8 3
2 1
8
(C) shows that both connections are

soldered together.
This cut and replace method is easier and is less likely to damage the tube
pins. The new capacitors are all bipolar and can not be installed backwards.
Electrolytic Capacitors
Electrolytic capacitors are polarized and must be installed correctly. If these
capacitors were to be installed backwards, this could result in damaging the radio
and the capacitors could explode! Electrolytic capacitors must be installed with
the positive side of the capacitor connected to the positive side of the radio circuit.
The negative side of the capacitor must be connected to the negative side of the
radio circuit. This is the common chassis ground connection in the 8Q2.
For a detailed description of electrolytic capacitors with a common chassis
ground, refer to Chapter - 3: Page - 27 "Filtration."
For a detailed description of electrolytic capacitors without a common chassis

ground, refer to Chapter - 3: Page - 36 "Electrolytic Capacitor Isolation."

The R.C.A. 8Q2 radio has a single metal can housing four electrolytic
capacitors (C20, C28, C34, C35), refer of Figure A-2 and Figure 3-11.
To save room in the chassis, hollow out the metal can and then install the new
capacitors inside. This method is shown in Figure 10-5.
FIGURE 10-5 Electrolytic Capacitor Replacement

COMMON
GROUND
COMMON
GROUND
- +
- +
- +
- +
(A) (B) (C)
Figure 10-5 part (A) shows the electrolytic can removed from the chassis.
Using an electric drill, drill many holes through the bottom insulating material,
being careful not to damage the metal can. Using dental tools and a screwdriver
remove all the material from the inside of the can.
Part (B) shows the new capacitors installed in the metal can. C20 is a 20MFD at
50V. C28, C34, and C35 are all 10MFD at 450V.
Part (C) shows the wiring diagram of the electrolytic capacitors. All the
negative ends are connected together with an insulated wire for the common
ground connection.
With the metal can mounted on the chassis, the common ground wire is
soldered to a common ground chassis terminal. An isolated terminal strip was
added (four isolated terminals) close to the metal can. The positive sides of each
capacitor is connected to an isolated terminal, and then each power circuit is
connected to the appropriate terminal.
If there is room to install the electrolytic capacitors under the chassis make
sure that the old capacitors are completely disconnected.

Spare Parts
Spare Parts
Sometimes parts that are needed for a repair are no longer available and with
out a good spare, there is no way to repair the radio.
FIGURE 10-6 Zenith Model 6S439 Chassis
Figure 10-6 shows a radio chassis used for spare parts, a Zenith Model 6S439.
After all the tubes are tested, the good ones are cleaned and labeled for the used
tube supply. All the coils,I.F. transformers, and the power transformer are tested
for continuity. Then all the good parts are removed and labeled for future use.
Before using any spare part always re-test the part.

FIGURE 10-7 Spare Parts

VARIABLE CAPACITORS
ROTARY
PUSH BUTTON SWITCH
SWITCHES
TUBE
COVERS
COILS
DIAL LAMPS
& SOCKETS
TUBES
POWER
TRANSFORMER
I.F. TRANSFORMERS
FIGURE 10-8 2ND. I.F. Transformer
The problem is determining if a spare part will work as a replacement.

Spare Parts
Figure 10-7 shows all the parts that were removed from the chassis.
Figure 10-8 shows some of the information that will determine how and where it
may be used. The left tag shows 12.8 ohms between the blue and red wire. The
blue and red wires are the primary connections, the blue wire is connected to the
plate of the vacuum tube. The green and black wires also read 12.8 ohms and are
the secondary connections. The green wire is connected to the diode of the
detector vacuum tube.
Using Spare Parts
I.F. Transformer replacement
If the 1st. I.F. transformer were bad in the 8Q2 R.C.A., and it could not be
repaired, a replacement must be found. The replacement part must match or
exceed the specifications of the original part.
Refer to Figure A-1 for the wiring diagram of the 8Q2 radio. The 1st. I.F.
primary and its secondary read 11 ohms. Also, the intermediate frequency is
455kHz (the replacement must match the I.F. frequency exactly). The primary is
connected to the plate of a 6SA7. The tube manual shows a maximum plate
voltage of 250VDC and a maximum plate current of 3.5 milli-amperes. The
replacement must match the ohms, I.F. frequency, plate voltage and current
required by the 1st. I.F. transformer.
The 2ND. I.F. transformer of the Zenith 6S439 may be a suitable replacement,
refer to Figure 10-8. The intermediate frequency of the 2ND. I.F. is 455kHz (this
must match exactly). The resistance of the primary and secondary both read 12.8
ohms; this is reasonably close. The wiring diagram for the 6S439 shows the
primary (blue wire) of the 2ND I.F transformer is connected to the plate of a
6K7G. The tube manual shows a maximum plate voltage of 250VDC and a
maximum plate current of 7.0 milli-amperes. This exceeds the current
specifications for a 6SA7, so the Zenith 2ND. I.F. transformer would be a suitable
replacement for the 1st. I.F. transformer of the 8Q2 R.C.A. radio.
The Zenith I.F. primary should be installed with the Blue wire connected to
the plate of the 6SA7 (pin 3) and the Red wire connected to B+. The secondary of

the I.F. will need to be physically re-configured. The green wire is connected to
the grid of the 6B8, which is the grid cap. A hole must be drilled at the top of the
I.F. can for the green wire. Add enough wire to it so that the gird cap will reach
the top of the 6B8. The Black wire is connected to the A.V.C. circuit (6U5/6G5 pin
3).
Power Transformer Replacement
If the power transformer of the 8Q2 radio needed to be replaced, the replace-
ment power transformer must match or exceed all the voltages and currents of the
original. The primary (input) is 120VAC and there are three secondaries wind-
ings: a 5VAC, a 6.3VAC, and a 700VAC with a center-tap (refer to Figure A-1).
The 8Q2 radio has one 5V tube (5Y3), seven 6V tubes (6SK7, 6SA7, 6B8, 6U5/
6G5, 6SC7, 6F6G - 2), and three 6V dial lamps. The tube manual shows, the 5Y3
requires 2.0 amperes. The 6F6G requires 0.7 amperes (X 2=1.4 amperes). The five
other 6V tubes require 0.3 amperes each (5 X 0.3=1.5 amperes). The three 6V dial
lamps add 0.75 amperes (3 X 0.25=0.75), for a total of 3.65 amperes.
The total amount of current through the 6V tubes (cathode to plate) is 75.5
milli-amperes (refer to Figure A-4). This specification is for the high voltage
secondary.
From all this information, here are the specifications for a replacement power
transformer.
Primary: 120VAC input.
Secondaries:
5VAC at 2.0 amperes (filament current of the 5Y3)
6.3VAC at 3.65 amperes (total tube filament current + dial lamps)
700VAC (with center-tap) at 75.5 milli-amperes (total cathode current)
If the replacement power transformer voltages match the original, and the
replacement is from a chassis with the same number of tubes or more, this usually
means that it is a suitable replacement. New power transformers are still available
from electronic catalog stores.

Spare Parts
Audio Transformer Replacement
If the audio output transformer needs to be replaced in the 8Q2 radio, the
replacement must match the specifications of the original. In this radio the audio
output is a push-pull circuit, refer to Chapter - 4: Page - 37 "Push-Pull Audio Out-
put." This means two output tubes, and requires the primary of the audio output
transformer to have a center-tap.
For the resistance readings of the audio output transformer refer to

Chapter - 9: Page - 89 "Test Points for the Speaker."
The replacement transformer must match a power output of 3.2 to 11 watts

with an output load from 7,000 to 10,000 ohms per-side. Push-Pull audio output
transformers are available from electronic catalog stores. These replacement
transformers have multi-taped primaries to match a variety of output tubes. They
also have multiple secondary taps to match a variety of speakers.
Coil Replacement
The only source is from another radio chassis of the same model; this is
usually very difficult to find. If a coil is found to be open, first try repairing it. If it
cannot be repaired, other choices are to replace or to rewind the coil.
Coil Repair
FIGURE 10-9 Weak Points of Coils
If an open coil is found, some times it is possible to repair

the coil. Usually the open is at one of its weak points. This is
shown by the arrows in Figure 10-9. First try re-soldering
the lug connections and retest with an ohmmeter. Other
weak points are the beginning and ends of a coil. Inspect all
weak points with a magnifying glass, looking for discolora-
tion. A dental tool is very useful for gently tugging on the
weak points. If the open is found, clean the two ends by
removing the insulation with a small file. Support the wire

end with your finger as you gently rub the file against the wire, then solder the
cleaned ends together. If the two ends can not be soldered together, a small exten-
sion to one of the wires may be necessary.
FIGURE 10-10 Coil Open Between Beginning and End
SHARP PIN
OHMS
BLACK RED
If the coil is open between the beginning and end of the coil, a sharp pin can be
used to find the open. This is shown in Figure 10-10. One test lead is connected to
a coil terminal. The other test lead has an attached pin to penetrate the wire
insulation, being very careful not to break the coil wire. When the open is found
clean both ends and solder.
Coil Rewinding
If the coil has multiple openings, it will have to be rewound. Count the num-
ber of turns and acquire the same gauge wire. Remove the old wire and rewind
the coil with the same number of turns, with the same gauge wire, and wind in
the same direction. Many gauges of wire are available from electronic supply
stores.
Tube Adapters and Re-Basing

The lack of availability of some tubes may make it necessary to adapt some
tubes from your existing tube supply. One shortwave radio on the work bench

Spare Parts
stopped working because the 5Y4 rectifier tube had burnt out. There were no 5Y4
tubes in the spare tube supply and none were available from the web catalog
stores.
FIGURE 10-11 5Y3 to 5Y4 Tube Adapter
5Y3 8 PIN 5Y3 RECTIFIER TUBE

4 5 TUBE SOCKET PLUGS INTO THE TOP
OF THE ADAPTER
3 6
4
6
2 2
7 8
1 8 INSULATED
WIRE
5Y3 TO 5Y4
5Y4 8
5 7
4
3
5
3 6
2 7 BOTTOM OF ADAPTER
8 PIN TUBE PLUGS INTO THE 5Y4
1 8 BASE PLUG SOCKET ON RADIO CHASSIS
(A) (B) (C)
While continuing the search for a 5Y4, an adapter would solve this problem
temporarily. Using the information from a tube manual, the specifications of a
5Y3 match and slightly exceed the specifications of a 5Y4 rectifier tube.
In Figure 10-11 part (A) shows the base diagrams for the 5Y3 and 5Y4 tubes.
Figure 10-11 part (B) shows an 8 pin tube socket wired to an 8 pin tube plug. The
tube socket pins 2, 4, 6, and 8 are wired to the tube plug pins 7, 3, 5, and 8, respec-
tively. Figure 10-11 part (C) shows the completed and labeled adapter. The 5Y3
plugs into the socket at the top and then the unit is plugged into the 5Y4’s socket
in the radio chassis.

This adapter allowed me to continue testing while waiting to acquired a NOS
5Y4 from one of the web catalog stores.
FIGURE 10-12 5Y3 to 5Y4 Re-Basing
5Y3
FILAMENT
LEADS
PLATE #1 PLATE #2
LEAD LEAD
RE-GLUE GLASS
TO TUBE BASE
SPAGHETTI
SLEEVING RE-BASE
5Y3 TO 5Y4
8
7
3
5
5Y3 RE-BASED TO 5Y4
Figure 10-12 shows a 5Y3 re-based to a 5Y4 rectifier tube. The appropriate
wires from the 5Y3 are reconnected to the tube base plug in the 5Y4 configuration.
All the wires are insulated using spaghetti sleeving. After testing the tube in a
tube tester, label the base of the re-based tube.
Re-basing is much more critical for the R.F. circuits. If an adapter is used, the
extra length of wire in the adapter will de-tune the R.F. circuit.

11
Safety, Testing
& Alignment
Safety
Some of the circuits in the R.C.A 8Q2 radio develop 700 volts or more. Refer to
Chapter - 1: Page - 2 "Warning."
Safe Working Environment

It is very important to have a safe working environment. Work on a wooden
workbench because wood is a good electrical insulator. This makes it a safe place
to work on open radio chassis. Use a large, clear plastic floor mat in front of the
workbench. Standing on the floor mat electrically insulates the feet from the floor.
This eliminates the feet from becoming an electrical path to earth ground. Avoid
colored floor mats because the materials used to color the mat may be a conductor
of electricity.
The author’s workbench has two movable magnifying florescence lamps at

each end of the bench. These movable lamps are very useful when examining or
working on a radio chassis.

Power On Handling RULES
When power is applied to the chassis ONLY WORK WITH ONE HAND. This
will eliminate the possibility that two points of your body will provide a path for
electrons. This means that the hand that you are not using (to do testing, measur-
ing voltages, signal-tracing, etc.) should be behind your back or in your pocket.
Never, ever, place the non-testing hand on lamps and/or anything that conducts
electricity. Whatever test is to be preformed on a radio chassis, prepare for the test
before applying power.
Powering Down the Radio

When the radio is turned off, this does not necessarily mean that all the B+
power is gone. Sometimes a significant amount DC voltage can remain in the
radio circuits. Always measure the B+ voltage before accessing any radio circuits.
If the B+ voltage remains, use a Bleeder resistor across B+ and B- to bleed off this
voltage.
Isolation Transformer
ISOLATION FIGURE 11-1 Isolation Transformer

TRANSFORMER
The first thing to put on your workbench is an
isolation transformer, it is a very important safety
120VAC 120VAC item. Use it every time power is applied to a radio
chassis with out fail! The schematic symbol for an
isolation transformer is shown in Figure 11-1. The
input to the isolation transformer is 120VAC
INPUT OUTPUT
house current (commercial power) and the output
is 120VAC. This is because the ratio between the primary and the secondary is
one to one. There is NO electrical connection between the primary and secondary
windings. This means that any radio chassis plugged into the isolation
transformers output will receive 120VAC and it is completely isolated from
commercial power.

Safety
Variable Transformer
FIGURE 11-2 Isolation & Variable Transformer, & Chassis

ISOLATION VARIABLE AC AC MILLI-
TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER VOLTMETER AMMETER
120VAC 120VAC
OUTPUT
0VAC 120VAC 0-120VAC
S1 R1
X10
PHONO.
C15
C7 C8 C9 G A
1st.IF L11
V7 V3
5Y3G 6B8
T1 L13
C11 OSC.
POWER SEC.ADJ.455KC C10
TRANS.
2nd.IF V2
6SA7 DET.
L15 C17
C13 V1
8Q2 CHASSIS 6SK7
C20
ANT.
V6 V5 V4 C28 C5
6F6G 6F6G 6SC7 C34
C35
C3 C2 C1
V8
6U5
6G5
Figure 11-2 shows the connection configuration of the isolation transformer,

the variable transformer, and a radio chassis under test. The variable transformer
(3 ampere minimum) is ALWAYS plugged in to the isolation transformer.

The chassis under test is plugged into the output of the variable transformer.
The variable transformer will vary the AC voltage from 0VAC to 120VAC. An AC
voltmeter is in parallel with the output to monitor the voltage and an AC milli-
ampere is in series with the output to monitor the current. This configuration
allows for the safe control of the power being applied to the chassis.
Testing The Radio Chassis
Initial Chassis Power Up

After all the wax capacitors, electrolytic capacitors, out of tolerance resistors,
and all the bad vacuum tubes have been repaired, along with any repaired or
replaced coils and transformers, it is now time for the initial power up test of the
radio. Refer to the wiring diagrams and drawings for your radio.
Chassis Setup
Place the radio chassis on the workbench with all the tubes and knobs
installed. Set the radio band switch to band A, the AM broadcast band. Turn the
power switch on and the volume control up (clockwise) one-quarter turn.
The radio must be electrically complete. For this radio the speaker cable/
socket from the chassis must be plugged into the speaker plug (refer to Figure 3-
11, Figure 3-13 and Figure 9-10). Also, an antenna wire must be connected to the
antenna terminal ‘A’ on the radio chassis, refer to Figure A-2. An insulated
antenna wire of 10 feet is sufficient for this test.
Check that all the vacuum tubes are plugged into their correct sockets. Make
sure that the power is off on the isolation transformer, and that the variable
transformer is set to 0VAC. Plug the radio chassis power cord into the variable
transformer, refer to Figure 11-2.
Power Up Test
The total AC power used by the R.C.A 8Q2 radio is 75 Watts at 120VAC (0.625
amperes), refer to Figure A-4. At no time should the radio exceed this maximum

Testing The Radio Chassis
current. If the current is exceeded or it is very low, proceed to Chapter - 12: Page -
119 "Current."
Set the variable transformer to 0VAC and power ON the isolation transformer.
Slowly rotate the variable transformer so that the AC voltmeter reads 40VAC,
while always watching the AC milli-ampere meter. At this voltage the ammeter
reads 190 milli-amperes. The pilot lamps and the tube filaments should be glow-
ing dimly and there is no sound from the speaker. Rotate the variable transformer
to 60VAC. The current meter now reads 255 milli-amperes (0.255 amperes) but
still no sound coming from the speaker.
Rotate the variable transformer to 80VAC, the ammeter now reads 0.45
amperes. The pilot lamps and the tube filaments are glowing brighter. The radio
is now playing and has been tuned to a local station. Stay at this voltage for
approximately 15 minutes to see if the current is stable.
amperes. The radio is now playing louder and the eye tube is barely glowing
green. Stay at this voltage for about 15 minutes to see if the current is stable.
amperes. The pilot lamps and the tube filaments are now glowing at their proper
brightness. The radio is now playing louder, and the eye tube is now glowing
bright green. Stay at this voltage for about 30 minutes to see if the current is
stable.
If your radio is not playing at this point, refer to Chapter - 12: Page - 118
"Where to Start?."
If the radio plays, check the function of the other bands. Set the band switch to
band ‘B’ and tune through the entire band, and do the same for band ‘C’. During
the day a few stations should be heard somewhere on each band. If you are not
sure if the bands are working try this test after sundown. There should be a
dramatic increase in the number of stations heard. Rotate the variable transformer
to 0VAC and power OFF the isolation transformer. If the power consumption of
your radio is normal and one or more of the bands are not working at this point
refer to Chapter - 12: Page - 128 "Normal Current."

Alignment
Overview
The purpose of aligning the radio is to peak its performance on all bands and
to calibrate the dial for accuracy. This is accomplished by injecting a calibrated,
modulated signal into the R.F. section of the radio and reading the results. The
alignment procedure for the 8Q2 is typical for this type of radio. Refer to the
wiring diagrams and drawings for the alignment procedure for your radio.
FIGURE 11-3 Alignment Equipment

OSCILLOSCOPE (OR) AC VOLTMETER
ALIGNMENT
EQUIPMENT
CALIBRATED AC
400 CYCLE SIGNAL GENERATOR
MODULATED OSCILLOSCOPE
R.F. DC VOLTMETER
SIGNAL GENERATOR AC VOLTMETER
BLACK RED
I.F. DETECTOR 1st. AF AC VOLTMETER

R.F. OSCILLATOR
AUTO-VOLUME PHASE
AMPLIFIER CONVERTER
CONTROL INVERTER
AC
PUSH-PULL
AUDIO
FULL OUTPUT
SIGNAL TUNING EYE WAVE
POWER INDICATOR POWER
AVC SUPPLY BLACK RED
Figure 11-3 shows the alignment equipment required to align most

superheterodyne radios. The R.F. signal generator is capable of generating an R.F.
frequency from 100Khz through 20Mhz. This signal is also modulated with an
audio signal, usually 400 cycles.

Alignment
There are two test points shown. One point is in the detector/AVC circuit,
where an oscilloscope or an AC voltmeter may be used to measure the signal. The
other point is the speaker audio output using an AC voltmeter.
Alignment Test Points
FIGURE 11-4 2nd. I.F. Terminal C Alignment Test Point

C34
V3 6B8
I.F.-DET.AVC.
C35 D C20
3 1 2nd. IF
C28 L13 L14 L15
4
11 Cap 7 7
R5
C F B 120PF
6 C23 C24
5
C39
8
E C22 120
D A 56PF C A
F RED PF D
L14 PRI.ADJ.
455kHz 2nd IF
C
A R4
B AVC. 2.2MEG C25
180PF
C38
.05
BOTTOM
R4
MFD
VIEW
TERMINAL ‘C’ OF 2nd. IF
OSCILLOSCOPE/METER
TEST CONNECTION FOR
ALIGNMENT
Figure 11-4 shows the test point for an oscilloscope or an AC voltmeter. Point
C is connected to the input of the oscilloscope and its other lead is connected to
chassis ground.
If the voltmeter is used, one lead of the AC voltmeter is connected to

terminal C and the other lead is connected to chassis ground.

FIGURE 11-5 Speaker Alignment Test Point
PUSH/PULL AUDIO VOICE

OUTPUT TRANSFORMER COIL
RED T2
3 4 594
L16 SPEAKER
2 1 RED BLACK 2 CONE
AC
RED
L17
SPEAKER PLUG BACK VIEW HUM NEUTRAL
BROWN COIL
L18
1060 FIELD COIL
BROWN
BLACK RED
Figure 11-5 shows the test point connections at the speaker. The AC voltmeter
test leads are connected across the speaker voice coil. If this method is used, the
volume control must be at maximum after the injection signal is applied, and at
minimum before the injection point is disconnected. This is to avoid a very loud
click that may damage the speaker.
Signal Generator
Depending on the test to be performed, the signal generator is connected to
various injection points in the R.F. circuit. For the 8Q2 radio, the shielded lead of
the signal generator is connected to common ground of the radio.
The output lead (center) of the signal generator may be connected in series
with capacitors or resistors depending on the injection point of the alignment test
as specified in the alignment instructions. The output of the signal generator
should be kept at the lowest possible level so that the AVC circuit does not
activate.
If the output level is too high the AVC will automatically attenuate the signal
making it difficult or impossible to align the radio.

Alignment
NOTE #1:
The R.C.A. 8Q2 radio has a separate alignment dial calibrated in degrees as
shown in Figure 11-6. In some of the alignment procedures the instructions
require the alignment dial to be set at a specific degree setting. The corresponding
dial frequency is also given.
FIGURE 11-6 Alignment Dial

REFERENCE POINT
ALIGNMENT DIAL
CALIBRATION SCALE
ON THE BACK OF THE
INDICATOR DRIVE CORD DRUM
NOTE #2:
Some capacitor adjustments may have more than one peak in level. Sometimes
the lower peak is desirable and sometimes the higher peak is desirable. This will
be marked with two symbols (* and ^) respectively.
* If more than one peak is obtained, use the lower-level peak.

^ If more than one peak is obtained, use the higher-level peak.
NOTE #3:
With the power OFF, position the radio chassis so that the top and bottom are
easily accessible, refer to Figure 11-7, and stabilize the chassis so that it cannot fall
over. Connect the oscilloscope or voltmeter to a test point as described in Chapter
- 11: Page - 109 "Alignment Test Points."

1500KC 600KC
112
PHONO. C15 L11 1500KC 6MC 20MC
6B8 ANT.
V3 A G C9 C8 C7
L13 NOTE #4:
5Y3G
V7
TRANS. 1st.IF
C10 C11
AP-2
POWER SEC.ADJ.455KC OSC.
T1
AP-1
L15
AP-3,4,5,6
6SA7 C17
V2 R.F.
2nd.IF
C13 6SK7
V1
C35
C5
6F6G 6F6G 6SC7 C34 ANT.
V5 V6 V4 C28
C20
INJECTION POINTS
C1 C2 C3
AP = ALIGNMENT PROCEDURE
6G5 20MC 6MC 1500KC
6U5
V8

1500 KC. 6 MC. 20 MC.
C32
VOLTAGE TOLERANCE +/- 20% CATHODE CURRENTS
7 6 3 4 V1_________12.8ma
8 5
BLACK
ALL VOLTAGES MEASURED V2_________9.73ma
R9
C31
S6 FROM CHASSIS GROUND. V3_________10.8ma
3 RADIO TUNED TO STRONG V4_________0.9ma
2
11 2 LOCAL STATION. AUDIO V5_________19.4ma
SET TO LOW-VOLUME. RED V6_________20.1ma
1 5
YELLOW V8_________1.45ma
C27
VOLUME R10 S8 POWER AC LINE VOLTAGE = 121VAC TOTAL B+__75.5ma
C29
CONTROL SWITCH
BLUE
6SC7 GREEN
1st.AF C40 ANT.
PH.INVER. 70.2V YELLOW
280V COILS
278.6V C36 R14 L2 L4
R13
RED 6U5/6G5
C26
C34 5 L1
TUNING EYE
C30
5 6 5 6 4 6
R12
1 2
R15
V8
FIGURE 11-7 Alignment Procedure Injection Points
4 7 4 7 8 3 3
C20 1 L3
BROWN
C35 D 7 6
R18
3 8 3 8 7 4 2 8 5
C43
2 1 2 1 6 5 4
9
73
S1 DUMMY
C4
GREEN
22.6V
R17
C28 R8 153V S2 3 LUGS
V6 V5 R11 V4 2
C33 GREEN 1 R2
BLACK 6SK7
C42 275V
BLUE
GREEN
RED
R5
BROWN 271.6V 111.5V GREEN R.F.AMP.
C5
C13 V1
272.4V 6F6G R19
22.5V OUTPUT R16 0.05V
V2 6SA7 3 4
C39
E MIX.OSC. 2 5
D RED
F RED 3 4 1 6
L14 PRI.ADJ. C19 BLUE
455KC. 2nd IF 2 5 8 7
C 1
A 6
8 7 C14 113.9V
B 7 6
8 5 R1
BLUE
9 S3
RE
10
D
S4
E
C17 280V
U
11
BL
R4
L9
BLUE
YELLOW
R.F.
BLACK
L10TAP
C12
COILS
BLACK
ALIGNMENT
L10
BROWN
T1 L11TAP OSC. L8
YELLOW
L9
radio while power is applied. Repeat NOTE #4 for each procedure.
COILS
C
L7TAP
POWER BLACK L7
TRANSFORMER C41 L9TAP L10
C6
C37
L11 L8
233V RED L5
L6
C18
R6 C10
GREEN 7 6
8 1 5 6 F 8 5
7 2 4 7 D R3 4
9
6 3 8 S5
OSCILLOSCOPE/METER
3
TEST CONNECTION FOR

TERMINAL ‘C’ OF 2nd. IF
A 10
5 4 2 1 C11
11
GREEN
349V C38 1
YELLOW
BROWN
TOTAL AC POWER V7 277.5V V3 YELLOW

5Y3G 6B8
CONSUMPTION YELLOW
RECT. I.F.CONV.AVC.
injection point. Power ON the isolation transformer and rotate the variable
IS 75 WATTS
(USING ONLY ONE HAND). After its completion, turn the power OFF and
L12 PRI.ADJ.
455KC 1st IF
PHONO JACK C15 OSC. C7 R.F. C8 R.F. C9 R.F. G A
rotate the variable transformer to 0VAC. Never change any connections to the
1500KC. 20MC. 6MC. 1500KC.

bottom view. Refer to Figure 11-7 for the alignment procedure injection points.
transformer to 120VAC. Let the radio warm up and then perform the procedure
Refer to Figure A-1 for the complete 8Q2 wiring diagram. Refer to Figure A-2
for the 8Q2 chassis part location. Refer to Figure A-4 for the 8Q2 chassis drawing
For each alignment procedure connect the signal generator to the appropriate
Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio

Alignment
Alignment Procedure - 1
Connect the output of the signal generator in series with a 0.01 MFD capacitor
to the grid cap of the 6B8, refer to Figure 11-7. Tune the generator to 455kHz,
modulated at 400 cycles. Tune the radio to a quiet spot on band ‘C’. Adjust L14
and L15 (2nd. I.F.) for maximum peak output.
Connect the output of the signal generator in series with a 0.01 MFD capacitor
to middle section of C17, refer to Figure 11-7. Tune the generator to 455kHz,
modulated at 400 cycles. Tune the radio to a quiet spot on band ‘C’. Adjust L12
and L13 (1st. I.F.) for maximum peak output.
Connect the output of the signal generator in series with a 200 PFD capacitor
to antenna terminal ‘A’, refer to Figure 11-7. Tune the generator to 600kHz,
modulated at 400 cycles. Tune the radio 600kHz (148 degrees) on band ‘A’. Adjust
L11 (oscillator) for maximum peak output.
Connect the output of the signal generator in series with a 200 PFD capacitor
to antenna terminal ‘A’, refer to Figure 11-7. Tune the generator to 1500kHz,
modulated at 400 cycles. Tune the radio 1500kHz (28 degrees) on band ‘A’. Adjust
C15* (osc.), C9^ (R.F.), C3 (ant.) for maximum peak output.
Connect the output of the signal generator in series with a 300 ohm resistor to
antenna terminal ‘A’, refer to Figure 11-7. Tune the generator to 6.1MHz,
modulated at 400 cycles. Tune the radio 6.1MHz (29 degrees) on band ‘B’. Adjust

Connect the output of the signal generator through a 300 ohm resistor to
antenna terminal ‘A’, refer to Figure 11-7. Tune the generator to 20 MHz,
modulated at 400 cycles. Tune the radio 20 MHz (23 degrees) on band ‘C’. Adjust
This Completes the Alignment of the 8Q2 R.C.A. Radio. The alignment
procedure provided by the manufacturer is the best method to align your radio.
Below is a typical manufacturer’s table for alignment procedures.
TABLE 11 - 1 Alignment Procedures for the R.C.A. Model 8Q2 Radio

Alignment Connect output of Tune signal Turn/Tune Radio Adjust the following for
Procedure signal generator to generator to dial to maximum peak output
1 Grid Cap of 6B8 455kHz Quiet point on the L14 and L15
through series ‘C’ band 2nd. I.F.
0.01MFD
2 Middle section of 455kHz Quiet point on the L12 and L13
C17 through series ‘C’ band 1st. I.F.
0.01MFD
3 Antenna Terminal 600kHz 600kHz L11 (osc.)
‘A’ through series (148 degrees)
200PFD ‘A’ band
4 Antenna Terminal 1,500kHz 1.500kHz C15* (osc.)
‘A’ through series (28 degrees) C9^ (R.F.)
200PFD ‘A’ band C3 (ant.)
5 Antenna Terminal 6.1MHz 6.1MHz C13* (osc.)
300 ohms ‘B’ band C2 (ant.)
6 Antenna Terminal 20MHz 20MHz C11* (osc.)
300 ohms ‘C’ band C1 (ant.)

Alignment II
Alignment II
FIGURE 11-8 Phase Lock Loop Radio
PLL
PHASE LOCK LOOP RADIO
PLASTIC
TUNING TOOL
SIGNAL LEVEL
TUNED TO THE
I.F. FREQUENCY
If your radio plays very well on all bands, another method of aligning the
radio may be used. This general method requires a Phase Lock Loop (PLL) radio
that can be tuned from 150kHz through 550kHz and it must have a signal level
indicator. An R.F. attenuating feature would be nice, but it is not a must. The
radio the author uses is a Radio Shack DX-398 AM, FM, shortwave radio. In this
procedure the radio is used as an I.F. frequency locator and signal strength
indicator as shown in Figure 11-8.
The R.C.A. 8Q2 radio played very well on all bands. But, if you noticed that
frequencies are off by the same amount on all the band’s (in this case 5kHz’s), this
usually means that the Intermediate frequency is off frequency.

Step #1
Attach the antenna and position the radio chassis so that the top and bottom of
the chassis can be easily accessed and is stable. Power on the isolation transformer
and rotate the variable transformer to 120VAC. Let the radio warm up.
Step #2
Using the PLL radio tuned to 455kHz (the radio's Intermediate Frequency),
position it in close proximity with the chassis. The next step is to find what
frequency the radio’s I.F. transformers are tuned to. On the AM band of the radio,
(band ‘A’ for the 8Q2) tune in a strong local station in the middle of the AM band.
Tune the PLL radio on either side of 455kHz until the signal level indicates a
peak. The 8Q2 chassis peaked at 450kHz.
Step #3
Now tune the chassis a little to one side of the AM station, and then with the
PLL radio find the frequency again. If the frequency is increasing (but weaker)
you are moving the chassis dial in the correct direction. If the frequency decreases
you are moving the chassis dial in the wrong direction. Repeat this step until
455kHz (or the I.F. for your radio) is obtained. At this point tune the chassis I.F.
transformers for peak output.
Step #4
To calibrate the dials on all bands, use the PPL radio to find radio stations as
close as possible to the manufactures frequency specifications. Adjust the appro-
priate coils or capacitors so that the frequency of the chassis dial matches the PLL
radio. Be careful on the shortwave bands to check adjacent stations, because some
shortwave stations broadcast on several different places on the same band.
Turn power OFF and rotate the variable transformer to 0VAC.

12
Troubleshooting Guide
Troubleshooting Guide
The Key and Purpose
The best troubleshooting tool is Knowledge.
A thorough understanding of how the Radio

Circuits function is the key to troubleshooting.
The purpose of troubleshooting is to systematically
locate the problem circuit/s, then isolate and repair or
replace the bad component/s.
Where to Start?
Two staggered short lines will mark the beginning of a subject and the
following two long lines across the page will mark the end of that subject.
Read chapter 12 entirely and then refer to the “Troubleshooting Outline” on

page 157 for troubleshooting scenarios and troubleshooting levels.
Acquire the wiring diagrams and drawings for your model radio. Most are
now available on CDs or ONLINE.
Place the radio chassis on the workbench so that it is stable, all the components
are accessible, and the radio is electrically complete. Plug the power cord of the
radio chassis into output of the variable transformer. The variable transformer
should always be plugged into the isolation transformer’s output (secondary),
and its primary side should be plugged into commercial power, as shown in
Figure 11-2.
Re-check all the vacuum tubes to make sure they are plugged into the
correct sockets. Always clean the tube pins any time a tube is out of its socket.
Refer to Figure 1-2.
Before applying power to any chassis please review the safety section in
Chapter - 11: Page - 103 "Safety." The acronyms “PHR” (Power On Handling
Rules) and “PDR” (Powering Down the Radio) will appear throughout this
chapter. Please review both procedures in Chapter - 11: Page - 104.
When applying power to the radio, always start at 0VAC and increase the
voltage slowly while watching both the voltage and the current meter. If the
radio’s maximum current is reached before 120VAC is reached, power down
(PDR) immediately and refer to Chapter - 12: Page - 122 "High Current."
When taking any readings of any kind, always verify the readings by taking
them more than once. If you are measuring voltages, take all the measurements
and write down the results. Then do this again, comparing the second results
with the first results. If they do not match, measure again until the correct reading
is obtained. An incorrect reading of any kind will cause a misleading conclusion
while troubleshooting.

Current
Sometimes there may be more than one problem in a radio. One strategy is to
identify the most serious problem first, like high or low current, because it may
mask other problems. After clearing the first problem, if another problem
appears, continue clearing each problem one at a time.
Current
The amount of current the radio is consuming is a good indicator if the radio is
in trouble. The R.C.A. 8Q2 specifications show this radio should consume 75
Watts of AC power.
To calculate the current use this expression: [P=E x I], P power in watts (75) =
E in volts (120) x I in amperes (?). Solving for I, [I=P/E]. I= 75/120 equating to
0.625 AC amperes. Always check the specifications for your radio.
On initial power-up there are three possible current levels. The current may
read low, it may read correctly, or it may read high.
No or Low Current
Something is open. Refer to Figure A-11 for the voltages by tube and pin
number. Refer to Figure 12-5 or Figure A-1 for the wiring diagram of the 8Q2
radio. Use the manufacturer drawings for your radio.
No Current
If there is no current, power down (PDR) the radio and make sure that all the
power connections are correctly connected together. Refer to Figure 11-2. No
current indicates a complete open somewhere in the 120VAC input circuit.
Re-check (with an ohmmeter) the power cord, the on/off switch S8, and the
primary winding of the power transformer T1, then re-test. Refer to Chapter - 9:
Page - 82 "Test Points for the Power Transformer." If the primary of T1 is open,
refer to Chapter - 10: Page - 98 "Power Transformer Replacement."

Low Current
If the current is low, with power on (PHR), check to see if all of the
filaments of the tubes are lighted.
All Tubes Lighted
If all the tubes are lighted, this may mean that the B+ is low or it is open to
most of the radio circuits. Measure the B+ voltage at the positive terminal of
capacitor C34 and check all the tube plate voltages and write down the results.
Turn power OFF (PDR).
C34, No B+
Review Chapter - 3: Page - 23 "Full-Wave Rectifier Power Supply." Compare

the measured results with the manufacturer supplied voltage readings. If the
reading at C34 is low, retest the rectifier tube. With an ohmmeter recheck the field
coil and all the secondaries of T1. Refer to Chapter - 9: Page - 89 "Test Points for
the Speaker" and Chapter - 9: Page - 82 "Test Points for the Power Transformer."
If the field coil is open try a repair. If it cannot be repaired find a replacement
speaker from the used parts supply. The replacement must match the specifica-
tions of the field coil. If you do not have a replacement speaker, a choke coil with
the same specifications of the field coil may be substituted. Then the original
speaker must be replaced with a permanent magnet speaker.
If any of the secondaries of T1 are open, it must be replaced. Refer to
Chapter - 10: Page - 98 "Power Transformer Replacement."
After the repair is complete return to Chapter - 11: Page - 106 "Testing The
Radio Chassis."

Current
B+ at C34, No Plate Voltage
Compare the measured results with the manufacturer supplied voltage read-
ings. If there is B+ at C34 (280VDC) and there is no plate voltage at either V5 or V6
the primary side of T2 associated with the no voltage is open. If both plates of V5
and V6 read no voltage the center tap of T2 may be open. If either scenario is true
T2 must be replaced. Verify by testing the continuity of T2’s primary again. Refer
to Chapter - 9: Page - 89 "Test Points for the Speaker." To replace T2 refer to Chap-
ter - 10: Page - 99 "Audio Transformer Replacement."
If V4 pin 2 reads low or no voltage, the resistor R14 is open or its connection to
B+ is open. If V4 pin 5 reads low or no voltage. The resistor R17 is open or its con-
nection to B+ is open.
If V3 pin 3 reads no voltage, the primary of the 2nd I.F. is open or its connec-
tion to B+ is open. Verify by testing the continuity of the primary, refer to Chapter
- 9: Page - 84 "Test Points for the I.F. Transformers." If the primary is found to be
open refer to Chapter - 10: Page - 97 "I.F. Transformer replacement."
If V2 pin 3 reads no voltage, the primary of the 1st. I.F. is open or its connec-
tion to B+ is open. Verify by testing the continuity of the primary, refer to Chapter
- 9: Page - 84 "Test Points for the I.F. Transformers." If the primary is found to be
open refer to Chapter - 10: Page - 97 "I.F. Transformer replacement."
If V1 pin 8 reads no voltage, the primary of L8 is open or its connection to B+ is

open. Verify by testing the continuity of the primary, refer to Chapter - 9: Page -
86 "Test Points for the R.F. Coils." If the primary is found to be open refer to
Chapter - 10: Page - 99 "Coil Replacement" and Chapter - 10: Page - 99 "Coil
Repair" and Chapter - 10: Page - 100 "Coil Rewinding."
Radio Chassis."

Tubes Not Lighted
If some tubes are not lighted, turn power OFF (PDR). If all of the six-volt tubes
are not lighted, the six-volt secondary of T1 may be open. If only one or two
six-volt tubes are not lighted, re-test those tubes and clean their pins, refer to
Figure 1-2. If the rectifier tube is not lighted, re-test the tube. If it is good the
five-volt secondary may be open. With all the tubes removed re-check all the
secondaries with an ohmmeter. Refer to Chapter - 9: Page - 82 "Test Points for the
Power Transformer." If any of the secondaries are open the power transformer
must be replaced. Refer to
Radio Chassis."
High Current
Something is drawing too much current (short circuit). Refer to Figure A-11
for a list of voltages by tube and pin number (manufacturer supplied). Refer to
Figure 12-5 or Figure A-1 for the wiring diagram of the 8Q2 radio.
Current is Very High

Power down (PDR) and let the tubes cool off. This radio has a power
transformer so the removal of the tubes may be used to try and isolate the high
current draw.
Remove Rectifier Tube
Remove the rectifier tube, in this radio it is the 5Y3. Slowly power up the radio
(PHR) and check the AC current, then power off (PDR) the radio.

Current
Current is Now Low (rectifier tube is removed)
This means that the short is in the power supply or the B+ feed is shorted
somewhere in the radio. With the power off (PDR) recheck all the electrolytic
capacitors. If an electrolytic capacitor is found to be installed improperly, remove
it and throw it in the trash, then install a new one correctly.
Review Chapter - 3: Page - 23 "Full-Wave Rectifier Power Supply", Chapter - 3:

Page - 33 "Electrolytic Capacitor Polarity" and Chapter - 3: Page - 36 "Electrolytic
Capacitor Isolation."
If the electrolytic capacitors are installed properly, un-solder the B+ lead/s

feeding the radio circuits. With an ohmmeter test the un-soldered lead/s.
Normally, the ohm readings should be open or infinity (for the 8Q2, this is read
from chassis ground).
Most of the time if there is a short on one of the B+ leads, it can be read with an
ohmmeter. An example would be something like this, please refer to wiring
diagram Figure A-1. One of the B+ leads reads about 15K ohms and all the others
read infinity. Looking at the wiring diagram, the one lead that reads about 15K
ohms turns out to be the B+ lead that is connected to resistor R5. Checking across
all the components along this lead, the ohmmeter shows that C40 only reads a few
ohms but it should read infinity. This is the shorted component. Replacing C40
clears the problem and now this B+ lead reads infinity.
It is possible that the bad part only breaks down with power. If you suspect
this scenario re-install the rectifier tube and reconnect one of the B+ lead and
apply power (PHR), then power down (PDR). Repeat this until the B+ lead
causing the high current is found.
Clear the short, then return to Chapter - 11: Page - 106 "Testing The Radio
Chassis."

Current is Still High (rectifier tube is removed)
Power down (PDR) the radio. This may mean that the power transformer has
an internal short. To test this, un-solder and insulate (electrical tape) all the
secondary windings of the power transformer and then power up slowly (PHR),
then power down (PDR).
If the current is still high, the transformer must be replaced, refer to

If the current is now low, this means that the short is in the chassis. Remove all
tubes and reconnect the secondaries one at a time. Power up slowly (PHR)
between each re-connection, then power down (PDR). Repeat until the short
circuit is found (high current is back). Un-solder this secondary and with an
ohmmeter locate the short in the circuit. A standard troubleshooting method is to
open up the problem circuit at its mid-point.
An EXAMPLE would be something like this. Lets say that the problem was
found to be in the six-volt filament circuit. All the tubes have been removed and
the six-volt secondary of the power transformer has been un-soldered again. The
ohm readings will be taken across (parallel) the filament pins of the six-volt tube
sockets. Looking at the wiring diagram the tube 6B8 is about in the middle of the
parallel circuit. Un-solder one filament wire from the 6B8’s tube socket (from pin
2 or pin 7).
With an ohmmeter measure across pins 2 and 7. This is test point 1 and 2 in
Figure 12-1. If a short is found, this is the path with the short. If test points 1 and 3
indicate a short, this is the path with the short. In both cases try and cut the next
path in half again until the short circuit is found. When the short has been found
and cleared, re-solder all filament leads and re-test.

Current
FIGURE 12-1 Six-Volt Filament Short Circuit

V3 V3
6B8 6B8
I.F.CONV.AVC. I.F.CONV.AVC.
4
5 6
7 4
5 6
7
1
3 8 3 8
2 1 2 1
3
2
REMOVE ONE OF THE FILAMENT WIRES FROM PIN2 OR PIN7
Clear short then return to Chapter - 11: Page - 106 "Testing The Radio Chassis."
Current is a Little High, Almost Normal (all tubes installed)
In some circumstances there still can be a problem when the radio plays very
well but the current reads a little high. If the power transformer operates too hot,
it may mean that the AC input is too high or there is an internal short in the trans-
former.
T1 Runs Hot, but steady
The transformer does run hot, but it remains at a steady heat. The R.C.A. 8Q2
did run a little hot, the specifications for the 8Q2 show that it was designed to
operate from 105VAC to 125VAC at 75 watts. Adding a resistor in series with the
AC line reduces the AC voltage across the primary of T1. The added resistor must
be one that keeps the voltage across the primary of T1 with in the radio’s specifi-
cations. The middle of the radio’s VAC specification is the optimum objective.
Most of the time the author’s commercial power measures about 121VAC, which
is on the high side of the radio’s specifications.

FIGURE 12-2 Add 8-Ohm Resistor & Fuse
FUSE T1
1A
INLINE
8 OHMS
40 WATTS
FUSE ADDED FOR SAFETY

ADD 8 OHMS 40 WATT
S8
RESISTOR TO LOWER
121VAC TO 116VAC
Figure 12-2 shows how an 8-ohm, 40 watt resistor is connected into the
primary circuit of T1. A terminal strip was added inside the chassis for mounting
the 8-ohm resistor. After the resistor is electrically connected in the circuit it must
be mounted so that no wires are physically touching the resistor. This is because
the 8-ohm resistor may produce a high enough heat to melt wire insulation. With
power applied to the radio (PHR), the voltage drop across the resistor is 4.58VAC,
dissipating about 2.6 watts. The voltage drop across the primary is 116.42VAC,
which is just about in the middle of the 8Q2’s specifications. T1 now runs cooler
and there is no noticeable change in the radio’s performance. A one ampere inline
fuse was added for safety. Power off (PDR).
Return to Chapter - 11: Page - 106 "Testing The Radio Chassis."
T1 Runs Hot, and Increasing in Temperature
If T1 continues to get hotter, this usually indicates two possibilities. One, the
radio circuit/s are consuming too much power. Two, a winding in T1 is shorted
internally.
The following steps may be very time consuming, because T1 must be cool at
the start of the test to determine the result of the test.
Remove all of the vacuum tubes and power up the chassis (PHR).

Current
Is T1 still running hot and increasing in temperature? Yes
This may mean a shorted winding in the power transformer T1. Power down
(PDR) the radio then disconnect and insulate all secondary leads of T1. Power up
the radio (PHR) and if T1 continues to increase in heat the power transformer has
an internal short and it must be replaced. Power down (PDR) the radio and refer
to Chapter - 10: Page - 98 "Power Transformer Replacement." After replacing the
power transformer return to Chapter - 11: Page - 106 "Testing The Radio Chassis."
Is T1 still running hot and increasing in temperature? NO
If T1 does not run hot, there is a short circuit in the radio chassis. Power down
(PDR) the radio and install the rectifier tube, then power up the radio (PHR).
If T1 runs hot with only the rectifier tube installed, this means the short is in
the power supply components or one of the B+ leads of the radio circuits. Refer to
the wiring diagrams Figure 12-5 or Figure A-1. Power down (PDR) the radio,
then
disconnect and insulate all the B+ leads (for the 8Q2, C34). Power up the radio
(PHR). If T1 still runs hot the problem is in the power supply, refer to Chapter -
10: Page - 98 "Power Transformer Replacement."
If T1 does not heat up, the problem is in the B+ leads to the radio circuits.
Power down (PDR) the radio. Reconnect one B+ lead and power up the radio
(PHR) to see if T1 heats up. Power down (PDR) the radio. Repeat this step,
reconnecting one B+ lead at a time until T1 heats up. Power down (PDR) the
radio and un-solder the B+ lead causing the problem. Continuity test all the
circuits associated with this B+ lead.
Refer to Chapter - 9: Page - 81 "Continuity Testing."
Clear the short then return to

Chapter - 11: Page - 106 "Testing The Radio Chassis."

Normal Current
Normal current is when the current that the radio consumes matches the
manufacturer’s specifications and the power transformer runs warm but does not
over heat. If all the continuity tests are good, all the vacuum tubes are good, and
all the wax capacitor and electrolytic capacitors have been replaced
correctly, there is a greater then 95% chance that the radio will play.
If the dial readings are reasonably accurate, and if the radio plays very well on
all bands you may decide not to align the radio. However without an alignment
the radio will not play up to manufacturer’s specifications.
Does The Radio Play On All Bands?
Yes
Refer to Chapter - 11: Page - 103 "Safety" and

Chapter - 11: Page - 108 "Alignment."
NO
Does The Radio Play On Any Band? Yes
Power down (PDR) the radio and make sure that the radio is electrically com-
plete and the antenna is connected. Position the radio chassis on the workbench
so that the inside of the chassis is easy to access for continuity testing, taking volt-
age readings, and signal-tracing.
If any of the radio bands operate, this means that all the I.F. coils are good. The
oscillator coils, R.F. coils, and the antenna coils are also good for the bands that
operate.
Power down (PDR) the radio and replace the oscillator tube with a known
good tube. Sometimes the oscillator tube will not function on one or more bands.

Current
Another scenario of a bad oscillator tube is when the radio plays on all bands,
but after the radio warms up the high frequency bands stop operating. Another
symptom is when the tuning drifts as the radio warms up (the radio needs to be
re-tuned). In either case the oscillator tube is suspect and should be replaced.
Power up (PHR) and re-test the radio. If it now plays on all bands refer to
Chapter - 11: Page - 103 "Safety" and Chapter - 11: Page - 108 "Alignment."
If the radio still does not play on all bands, power down (PDR) the radio and
recheck all the antenna, R.F., and oscillator coils for the inoperative band/s.
Refer to Chapter - 9: Page - 85 "Test Points for the Antenna Coils", Chapter - 9:
Page - 86 "Test Points for the R.F. Coils" and Chapter - 9: Page - 88 "Test Points for
the Oscillator Coils."
If any coils are found to be open refer to Chapter - 10: Page - 99 "Coil Replace-
ment", Chapter - 10: Page - 99 "Coil Repair", and Chapter - 10: Page - 100 "Coil
Rewinding."
If all the coils are good, replace the PF capacitors for the inoperative band/s.
EXAMPLE: Lets say that band ‘B’ for the R.C.A. 8Q2 does not play and all the
coils are good for that band. Refer to Figure 12-5 or Figure A-1 for the model
8Q2’s wiring diagram. Refer to Figure A-4 for the locations of coils and capacitors.
Re-clean variable capacitors C2, C8, and C13 with a soft brush and a can of air. Re-
clean the wafer switches S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5. Replace the capacitor C12 (3600PF).
When replacing any PF capacitors in the antenna, R.F., or oscillator circuits,

the replacement capacitor must be exact. If C12 were replaced with a 4000PF
capacitor, band ‘B’ would have a lower range of frequencies. If C12 were replaced
with a 3000PF capacitor, band ‘B’ would have a higher range of frequencies.
Power up (PHR) and retest the radio.
If the radio still does not play on band ‘B’, power down (PDR) the radio. Re-
check and re-clean all of the ‘B’ band components. Inspect and continuity check
all of the ‘B’ band wafer switch connections and components. Trace out and
inspect every wire and solder connections in the ‘B’ band circuit.

Refer to Chapter - 7: Page - 67 "Local Oscillator Mixer Converter" and Chapter -
12: Page - 143 "Oscillator Problem" and Chapter - 8: Page - 75 "Radio Frequency
Amplifier" and Chapter - 12: Page - 132 "Signal Tracing."
When the band/s have been repaired refer to

Does The Radio Play On Any Band? NO
Power down (PDR) the radio and make sure that the radio is electrically
complete, and that the antenna is connected. Position the radio chassis on the
workbench so that the inside of the chassis is easy to access for continuity testing,
voltage reading, and signal tracing.
Prepare the chassis for taking voltage readings. From the information sup-
plied by the manufacturer of the 8Q2, all of the voltage readings are taken from
chassis ground. The negative lead of the DC voltmeter is connected to the chassis
and the positive lead will be moved to each test point. Refer to Figure A-11 for the
voltage listings by tube socket and pin number. Refer to your radio’s manufac-
turer for this information.
Power up the radio (PHR), measure all the tube plate voltages, and write
down the results. Then power down (PDR) the radio.
If all the plate voltages are correct, proceed to Chapter - 12: Page - 131 "All
Voltages Read Correctly, but the Radio Does Not Play"
If all the voltages are low, there may be a problem with the power supply.
Refer to Chapter - 3: Page - 23 "Full-Wave Rectifier Power Supply." Refer to
Chapter - 9: Page - 82 "Test Points for the Power Transformer."
If only one plate voltage reads low, review the appropriate chapter for that
circuit, and perform the continuity tests for that circuit. Re-check every
component and every solder connection in the circuit. There is a reason that the
voltage is low for that circuit only.

All Voltages Read Correctly, but the Radio Does Not Play
Refer to Chapter - 11: Page - 106 "Testing The Radio Chassis."
All Voltages Read Correctly, but the Radio

Does Not Play
Power down (PDR) the radio and make sure that the radio is electrically
complete, and the antenna is connected. Position the radio chassis on the
workbench so that the inside of the chassis is easy to access for continuity testing,
voltage reading, and signal tracing.
The center terminal of the volume control is a good test point to determine if
audio circuit is functioning. Power up the radio (PHR) and turn up the volume
control 1\4 turn. Holding a small screwdriver by its insulated handle, touch the
center terminal of the volume control. This will inject a small 60-cycle audio signal
into the audio circuits, and a 60-cycle hum should be heard from the speaker.
Power down (PDR) the radio.
Is a 60-Cycle Hum Heard at the Speaker? Yes

This means that the audio is functioning enough to produce some noise at the
speaker. The audio may still have problems, like distortion. However, if any
signal was being produced by the front end (antenna, R.F., oscillator/mixer, and
I.F. circuits) the radio would play. If all the tubes and plate voltages are good,
signal trace the front end.
Review Chapter - 8: Page - 75 "Radio Frequency Amplifier", Chapter - 7: Page -

67 "Local Oscillator Mixer Converter", and Chapter - 6: Page - 57 "I.F./Detector
AVC and Eye Tube."
Refer to “Signal Tracing” on page 132.

Is a 60-Cycle Hum Heard at the Speaker? NO
This means the audio circuit has a problem and the front end (antenna, R.F.,
oscillator, and I.F. circuits) of the radio may or may not be functioning. If all the
tubes and plate voltages are good signal trace the audio circuits.
Review Chapter - 5: Page - 47 "Phase Inverter", and Chapter - 4: Page - 37

"Push-Pull Audio Output."
Refer to “Signal Tracing” on page 132.
Signal Tracing
When to use signal tracing?
• The radio does play, but it is noisy. A signal tracer is very useful in locating the
source of noise in the audio or R.F. circuits of the radio.
• The radio does not play on one or more bands. The signal-tracer is used to
detect either an R.F. or A.F. signal at various test points in the (8Q2 type) radio
circuits. Where the signal stops, the defective component/s are associated with
that section, or the previous section.
What equipment is used to signal-trace radio circuits?
• An oscilloscope is one piece of test equipment that may be used to signal-trace

radio circuits. The oscilloscope can measure voltages (AC/DC), signal fre-
quency, and signal distortion. Oscilloscopes are also used in accurate radio
alignments. The only drawback is that oscilloscopes are expensive.
• A signal-tracer is another piece of test equipment that may be used to trace R.F.
or A.F. signals in radio circuits. The signal-tracer is an audio amplifier with a
diode (detector) that can be switched in and out of the input circuit of the audio
amplifier. The signal-tracer is inexpensive to build, and is a very useful tool for
troubleshooting.

Signal Tracing
Building a Signal-Tracer
Just about any audio amplifier can function as a signal-tracer. A transistor or
tube type audio amplifier may be adapted for signal-tracing. The adapter has two
test leads, and a phono plug that connects to the audio input of the amplifier.
Between the test leads and the phono plug is a network that protects the
amplifier from high voltages. It also has two plugs that allow for A.F. or R.F.
signal-tracing. The wiring diagram for a signal-tracer adapter is shown in
Figure 12-3.
FIGURE 12-3 Signal-Tracer Adapter

C1 0.01MFD STEREO
630WV
A.F. MINIATURE PLUG
TEST LEADS PLUG D1
C2
INTO A.F. AND GR. R.F. RIGHT
LEFT
0.001MFD SHIELD
0R R.F. AND GR. 1N-34-A
630WV
GR.
PLUS INTO AUXILIARY
OF AUDIO AMPLIFIER
The red test lead connects to either the A.F. (audio frequency) or the R.F.
(radio/455kHz frequency), and the black test lead connects to ground. The minia-
ture plug, at the right, is plugged into the auxiliary input of an audio amplifier.
The author uses a small transistor audio amplifier purchased from a local elec-
tronic store.
What determines which inputs (A.F. or R.F) are to be use?
The signal at a test point determines whether or not the A.F. or R.F. test plug is
used. Refer to Figure 12-4 for a circuit drawing of the signal types, and Table 12 -
1 on page 142 for a list of test points and their signal types.
Signal-tracers are available at electronic supply stores and on the internet.

Other signal-tracer wiring diagrams and signal-tracer kits are also available on
the internet.

Using the Signal-Tracer
Figure 12-4 shows the signal flows that can be traced by using a Signal-Tracer
or an Oscilloscope.
FIGURE 12-4 Signal Flow

6SK7 6SA7 6B8 6SC7 6F6G
R.F.AMP. OSC.CONV. I.F.-DET.AVC. 1stAF-PH.INVER. OUTPUT
R.F. R.F. & 455kHz 455kHz A.F. A.F.

V1 V2 V3
3
A.F. V4
V5
3
8 1 3 1st. IF 1 2nd. IF 5 2
1 1 1
L12 L13 4 L14 L15
3 Cap
4
5
6 8 4
4
D C F B 120PF 3
L7 5 4 6 C24 6 R13 C33
5 2 6 8 5 8
C21 470K
A C22 C23
56PF F A 56PF D C A
R12
R1 10
68 R.F.
MEG
T2
R4 594
PRI. L8 AVC. 2.2MEG
R15
C38 10K
R9 C28
.05
MFD R7
22K
A.F. 3.9K 20
MFD
C29
0.1MFD
C39
100PF C36 8 C42
R.F. INPUT SIGNAL MID-POINT .05MFD
5
VOLUME
FROM ANTENNA CONTROL
4
R10 250K
1
R.F. R17 3
470K V6
LOCAL OSC. RCA
INPUT FROM
455kHz MODEL A.F.
LOCAL OSCILLATOR A.F. 8Q2 6F6G
OUTPUT
Where to Start Signal-Tracing
It is always a good troubleshooting practice to start in the middle of the

signal flow. Refer to FIGURE 12-4,‘Signal Flow” on page 134 and Table 12 - 1,
“R.C.A. Model 8Q2 Radio Signal-Tracer Test Points,” on page 142 for the signal
flow and signal test points respectively.
The signal mid-point is marked in Figure 12-4. At this point is an audio

frequency (A.F.) signal and it is on the high side of the volume control. This
point is also part of the detector circuit. Before this point, the signal-tracer would
be setup to use the R.F. input to detect radio frequency/455kHz. After this point
the signal-tracer is setup to use the A.F. input to trace the audio signal.

Signal Tracing
Connecting the Signal-Tracer to the circuit
For the 8Q2, the black lead of the signal-tracer is connected to chassis ground,
and the red lead is connected to the signal mid-point.
Power up the radio (PHR) and turn on the signal-tracer’s audio amplifier. Set
the band select switch to band ‘A’ (standard broadcast band), tune through the
band while listening to the signal-tracer.
NOTE:
If you have not used a signal-tracer before, practice on a working tube radio.
Use the wiring diagram for the practice radio to locate the test points.
Does the Signal-Tracer Detect Audio at the MID-POINT? Yes
If the signal-tracer is playing at this point, the problem is forward in the

inverter circuit or the push/pull output circuit. Reposition the signal-tracer’s red
lead to about the middle of the audio circuits.
EXAMPLE: The next trace point is V4 pin 2.
If the signal-tracer plays at the new test point, the problem is probably in the
push/pull output circuit. If the signal-tracer does not play, the problem is
probably in the inverter circuit. Power down (PDR) the radio. Remember to
change the vacuum tube with a new tube in any suspect circuit.
Review
Chapter - 4: Page - 37 "Push-Pull Audio Output",
Chapter - 9: Page - 89 "Test Points for the Speaker",
Chapter - 5: Page - 47 "Phase Inverter",
“Does The Radio Play On Any Band? NO” on page 130,
Chapter - 11: Page - 103 "Safety",

Does the Signal-Tracer Detect Audio at the MID-POINT? NO
If the signal-tracer does not play at the mid-point, the problem is in the front
end of the radio (antenna, R.F., oscillator, or I.F. circuits). Refer to Figure 12-4 and
Table 12 - 1. Change the signal-tracers red lead input to R.F. and choose a test
point about in the middle of the R.F./455kHz circuits.
EXAMPLE: The next trace point is V2 pin 3. At this test point both an R.F. and a
455kHz I.F. signal should be present.
Does the Signal-Tracer Play at V2 pin 3? Yes
This means the problem is forward of the V2 pin 3 test point.
EXAMPLE: The next test point is V3 pin 3. If the signal-tracer does not play at V3
pin 3 the problem is in the 1st.I.F. circuit. Power down (PDR) the radio.
Review Chapter - 6: Page - 57 "I.F./Detector, Eye Tube" and

“Does The Radio Play On Any Band? NO” on page 130.
If either the primary or the secondary of the 1st.I.F. transformer are open and
can not be repaired, it must be replaced. Refer to Chapter - 10: Page - 97 "I.F.
If the signal-tracer does play at V3 pin 3 the problem is forward. But if it does
not play at the signal mid-point, the only part between these two test points is the
Sec.I.F. transformer. One radio that the author was troubleshooting had this prob-
lem. The I.F. ohmed out okay so the author opened up the I.F. can and found a 1/
8 of and inch of dust at the bottom. This dust was shorting out the 455kHz signal.
After cleaning the I.F transformer, the radio plays great again.
Refer to Chapter - 1: Page - 2 "Cleaning."
If either the primary or the secondary of the Sec.I.F. transformer are open, and
can not be repaired, it must be replaced. Refer to Chapter - 10: Page - 97 "I.F.

Signal Tracing
There should be two major signals at test point V2 pin 3, an R.F. and a 455kHz
signal. If the oscillator is not operating, the signal-tracer will still detect the R.F.
signal. If this is the case, there will be no signal at V3’s GRID CAP and forward. If
the 1ST. I.F. is good, the 455kHz signal is missing because the local oscillator is not
oscillating. Refer to “Is the Local Oscillator Functioning?” on page 138.
Does the Signal-Tracer Play at V2 pin 3? NO
This means the problem may be in the antenna, R.F., or oscillator circuits.
EXAMPLE: The next trace point is V1 pin 3. At this test point, only an R.F. signal
should be present.
If the signal-tracer plays, while tuning through the AM band, the problem is
forward in the oscillator circuit. Review Chapter - 7: Page - 67 "Local Oscillator
Mixer Converter." Refer to “Is the Local Oscillator Functioning?” on page 138.
If the signal-tracer does not play while tuning through the AM band, the
problem is in the R.F circuit. Power down (PDR) the radio, then
connect a wire antenna to V2 pin 8, this will bypass the R.F. circuit. Power up the
radio (PHR) and if the radio plays the problem is in the R.F. amplifier circuit.
Power off (PDR).
Review Chapter - 8: Page - 75 "Radio Frequency Amplifier."
“Does The Radio Play On Any Band? NO” on page 130
Refer to Chapter - 9: Page - 86 "Test Points for the R.F. Coils."

Is the Local Oscillator Functioning?
The local oscillator is one of the most important and critical circuits in the
radio. If it is not functioning on one or more bands, the 455kHz (I.F.) frequency
will not be generated and the radio will not play.
Remember, when troubleshooting any tube circuit, always replace the tube in
that circuit with a known good one. This is particularly true with the Local Oscil-
lator Circuit. It is not uncommon for an oscillator tube to test good in a tube tester,
yet it will not function in the oscillator circuit.
How to determine if the local oscillator is oscillating.
Using Circuit Information
Review Chapter - 7: Page - 67 "Local Oscillator Mixer Converter" and refer to

Chapter - 7: Page - 74 "Voltage Listing of V2." Power up the radio (PHR).
One key indicator in determining if the oscillator is functioning is the control

grid bias of the oscillator tube. For the 8Q2 this V2 (6SA7) pin 5. If the bias voltage
is negative this usually indicates that the oscillator circuit is functioning.
To measure this voltage a high impedance voltmeter is required. This test

instrument should have at least a 10MEG ohm input impedance. An ordinary
voltmeter with only a few thousand ohms per-volt impedance would short out
the grid voltage. Power down (PDR) the radio.
Using an Oscilloscope
This is one of the best instruments to use to determine if the oscillator circuit is
functioning. The test point is the plate of the oscillator tube. For the 8Q2 this is V2
(6SA7) pin 3.

Is the Local Oscillator Functioning?
Using a PLL Radio
A Phase Lock Loop (PLL) radio may be used to detect oscillator frequencies. If
a non-modulated carrier (a quiet signal, approximately the I.F. frequency plus the
dial setting) is found, the oscillator is functioning.
Refer to Figure 12-5 or Figure A-1 for the 8Q2 wiring diagram.
Power up the radio (PHR) and set the test radio to band ‘A’ (AM standard
broadcast band). Tune the test radio between 650kHz to 700kHz. This should
ensure that the oscillator frequency will fall within the band. The for the 8Q2 the
oscillator frequency should be approximately 455kHz above the dial setting.
Position the PLL radio in close proximity of the test radio. Let the PLL radio
scan through the AM band. When the signal is found it should peak the PLL radio
signal strength indicator and no sound should be heard from the PLL radio.
Move the PLL radio away from the test radio and the signal strength should
decrease.
If no quiet signal is found the oscillator is not functioning.

Review Chapter - 7: Page - 67 "Local Oscillator Mixer Converter" and
“Does The Radio Play On Any Band? NO” on page 130.
Refer to Chapter - 9: Page - 88 "Test Points for the Oscillator Coils."
The 8Q2 radio has three bands and the PLL radio can be used to scan all three.
Without changing the dial settings, and changing only the band switch, here are
the results for the 8Q2. For band ‘A’ a quiet frequency was found at 1135kHz, for
band ‘B’ a quiet frequency was found at 3.385MHz, and for band ‘C’ a quiet
frequency was found at 9.365MHz.
If this is the first time you have tried to find an oscillators frequency with a
PLL radio. try practicing with a tube radio that is working. Power down (PDR)
the radio.

Noise
The most common types of noises are 60-cycle hum and static noises.
A signal-tracer is a good tool to use in locating sources of the noise. Refer to
Figure 12-4 for the signal flow and refer to Table 12 - 1 for the signal test points.
What Radio Components Can Produce Noise?

Resistors and capacitors can produce noise. Transformers with shorted wind-
ings can produce noise. Dirty components, like I.F. transformer cans and variable
capacitors, can also produce noise.
The component most likely to produce noise is the vacuum tube. The tube can
produce a static noise known as micro-phonics. To find a vacuum tube with
micro-phonics power up the radio (PHR) and lightly tap lightly on each tube with
the eraser end of a wooden pencil. When a static noise is hear in step with the
tapping, the noisy tube has been found. Power down (PDR) the radio. Vacuum
tubes can also produce a 60-cycle hum. This could happen if the filament makes
electrical contact with the cathode.
Open Grounds
Open grounds are another common source of noise. With an ohmmeter check
all the ground connections and re-solder any loose or open connections. When in
doubt, re-solder all the ground connections. Some ground connections are bolted
together. Unbolt the connection, clean the bolt, the washer, the nut, and the
ground connection, then reassemble and tighten.
The 60-Cycle Hum

If the 60-cycle hum does not vary when the volume control level is changed,
the hum is a result of a filtration problem in the power supply. Refer to Chapter -
3: Page - 23 "Full-Wave Rectifier Power Supply" and Chapter - 9: Page - 82 "Test
Points for the Power Transformer."

Noise
If the 60-cycle hum does vary when the volume control level is changed, the
audio amplifier is amplifying the hum. Using a signal-tracer, start tracing the
noise at the signal mid-point. Refer to “Where to Start Signal-Tracing” on
page 134.
Static Noise
If the static noise does not increase as the volume control level is increased, the
noise maybe originating from the audio amplifier or the power supply.
Carbon resistors can produce noise when the carbon has fractured. When
power is applied to the circuit the fractured gap fries. Capacitors can also produce
noise when the two plates start to short together.
Re-check all resistors and capacitors and ground connections. If none are
found to be out of tolerance, use a signal-tracer to locate the source of the noise.
Refer to “Where to Start Signal-Tracing” on page 134.
If the static noise does increase when the volume control level is increased, the
noise is originating from the front end (antenna, R.F., oscillator/mixer and I.F.
circuit) or the noise is being amplified by the front end.
Clean all electrical components thoroughly. Re-check all resistors and

capacitors and ground connections. If none are found to be out of tolerance, use a
signal-tracer to locate the source of the noise. Refer to “Where to Start Signal-Trac-
ing” on page 134.
Thunder Storm Noise

If the noise sounds like a thunder storm, and signal-tracing the noise shows it
to be everywhere, the problem may be mica capacitors in the IF transformers.
Refer to “Replacing IF Mica Capacitors” on page 153.

FIGURE 12-5 RCA Model 8Q2

R.F.AMP. OSC.CONV. I.F.-DET.AVC. OSCILLOSCOPE/METER
TEST CONNECTION FOR
1stAF-PH.INVER. OUTPUT RCA
C43
220PF 8 1 3 3 1 5 3
3
1MEG 1 1st. IF
L12 L13
Cap
4
2nd. IF
L14 L15
B
1
2
A C26 1 8Q2
11 11 7 7 .01MFD
C18 5
6 220PF 8 4 4
4
D C F B 120PF 3
5 4 6 C23 C24 6
5 2 6 8 5 R13 8 C33 .005MFD
C21 R11
C22 120 470K
56PF F A 10
A 56PF PF D C R12
R1 12 1 MEG 560
11 2 10
68 MEG R14 R16
REAR C40 R4 594
9 4
0.1 AVC. 2.2MEG C25
8 5 + L16
MFD 180PF R15
C17 7 6 C38 _ C28 2
R9 10K
11-490 .05 R6 VOLUME
PF 3.9K 20
MFD 100K CONTROL
C30 MFD
R10 250K C29 L17
HUM NEUTRAL
C7 0.25MFD COIL
2-10
R2 PF C36 8
LOCATED C42 .005MFD
V8 5
6U5/6G5 1MEG C27 4
L6 B .0025MFD
C4 C8 4
220 2-10 2 1
12 1
EYE 22K R17 3
AVC. 11 2 R18
3 E 470K
C5 10 S6 3 470K
L7 A C39 B-
11-490 C9 REAR 4
R19 C19
5 100PF 9 V6 6F6G
PF 2-10 C37 5
33K 56PF 8 OUTPUT
PF 6000 CHASSIS
7 6
R.F. PF GROUND
LOCATED C31
C32
ON 2nd IF
C16 .0025MFD .007MFD
L8 C10 22PF
PRI. R5 11-490
15K PF B+
+
NOT
ANT. CONNECTED
_ C20
L1 C1 11 2 OSC. 11 2
C 3-30 10 S1 10 S3 T1
3 3
9 4 L9 C11 9 4 L18 C34
2-12 5 _ 1060 _ CONNECTED
8 5 C 8 5 10MFD
PF 6 1
L2 C2 7 6 C12 7 110VAC 410
3-30 L10 3600 6 C35 = OHMS
B C14 8
580 S7
C13 PF 2 MEG = x 1000,000 OHMS
B 4
12 1 2-12 12 1
C3 11 2 PF 11 2
L3 L11 125
3-30
A 10 S2 3 10 S4 3
PF
9 REAR REAR S8 150 TO HEATERS
4 9 4 6VAC 6SK7,6SA7,6B8,6F6G H = 2 & 7
5 5
A 2-20
7 6 7 6
L4 PRI. PF 240V
17
TABLE 12 - 1 R.C.A. Model 8Q2 Radio Signal-Tracer Test Points

Vacuum
Output - Plate Test Points Input - Grid Test Points Signal at Test Points
Tube
V6 PIN 3 PIN 5 A.F.
V5 PIN 3 PIN 5 A.F.
PIN 2 PIN 3
V4 A.F.
PIN 5 PIN 4
V3 PIN 3 GRID CAP 455kHz
V2 PIN 3 PIN 8 R.F. & 455kHz
V1 PIN 8 PIN 6 NOT USABLE R.F.

Oscillator Problem
Oscillator Problem
The Philco 37-650 Story

A customer’s Philco 37-650 radio had been playing perfectly for about three
weeks and then it stopped working. The only station it would receive was a very
strong local AM station, and both shortwave bands would only receive a little
noise. This was disappointing because the author had just called the customer a
day or so before, to make arrangements to deliver the radio.
Locating the faulty circuit
A PPL radio tuned to 470kHz (the IF frequency for the 37-650) revealed that
the IF frequency was only present when the radio was tuned to the strong local
station. Replacing the oscillator tube (6A8G) with a known good tube made little
difference. With the radio off and unplugged, an ohmmeter showed that all the
coils and resistors checked good in the oscillator circuit.
With power on (PHR), the voltage readings (from chassis ground) from every
tube pin revealed that several voltages at the oscillator tube were reading very
low.
NOTE:
A very helpful practice when the radio is operating correctly, is to record

the voltages of every tube pin and power point in the radio. If the radio should
stop playing, having all the voltage readings will be invaluable in the trouble-
shooting process.
The normal voltage readings for the 6A8G are pin 3 = 250VDC, pin 4 =
100VDC, and pin 6 = 150VDC. Now the readings were pin 3 = 240DVC, pin 4 =
75VDC, and pin 6 = 50VDC. Pin 3 is 10VDC low, this is within specifications. But
pin 4 is 25VDC low and pin 6 is 100VDC low, a definite problem.

Troubleshooting the oscillator circuit
With the power off (PDR) and unplugged, another check with an ohmmeter
still showed that all the coils were good and none of their primaries or
secondaries were shorted together.
FIGURE 12-6 Philco 37-650 Oscillator Circuit

6A8G
E = SWITCH E
OSC.CONV. 1st. IF
F = SWITCH F
C = CAPACITOR 3 WHITE
8 12
R = RESISTOR Cap
4
6
FROM R.F. 5
CIRCUIT
2 7 8
RED
OSCILLATOR COIL 17
AM BROADCAST 11
C16 10
9
F 2
B+
6 TUNING 280VDC
11
OSC. COIL 18 C16C 3 NORMAL
S.W. 1 8 6A8G
F C5
C16E 7 PIN VDC
E9
3 250
C16B C19 4 100
6 5 .003MF
OSC. COIL 20 F 6 150
S.W. 2 4
C16A
9 WRONG
5 6A8G
C16D F PIN VDC
1 PHILCO
37-650
3 240
4 75
10 2
6 50
7 E R21 10K E1
8
B+
12 175VDC
C22 250pf C24
4 16MF
9 E R23 100 VDC
32K
With the oscillator tube removed, and with power on (PHR), another voltage
reading showed that the voltages were all back to normal or a little high. This
means that the functioning of the tube is causing the drop in the voltages. With
the oscillator tube reinstalled and with the power on (PHR), the voltage on the
control grid read positive. If the oscillator was functioning the control grid
voltage would be negative, not positive. Figure 12-6 shows the oscillator circuit

Oscillator Problem
for the Philco 37-650 (band switch set on the broadcast band). At this switch
setting the control grid (pin 5) of the 6A8G is connected to the secondary of coil 17
and then through resistor R23 to chassis ground.
Locating the fault in the circuit
Because of the ground connection through R23, the control grid should never
reach a positive potential.
FIGURE 12-7 Locating the Fault
6A8G
E = SWITCH E OSC.CONV.
F = SWITCH F 1st. IF
C = CAPACITOR 3 WHITE
8
R = RESISTOR 1 2
8 3
4 11.5K (A)
6A8 REMOVED 7
6 5
4
5
6
RED
OSCILLATOR COIL 17 OHMS
AM BROADCAST 11
C16 10
9
F 2
B+
6 TUNING BLACK RED
280VDC
11
OSC. COIL 18 C16C 3
S.W. 1 8
F C5
C16E 7 100 VDC
E9
C16B C19
6 5 .003MF
OSC. COIL 20
S.W. 2 4
F
249.5K (B)
C16A
9 UN-SOLDERED
5
C24 AND B+
C16D F FROM E1
1 PHILCO OHMS
37-650
10 2
7 E R21 10K
8 BLACK RED
12 E1 X B+
C24 175VDC
C22 250pf
4 16MF
9 E R23
32K CHASSIS
GROUND
In Figure 12-7 the oscillator tube has been removed, the B+ wire has been
un-soldered from E1, and the radio is off and unplugged. Ohmmeter (A) shows a

reading of 11.5K ohms which is within tolerance. But moving the meter to (B),
shows a reading of 249.5K ohms to chassis ground and it should read infinite
ohms.
FIGURE 12-8 Locating the Short to Chassis Ground

6A8 REMOVED
E9
C19 259.5K (A)
6 5 .003MF
OSC. COIL 20 F
S.W. 2 4
9
OHMS
5
C16D F
1
10 2 BLACK RED
7 E R21 10K
8
12 E1 X B+
C24 175VDC
C22 250pf
4 16MF
9 E R23
32K
E8 R21 10K
E1
216K C22 250pf
(B)
E4
R23
32K
In Figure 12-8 part (A) shows a reading of 259.5K ohms. Again this should
read infinite ohms. It was beginning to look like capacitor C22 may have a high
impedance internal short, as shown in part (B) of Figure 12-8.
If the resistance of R21 and R23 are subtracted from 259.5K ohms the result is
about 216K ohms. The next problem was getting to capacitor C22 to replace it,
capacitor C22 is located on wafer switch E and there is less then one half inch
between switch E and a metal shield. The Philco 37-650 has three modular units
(oscillator, RF, and antenna units), and each unit has two wafer switches. All six
wafers are ganged together and move in unison.

Oscillator Problem
FIGURE 12-9 Bottom View of Modular Units

VOLUME
CONTROL
SHAFT 6A8G
COIL 17
E
WAFER
SWITCH
SHAFT
C22
OSCILLATOR RF ANTENNA
UNIT UNIT UNIT
Figure 12-9 Shows the bottom view of the three modular units. Figure 12-10
shows the oscillator unit removed from the chassis and a drawing of switch E.
FIGURE 12-10 Oscillator Unit

SWITCH F 19,22 CAPACITORS TO CHASSIS
21,23 RESISTORS GROUND
B+ TO 6A8G TO SWITCH F
t = TOP RING PIN6 TERMINAL 5b
E1 b = BOTTOM RING 3 23
4t
2b 5 COIL
NONE = TERMINAL
1 6 20
20
22
TO B+
21
17 C22
17 12t 7b
11 8
COIL 10b 9t
18 TO 16A
19 18
SWITCH E PHILCO TO CHASSIS
GROUND COIL
37-650
OSCILLATOR UNIT (A) SWITCH E (B)

FIGURE 12-11 216K Ohms Across Capacitor C22
6A8G
OSC.CONV.
3 WHITE
216K
Cap
BETWEEN 4
E8 AND E4 5
6
2 7 8
OSC. COIL 17
11
UNIT
E4 C16 9
10 F 2
6
C22
E8
10 2
7 R21 10K
E8 E1
OHMMETER 12 B+
ACROSS C22 C22 250pf C24
E4
16MF
9
(A) (B) R23 100 VDC
32K
Figure 12-11 part (A) shows an ohmmeter reading of 216.2K ohms across E4
and E8 of wafer switch E. The wiring diagram in Figure 12-11 part (B) shows the
electrical path that the B+ is now taking in the oscillator circuit. The resistors R21
and R23, plus the 216.2K short all together makes up an unwanted voltage divider
circuit. The B+ at E1 is 175VDC. Using ohms law, R1+R23+216.2K= 259K ohms,
175/259K= 0.0006 current, and 0.0006x32K= 19VDC at terminal E4. Most of this
19VDC is applied on the control grid of the 6A8G causing it to go into
saturation (maximum electron conduction).
The screen grid (pin 6) of the 6A8G is acting as the plate circuit for the
oscillator circuit, refer to Figure 12-6. Because of the 6A8G is in saturation, the
voltage at the screen grid is 100VDC low.
Capacitor C22 was removed from terminals E4 and E8, then tested on a
capacitor tester and it was found to be good, no internal 216.2K short. But reading
across terminals E4 and E8 with an ohmmeter revealed that the 216K ohm short
was still there.
Obviously, this was very disappointing.

Oscillator Problem
Fault located
After removing several coil wires from the terminals of wafer switch E and
insulating several contacts with small pieces of thin plastic, the short was gone.
However this was not very good news.
FIGURE 12-12 216K Ohm Short Location
216K OHMS
The short was in the rotating part of wafer switch E. The 216K ohm short is
between the top and bottom contact rings as shown in Figure 12-12. The
likelihood of finding another oscillator unit for the 37-650 was not very high. A
thorough search of all the popular webs sites for Philco radio repair confirmed
this fact. No one had a chassis, an oscillator unit, nor a wafer switch for a 37-650.
Some of the ideas to resolve this problem were to wire the switch so that the
radio would always play on the broadcast band while searching for parts.
Another idea was to try and fix the switch first, because there really was not any-
thing to lose.

Repairing the Wafer Switch
FIGURE 12-13 Repairing Switch
OHMMETER READS
INFINITY BETWEEN EPOXY COATING
THE TOP AND BOTTOM RINGS
(A) (B)
Only one connecting terminal (E2) had to be removed so that the bottom ring
was free of all long connectors. Connector E2’s rivet was removed using a high-
speed hand-held grinding tool, then it was set aside. The bottom ring was pried
apart using a knife with a very small, thin blade as shown in Figure 12-13 part
(A). Good luck happened here--, the 216K short was gone on the first try. The
whole oscillator unit was turned over so when the epoxy was applied, it would
hold the epoxy in place on the insulator ring.
The epoxy used was a slow curing 90-minute epoxy. The epoxy was applied
using a thin wire with a very small drop of epoxy at the end. A magnifying glass
helped in guiding the drops onto the insulating ring as indicated by the arrows in
Figure 12-13 part (B). This step was repeated many times until the epoxy coated
the insulating ring. The epoxy was allowed to cure for 24 hours.
After the epoxy had cured the bottom ring was pressed back into position. A
test with an ohmmeter revealed a reading of infinite ohms between the top and
bottom rings.

Oscillator Problem
FIGURE 12-14 Re-Installation of the Connector
ANCHORS
EPOXY
RIVET
(A) (B)
A small drop of epoxy was applied to the protruding anchors of the bottom
ring to secure it to the insulating material as shown in Figure 12-14 part (A).
Figure 12-14 part (B) is an enlargement of the re-installed connector. Epoxy was
pushed through the center of the existing metal rivet and then more epoxy was
mounded on top. This formed an epoxy rivet, securing the connector to the
insulating material.
The repair of the wafer switch was now complete. All of the oscillator unit
resistors and capacitors were replaced. All the coil wire connections were
reconnected and re-soldered. Refer to Figure 12-6. A thorough test with an
ohmmeter was preformed on all the circuitry on both wafer switches (E and F).
All of the circuitry checked good.
Re-installing the oscillator unit

In order to remove the oscillator unit, two wires were cut. Because of the tight
quarters there was a real possibility of causing damage to one or more of the coils
with the soldering iron. Refer to Figure 12-6 and Figure 12-14. The wire cut was
from pin 5 of the 6A8G to wafer switch F terminal 2. The other wire was from pin
6 of the 6A8G to wafer switch E terminal 2.

Figure 12-14 Clean Connections and Install Oscillator Unit
6A8G
5 6 5
C5
ALUMINUM FOIL
(A) (B)
The cut wires are shown in Figure 12-14 part (A). Before the oscillator unit was
re-installed, the remaining wires and excess solder were removed from pin 5 and
pin 6 of the 6A8G.
On the oscillator unit the wires on wafer switch F terminal 2 (to pin 5) and
wafer switch E terminal 2 (to pin 6) were replaced with slightly longer wires. The
oscillator unit was re-installed in the chassis where the two wires were positioned
to connect to pin 5 and pin 6. Using a needle nose pliers, both wires were marked
for length. The oscillator unit was removed and the wires cut to the proper length
and cleaned. If these wires were left too long the frequency of all the bands would
be low. It may oscillate so low that the radio could not be aligned correctly.
Figure 12-14 part (B) shows the final installation. Aluminum foil was placed
over coil 17 to protect it from the heat of the soldering iron. After all the
connections were soldered, the foil was removed and the radio was aligned to the
manufacturer’s specifications.
This was a difficult and somewhat rare problem. However, it is a good

example of troubleshooting in a systematic way to locate the problem circuit and
then isolate and repair the bad component.

Replacing IF Mica Capacitors
Symptoms
The noise they make is very similar to the sound of lightening strikes in a
thunder storm. The radio plays well, but it is very noisy. This noise could also be
described as a frying and popping sound.
Removing and Replacing
FIGURE 12-15 Zenith Mica Capacitor IF Transformer
THE MICA CAPACITORS ARE

BETWEEN THE INSULTING WAFERS
Figure 12-15 show a Zenith IF transformer before the mica capacitors have
been replaced. It has been remove from the radio and the mica capacitors are
intact.

Sometimes the wiring diagrams are not accurate as to the capacitance values
of the mica capacitors. So it is a good practice to measure the capacitance of the
mica capacitor before they are removed.
FIGURE 12-16 One Side of Coil Removed from Mica Capacitor
OPEN
In Figure 12-16 one side of the coil has been removed. Measure across the mica
capacitor and write it down on the diagram. Do this for both the primary and sec-
ondary of the IF transformer.
FIGURE 12-17 Mica Wafer and Contact Paddles

CONTACT PADDELS
MICA WAFER
Figure 12-17 shows the construction of mica capacitor in the base of the IF
transformer. For each capacitor there are two contact paddles on either side of the

mica wafer. Remove the mica and cutoff the contact paddles so that they do not
short together when the base is reassembled.
FIGURE 12-18 Capacitors Replaced
The Figure 12-18 shows the replacement capacitors installed. The IF

transformer is re-installed in the radio and aligned to the manufacturer’s
specifications. This procedure must be repeated for each IF transformer with
mica capacitors.
The next two figures on the next page shows another manufacturer’s IF
transformer that uses mica capacitors. The procedure for replacing and repairing
the IF capacitors is the same.

FIGURE 12-19 Mica IF
ONE SIDE OF COIL REMOVED
MICA CAPACITORS
FIGURE 12-20 Mica IF Repaired
MICA CAPACITORS REMOVED REPAIRED

Troubleshooting Outline
Troubleshooting Outline
Troubleshooting Guide 117
The Key and Purpose 117
Where to Start? 118
Current 119
No or Low Current 119
No Current 119
Low Current 120
All Tubes Lighted 120
C34, No B+ 120
B+ at C34, No Plate Voltage 121
Tubes Not Lighted 122
High Current 122
Current is Very High 122
Remove Rectifier Tube 122
Current is Now Low (rectifier tube is removed) 123
Current is Still High (rectifier tube is removed) 124
Current is a Little High, Almost Normal (all tubes installed) 125
T1 Runs Hot, but steady 125
T1 Runs Hot, and Increasing in Temperature 126
Yes 127
NO 127
Normal Current 128
Does The Radio Play On All Bands? 128
Yes 128
NO 128
Does The Radio Play On Any Band? Yes 128
Does The Radio Play On Any Band? NO 130
All Voltages Read Correctly, but the Radio Does Not Play 131
Is a 60-Cycle Hum Heard at the Speaker? Yes 131
Is a 60-Cycle Hum Heard at the Speaker? NO 132

Signal Tracing 132
Building a Signal-Tracer 133
Using the Signal-Tracer 134
Where to Start Signal-Tracing 134
Connecting the Signal-Tracer to the circuit 135
NOTE: 135
Does the Signal-Tracer Detect Audio at the MID-POINT? Yes 135
Does the Signal-Tracer Detect Audio at the MID-POINT? NO 136
Does the Signal-Tracer Play at V2 pin 3? Yes 136
Does the Signal-Tracer Play at V2 pin 3? NO 137
Is the Local Oscillator Functioning? 138
How to determine if the local oscillator is oscillating. 138
Using Circuit Information 138
Using an Oscilloscope 138
Using a PLL Radio 139
Noise 140
What Radio Components Can Produce Noise? 140
Open Grounds 140
The 60-Cycle Hum 140
Static Noise 141
Thunder Storm Noise 141
Oscillator Problem 143
The Philco 37-650 Story 143
Locating the faulty circuit 143
NOTE: 143
Troubleshooting the oscillator circuit 144
Locating the fault in the circuit 145
Fault located 149
Repairing the Wafer Switch 150
Re-installing the oscillator unit 151
Replacing IF Mica Capacitors 153
Symptoms 153
Removing and Replacing 153

APPENDIX
8Q2 MODEL NOTES:
An 8 ohm 40 watt resister was added in series to the primary circuit of T1.
Refer to Chapter - 12: Page - 125 "T1 Runs Hot, but steady."
After the radio was repaired and aligned to the manufacturer’s specifications,
a review of the radio’s circuit showed a potential problem. If capacitor C6 were
to short, B+ would be applied to the primary of L8 and one of the secondaries
(L5,L6, or L7) to chassis ground through wafer switch S5. This would burn out
the primary, or a secondary, or both. Because of this potential problem C6 was
replaced.
The class ‘A’ control grid bias of V5 and V6 is read by placing the negative test
lead of the DC voltmeter on the cathode (pin 8) and the positive test lead on the
control grid (pin 5). This control grid bias voltage reads a -21.49VDC.
OTHER NOTES:
If your radio has push buttons, they should be cleaned and lubricated. Follow
the same cleaning and lubricating procedures for the wafer switches. Refer to
Chapter - 1: Page - 2 "Cleaning" and Chapter - 1: Page - 4 "Moveable Parts to
Lubricate" and Figure 1-6.
Some radios with EYE tubes have a cable that connects the radio chassis and
the EYE tube together. The plate resistor for the EYE tube may be located inside
the tube socket for the EYE tube at the end of this cable.
If the speaker for your radio needs to be re-coned, check the field coil and
voice coil before shipping. If either is open, contact the vender to see if they can
make these repairs.
Refer to Figure 11-2, formula for X10 switch. Ra= resistance of ammeter,
Rt= Ra/10, R1= ((Ra x Rt) / (Ra - Rt).

160
R.F.AMP. OSC.CONV. I.F.-DET.AVC. OSCILLOSCOPE/METER 1stAF-PH.INVER. OUTPUT RCA
TEST CONNECTION FOR C43
220PF 8 1 3 3 1 5 2 3
1 1st. IF 2nd. IF 1
1MEG 1
L12 L13 4 L14 L15 C26 8Q2
3 Cap B A
11 11 7 7 .01MFD
C18 5
6 220PF 8 4 4
D C F B 120PF 3
4 5 4 6 C23 C24
5 5 6 R13 8 C33 .005MFD
2 6 8 R11
C21 470K
C22 120 10
56PF F A 56PF C A
12 1 PF D MEG R12
R1 10 560
11 2 R14
68 MEG R16
REAR C40 R4 594
9 4
0.1 AVC. 2.2MEG C25
8 5 + L16
MFD 180PF R15
C17 7 6 C38 2
R9 10K _ C28
11-490 .05 R6 VOLUME
PF 3.9K 20
MFD 100K CONTROL
C30 MFD
R10 250K C29 L17
HUM NEUTRAL
C7 0.25MFD COIL
2-10
R2 C36 8
PF LOCATED C42 .005MFD
V8 5
6U5/6G5 1MEG C27 4
L6 B .0025MFD
C4 C8 4
220 2-10 2 1
12 1
EYE 22K R17 3
AVC. 11 2 R18
3 E 470K
S6 3 470K
FIGURE A-1 8Q2 WIRING DIAGRAM
C5 10
L7 A C39 B-
11-490 C9 REAR 4
5 100PF 9 V6 6F6G
PF 2-10 R19 C19 C37 5
33K 56PF 8 OUTPUT
PF 6000 CHASSIS
7 6
R.F. PF GROUND
LOCATED C31
C32
C16 ON 2nd IF
.0025MFD .007MFD
L8 C10 22PF
PRI. R5 11-490
15K PF B+
+
NOT
ANT. CONNECTED
_ C20
L1 C1 11 2 OSC. 11 2
C 3-30 10 S1 10 S3 T1
3 3
9 4 L9 C11 9 4 L18 C34
2-12 5 _ 1060 _ CONNECTED
8 5 C 8 5 10MFD
PF 6 1
C2 7 6 C12 7
L2 110VAC 410
3-30 L10 3600 6 C35 = OHMS
B C14 8
580 S7
C13 PF 2 MEG = x 1000,000 OHMS
B 4
12 1 2-12 12 1
C3 11 2 PF 11 2
L3 L11 125
3-30 10
A S2 3 10 S4 3
PF
9 REAR 9 REAR S8 150 TO HEATERS
4 4 6VAC 6SK7,6SA7,6B8,6F6G H = 2 & 7
5 5
A 2-20
7 6 7 6
L4 PRI. PF 240V
17

FIGURE A-2 Chassis Parts Location

PHONO.
C15
C7 C8 C9 G A
1st.IF L11
V7 V3
5Y3G 6B8
T1 L13
C11 OSC.
POWER SEC.ADJ.455KC C10
TRANS.
2nd.IF V2
6SA7 R.F.
L15 C17
C13 V1
6SK7
C20 ANT.
V6 V5 V4 C28 C5
6F6G 6F6G 6SC7 C34
C35
C3 C2 C1
V8
6U5
6G5
Pulley
Indicator Dial Cord
Rear Groove
Tuning Capacitors Set
Dial Cord Front Groove Screws
Tuning
Drum
Pulley Pulley
Gang at MAX Capacity

2¼
Tuning Drive Turns
DRIVE CORD ASSEMBLE

FIGURE A-3 Tube Sockets Pin Count

TUBE SOCKET NUMBERING SYSTEM BOTTOM VIEW
4
3 4
2 3
3 5
2 5
2 6
1 4
1 6 1 7
FOUR-PRONG SIX-PRONG SEVEN-PRONG
3 4 5 4 5
3 6 3 6
2 4 METAL BASE
2 7 2 7
1 5 1 8 1 8
FIVE-PRONG OCTAL LOCTAL
MINIATURE TUBES
4 5
4 6
3 5
3 7
2 6
2 8
1 7 1 9

1500 KC. 6 MC. 20 MC.
C32
VOLTAGE TOLERANCE +/- 20% CATHODE CURRENTS
7 6 3 4 V1_________12.8ma
8 5
BLACK
ALL VOLTAGES MEASURED V2_________9.73ma
R9
C31
S6 FROM CHASSIS GROUND. V3_________10.8ma
3 RADIO TUNED TO STRONG V4_________0.9ma
2
11 2 LOCAL STATION. AUDIO V5_________19.4ma
SET TO LOW-VOLUME. RED V6_________20.1ma
1 5
YELLOW V8_________1.45ma
C27
VOLUME R10 S8 POWER AC LINE VOLTAGE = 121VAC TOTAL B+__75.5ma
C29
CONTROL SWITCH
BLUE
6SC7 GREEN
1st.AF C40 ANT.
PH.INVER. 70.2V YELLOW
280V COILS
278.6V C36 R14 L2 L4
R13

RED 6U5/6G5
C26
C34 5 L1
TUNING EYE
C30
5 6 5 6 4 6
R12
1 2
R15
V8
4 7 4 7 8 3 3
C20 1 L3
BROWN
C35 D 7 6
R18
3 8 3 8 7 4 2 8 5
C43
2 1 2 1 6 5 4
9
73
C4 S1 DUMMY
GREEN
22.6V
R17
C28 R8 153V S2 3 LUGS
V6 V5 R11 V4 2
C33 GREEN 1 R2
BLACK 6SK7
C42 275V
BLUE
GREEN
RED
R5
BROWN 271.6V 111.5V GREEN R.F.AMP.
C5
C13 V1
272.4V 6F6G R19
22.5V OUTPUT R16 0.05V
V2 6SA7 3 4
C39
E MIX.OSC. 2 5
D RED
F RED 3 4 1 6
L14 PRI.ADJ. C19 BLUE
455KC. 2nd IF 2 5 8 7
1 6
A 8 7
C C14 113.9V
TERMINAL ‘C’ OF 2nd. IF B 7 6
8 5 R1
BLUE
OSCILLOSCOPE/METER 9 S3
FIGURE A-4 Chassis Drawing Bottom View
RE
TEST CONNECTION FOR 10
D
S4
E
C17 280V
U
ALIGNMENT
11
BL
R4
L9
BLUE
YELLOW
R.F.
BLACK
L10TAP
C12
COILS
BLACK
L10
BROWN
T1
L11TAP OSC. L8
YELLOW
COILS L9 L7TAP
POWER BLACK L7
TRANSFORMER C41 L9TAP L10
C6
C37
L11 L8
233V RED L5
L6
C18
R6 C10
GREEN 7 6
8 1 5 6 F 8 5
7 2 4 7 D R3 4
9
6 3 3 8 10
S5
5 4 2 1 A C11
11
GREEN
349V C38 1
YELLOW
BROWN
TOTAL AC POWER V7 277.5V V3 YELLOW

5Y3G 6B8
CONSUMPTION YELLOW
RECT. I.F.CONV.AVC.
IS 75 WATTS
L12 PRI.ADJ.
455KC 1st IF
PHONO JACK C15 OSC. C7 R.F. C8 R.F. C9 R.F. G A
1500KC. 20MC. 6MC. 1500KC.
163
FIGURE A-5 Power Supply Circuit S&P Drawing
Schematic and Physical Drawing FIELD B+
PRIMARY T1
5VAC L18
5 C34
1060
10MFD
1
110VAC 410
6 C35
Power Supply 8
10MFD
S7
Wiring Diagram 4
2
V7 5Y3
125
RECTIFIER
6VAC
240V
17 THREE SECONDARIES C34 B+
C35 D C20
Power Supply
C28
Bottom View
SECONDARY
CENTER TAP BLACK
T1 TO CHASSIS To Audio Output
BLACK
GROUND
POWER 5VAC
BROWN
TRANSFORMER CHASSIS
CABLE & SOCKET
BROWN BLACK
8 1 BROWN
7 2
6 3
120VAC 5 4 PIN# V7
349VDC
700VAC
V7 1 0.0
SECONDARIES 5Y3G
PIN6 350VAC TO CHASSIS GROUND RECT.
PIN4 350VAC TO CHASSIS GROUND
2 F 349
3 N/A
Speaker and Field Coil
RED T2 SPEAKER 4 340AC
594
SPEAKER
L16
PLUG
RED BLACK 2 5 N/A
RED
6 341AC
L17 HUM NEUTRAL
COIL
BROWN
7 N/A
L18
1060 FIELD COIL
BROWN 8 F 349

FIGURE A-6 Push-Pull Audio Output Circuit S&P Drawing
V5 6F6G
AUDIO OUTPUT
INPUT A C43
220PF
3
1
C26
.01MFD
5
4
AUDIO INPUT SIGNALS R13 C33 .005MFD

8
180 DEGREES 470K
OUT OF PHASE
560
R14 R16
AUDIO 470K T2 SPEAKER
594
FEEDBACK
R15 L16
10K 2
C28
20
C30 MFD
L17
.01MFD
HUM NEUTRAL
COIL
C36 8 C42 .005MFD
AUDIO .05MFD
5
PIN# V5 V6 INPUT B 4
1 0.0 0.0 1
12 1
2
R17 3
11 R18
2 F F S6 3
470K
470K
10
9 REAR 4 TONE
V6 6F6G
3 275 272.4 8 5 OUTPUT
7 6
4 280 278.6 C32 C31

.0025MFD .007MFD
5 0.005 0.005
6 N\A N\A B+
7 F F
Schematic and Physical Drawing
8 22.6 22.5 6SC7

1st.AF C40
PH.INVER. 70.2V
280V
278.6V C36 R13
C26
C34
C30
R12
R15
5 6 5 6 1 2
R18
4 7 4 7 8 3
C43
8 8 C35 D C20
3 3 7 4
2 1 2 1 6 5
V
73
22.6V
C28
V6 V5 R11 V4
C33
BLACK
C42 275V
RED
272.4V 6F6G
22.5V OUTPUT R16
V6 PIN1,V5 PIN1 CONNECTED
TO CHASSIS GROUND

FIGURE A-7 A.F. Inverter Circuit S&P Drawing
AUDIO & I.F. 6SC7 C43

1stAF-PH.INVER. 6F6G
FREQUENCE V4 220PF OUTPUT V5
5 2 3
1 1
A C26
B .01MFD
4
5
4 Schematic and
6
3
R13 8
Physical Drawing
R11
470K
10
MEG R12
10
MEG R14
470K T2
INPUT AUDIO R15

R9 10K
SIGNAL VOLUME 3.9K
CONTROL
R10 250K C29 C30
0.1MFD .01MFD PIN# V4
LOCATED 8 1 0.0
IN 2nd. IF C36
C27 5
4
.0025MFD 2 70.2
1
R7 12 1 PHONO.
22K 11 2
R17 3 3 -0.8
E 470K
10 S6 3
C39 REAR
100PF 9
4
V6 6F6G 4 -0.57
8 5 C31 OUTPUT
LOCATED
7 6
ON 2nd IF C32 B+ 5 73.0
TO PHONO 6 0.0
C32
VOLUME R10
CONTROL
4
8
7 6
5
3 7 F
C31
R9
S6 S8 POWER 6SC7
3 1st.AF 8 F
BLACK
2 SWITCH
C27
11 2 PH.INVER.
1 5
C29
BLUE C40
70.2V
280V
278.6V C36 R14
R13
C26
RED
C34
C30
R12
R15
5 6 5 6 1 2 V8 PIN4
R18
4 7 4 7 8 3
C43
8 8 C35 D C20
3 3 7 4
V
2 1 2 1 6 5
R17
73
22.6V
C28
V6 V5 R11 V4
C33
BLACK
275V
R5
C42 RED
BROWN
272.4V 6F6G
C39
E
22.5V OUTPUT R16 D
F RED
V6 PIN1,V5 PIN1,V4 PIN1
CONNECTED TO CHASSIS GROUND L14 PRI.ADJ.
455KC. 2nd IF A
B C

FIGURE A-8 I.F. Detector & Eye Tube Circuit S&P Drawing
6B8
FROM V2 I.F.-DET.AVC. V3
TWO CYCLES AMPLIFIED NEGATIVE
PLATE 1st. IF 3 1 2nd. IF
L12 L13 L14 L15 HALF OF MODULATED
4
AUDIO MODULATED 11 11 Cap 7 7 455kHz
455kHz SIGNAL
D C F B 120PF C25
6 C23 C24
8 5 180PF
C21
C22 120 LOCATED
TWO CYCLES
PF D
R4
AVC. 2.2MEG
C38
.05
Schematic and R6
MFD 100K OUTPUT AUDIO
Physical Drawing SIGNAL
C41 R8 LOCATED
0.25MFD IN 2nd. IF LOCATED
1MEG ON 2nd IF
4 R7
2 22K
TUNING
12
EYE E
AVC. 3 11
10 S6
C39 REAR
5 V8 100PF 9
6U5/6G5 8
B+ 7
C40 RED
C34
PIN# V3 V8 5
6U5/6G5
D C20 6 TUNING EYE
C35 4
V8
1 0.0 F C28
3
2
1
2nd. I.F.
R5
2 F 153 R8 153V
C39
3 277.5 -1.1/-24.2 E
D
F RED
4 0.0 280 A
B C
YELLOW
5 -16.0 0.0
R4
RE
D
BLUE
6 233 F
233V
1st. I.F.
7 F N/A R6
5 6 F
4 7 V3 D
8 0.0 N/A 3
2 1
8
A
C38
277.5V 6B8 L12 PRI.ADJ.
I.F.CONV.AVC. 455KC 1st IF

FIGURE A-9 Local Oscillator Mixer Converter Circuit S&P Drawing
Schematic and Physical Drawing R3 OSC.CONV.

1MEG V2 6SA7
AVC. 3
1 1st. IF
FROM TUNED R.F. CIRCUITS C18 L12 L13
11
220PF 11
INPUT 8
BAND C 7.0MHz - 22.0MHz 5 D C

4
2 6
BAND B 2.3MHz - 7.0MHz R19 C19
C21
C37 56PF F
BAND A 540kHz - 1,700kHz 33K 56PF 6000
A
PF
OSCILLATOR C10 C16 C40

11-490 22PF
FREQUENCY PF
0.1
MFD
BAND C 7,455kHz - 22,455kHz 12 R5
1
BAND B 2,755kHz - 7,455kHz 11 15K
OSC. 2
10 S3 B+
3
BAND A 995kHz - 2,175kHz L9 C11 9
FRONT C20
4 10MFD
C 2-12 8 5
PF 6
C12 7
L10 3600
C34 C14
PF
580
B C13 PF
C35 D C20 2-12 12 1
PF 11 2
PIN# V2
L11
10 S4 3
C28 REAR
9 4 1 0.0
C15 8
GREEN
A 2-20 5
R5
7 6
C13
271.6V PF 2 F
R19
C39
E
D RED
3 271.6
F RED 3 4 C19 BLUE
V2 2 5
A 6SA7 1 6 111.5V 4 111.5
C MIX.OSC. 8 7 C14
B 7 6
BLUE
8 5
9 S3
5 -15.8
RE
C17 10 S4
D
BLUE
R4
6 0.006
BLACK
L9 11
C12
BLACK
L10TAP
L10
L11TAP OSC. 7 F
COILS L9
L9TAP 8 -13.3
C37
L10
L11
233V
C18
R6 C10
5 6 F GREEN 7 6
8 5
4 7 D R3
9 4
3 8 S5
2 1 A C11 10
C38 11
1
YELLOW
277.5V V3 YELLOW
6B8
C15 OSC. L12 PRI.ADJ.
I.F.CONV.AVC.
1500KC. 455KC 1st IF

FIGURE A-10 Radio Frequency Amplifier Circuit S&P Drawing

C6
220PF 8 1
6SK7 V1
R.F.AMP. 3
C18
6 220PF
4
5
PIN# V1
Schematic and 12 1
R1
Physical Drawing 68 11 2
1 0.0
10 S5 3
9 REAR
4
8 5 2 F
C17 7 6
11-490
ANT. PF 3 0.049
12 1
L1 C1 11 2 L5 C
C 3-30 10 S1
C7 4 -17.8
3 2-10
PF FRONT R2 PF
9 4 1MEG
8 5 5 0.049
C2 7 6 B
L2 L6 C8
3-30 C4
B
PF 220 2-10 6 113.9
PF PF
AVC.
C3
12 1 7 F
L3 11 2 C5 L7 A
3-30 11-490
A 10 S2 3 C9
PF PF 8 280
9 REAR 2-10
4
8
PF
5
R.F.
7 6
L4 PRI.
PRI. L8
R5
15K
B+
C20
GREEN
C20
0.05V
BROWN
10MFD
R.F.AMP.
DUMMY
113.9V
COILS
LUGS
A
V1
6SK7
ANT.
L4
GREEN
L7
5
6
L5
G
3 4
8 7
R1
GREEN
L8
L2
280V
COILS
2
L3
R.F.
L6
GREEN
L1
YELLOW
R2
1500KC.
C9 R.F.
L8
BROWN
C1 ANT.
E
20 MC.
U
BL
L7TAP
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
C8 R.F.
1
7 6
7 6
1
7 6
S1
S2
S5
S3
S4
6MC.
C2 ANT.
C6
YELLOW
BLACK
6 MC.
11
11
8
8
8
10
10
9
9
9
YELLOW
C18
C7 R.F.
BLUE
RED
20MC.
C12
1500 KC.
C4
C3 ANT.
C37
R3
GREEN
YELLOW
GREEN
C17
C10
C5
L10
COILS L9
RED
C11
OSC.
V2,PIN5
AVC.
B+

FIGURE A-11 List of Voltages by Tube and Pin number
AC LINE VOLTAGE EQUAL TO 121VAC

ALL VOLTAGES MEASURED FROM CHASSIS GROUND.
ALL VOLTAGES ARE DC VOLTS UNLESS OTHERWISE
MARKED. RADIO TUNED TO STRONG LOCAL STATION.
AUDIO SET TO LOW-VOLUME.
ALL VOLTAGES MAY VARY +/- 20%.
IN-LINE 8 OHM RESISTOR INSTALLED

PIN# V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V8
1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 F
2 F F F 70.2 F F F 349 153
3 0.049 271.6 277.5 -0.8 275 272.4 N/A -1.1/-24.2
4 -17.8 111.5 0.0 -0.57 280 278.6 340AC 280
5 0.049 -15.8 -16.0 73.0 0.005 0.005 N/A 0.0
6 113.9 0.006 233 0.0 N/A N/A 341AC F
7 F F F F F F N/A N/A
8 280 -13.3 0.0 F 22.6 22.5 F 349 N/A

FIGURE A-12 Tube Base Diagrams
TUBE BASE DIAGRAMS
V1 V2 V3
6SK7 6SA7 6B8
8 1 3 3 1
1
3 Cap
6 8 4
4
4
5 6 5
5 2 7 6 8
2 7 27
BASE DIAGRAM 8N BASE DIAGRAM 8R BASE DIAGRAM 8E

R.F. PENTODE PENTAGRID CONVERTOR DUAL DIODE/PENTODE
R.F. AMPLIFIER OSC.CONV. I.F.-DET.AVC.
V4 V5/V6 V7 V8
6SC7 6F6G 5Y3 6U5/6G5
5 2 3 4 4
1 6 2
1
4 3
5 1
4
3
6
7 8 8 2 8 5
2 7 16
BASE DIAGRAM 8S BASE DIAGRAM 7AC BASE DIAGRAM 5T BASE DIAGRAM 6R

DUAL TRIODE PENTODE FULL WAVE CATHODE-RAY
1st.AF-PH.INVER. AUDIO OUTPUT RECTIFIER INDICATOR TUBE

FIGURE A-13 Capacitor and Resistor parts list

CAPACITORS RESISTORS
C1.....Trimmer 3-30 pf C23...120 pf IN 2nd. IF R1.....68 ohms ¼ watts
C2.....Trimmer 3-30 pf C24...120 pf IN 2nd. IF R2.....1 megohm ½ watts
C3.....Trimmer 3-30 pf C25...180 pf IN 2nd. IF R3.....1 megohm ½ watts
C4.....220 pf C26...0.1 mf R4.....2.2 megohms ¼ watts
C5.....Variable tuning 11-490 pf C27...0.0025 mf R5.....15K ohms 2 ½ watts
C6.....220 pf C28...20 mf 25v R6.....100K ohms ½ watts
C7.....Trimmer 2-10 pf C29...0.1 mf R7.....22K ohms 1/10 watts
C8.....Trimmer 2-10 pf C30...0.01 mf R8.....1 megohm ½ watts
C9.....Trimmer 2-10 pf C31...0.007 mf R9.....3.9K ohms ½ watts
C10...Variable tuning 11-490 pf C32...0.0025 mf R10...250K ohms Volume Control
C11...Trimmer 2-12 pf C33...0.005 mf R11...10 megohms ¼ watts
C12...3,600 pf C34...10 mf 450v R12...10 megohms ¼ watts
C13...Trimmer 2-12 pf C35...10 mf 450v R13...470K ohms ¼ watts
C14...580 pf C36...0.05 mf R14...470K ohms ¼ watts
C15...Trimmer 2-20 pf C37...6000 pf R15...10K ohms ¼ ohms
C16...22 pf C38...0.05 mf R16...560 ohms 2 watts
C17...Variable tuning 11-490 pf C39...100 pf R17...470K ohms ¼ watts
C20...10 mf 450v C42...0.005 mf
C21...56 pf IN 1st.IF C43...220 pf
C22...56 pf IN 1st.IF RESISTOR COLOR CODE
COLOR VALUE MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE
CAPACITOR COLOR CODE PF=MMF
SILVER 0.01 10%
COLOR VALUE MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE GOLD 0.1 5%
NO COLOR 20%
SILVER 0.01 10%
GOLD 0.1 5% 0 1.0
BLACK
BROWN 1 10 1%
RED 2 100 2%
BLACK 0 1.0 20%
ORANGE 3 1000
BROWN 1 10 1%
YELLOW 4 10000 3%
RED 2 100 2%
3%
GREEN 5 100000 4%
ORANGE 3 1000 6 1000000
BLUE
YELLOW 4 10000 7 10000000
PURPLE
GREEN 5 5%
GRAY 8 100000000
BLUE 6 9 1000000000
WHITE
PURPLE 7
GRAY 8
WHITE 9 10%
1st. 2nd. Multiplier Tolerance
Type 1s.t 2nd.
Class Tolerance Multiplier
2nd. 1st. Multiplier Tolerance

FIGURE A-14 Electronic Symbols
12 1
11 2
10 3
9 4
8 5
7 6
STSP
120VAC ON/OFF FIVE POSITION MULTIPOSITION ANTENNA
PLUG SWITCH SWITCH WAFER SWITCH
TAP
VARIABLE
CHASSIS CAPACITOR VARIABLE FIXED VARIABLE RESISTOR

GROUND CAPACITORS RESISTOR WITH TAP
R.F. COIL TUNED CIRCUIT BY I.F. TRANSFORMER

R.F. COIL WITH TAP VARIABLE CAPACITOR TUNED BY VARIABLE
FERRITE CORE
5VAC
110VAC
340VAC
340VAC
6VAC
PUSH/PULL AUDIO
240V
FIELD COIL OUTPUT TRANSFORMER
MULTI-INPUT VAC PRIMARY

MULTI-OUTPUT SECONDARY
POWER TRANSFORMER

FIGURE A-15 Capacitor Replacement, Before and After
BEFORE AFTER
ANT.
COILS
R.F.
COILS
V1
C9
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
C8
C1
C7
C2
V2
C3
OSC.
COILS
1st.
I.F.
V8
C15
2nd.
I.F.
V3
V4
V7
R1
V5
T1
V6
S6

GLOSSARY
AF Audio frequency.
Alignment The process of adjusting components of a system for

proper interrelationship. Tuning the I.F. transformers
to the intermediate frequency.
Alternating current A flow of electrons, which reaches maximum in one

direction, decreases to zero, then reverses itself and
reaches maximum in the opposite direction.
Ammeter An instrument for measuring either direct or

alternating electric current. Its scale is usually
graduated in amperes, milliamperes, microamperes,
or kiloamperes.
Amperes A unit of electrical current or a rate of flow of

electrons. One volt across one ohm of resistant causes
a current flow of 1 ampere.
AVC Automatic Volume Control
B+ A 1920's term for the highest DC voltage supplied to

the radio. The 'B' stands for battery.
Bleeder resistor Used as a safety measure to discharge a filter capacitor

after the circuit is de-energized. For a radio power
supply a 100K ohm bleeder resistor is adequate.
Bias The electrical force applied to a vacuum tube, for the

purpose of establishing an electrical reference level for
the operation of the device.

Capacitance The property which permits the storage of electrically

charges when potential differences exist between the
conductors.
Capacitor A device consisting essentially of two conducting

surfaces separated by a insulating material or
dielectric such as air, paper, mica, glass, plastic film,
or oil.
Cathode The element of a vacuum tube that emits electrons.
Ceramic A claylike material, consisting primarily of

magnesium and aluminum oxide, which after
molding and firing is used as insulating material.
Chassis ground A connection to the metal structure that supports the

electrical components, which make up the unit or
system.
Class A An amplifier in which the grid bias and alternating

grid voltage are such that the plate current flows at all
time.
Commercial power 120 volts AC.
Control grid The electrode of a vacuum tube, upon which a signal

voltage is impressed to regulate the plate current.
Current The movement of electrons through a conductor.

Measured in amperes, and its symbol is I.
Cycle The change of an alternating wave from zero to a

negative peak to zero to a positive peak and back to
zero.

Demodulate Extract information from a carrier.
Detector The circuit or component that extracts the information

from the carrier.
Direct current An essentially consistent value current that flows in

only one direction.
Duplex-diode Two diodes.
Electrolytic capacitor A capacitor consisting of two conducting electrodes,

with the anode having a metal oxide film formed on it.
The film acts as the dielectric or insulating medium.
Electron-Ray Indicator Also “magic eye”. A tube which indicates visibly on a

fluorescent target. Used as a tuning indicator.
EMF Abbreviation for electromotive force.
Farad The capacitance of a capacitor in which a charge of 1

coulomb produces a change of voltage in the potential
differences between its terminals.
Filament The element of electronic tube that resides in side that

cathode. This element heats that cathode to proper
operating temperature.
Filtration A circuit of components, which may consist of

resisters, inductors, or capacitors which offers
comparatively little opposition to certain frequencies
or to direct current, while blocking or attenuating
other frequencies.

Forward bias A rectifier tube biased so that there is almost no

opposition to current flow. Plate is positive.
Full-wave rectifier A rectifier that produces a DC current on both halves

of and a AC cycle.
Gimmick A capacitor formed by twisting two insulated wires

together.
Grid bias A constant potential applied between the grid and the
cathode of a vacuum tube to establish an
operating point.
Held negative A point in an electrical circuit connected to a

non-variable negative source.
Held positive A point in an electrical circuit connected to a

non-variable positive source.
Hertz A unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second.
High-Mu A vacuum tube with a high amplification factor.
High-Q Having a high ratio of reactance to effective resistance.
IF / I.F. Abbreviation for intermediate frequency.
Infinite ohms Boundless; having no limits whatsoever.
Intermediate frequency Abbreviated IF. Is a new frequency derived by mixing

to other frequencies together. Also known as a beat
frequency.
Kiloampere 1000 amperes.

Kilocycles 1000 Hertz.
Load resistor A resistor in the plate circuit of a vacuum tube that

matches the tubes impedance.
Microamperes One millionth of an ampere.
Microfarad One millionth of a farad.
Milliampere One thousandth of an ampere.
Modulate To vary the amplitude, frequency, or phase of a wave

by impressing one wave on another wave of constant
properties.
Noise bypass An electrical device that provides a path to remove

any unwanted disturbance within a dynamic electrical
system.
Ohmmeter A direct reading instrument for measuring electric

resistance.
Ohms One ohm is the value of resistance through which a

potential difference of one volt will maintain a current
of one ampere.

Ohm's Law
E
IR
I 2
W E
I W
W
WR 2 E = VOLT
E R I R = RESISTANCE
2 I = AMPERES
E I W E W = WATT
R R
W 2
E I R
W EI
R
Oscilloscope An instrument for making visible the instantaneous

values of one or more rapidly varying electrical
quantities in respect to time.
Parallel Connected to the same pair of terminals, so that the

current can branch out over two or more paths.
Phase Inverter A circuit that changes the AC phase from the original
input.
Pico farad One millionth of a microfarad. (.000000000001) Also

micro-microfarad.
Plate The principal electrode to which the electron stream is

attracted to in an electronic tube.
PHR Chapter - 11: Page - 104 "Power On Handling RULES"
Polarized An electronic component with a positive and negative

poll.
Push/Pull circuit A circuit that contains two like elements which oper-
ate 180 degrees phase relationship.

Rectifier A device which converts an alternating current into a

unidirectional current.
Remote Cutoff Vacuum tube used in R.F. amplifiers. The control grid
wires are farther apart at the center than at the ends.
Therefore it’s amplification dose not vary in direct
proportion to the bias. Some plate current will flow
regardless of the negative bias on the grid.
Resistance A property of conductors, which determines the

current produced by a given difference of potential.
Resistant load The impedance to which energy is being supplied.
Resistor A device, which resists the flow of electrons in a

circuit.
Resonant circuit A circuit which contains both inductance and

capacitance and is tuned to a certain resonance
frequency. The resonant frequency can be raised or
lowered by changing the inductance and/or capaci-
tance values.
Resonant frequency The frequency at which a given system or object will

respond with maximum amplitude when driven by
an external sinusoidal force of constant amplitude.
Revers bias A rectifier tube biased so that there is almost no

current flow. Plate is negative.
RF / R.F. Abbreviation for radio frequency.
RMS Root-mean-square. True AC power.

Saturation An electronic device in electron maximum

conduction.
Schematic A diagram of the electrical scheme of a circuit, with

the components represented by graphical symbols.
Screen grid A grid placed between a control grid and the plate
and usually maintained at a fixed positive potential.
Series The connecting of components end to end in a circuit,

to provide a single path for the current.
Service type The function of a vacuum tube, class A amplifier, class

B amplifier, rectifier, detector, converter, oscillator,
etc.
Signal grid The signal grid receives the radio frequency signal to
be mixed with the local oscillator's frequency. This
mix produces four frequencies. One begging the
intermediate frequency which is filtered and
amplified by the IF circuits.
Superheterodyne A receiver in which the incoming modulated R. F.

receiver signals are usually amplified in a preamplifier and
then fed into the mixer for conversion into a fixed,
lower carrier frequency (called the intermediate
frequency). The modulated by I.F. signal undergoes
very high amplification in the I.F. amplifier stages and
is then fed into the detector or demodulation.
Suppressor grid The grid placed between the screen grid and the plate
in a vacuum tube.

Tap A fixed electrical connection to a specific position on

the element of a potentiometer, transformer, filament,
etc.
Tuning The adjustment relating to frequency of a circuit or

system to secure optimum performance. Commonly,
the adjustment of a circuit or circuits to resonance.
Vacuum tube An electronic tube evacuated to such a degree that its

electrical characteristics are essentially unaffected by
the presence of residual gas or vapor.
Volt The unit of measure of the electromotive force.
Voltage Electrical pressure, the force that causes current to

flow through an electrical conductor.


INDEX
Numerics
180 degrees out of phase 38, 39
1st. I.F. Transformer 64
1st. I.F. transformer 60
1st.AF-PH.INV. 24
2nd. I.F. Transformer 64
455KC 108, 138
455KC Audio Modulated Intermediate Frequency 58
455KC carrier 39
455KC I.F. 67
455KC intermediate frequency 49
470KC 143
5VAC secondary 83
5Y3 24, 29, 58, 122
6A8G 143
6B8 58, 124
6F6 39
6F6G 40, 51
6SA7 68
6SC7 16, 49, 83
6SK7 76
6U5/6G5 59, 83
6VAC winding 83
700 volts or more! 2
A
A.F. 132, 133
AC 24, 41
AC audio signal 41
AC sine wave 24
AF 38, 47
alignment 111, 128
alignment procedure 108

AM 61, 67
amplitude modulated 61
amplitude modulated carrier 67
antenna 75, 129, 131, 137, 141
antenna coils 85, 128
audio feedback 40, 51
Audio Frequency 38, 47
audio information 39
audio modulated carrier 60
AUDIO OUTPUT 24
Audio Output Transformer 40, 43, 90
audio output transformer 99
Audio signal 41
Audio Transformer 89
Automatic Volume Control 57
automatically controlling the volume 63
AVC 57, 62
B
band A 69
Band A,B and C 69
band B 69
band C 69
band switch 7
bias 40, 51
bleeder resistor 104
C
C10 69, 73
C10 is the variable capacitor 69
C11 73
C12 73
C13 73
C14 73
C15 73
C16 69, 73

C18 73, 78, 79
C19 73
C20 73, 94
C21 73
C25 filters 64
C26 40, 51
C27 51
C28 40, 43, 94
C29 51
C30 40, 51
C31 44
C32 44
C33 40
C34 84, 86, 94, 120, 121
C35 94
C36 43, 52
C37 69, 73
C39 51, 64
C4 79
C40 73
C42 40
C43 40, 51
C5 79
C6 79
C7 79
carrier 61
cathode 14, 69
cathodes 40, 43
center-tap 33, 34
center-taped 25
chassis 28
chassis ground 36, 77, 78, 85
Class ‘A’ 19
class A amplifier 39
common ground 94
continuity testing 91, 131

continuity tests 128
control grid 16, 40, 42, 50, 51, 54, 55, 62, 63, 71, 72, 84, 144, 145
control grid current 17
control grid of V1 78
control grid of V1 pin4 77
current 119
current limiting 51, 52
D
DC 23, 41
DC power 24
De-Modulates 58
Detector 57
detector circuit 60
detects 58
dial cord 10
dial cord assemble 10
Diode 13, 14
Diode (rectifier) 15
Direct Current 23, 24
distorted 21
distortion 22
divider circuit 55
dual-trace oscilloscope 45
Duplex-Diode 58
E
electrolytic capacitor 27, 40, 43
Electrolytic capacitors 34
electrolytic capacitors 32, 93, 106, 128
Electron-Ray Indicator 59
EMF 40
epoxy 150, 151
Eye Tube Indicator Circuit 57

F
Field Coil 89
field coil 120
filament 14, 24
Filtration 27
flat bottom 22
flat top 21
forward biased 24
forward biasing 15
full-wave rectification 24
Full-wave rectifier 23
full-wave rectifier 24, 32
full-wave rectifier circuits 32
G
Gimmick 92
Greek symbol 27
grid bias 41
grid CAP 60
H
High 44
high Q 60, 61
High Tone 44
High-Mu 49, 52
Hum Neutral Coil 89, 90
Hum Neutralizing Coil 40
I
I 47, 49
I.F. 57, 60, 141
I.F. circuits 131
I.F. coil 3
I.F. Detector 47, 49
I.F. Detector Circuit 58

I.F. Transformers 84
I.F.-DET.AVC. 24
impedances matching 51, 52
input A 42
Input B 42
Intermediate Frequency 57
intermediate frequents 67
isolated electrolytic capacitors 36
isolation transformer 104, 105, 107, 112
K
knob repaired 9
L
L1 and C1 77, 79
L10 69, 73, 88
L11 69, 73
L12 73
L14,C23 61
L15,C24 61
L17 40
L2 and C2 77, 79
L3 and C3 79
L4 79
L4 and L3,C3 77
L5 and C7 78, 79
L6 and C8 78, 79
L7 and C9 78, 79
L8 78, 79, 86, 121
L9 69, 73, 88
load resistor 51, 52
Local Oscillator 138
local oscillator 138
Local Oscillator Mixer Converter 67
Local Oscillator Mixer Converter Circuit 68
locating electronic components 30

loose tube base 4
Low Tone 44
M
Medium 44
Medium Tone 44
Mica capacitors 91
Micro Farad 91
micro-phonics 140
N
negative AVC voltage 62
negative grounds 28
noise 140
O
oiling the variable capacitor 5
old radio equipment and parts 3
OSC.CONV 24
oscillator 131, 138, 139, 141, 143
oscillator circuit 70
oscillator circuits 129, 137
Oscillator Coils 88
oscillator coils 69, 128, 129
Oscillator Converter Circuit 75
oscillator frequency 72
oscillator tube 128, 138
oscillator tubes 129
oscillator unit 147, 150, 152
oscilloscope 109
P
Pentagrid Converter 13, 18, 58
Pentode 13
pentode 18

PF capacitors 129
Phase Inverter 47
Phase Inverter Circuit 42
Phase Inverter circuit 38
Phase Lock Loop 115, 139
PI 27
PI Filter 27
PI filter 27, 28, 32, 34
Pico Farad 91
plate 14
plate voltage 41
PLL 115, 116, 139
POHR 118
polarization 36
polarized 33
positive feedback 71
Power Amplifier Pentode 39
Power On Handling Rule 118
power supply 23
power transformer 98, 124, 125, 127
power transformer T1 58
PPL radio 143
primary 60, 61
primary circuit (L12,C21) 64
Push/Pull audio output Transformer 89
Push-Pull 38
Push-Pull Audio Output 37
push-pull circuit 45
R
R.F 141
R.F. 108, 110, 129, 131, 132, 133, 137
R.F. circuits 76
R.F. Coil Test Points 86
R.F. coils 128
R.F. Pentode 76

R.F.AMP. 24
R1 79
R10 51
R11 51
R12 51
R13 and R15 40, 51
R14 40, 43, 51, 52, 121
R15 51
R16 40, 43
R17 121
R18 43
R19 73
R2 79
R3 73
R4 and C38 62, 64
R5 73
R6 and C41 64
R7 51, 64
R8 64
R9 51
Radio Frequency (R.F.) Amplifier 75
Radio Frequency Amplifier 75, 76
Radio Frequency Amplifier Circuit 76
radio power switch (S8) 82
radio station carriers 75
radio station frequencies 67
RC time contact 62
RCA Model 8Q2 2
rectifier 24
rectifier tube 122
Remote-Cutoff 58, 76
resistors 106
re-stringing the dial cord 10
result of S3 and S4 switching 70
reveres bias 24
reverse biasing 15

RF modulated signal 41
RMS 24
Rotary switch S6 44
rubber cement 11
S
S1 79
S1 through S6 6
S1,S2,S3,S4, and S5 6
S2 79
S2,8 77
S3 73
S3 switches 69
S4 73
S4 switches 69
S5 79
S5,7 78
S6 44
S6 switch 44
saturation 22, 148
screen grid 18, 55
secondary 60, 61
secondary circuit (L13,C22) 64
series 32
series parallel capacitor circuit 69
signal generator 108, 112, 113, 114
signal grid 18
signal grid of V2 pin8 78
signal-tracer 135, 140, 141
signal-tracers 136
signal-tracing 128, 130, 131, 132, 133
spare part 96
speaker 11
speaker cone 12
speaker plug 89
speaker shell 12

suppressor grid 18
Switches S3 and S4 69
T
T1 120, 122, 126, 127
T2 40, 43, 121
time constant 51
tone control 8, 44
Transformer 25
Triode 13, 16, 17
tube base diagram 39
tuned circuit 71
tuning dial 10
TUNING EYE 24
tuning meter 66
tuning switches 8
Twin-Triode 49, 52
V
V1 86, 121, 137
V2 69, 73, 79, 84, 121, 136
V3 65, 83, 121, 136
V4 52, 121
V5 40, 43, 121
V6 121
V8 65
vacuum tube 140
Vacuum Tubes 39
vacuum tubes 81, 106, 128
variable transformer 105, 112
variable tuning capacitors 3
variable voltage divider 49
Voice Coil 89, 90
voice coil 12, 29
voltage divider 40, 51
voltage divider circuit 32, 34, 40, 51

voltage divider resistors 50
voltage drop 32
volume control 49
W
Wafer Switches 6
wafer switches 8
wax capacitor 128
wax capacitors 106
wiring diagrams 118

Richard McWhorter's fascination with radio technology began

when he discovered that he could jam his brother's radio with a
crystal set. He built several five-tube radio sets from scratch while in
high school. He entered the Air Force after college and received
excellent training in electronic circuit design and troubleshooting.
After obtaining an FCC First Class Radio Telephone Operator
License, with a Ship Radar Endorsement, he entered the telephony
industry where he spent 30 years. His experience in that industry
has depth and breadth ranging from Test and Acceptance Engineer
on digital central offices to Software Engineer, Software Instructor
(machine, assembly and high level languages), Digital Cellular
Technical Instructor and Code Owner (CCS7 Table Control Software
Engineering). Since leaving the telephony industry, he has been
working as Broadcast Engineer and writing books.

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Shortwave1940.

book Page 1 Tuesday, November 27, 2007 5:41 AM

The Vacuum Tube

©2005 By Richard McWhorter, All rights reserved.

First printing 2007

Print in the United States of America

Library of Congress Data

McWhorter, Richard, 1945-

The Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio, Understanding and Troubleshooting

ISBN - 13: 978-1-60402-850-8

Back Cover Text By

ZENITH is a registered trademark of Zenith Electronics Corporation.

RCA is a registered trademark of Thomson Corporation.

GE is a registered trademark of Thomson Corporation.

CROSLEY is a registered Trademark of Crosley Corporation.

WD-40 is a registered Trademark of the WD-40 Company.

The chapter, Troubleshooting Guide, discusses several troubleshooting

Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio i

V1 6SK7 V2 6SA7 V3 6B8 TERMINAL ‘C’ OF 2nd. IF V4 6SC7 V5 6F6G

ii Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio

Chapter 1 Shortwave Radio 1

Chapter 2 Vacuum Tubes 13

Chapter 3 Power Supply 23

Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio iii

Chapter 5 Audio Phase Inverter 47

Chapter 6 I.F./Detector, Eye Tube 57

Chapter 7 Local Oscillator 67

iv Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio

Chapter 9 Continuity Testing 81

Chapter 10 Part Replacement 91

Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio v

vi Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio

Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio vii

viii Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio

The R.C.A. model 8Q2 Shortwave Radio

2 Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio

Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio 3

FIGURE 1-2 Loose Tube Base

If a loose tube base is found,

Just before installing a tube in

Moveable Parts to Lubricate

4 Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio

FIGURE 1-3 Oiling the Variable Capacitor Shaft

This screwdriver technique is shown in Figure 1-3, oiling the variable

Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio 5

FIGURE 1-4 Wafer Switch

Wafer switch S6 is the radio/phonograph switch and the tone control

6 Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio

FIGURE 1-5 Band Switch

Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio 7

FIGURE 1-6 Lubricating Wafer Switches and the Volume Control

TUNING SWITCHES S1-S6

It is very important to avoid over lubrication and to only lubricate the

8 Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio

FIGURE 1-7 Knob Repair

METAL FLAT CARDBOARD WIRE COMPLETED REPAIR

Vacuum Tube Shortwave Radio 9

FIGURE 1-8 Dial Cord

Gang at MAX Capacity