JCE SCIENCE REVISION BOOKLET

MATTER

1. What is matter?
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
2. What is an element?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

3. What is a compound?
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
4. What is an atom?
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
5. Distinguish between an atom and an element
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
6. Distinguish between an element and a compound
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
7. An atom is made up of ________________, ___________________ and
_____________________
8. __________ and __________ are found in the nucleus.
9. The orbits that electrons occupy are called______________________
10. In each atom there are equal number of _____________ and ____________
11. If an atom has 4 protons how many electrons does it have?
___________________________________________
12. What accounts for the physical and chemical differences between elements?

Element Symbol

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Cl

Sodium
Cu

2
 Au

Aluminium

Ag

Calcium

Pb

13. A ____________________ is a particle made when 2 or more atoms of the same

or different elements combine chemically.
14. A __________________ is a substance whose molecules contain more than one
element.
15. ________________ is a compound formed by the chemical combination of
hydrogen and oxygen.
16. Carbon +_________ Carbon dioxide
17. A process by which compounds are formed is called __________________
18. Carbon + Oxygen Carbon dioxide
(Element) (______) (____________)

Identify the molecule above __________________________

19. A _____________is formed when two or more substances mix physically.

20. In a _______________substances do not undergo any chemical change
21. A container contains a mixture of iron fillings and Sulphur. Suggest how you can
separate them
_____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
22. The overall charge of an atomic nucleus is ____________________
23. A proton has a charge of_________________
24. The _______________carry no charge
25. Electrons are __________________________charged and each electron carry a
charge of _____________
26. The overall charge of an atom is____________________
27. The simplest element is_________________.
28. The _________________atom has one proton on its nucleus
Name the atom below __________________________

3
Name the atom below______________________________

29. Write down the names and symbols and draw structure of the first 20 elements in
the periodic
table_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________
30. Draw a structure of an atom of Helium, Lithium, Beryllium, Boron and Oxygen.
31. What is the scientific name of a household salt? _______________

Use the words below to fill in the blanks of question 32 to 36

Solution, suspension, emulsion, miscible, immiscible,

32. A resulting mixture of salt and water is called a ___________________

33. Mariah accidentally poured water into a glass containing powdered chalk. The
resulting mixture was a _____________________
34. When alcohol is poured into water they mix readily, they are said to be
____________________________
35. Oil always stays on top when it is mixed with water, the two liquids are said to
be_______________________. When stirred thoroughly they form a cloudy
mixture called an __________________
36. Suppose you add two teaspoons of salt in a glass of water and stir thoroughly.
Describe what happens to the salt
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
b) Is your new product a compound or a mixture? Give reasons for your
answer_____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
c) Suggest how salt can be recovered from this solution
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
d) If a small quantity of chalk is added to the solution suggest a way to separate
the three components __________________________________
37. Suppose a spatula measure of salt is added to a mixture of Sulphur and iron
fillings. Suggest a way to separate the mixture into separate

4
 components_________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
38. List the differences between compounds and mixtures
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
39. Suggest and explain ways of separating the following mixtures
A) Sulphur and household salt
________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
B) Sugar and sand
________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
C) Beans and maize
________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
D) Water and oil
________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
E) Sugar, iron fillings and Sulphur
________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
40. Differentiate between a universal indicator and a litmus
___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

ACIDS AND ALKALIS

41. What is an acid_______________________________________

42. What is an alkali____________________________________
43. List properties of acids and alkalis
___________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
44. A reaction between an acid and alkali is called ________________________
45. Bases soluble in water are called_________________________________
46. All _____________are bases but not all bases are ___________________
47. List 6 bases_______________________________________________
48. List 5 alkalis______________________________________________
49. List 3 properties of alkalis
___________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
50. Describe a test for acidity or alkalinity using litmus paper
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________

5
51. Name a technique used to separate water and
alcohol___________________________ and describe the process of separating
alcohol from water.
52. Explain how crude oil is refined through fractional distillation
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
53. Give three properties of chemical reactions
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________
54. List five signs of chemical reactions
___________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
55. List and explain four factors affecting rates of reactions
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________
Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow…57 -59

56. The liquid that passes through A is called ___________________

57. A is ________________________
58. The solid trapped is called ___________________________________
59. Thabo wants to figure out the components of a black in pen. Which method can
he employ? ___________________________________
60. What is a purification technique?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
61. Separation techniques which use differences in boiling points are
_____________________ and ________________________
62. Thabo adds five teaspoons of sugar to his tea. The tea is a solvent and sugar is a
_________________
63. Which separation technique uses the apparatus below
_________________________________________________

6
64. Describe the above
process____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________
65. Methane + ______________ heat CO2 + H2O
66. Define products____________________________________________
67. Define reactants_____________________________________________
68. Compare a physical change and a chemical
change_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
69. When iron fillings and sulphur are heated together a new product
___________________is formed.
A) Write down a word equation for the
reaction______________________________________________
B) Show which chemicals are rectants and which are
products___________________________________________
C) Show which chemicals are elements and which are compounds
__________________________________________________
D) Show which are metals and which are non-metals
________________________________________________

70. Which method is suitable for separating water and

sand?____________________________________________________
71. Define melting point__________________________________________
72. The temperature at which liquids turn into gas is
called____________________________________________________
73. Mogapi village water is salty and boils at a temperature higher than that of pure
water. The salt is water is referred to as ___________________ and affects the
boiling point as well as the ___________________________________
74. What is a physical
change__________________________________________________
75. What is a chemical change-
________________________________________________________

7
 76. List properties of chemical change with
examples___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
77. List properties of physical change with
examples___________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
78.

heat

A)Magnesium +______________ Magnesium oxide

B)Carbon +Oxygen ______________

C) Copper oxide + ___________ heat Copper + Water

D) Acid + alkali ___________ + _______________

E) Hydrochloric acid + Sodium Carbonate _______ + ________________ +

_________________-

79. A gas which burns with popping sound is __________________

80. Thato held a glowing splint above a jar containing a certain gas and the splint
relighted. Which gas was present in the
jar?_______________________________________
81. Name the gas formed when sodium reacts with hydrochloric acid
__________________________
82. Describe the test for this
gas________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

Study the diagram below and answer questions that follow

8
 83. Name the gas produced from the above reaction_________________________
84. Describe the test for this
gas_____________________________________________________
85. State the property common to acids and
alkalis____________________________________________________
86. State the colour of the universal indicator under neutral conditions
METALS AND NON METALS

87. What is an alloy? Give

examples___________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
88. List 10
metals_____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
89. List characteristics of metals and non- metals
___________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________

90. Name a metal which is a liquid at room temperature

_________________________________________________________
91. Name a metal used in
thermometers_______________________________________________
92. Metal that doesn’t rust and used to galvanise iron
_____________________________________________
93. Metal used to make aircraft bodies_____________________
94. Metal used in electric cables, does not corrode in water and conducts electricity
wel_________________________
95. The degree to which a metal reacts is termed as its ___________________
96. Tshepho placed roofing nails in a bottle of water. When he came for them two
days later they had a brownish colour.

a) What caused the brownish colour? Explain the process and show the chemical
reaction equation for the
process_________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
b) The roofing nails are made of which metal?______________________
c) List and explain five methods of preventing
rusting__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
d) Another nail was put in a basin with water contaminated with oil. Will the nail
rust or not, if yes why and if not
why?_________________________________________________
97. Ores are___________________

9
 98. List and describe three types of rocks and give examples of
each_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
99. Separating a metal from its ore is called ______________________
100. Iron ore is called________________
101. Iron ore is refined in a tall reaction chamber called _________________.
102. Which substance is needed to react with sand in the
ore?________________________

Study the diagram below and anwer questions that follow

A B

C D

103. Label all the parts A-D and explain the process of how iron is extracted from its ore
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________

104. Why is reactivity of substances important when extracting metals from their ores?
____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________

10
 105. Describe how iron is extracted from its
ore……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………….
106. Name two types of mines__________________________________
107. Why is reactivity of metals important when extracting metals from their ores
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
108. List four natural resources and in each case describe their uses
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________

FORCES

THE DIAGRAM BELOW SHOWS A CROWBAR. LABEL THE EFFORT , PIVOT AND THE LOAD.

109. A

A___________________________

B___________________________

C__________________________

11
 A
C

111. THE DIAGRAM ABOVE SHOWS A BOTTLE OPENER USED TO OPEN A BOTTLE. LABEL
THE PIVOT, LOAD AND EFFORT

A_________________________

B_________________________

C_________________________

112. IN THE DIAGRAM BELOW LABEL THE APPLIED FORCE, RESULTANT FORCE AND THE
TURNING POINT

110. A wheelbarrow with long handles is easier to use than the one with short handles.
Can you explain this
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________

12
111. A wheelbarrow carries a load of 1000N and the load is 50cm from the pivot. The
effort is 150cm from the pivot. What effort must a person apply to lift handles?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________
112. Sipho weighs 500N and her brother weighs 300N. Her brother sits at the end, 2m
from the fulcrum. Where should Sipho sit to balance the see-saw?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________
113. Describe the three functions of human skeleton
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________
THE DIAGRAM BELOW SHOWS A HUMAN SKELETON. LABEL PARTS REPRESENTED
WITH LETTERS E-F.

B
A

D
C

A________________________________
B________________________________
C________________________________
D________________________________
E________________________________
F________________________________

13
IN THE DIAGRAMS BELOW LABEL THE FULCRUM, LOAD AND EFFORT

THE DIAGRAM BELOW SHOWS A HUMAN SHOULDER. NAME THE TYPE OF JOINT
SHOWN

14
114. Name joints found in
Neck _________________
Elbow ________________
Wrists __________________
Skull ____________________
115. What is posture
____________________________________________________
116. State the importance of correct posture
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
117. Tshepho has been sitting improperly on a chair all day. What effect can it have on
his body?
____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
ELECTRICITY

118. List uses of electricity

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
119. The form of energy in a cell is _______________________________
120. Describe the energy changes at a hydroelectric power station
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
121. Describe the energy changes at a thermal power station
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
122. A circuit with gaps is said to be_________________________________

Label the electric components below

15
 +-
A) ……………………………………

B) ……………………….

C) ________ _______
V
……………………………..

D __________ ________ …………………………………

123. Draw a simple circuit diagram to show

a) One cell, one bulb a switch and connecting wires
b) Two cells, two bulbs , a switch and connecting wires
c) One cell, one resistor , one bulb, a switch and connecting wires
d) Two cells, ammeter, a bulb, a switch, resistor and connecting wires
124. Draw a parallel circuit
125. Draw a series circuit
126. Due to an electric fault, one of the bulbs in Tumo’s circuit blew off immediately
when he switched on and all the other bulbs went off. What type of circuit is this?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
127. In another experiment when one bulb blew off others remained on. Name this
kind of circuit and explain why the other bulbs didn’t go off
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
128. When someone is experiencing an electric shock you can use a wooden stick to
help him or her move from the electricity source. Why is it wise to use wood?
____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
129. Resistance of an object reduces the amount of __________________ that flows
through it.
130. Voltage is measured in_____________________
131. The force that drives electrons around the electric circuit is called voltage or
________________________________
132. An ammeter measures___________________ and voltmeter measures
_________________
133. Describe the energy changes that happen in a light bulb.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
134. Describe the energy changes that take place when the heater is switched on.

16
 ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________

135. What form of energy transfer leads to the room being cool?
____________________________________________________

136. List three uses of electromagnets

___________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

137. Draw a rough sketch with detailed labels showing how electricity is conveyed to a
household from Morupule Power Station.

138. Explain how a lightning conductor protects a house from being struck by lightning.
____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
139. Thabo’s electric iron three pin plug has blew off and he managed to buy a new
three pin plug to replace it. Explain how he should do it without causing electrical
faults_______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
140. Electricity from Morupule Power Station stands at 220kV but most household
electrical appliances use 240V. Explain how the electricity reaches the household at
such a low Voltage.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
141. Define the term Astronomy
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
142. Discuss the possible benefits of space exploration to man.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
143. List some of the technology used in space exploration

17
 ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
144. Identify potential careers in space exploration
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
145. Three resistors of resistance 3 Ω each are connected in parallel. Calculate their
total resistance
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
146. Two resistors of resistance 3Ω each are connected in series. Calculate their total
resistance.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
147. Explain the function of resistors in a circuit.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
148. Describe qualitatively the relationship between resistance, length and cross-
sectional area of a conductor.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
149. An electrical component has a voltage of 6V and a current of 3A. calculate its
resistance
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
150. Define resistance______________________________________________
151. Give the SI unit of resistance_________________________________
152. Explain the need for counseling of people caring for AIDS patients at home
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
153. Tshenolo is infected with AIDS. Discuss how her family can ensure safe and healthy
ways of caring for a person her.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
154. State Newton’s laws of motion( first, second and third)
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________

18
155. A lorry of mass 2500kg is moving uphill at an acceleration of 50m/s2. Calculate the
force required to move the car uphill.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
156. Explain how using an inclined plane can ease work
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
157. Discuss merits and demerits of harnessing nuclear energy
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
158. Mettah has just received a stock of chemicals with a radioactive symbol. Describe
how she can safely handle and store them in the laboratory
____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
159. How can exposure to radioactive emissions endanger one’s life?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
160. Describe the process of radioactivity?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
161. Distinguish between rocks, minerals and ores
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
162. Identify minerals and ores found in Botswana
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
163. Distinguish between precious minerals, non-precious minerals and gemstones
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
164. Discuss steps involved in the production of gemstones until they reach the market
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
165. Describe the process of extracting iron from its ores.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

19
 ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________
166. Describe the chemical reactions involved in the extraction of iron
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
167. Describe the process of extracting copper from its ores
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
168. Describe the chemical reactions involved in the extraction of copper
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
169. Define an alloy
____________________________________________________________
170. State constituent elements of common alloys
____________________________________________________________
171. Explain the importance of alloys to industry
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
172. Define allotrope
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
173. List allotropes of carbon
____________________________________________________________
174. State the properties of carbon allotropes
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
175. Relate the structure of carbon allotropes to their uses
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
176. State the physical and chemical properties of metals
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
177. State the physical and chemical properties of non-metals
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________

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178. Compare uses of metals and non-metals with reference to their properties
Metals Non-metals

179. Describe the reaction of metals with water

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
180. Define oxidation
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
181. Explain the difference between the strength and concentration of a substance
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
182. Define pH
____________________________________________________________
183. Explain the differences between distillation and evaporation
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
184. Explain what pollution is
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
185. Describe types of pollution
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
186. Describe common sources of pollution
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
187. Discuss problems caused by pollution
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
188. Describe methods of controlling pollution

21
 ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
189. Investigate effects of air and water pollution on our health
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
190. Identify potential careers in ICT
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
191. Discuss the cultural impact of global communication
____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________

192. Investigate how the actions of human beings may have contributed to increase in
natural disasters.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
193. Discuss the effects of earth-quakes, volcanoes, floods and drought on people’s lives
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
194. Explain how an earthquake is formed
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
195. Explain potential difference (p. d.).
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
196. State the SI unit for potential difference
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
197. Illustrate that the sum of p.ds across components in a series circuit is equal to the
terminal p. d. across the circuit

22
198. Illustrate that the p.ds across components in a parallel circuit is the same as the
terminal p. d.

199. Describe hormones

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
200. Identify some hormones and their sources
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
201. Describe the function of each hormone
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
202. Name at least two medical conditions that are caused by hormonal imbalance.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
203. State the main components of the nervous system
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
204. Explain the functions of the nervous system
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________
205. Distinguish between a voluntary and involuntary action
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
206. Describe a simple reflex action
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
207. Describe a learned-reflex action.

23
 ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
208. Explain communication
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
209. Identify sense organs and their stimuli
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
210. Describe one method that humans use to enhance their sense of sight
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
211. Explain how common injuries can be prevented
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
212. Describe the principles of safe physical movement
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
213. List and explain uses of recommended safety and protective devices.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
214. Describe air movement within a building
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
215. Discuss the need for good ventilation
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
216. Explain the need for proper disposal of domestic refuse and sewage.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
217. Describe hygienic ways of disposing sewage
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
218. Describe how different animals are adapted to keep cool and warm
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

24
 ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
219. Explain why are fat people are less prone to cold as compared to slim people
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
220. Explain some of the natural phenomena caused by convection, conduction and
radiation.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
221. Identify some of the everyday phenomenon and consequences of conduction,
convection and radiation.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
222. Describe qualitatively, expansion and contraction in solids, liquids and gases.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
223. Explain the relationship between expansion and construction of bridges.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
224. Identify problems of expansion and contraction in everyday life
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
225. State the uses of different colours in communication
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
226. Identify the main parts of the eye.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
227. Describe the functions of parts of the eye.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
228. Melanih is standing on a hilltop enjoying the scenic view of the city. Describe what
happens in the eye for her to see.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________.
229. Describe different types of eye defects and their correction methods.

25
 ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________

THE DIAGRAM BELOW SHOWS REFLECTION IN A PLANE MIRROR. LABEL NORMAL,

INCIDENT RAY, INCIDENT ANGLE, REFLECTED RAY, REFLECTED ANGLE

______________________________plane mirror

COMPLETE THE DIAGRAM BELOW TO SHOW REFLECTION IN AN UNEVEN SURFACE

230. What is the relationship between angle of incidence and angle of reflection?
__________________________________________________________
231. State uses of plane and curved mirrors.
____________________________________________________________________
THE DIAGRAM BELOW DEPICTS AN INCIDENT RAY STRIKING A GLASS BLOCK.
COMPLETE THE PATH OF THE RAY

When you put a spoon in a clear glass full of water the spoon looks bent. What causes this?

26
 ____________________________________________________________________
232. Identify uses of optical instruments.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________
233. List the different colour components of light in the order of their ability to refract.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
234. Explain the phenomenon of rainbow formation.
____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
235. Identify causes, signs and treatment of eye diseases.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
236. Describe different types of eye defects and their correction methods
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________
237. Explain qualitatively the concept of ‘terminal
velocity_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
238. Describe qualitatively motion of objects falling in a fluid
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
1. a) State one difference between science and technology.
_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________ (1)
b) Describe one influence of society on technology.
_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________ (2)

c) State one health issue related to

technology.__________________________________________________________ (1)

2. a) Define a vector quantity

27
 __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ (1)
a) Calculate the resultant vector in the diagram below.

45N 15N

3. Use the diagram below to answer questions that follow.

X Z

a. Name the type of cell above?

_____________________________ (1)
b. Label the parts X and Z.
X _______________________
Z _______________________ (2)
c. State the function of
chloroplasts?_______________________________________________________
________________________________________ (1)
d. Complete the paragraph below on plant and animal systems. Use the words
provided in the box below.
Excretory system, Tissue , pancreas, organ, respiratory,
nervous

A_______________ is defined as a group of cells with common structure and

function. A group of tissues with common function make a ______________.
Example of organs includes _______________. A group of organs which carry

28
 out gaseous exchange between the blood and the environment makes the
_________________ system.

Use the diagram below to answer the questions 4.

4. a) What is a natural resource?

_______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________(1)
b) Suggest one way in which each one of the above can be conserved.
I. Wildlife
_________________________________________________________(1)
II. Water
________________________________________________________(1)
c) What is meant by conservation of natural resources?
____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________(1)
The diagram below shows changes of states of matter. Use it to answer question 5.

5. a) Name the processes represented by letters A and B.

A _____________________________

29
 B _____________________________ (2)

b) i. In which state of matter solid, liquid or gas, does compression happen easily?
_______________________________________ (1)
ii. Explain your answer in (b) (i).
_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________ (1)
Use the statement to answer the questions that follows.

Neo placed a bottle of water in a refrigerator, the next day she

discovered that the bottle has cracked.

c) i. What caused the bottled to crack?

___________________________________________________________(1)
ii. State one effect associated with the anomalous expansion of water.
_______________________________________________________(1)
6. a) What is an acid-alkali indicator?
___________________________________________________________ (1)
Classify the following household chemicals as acidic, basic or neutral:
Toothpaste, sour milk,water and table salt

ACIDIC BASIC/ALKALINE NEUTRAL

30
 Study the diagram of the male reproductive system below, and use it to
answer the questions that follow.

Testis
7. Name the parts labeled with letters T and U
V
T _____________________________________________
U _____________________________________________(2)
b) State the function of the testis?
_____________________________________________________________ (1)

8. a) Describe how fossil fuels are formed.

_________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________ (2)

b) State two alternative energy sources in Botswana.

I) _______________________________________________

II) _______________________________________________ (2)

c) State two financial implications of using solar energy in Botswana.

31
 __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__ (2)

d) State the energy changes occurring in a burning candle.

__________________ _________________ + heat energy (2
a. State the functions of the following parts of the ear:
I. Ear drum
_________________________________________________________
(1)
II. Eustachian tube
________________________________________________________
(1)
Study the diagram below and use it to answer the questions that
follow

9. Name the type of tooth above.

_________________________________________________________________
(1)
a. How does the shape of the tooth above relate to its function?
_________________________________________________________________
(2)
b. Name part B.

32
 _________________________________________________________________
(1)
c. Distinguish between communicable and non-communicable diseases
_________________________________________________________________
_____________________(2)
d. State one example of a communicable disease.
______________________________________________________
10. a. Complete the table below.

DIGESTIVE ENZYME FOOD TYPE END PRODUCTS OF

DIGESTION

Amylase starch

protein Amino acids

Fatty acids and

Lipase glycerol

(3)

13. a) Define a drug.

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________(1)

b) State any two signs of allergic reactions to drugs.

_________________________________________________________________
__________________________(2)

33
 SECTION B(MARKS: 20)

1. The setup below was used to test a green leaf for starch. Use it to answer the
questions that follow.

a. What is the reason for carrying out

i. Stage 1
___________________________________________________________
(1)
ii. Stage 2
___________________________________________________________
(1)
iii. Stage 3 _________________________________________
b. State the colour of the leaf after stage 2.
______________________________________(1)
c. Name the chemical used at stage 5.
_______________________________________(1)
d. What is the positive test for starch?
_________________________________________________________________
(1)

34
 Chlorophyll is needed for the formation of starch during photosynthesis.
e. What is the function of chlorophyll in green plants?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_ (1)
f. Complete the word equation below for photosynthesis.
light

_________+ ________ Starch +________

Chlorophyll
1. Define the terms;

a) Acid _______________________________________________________(1)
b) Alkalis ______________________________________________________(1)
c) Complete the table below by writing the colour change of indicator when put into an
acidic and alkaline solution.
indicator Acidic alkaline

Blue litmus i. ________________ Blue

Red litmus ii.________________ iii.________________

(3)

d) Give two common examples of household chemicals that are alkaline

i. ______________________________ (1)
ii. ______________________________

35
2. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.

a) Identify the parts labelled

A.____________________________

B. ___________________________

C. ___________________________ (3)

b) State the function of the part labeled G.

c) Use the diagrams below to identify the blood vessel shown below.

X Y Z

X. _______________________________________ (1)
Y. _______________________________________ (1)

36
 d) Which blood vessel carry blood towards the heart.
e) How are capillaries adapted for exchange of materials between blood and the
cells______________________________________________________________ (2)

The diagram below shows the structure of the ear, use it to answer question 3 .

3. Name the parts labelled with letters X, Y and Z

a. State the function of the part labelled W.

_______________________________________________________________ (1)
b. What causes sound?
_______________________________________________________________ (1)
c. State the relationship between frequency of a wave and the pitch of sound
produced.______________________________________ (2)
4. Complete the table below on enzymes of digestion.

Enzyme Food digested End products

Amylase Carbohydrates i.

ii. Protein iii.

Lipase iv. Fatty acids + glycerol

37
5. The diagram below shows the digestive system.

a) Name the parts labelled B.

_________________________________________ (1)

b) Give one function of the large intestines.

_____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ (1
c) On the diagram, label with the letter X the part were absorption of nutrients take
place. (1)
d) Explain why it is important to chew food before swallowing.
_____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ (1)

6. Study the diagram below and use it together with your understanding of sexual
reproductive health to answer questions that follow.

38
 a. On the diagram label the amniotic fluid. (1)
b. State the function of the following parts
I. Placenta
_______________________________________________________ (1)
II. Umbilical cord
______________________________________________________ (1)
c. Explain why a pregnant woman should not do the following.
III. Take drugs and smoke cigarettes
______________________________________________________ (2)
d. Give two advantages of breast feeding.
________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________ (2)

7. The diagram below shows a three pin plug. Use it to answer questions that follow.

a) Name the wires labelled X and Y. (2)

X________________________________

Y________________________________

39
 b) What is the function of z?
_____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________ (1)
c) An electrical circuit consists a switch, three identical bulbs connected in parallel,
three 1.5V cells in series and a voltmeter over the battery. Draw the circuit diagram
of this circuit. (3)

d) An ammeter in the circuit shows a reading of 3A when the switch is closed for
10seconds. What is the size of the electric charge?
Electric current = charge/time

_____________coulomb (2)
e) A 2ῼ, 4ῼ, and 6ῼ resistors are connected in series with a 12V battery and an
ammeter
i. What is the total resistance of the circuit?
_________ῼ (2)
ii. What will the reading on the ammeter

8. Study the pictures below and use them to answer questions that follow.

STARS MOON SUN SPACE SUIT

40
 a. We call people who study these pictures astronauts. Name two technologies used
by astronauts to explore space.
I. ____________________________
II. ____________________________ (2)
b. Name the branch of science which study about these pictures?

______________________________________________ (1)

c. What careers are associated with the branch of science named above?
I. _____________________________
II. _____________________________ (2)
d. What do astronauts use to communicate and identify weather conditions?

9. Complete the table below on spheres that make up earth. Match the description with
the correct sphere, one has already been done.

SPHERE DESCRIPTION

Lithosphere Water on, or close to the surface of the

earth.

Atmosphere Zone where life is found.

hydrosphere Earth crust and upper mantle.

Biosphere Layer of air surrounding earth.

Use the information below to answer question 8.

41
 A student was provided with the following apparatus
- Ruler - Triple beam balance
- 250 ml beaker250 ml - measuring cylinder
- 500 ml of water in a beaker - A string
- A metal ball with a hook - A cork

10. Describe how the

volume of the cork can be determined using the apparatus listed above. You may use
diagrams in your descriptions

_________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

11. Define the term volume?

______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________ (1)

A. If the mass of the metal ball 50g and its volume is 5ml. calculate the density of the
ball

_______________g/ml (2)

B. The density of oil is 2.5g/ml. State whether the ball will sink or float in oil?

_______________________________________________________________ (1)

C. Give the reason for your answer in (C) above.

__________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________ (1)

42
The diagram below shows the structure of the ear, use it to answer question 1.

1. Name the parts labelled with letters X, Y and Z

X __________________________ (1)
Y __________________________ (1)
Z __________________________ (1)

d. State the function of the part labelled W.

_______________________________________________________________ (1)
e. What causes sound?
_______________________________________________________________ (1)
f. State the relationship between frequency of a wave and the pitch of sound
produced.__________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
g. Label wavelength in the diagram below. (1)

h. Give any possible cause of hearing impairment.

________________________________________________________________(1

The diagram below shows a structure of a tooth. Use it to answer question 2.

43
 A
B
C

2. Name the tooth above.

___________________________________________________(1
a. Relate the shape of the tooth above to its function.
______________________________________________________ (1)
b. Label parts indicated with letters.
A ______________________________________
B ______________________________________
C _______________________________________ (3)
Below is a diagram of a housefly, use it to answer questions that follow.

3. Name the stages indicated with letters.

X ________________________________ (1)
Y________________________________ (1)

a. Name the disease caused by a housefly. ______________________________ (1)

b. List two ways of controlling mosquitoes.

I. __________________________________________________________(1)
II. __________________________________________________________ (1

44
 c. What are communicable diseases?
__________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________ (2

d. Complete the table by naming the cause of the communicable diseases below.
One example has been done for you.

Communicable diseases cause

I. Cholera Bacteria
II. Influenza ____________________________
III. Thrush ____________________________
IV. Tuberculosis ____________________________ (3)

4. Define the term digestion

_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ (1)

e) Complete the table below on enzymes of digestion.

Enzyme Food digested End products

Amylase Carbohydrates v.

vi. Protein vii.

Lipase viii. Fatty acids + glycerol

45
The diagram below shows the human digestive system.

f) Name the parts labelled W.

_________________________________________ (1)
g) Give one function of the small intestines.
_________________________________________________________________ (1)
h) On the diagram, label with the letter X the part that absorbs water. (1)

i) Explain why it is important to chew food before swallowing.

_______________________________________________________________ (2)
5. State two ways of preventing food poisoning.
I. ____________________________________________________________(1)
II. ____________________________________________________________ (1)

a. Describe the following methods of food preservation.

I. Refrigeration /freezing
_______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________ (2)
II. Canning
_______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________ (2)
b. Discuss one condition that promoting microbial growth in food.

46
 _____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ (2)

6. Differentiate between medicinal and non-medicinal drugs.

_____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ (2)
a. List two drugs that are commonly abused.
i. _____________________________________ (1)
ii. _____________________________________ (1)

b. Fill in the blank spaces using the words listed below.

Addiction, stimulants, sedatives, cannabis, recreational.

Non medicinal drugs are also known as _________________.Drugs that makes a

person feel awake are called ________________________. Example of a drug
that makes a person hallucinate is ________________. Drugs that make a person
feel relaxed and happy are called ____________________. (4)
7. a. List two components of blood.
i. _____________________________

ii. ______________________________ (2)

c. What is meant by blood transfusion?

_____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ (1)
d. List two diseases which donated blood is screened for before being used.
i. ______________________________

ii. ________________________________ (2)

e. Which blood type is called a universal donor?

_________________________________ (1)
f. Buti is person with blood type A. Which blood groups could he donate to and
receive from.

47
 i. Buti could receive from ________________(2)
ii. Buti could donate to __________________ (2)
iii.
iv. The diagram below shows the structure of a heart.

8. Name the parts labelled with letters W, X and Y.

W ________________________________ (1)
X _________________________________ (1)
Y _________________________________ (1)

a. State the function of the following;

i. Aorta
_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________ (1)
ii. Pulmonary vein
_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Use the structure of a blood vessel below to answer questions that

follow.

48
 b. Name the blood vessel above.
_______________________________________________________________ (1)

c. Describe how the structure of the blood vessel above relates to its function.
__________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________ (2)

d. Name one disease of the circulatory system.

_______________________________________________________________ (1)

e. State the cause of the disease named above.

_______________________________________________________________ (1)

The figure below shows a Food Web.

a. Use the food web to complete the following food chain.

_____________________Termite  __________________  cattle egret

(2)

49
 b. From the food web, name
I. A producer
_______________________________ (1)

II. One carnivore

_______________________________ (1)

c. What is the source of energy for the food web?

______________________________________ (1)
d. Construct one food chain from the food web above.

e. Name one producer from the food web above?

f. Construct a food pyramid using the food chain on (d) above. (3)

1. A flower is cut in half as shown in the figure below.

a. Name the structures labeled X, Y and Z.

X _____________________________

Y _____________________________

Z _____________________________ (3)

b. State two functions of petals in a flower that help in pollination?

__________________________________________________________

50
 __________________________________________________________ (2)

c. In which part of a flower is pollens produced?

________________________ (1)

d. After fertilization, what do the ovule and ovary become?

Ovary become a _________________________________ (1)

Ovule become a _______________________________ (1)

1. Which of the following could lead to chemical poisoning?

A. Overdose of medicines
B. Labeling chemicals properly
C. Wearing protective clothing when handling dangerous chemicals
D. Keeping medicines away from children

2. Lesego was given a liquid to investigate that was believed to be highly corrosive. Her
teacher had told her that the liquid was probably a

A. A weak alkali
B. A weak acid
C. A neutral substance
D. Either a strong acid or alkali
3. Wood ash is a natural chemical made from ashes of a fire. It is rich in

A. Calcium carbonate
B. Sodium hydroxide
C. Potassium hydroxide
D. Sodium chloride

4. What chemical is added to water to make it soft?

A. Sodium chloride
B. Chlorine
C. Calcium carbonate
D. Sodium carbonate
5. Bread rises because

A. The yeast produces heat

51
 B. Carbon dioxide is trapped in the dough
C. Hot air passes through the oven
D. The yeast cells expand on heating

6. Garden fertilizers help to use up world fossil energy supplies because

A. Energy from petroleum is used to produce them

B. They are made from remains of dead plants
C. Fertilizers are made from tar
D. All chemicals are made from coal
7. Baking powder contains

A. Sodium carbonate and tartaric acid

B. Bicarbonate of soda and tartaric acid
C. Bicarbonate of soda and citric acid
D. Sodium carbonate and citric acid

STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

8. Match each household chemical with its use

A. Wax polish relieving pain

B. Toothpaste covering and protecting furniture and floors
C. Aspirin killing germs
D. Shampoo cleaning teeth and gums
E. Fertilizers washing hair
F. Bleach fuel for cooking
G. Gas whitening clothes

9. Household chemicals can be divided into three main groups being acidic, alkaline and
neutral. In the table below mark with X where a chemical falls

Chemical Acidic alkaline Neutral

Salt
Vinegar
Eno
Tartaric acid
Toothpaste
Fertilizers
Lemon juice

10. State four ways to ensure safe storage of chemicals

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

52
11. Calcium sulphate + Sodium Carbonate ---___________+ Calcium carbonate

12. List the steps followed in traditional way of making soap. Write down the equation that
summarizes the process as well.

13. What can be used to make hard water soft?

………………………………………………………………………………

14. Describe the process of making bread dough

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

15. ___________________ + tartaric acid + water ---- sodium tartrate +carbon dioxide
(gas)

16. Fungicides are used to kill _______________________ that destroy plants and damage
fruits

17. Garden pests can be killed using pesticides (True/ False).

1. A solution is
A. a compound B. an element C. a molecule D. a mixture

2. The method we would use to get Nitrogen from liquid air is

A. filtration B. Crystallization C. distillation D. decanting

3. The method that we would use to obtain salt from salt solution is
A .filtration B. distillation C. crystallization D. decanting

4. The standard unit of measurement of time is

A. a second B. a minute C. an hour D. a day

5. In the thermos flask, heat can pass through the vacuum by

A. convection B. conduction C. radiation D. convection and conduction

6. Materials that do not allow electricity to pass through them are called
A. Conductors B. radiators C. resistors D. insulators

7. A catalyst is a substance that

A. reacts with calcium carbonate to give carbon dioxide
B. reacts with hydrogen monoxide to give oxygen

53
 C. reacts with bases to form salt and water only
D. speeds up rate of chemical reaction

For questions 8 and 9 refer to the following properties of gases

A. colourless B. odourless C. relights a glowing splint D. turns lime water

milky
8. Which of the above would be a test for carbon dioxide

9. Which of the above properties would be a test for oxygen

10. Which of the following is NOT a use of oxygen?

A. hospitals for patients with breathing problems
B. fire extinguishers
C. purifying steel
D. Welding (when mixed with acetylene)

11. Which of the following is a compound?

A. nitrogen B. air C. carbon dioxide D. oxygen

12. Metals can be describes as malleable. This means they

A. good conductors of electricity and heat
B. can be rolled into thin wire
C. make a ringing noise when you strike them
D. can be hammered into different shapes

13. Complete the following equation

Acid+ Carbonate
A. Salt + hydrogen
B. Salt + water only
C. Salt + carbon dioxide
D. Salt+ water+ carbon dioxide
14. The standard unit of measurement of a force is a

A. kilogram
B. newton
C. amp
D. joules
15. Which of the following is NOT true of friction?

A. It is a non-contact force
B. It slows down moving things
C. It is a force that opposes movement

54
 D. It works in the opposite direction of the force you apply
16. A reflex action is an action

A. Done without thinking

B. You do when you are tired
C. Which is voluntary
D. Which is very slow

17. In a computer which of the following would be an output

A. Keyboard
B. Monitor
C. Mouse
D. Video camera
18. Compounds can be broken down into their parts by

A. Physical change
B. Chemical change
C. Crystallization
D. Distillation
19. A microphone changes

A. Sound energy to electrical energy

B. Electrical energy to sound energy
C. Microwaves to optical fibres
D. Optical fibres to microwaves

20. Complete the following equation metal + acid 

A. Metallic oxide
B. Hydrogen + base
C. Hydrogen + salt
D. Salt + water only
21. The process of obtaining a pure metal from its ore by burning coke is

A. Oxidation
B. Diffusion
C. Reduction
D. Distillation
22. In which of the following conditions is meat likely to be preserved the
longest

A. Fresh meat that is salted

B. Boiled meat in a pot

55
 C. Fresh meat covered with a cloth
D. Meat covered with a cloth
23. Which of the following are all excretory products?

A. Carbon dioxide, faeces and urea

B. Carbon dioxide, faeces and water
C. Faeces, urea and water
D. Carbon dioxide urea and water
24. Untreated sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can lead to

A. Constipation
B. Sterility
C. Headaches
D. Gout

25. Why must the ovum be fertilized before it can turn into a baby?

A. The man’s sperm is the one that has to produce the baby
B. The woman’s ovum is weak to produce the baby by itself
C. The ovum has only half the needed information
D. The sperm provides ovum with needed information
26. Kwashiorkor is caused by lack of

A. Energy food
B. Protein
C. Vitamin C
D. Vitamin D
27. Aids is commonly spread by

A. Exchange of body fluids

B. Getting medicine at the hospital
C. Donating blood
D. Sharing food with other people

28. Which of the following is given as drops in the mouth?

A. Polio
B. Measles
C. Hepatitis B
D. Tuberculosis
29. A battery stores

A. Heat energy
B. Light energy

56
 C. Potential energy
D. Chemical energy
30. Which of the following represents the energy changes that take place when electricity is
produced at a thermal power station?

A. Chemical energy - heat energy light energy

B. Kinetic energy-electrical energy- heat energy
C. Chemical energy kinetic energy- electrical energy
D. Chemical energy- electrical energy-- heat energy

31. Urinating in ponds and rivers is a common way of spreading

A. Smallpox
B. Bilharzia
C. Tuberculosis
D. Influenza
32. In the human digestive system which pair of organs do NOT produce any enzymes?

A. Stomach and small intestine

B. Small intestine and large intestine
C. Esophagus and large intestine
D. Stomach and duodenum
33. Stomata are important in leaves because

A. Allow moisture in the air to enter a plant

B. Allow produced food to pass through
C. Allow gases to go into an out of the plant
D. Make mineral salts to be absorbed
34. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. Respire using up oxygen and giving out carbon dioxide

B. Photosynthesize during the day and give out oxygen
C. Photosynthesize during the day and only respire at night
D. Take carbon dioxide and give out oxygen in photosynthesis
35. Atmospheric nitrogen is made available in the soil by

A. Nitrifying bacteria
B. Denitrifying bacteria
C. Rain water
D. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
36. Which of the following substances is correctly matched with its use in the body

A. Roughage – assist in digestion

57
 B. Fats- body building
C. Proteins- storage
D. Vitamins-energy

37. Insect pollinated flowers

A. Are brightly coloured and produce dry powdery pollen

B. Have large coloured petals and sticky pollen
C. Produce nectar and have long hanging stamens
D. Are scented and produce a lot of light powdery pollen
38. Regular reflection of light occurs when the surface of the reflector is

A. Rough
B. Curved
C. Flat
D. Shiny

39. The developing foetus receives food and oxygen through a special organ called

A. Placenta
B. Fallopian tube
C. Womb
D. Vagina

40. A deficiency in iodine may result in

A. Rickets
B. Marasmus
C. Goiter
D. Kwashiorkor
41. A liquid that dissolves a salt is called

A. Solute
B. Solvent
C. Solution
D. Suspension
42. The Milky Way is a

A. Galaxy
B. Planet
C. Star
D. Satellite

43. All plants and animals living together in a habitat make up

A. An ecosystem

58
 B. A community
C. A population
D. A group

44. Giving at least one example explain each of the following

A. Food chain_________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

B. Producer ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

C. Primary consumer

D. Secondary consumer_____________________________________________

45. Explain why the number of primary consumers is always less than the number of
producers?

___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

46. What two things could happen to a food chain if all primary consumers suddenly
die?..............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................

47. Name two components of the Central Nervous System

……………………………………………

48. List at least one function of each of the following

Motor nerve………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………

Sensory nerve……………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………..

Sense organ…………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………….

Testosterone …………………………………………………………………….

59
…………………………………………………………………………………..

49. As Thato was from the shops she saw her house on fire, she quickly rushed inside to
close the windows. Why did she do so?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………

50. Oxygen is used in welding equipment. Why is it used?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

51. As Michelle opened her can of Coke soft drink, she saw bubbles. These bubbles are a
result of some gas used in fizzy drinks

a) What gas is it? .........................................................................

b) Why is it used in fizzy drinks?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………….

52. In a laboratory experiment Neo heated a mixture of Iron fillings and Sulphur

A) What is the colour of Sulphur__________________ and the colour of iron

fillings_________________ before being heated?

B) What is the name and colour of compound formed?

………………………………………………………………………………..

53. What metal would not react with Sulphur?

…………………………………………………………….

54. What is tar? ..............................................................................

55. Give two examples of uses of tar

……………………………………………………………………………………….

56. Explain why tar in cigarettes is believed to damage lungs

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

57. Some smokers believe ‘low tar cigarettes’ do not cause lung cancer. Give three reasons
why this is not the case

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

60
58. Explain what is meant by ‘safe period’ in contraception

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

59. State two alternative contraception method

60. Complete the table below by stating whether the change is physical or chemical

Change Physical or chemical

Boiling water
Burning wood
Lighting a match
Iron rusting
Dissolving sugar in water
Melting ice
Rotting food
Candle burning
Electric light turned on
Growing up
Making a cake

62. What can be done to reduce the Greenhouse effect?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

63. List three things that can cause pollution in

a)Land……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Water…………………………………………….................................................

A hypothesis is

A. A conclusion
B. An accurate observation
C. A possible explanation of something
D. An aim of the experiment
1. What must you do when you are burnt in the laboratory
A. Wash thoroughly with cold running water
B. Apply some Vaseline on the burn
C. Put a bandage on the burn
D. Leave the burn as it is
Neo emptied the school bin and found some things. Her results are summarized below

61
 items in the bin
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Papers soft drink cans marbles Apple remains

items in the bin

3. How many marbles did she find?

A. 10
B. 8
C. 4
D. 2

4. How many things were in the bin?

A. 8
B. 10
C. 20
D. 26
5. Most of the items in the bin were

A. Soft drink cans

B. Papers
C. Marbles
D. Apple remains
6. Another name for apparatus is

A. Variables
B. Equipment
C. Observations
D. Experiments

7. First aid is

A. Treatment given at a clinic or hospital

B. Washing insect stings with soap for 5 minutes
C. Treatment given before being taken to clinic
D. The first thing that a patient is given at the clinic

62
8. The following occur only in boys during puberty

A. Layer of body fat form

B. Hips become wider
C. Sex cells are produced
D. Voice becomes deeper
9. The human ovum is bigger than the sperm cell because it

A. Needs to move around quickly

B. Contains nourishment for the embryo
C. Contains a large nucleus
D. Has a long tail to help it move

10. Testes are contained in a structure called

A. Prostate gland
B. Seminal vesicle
C. Scrotum
D. Bladder
11. Testes hang outside the body because

A. This keeps them cooler than the body

B. They should not be squeezed
C. They are too big to be inside the body
D. They can move inside and outside of the body
12. Semen leaves the body through

A. Vagina
B. Sperm duct
C. Urethra
D. Testes

13. Which of the following organs is correctly matched with its function

A. Vagina- passage for an ovum

B. Uterus – where fertilization occurs
C. Oviduct- where sperms are deposited
D. Ovary- produces egg cells
14. Menstrual flow consists of

A. Blood from the uterus plus semen

B. Fertilized ovum plus semen
C. Blood from the uterus wall plus dead ovum
D. Blood from the uterus wall and fertilized ovum

63
 15. The fertile period is

A. A few days in the middle of the menstrual cycle

B. A few days before ovulation
C. A few days after ovulation
D. Months when a woman is pregnant
16. Which of the following describes the process of releasing sperms from the body

A. Masturbation
B. Ovulation
C. Menstruation
D. Ejaculation

17. The production of sex hormones leads to

A. Rapid increase in body height

B. The production of sex cells
C. An increase in body mass
D. Unwanted pregnancies
18. Which one of the following is a method of birth control?

A. Sterilization
B. Fertilization
C. Menstruation
D. Ejaculation
19. Why does cutting the sperm duct prevent pregnancy? It

A. Prevents sperm from reaching urethra

B. Helps the testes to produce sperm
C. Prevents semen and urine from entering the urethra
D. Makes sperm accumulate in the testes

20. Which of the following methods of birth control can also minimize the spread of STI’s

A. The pill
B. The loop
C. The condom
D. The diaphragm
21. Which one of the following is the most effective way of avoiding pregnancy and
contracting AIDS?

A. The contraceptive pill

B. The diaphragm with spermicide
C. The condom with spermicide
D. Total abstinence from sex

64
22. Which one of the following is NOT a good reason for choosing to use condoms? Because
it

A. Reduces the risks of STD’s

B. Prevents pregnancy
C. No medical checkup needed
D. Can be obtained secretly

23. Which one of the following statements about STD’s is true?

A. Once you get an STD you will never get it again

B. Using contraceptives prevents one from getting STD’s
C. Unprotected sex exposes one to getting STD’s
D. All STD’s can be treated with antibiotics
24. STDs that can be treated with antibiotics are caused by

A. Fungus
B. Virus
C. Bacteria
D. Worm
25. There is still no cure for AIDS because

A. It is caused by different types of virus

B. The AIDS causing virus changes form quickly
C. There is not enough money for medicines
D. There are few people producing medicines

26. Having a small family is advisable because

A. Few children allow parents to buy them what is needed

B. The government will give money to raise your children
C. If they are many they will fight amongst themselves
D. When few, children may have to look after their parents
27. Maternal deaths are common among teenagers because

A. Their bodies are not ready for the baby

B. Doctors are reluctant to help them
C. They get tired easily during childbirth
D. They do not eat healthy food
28. The best material for making a dam would be

A. Mud and clay

B. Mud and bricks
C. Concrete and clay
D. Concrete and sand

65
 29. The greatest amount of evaporation within the water cycle takes place from

A. Rivers
B. Oceans
C. Lakes
D. Forests
30. An infinite resource is something that

A. Can be used up
B. Can be lost
C. Can never be used up
D. Is not very valuable

31. Which of the following dams is not in Botswana?

A. Vaal dam
B. Nnywane dam
C. Letsibogo Dam
D. Bokaa dam
32. Hydro-electric power is not used in Botswana because the

A. Country has many perennial rivers

B. Country has enough coal
C. Terrain is too mountainous
D. Country has insufficient falling water in rivers
33. Underground water is usually cleaner than surface water because

A. The water has stayed underground for so many years

B. Impurities have been filtered out
C. It is never contaminated with impurities
D. It never comes in contact with air

34. In a drought year which factor is NOT so damaging to the economy

A. Farmers send more cattle to be slaughtered

B. The land becomes dry and unproductive
C. More people become unemployed
D. The price of sorghum raises in the shops
35. Salty water from a borehole may be

A. Suitable for humans and not animals

B. Only suitable for poultry
C. Not suitable until tested for safety
36. Most of water used in mining is to

66
 A. Keep the miners clean
B. Help process the ores
C. Keep the mines cool
D. Transport the ore to the surface

37. The word ‘precipitation’ means

A. Snow and Ice

B. Fog and mist
C. Rain and hail
D. Fog and ice
38. When a stone falls from the wall the energy changes are

A. Kinetic  potential
B. Potential heat
C. Light potential
D. Potential kinetic
39. Water at the top of the dam has

A. Kinetic energy
B. Potential energy
C. Electrical energy
D. Light energy

40. What are the energy changes involved when a windmill is used to pump water from a
borehole?

A. Kinetic energy chemical potential energy

B. Kinetic energy gravitational potential energy
C. Chemical potential energy kinetic energy
D. Gravitational potential energy kinetic energy
41. Which of the following does NOT have potential energy?

A. Bicycle dynamo
B. Brown bread
C. Wound up spring watch
D. Crude oil

42. The form of energy found in coal, oil and natural gas is

A. Heat energy
B. Light energy
C. Mechanical potential energy
D. Chemical potential energy

43. Which of the following is true about fossil fuels?

67
 A. All fossil fuels are important non- renewable resources
B. Coal and oil are formed from remains of swamp plants
C. Both coal and oil are formed from dead sea animals
D. Fossil fuels will still be available a long time from now

44. Which one of the following products of destructive distillation of coal are liquids?

A. Coal tar and ammonia liquid

B. Coke and ammonia liquor
C. Coal tar and coke
D. Coal gas and coke
45. Which one of the following is NOT formed under conditions of high pressure and heat?

A. Oil
B. Diamond
C. Coal
D. Limestone
46. The most suitable alternative energies for Botswana are

A. Coal and firewood

B. Coal and crude oil
C. Solar and wind
D. Solar and firewood

47. Which of the following is NOT made from oil?

A. Petrol
B. Plastic bag
C. Paper
D. Diesel

48. The semi-circular canals in the ear helps us to

A. Hear low pitched sound

B. Keep balance
C. Amplify sound vibrations
D. Direct sound waves into the ear
49. The Eustachian tube is responsible for

A. Amplifying sound waves in the ear

B. Balancing pressure on the sides of the ear drum
C. Directing sound waves from air into the ear
D. Directing sound waves from the cochlea to the brains

50. Which structure is not found in the ear?

68
 A. Cochlea
B. Anvil bone
C. Stirrup bone
D. Chisel bone

51. Which of the following parts of the ear are filled with a liquid?

A. Ear drum and cochlea

B. Ear canal and cochlea
C. Semi-circular canal and cochlea
D. Eustachian tube and cochlea
52. A hearing aid helps a partially deaf person to hear better because it

A. Amplifies the produced sound

B. Distorts the produced sound
C. Prevents fluids from accumulating
D. Makes cochlea to vibrate
53. Sound is produced by

A. Transmission
B. Vibration
C. Refraction
D. Reflection

54. Sound CANNOT travel through

A. Air
B. Water
C. Metal
D. Vacuum

55. Sound travels FASTEST through

A. Gases
B. Liquids
C. Solids
D. Vacuum
56. A long column of vibrating air produces a

A. A low note
B. A soft note
C. A high note
D. A loud note

57. Which one of the following statements is not TRUE about echoes?

69
 A. Echoes are produced only at night
B. Echoes travel at the same speed as original sound
C. Bats use echoes to locate and avoid hitting obstacles
D. Echoes are used to monitor the development of an embryo.

60. Thato uses Sensodyne toothpaste to brush her teeth every day and as such prevents her
teeth from decaying caused by acidic food. This is because the toothpaste is

A. Acidic
B. Slightly alkaline
C. Neutral
D. Strongly alkaline
61. Mido’s eyeballs are red and producing pus which means he probably has an infection.
The BEST thing he can do is to

A. Wash eyes with plenty of hot water

B. Apply an antibiotic eye cream
C. Consult your friend at school
D. Go to bed and keep your eyes closed
62. Which of the following pairs cause tooth decay when they react?

A. Sugar and bacteria

B. Sugar and acid
C. Sugar and toothpaste
D. Sugar and saliva
63. The dentition of a mammal is related to its diet. A wild dog tears up meat. To do this well
it has developed

A. Premolars
B. Molars
C. Incisors
D. Canines
64. During humid weather, clean clothes should be ‘aired’ after being ironed by placing
them in a well-ventilated cupboard. The purpose is to

A. Prevent clean clothes becoming dirty

B. Help remove excess moisture
C. Keep them away from insects
D. Stop clothes from fading in the sunlight

65. Sweat from the body begins to smell if not washed away because it contains

A. Dirty water
B. Hormones

70
 C. Excretory products
D. Urine
66. Which is the best method of removing excess wax in an infant’s ear?

A. Use something to dissolve the wax

B. Use a piece of wood like match stick
C. Wash the ear with warm water
D. Wipe it out with a cotton wool ear bud
67. Used sanitary towels are best disposed of by

A. Flushing them down the toilet

B. Burying them in the garden
C. Putting them in the dustbin
D. Burning them in the incinerator

68. The diet of a pregnant woman must be rich in proteins because they

A. Give energy to carry the baby

B. Are needed for the growth of the baby
C. Protect the woman from becoming ill
D. Keep the woman and baby warm
69. Which of the following foods has to be given to a person with kwashiorkor and easily
gets constipated?

A. Egg and kidney

B. Tomato and liver
C. Spinach and liver
D. Egg and milk
Maipelo added a piece of food to a test tube and added Benedict’s solution and placed it
in a beaker of cold water. Use this information to answer question 70 and 71.

70. Maipelo was testing the food for the presence of

A. Carbohydrates
B. Glucose
C. Starch
D. Fat
71. How could Maipelo have improved the experiment to get better results?

A. Add more Benedict’s solution

B. Place the tube next to the window
C. Add more food pieces and shake
D. Heat the beaker filled with cold water

71
72. Which one of the following is a body-building food?

A. Bread
B. Peanut butter
C. Spinach
D. Orange
73. When iodine solution is added to a spoonful of flour the powder turns

A. Brown
B. Black
C. Orange
D. Yellow

74. Which of the following list includes only deficiency diseases?

A. Kwashiorkor, marasmus and tonsillitis

B. Kwashiorkor, pellagra, anaemia
C. Kwashiorkor, marasmus. Heart attack
D. Kwashiorkor, scabies, pellagra
75. Which region of the alimentary canal has the greatest surface area for absorption of
food?

A. Small intestine
B. Large intestine
C. Stomach
D. Rectum

76. To test for fats we use

A. Litmus paper
B. Filter paper
C. Benedict’s solution
D. Iodine solution
77. Which of the following are good sources of Vitamin C?

A. Liver, oranges and eggs

B. Fish ,milk and meat
C. Oranges, mangoes and tomatoes
D. Yeast, beans and groundnuts
78. Uncooked vegetables can be preserved in vinegar. This method of preservation is called

A. Canning
B. Jarring
C. Freezing
D. Pickling

72
79. Which pair of organisms are not microscopic?

A. Bacteria and viruses

B. Fungi and mushrooms
C. Bacteria and protozoa
D. Yeast and amoeba
80. Which statement below is NOT good practice in preparing and handling food?

A. Cook all chicken meat thoroughly

B. Wash utensils very carefully
C. Sweep the kitchen floor carefully
D. Always wear aprons daily

81. Sterilization of food products means

A. Removing the small sexual organs

B. Irradiating food with energy rays
C. Making the food more tasty to eat
D. Cooking food in a pressure cooker
82. If one bacterium cell divides every 15 minutes how many bacteria would be produced in
a colony after 2 hours?

A. 256
B. 128
C. 64
D. 32

83. Mr. Molefe produces madila (sour milk) from fresh milk at the cattle post. The best
reason for milk turning sour is because

A. Bacteria in the milk produce acid

B. The milk gets heated by the sun
C. The milk contains some microbes
D. Cows’ milk goes off very quickly
84. Vegetables should only be cooked for a short time because

A. They taste better

B. They retain minerals
C. They save on fuel
D. They shrink less

85. ‘Long life’ milk is preserved by a UHT process. This is short for

A. Udder Heat Treated

B. Ultra-High Temperature
C. Under Heavy Treating

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 D. Un-Heated Treatment
86. Salmonella poisoning is caused by a

A. Virus
B. Fungi
C. Parasites
D. Bacterium

87. Eating raw meat can be dangerous because

A. It is usually harder to digest

B. It can contain harmful organisms
C. It can damage the canine teeth
D. It always causes severe diarrhea
88. What property of carbon dioxide makes it to be possible to be carried by blood plasma?

A. Is soluble in water
B. Turns limewater milky
C. Is denser than air
D. Does not support burning
89. Which of the following is the correct path followed by oxygen used for respiration in our
bodies?

A. Trachea-lungs-air sacs-body cells-blood cells-nose

B. Nose-trachea-lungs-air sacs-blood vessels-body cells
C. Nose-lungs-air sacs-body cells-blood vessels-trachea
D. Body cells-blood vessels-air sacs-lungs-trachea-nose
90. Some snake poisons destroy the red blood cells. Why does this sometimes kill the
victim?

A. There would be no protection from germs

B. There is too much blood lost after the bite
C. The body tissues no longer receive oxygen
D. There are no antibodies produced

91. After a serious accident the best way to check if a person’s heart is working is

A. Watching for their body to move

B. Checking for a pulse
C. Listening to signs of breathing
D. Talk to them
92. Which group of diseases are NOT associated with the heart?

A. Anaemia and angina

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 B. Stroke and blood pressure
C. Coronary and AIDS
D. Bronchitis and Flue

93. Which statement is NOT TRUE about capillaries?

A. Blood flows very fast in them

B. Red blood cells pass through them
C. They have very thin walls
D. They pass very close to body cells
94. The left side of the heart has thicker walls than the right side because

A. More blood passes through it

B. It is smaller than the right side
C. The blood is under great pressure
D. It stops the heart from being damaged

95. Dithebe found out that his heart produced 17 beats in 15 seconds. How fast will the
heart beat in a minute?

A. 60
B. 68
C. 32
D. 100
96. The largest artery leaving the body is called

A. Vena cava
B. Aorta
C. Pulmonary artery
D. Carotid artery

97. Red blood cells are different to other cells because

A. They are coloured

B. They have no nucleus
C. They are small
D. They have an unusual shape

98. The babies of women who smoke during pregnancy are likely to be

A. Usually smaller at birth

B. Bigger at birth but lose weight rapidly
C. Be no different from others
D. Develop a cough soon after birth
99. Which symptom below is NOT a result of drinking too much alcohol?

75
 A. Improved vision
B. Slower reaction time
C. Bad hangovers
D. Behavior change

100. Drug addicts are people who

A. Who take aspirin

B. Who depend on drugs
C. Who have problems
D. Who enjoy life
101. Drug ‘pushers’ are people that

A. Sell illegal drugs

B. Need money
C. Work in chemists
D. Smoke marijuana
102. Which statement is not true about antibiotics? They can

A. Kill bacteria and viruses

B. Help fight bacterial infections
C. Be taken in tablet form
D. Be used to help fight TB

103. Lung cancer is caused by

A. Certain types of cigarettes

B. Excessive tar in lungs
C. Continuous nicotine poisoning
D. Damage to lung cells

104. ‘Crack’, ‘speed’ and ‘coke’ are other names for

A. Cocaine
B. Heroine
C. Marijuana
D. Mandrax
105. Passive smoking is as dangerous as active smoking because the smoke

A. Is more concentrated
B. Contains more carbon dioxide
C. Help attract some mosquitoes
D. Can enter non-smoker lungs

106. Which of these drugs is NOT illegal in Botswana?

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A. Cocaine
B. Marijuana
C. Valium
D. Mandrax

THE STRUCTURE OF THE EYE

FUNCTIONS OF PARTS OF THE EYE

PART FUNCTION
1. Conjunctiva Protects the inner parts of
the eye from dust
2. Cornea Helps focus light to the
retina
3. Pupil A hole that allows light to
enter the eye
4. Iris Controls the size of the
pupil
5. Lens Focuses light to the retina
6. Ciliary muscle Changes the shape of the
lens
7. Retina Is where the image is
formed
8. Suspensory ligaments Connect the lens to the
ciliary muscles
9. Choroid layer Prevents internal
reflection of light
10. Sclera The tough outer skin of
the eye
11. Optic nerves Carries image information
to the brain

77
ACID

 Is a substance that contains hydrogen that can be replaced by other elements so that
hydrogen gas is produced

Examples of acids

Organic acids-made from Mineral/laboratory/industry

plants
-Lemon juice -hydrochloric acid
-orange -sulphuric acid
-tartaric -nitric acid

PROPERTIES OF ACIDS

1. All acids have a sour taste

2. Acids turn blue litmus red
3. Acids react with active metals to form salt and hydrogen gas
4. Acids react with carbonate to form water, salt and carbon dioxide gas
5. Acids react with bases [alkalis] to form salt and water. This process is called
neutralization
6. Acids are corrosive

BASES

 A base is a metal oxide or metal hydroxide and reacts with an acid to produce salt
and water only.
Examples of bases
Calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, copper oxide and sodium hydroxide

ALKALI

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  An alkali is a soluble base {a base that dissolves in water}. It reacts with an acid to
produce salt and water.
Examples of alkalis are sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, potassium
hydroxide

PROPERTIES OF BASES/ALKALIS

1. Bases and alkalis neutralize acids to form salt and water

2. They have a slippery or soapy feel
3. They turn a red litmus blue
4. They have a pH greater than 7
5. They have a bitter taste

Note that the difference between an alkali and an insoluble base is that alkalis are soluble in
water but insoluble bases cannot dissolve in water.

AN ACID-ALKALI INDICATOR

An indicator is any substance that changes colour when placed in acid or alkali solutions.

Common indicators are litmus paper, pH scale/pH meter and universal indicator solution

A) LITMUS

Blue litmus Red litmus

acid Turns red Remains red
alkali Remains blue Turns blue
neutral Remains blue Remains red

B) pH SCALE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Increasing acidity increasing alkalinity

1. strong acid: pH 1

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 2. weak acid: pH 6
3. neutral: pH 7
4. strong alkali: pH 14
5. weak alkali: pH 8

C) UNIVERSAL INDICATOR SOLUTION

 Deep red in a strong acid

 Orange in a weak acid
 Yellow in an weaker acid
 Green in neutral solution
 Blue in a weak alkali
 Purple in a strong alkali

DANGERS OF CONCENTRATED ACIDS AND ALKALIS

 Concentrated acids can corrode many metals such as iron and steel
 Concentrated sulphuric acid will char most organic substances
 Concentrated alkalis will dissolve the fat and flesh of human body and cause severe
skin and flesh damage
 Unknown acids and alkalis should never be tasted or smelled

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SAFETY SYMBOLS

They warn you from danger.

Oxidizing - The substance provides oxygen.

Other materials will burn more fiercely in its presence.

Highly Flammable - The substance will catch fire easily.

Toxic - The substance is poisonous and can kill.

Possible routes into the body are
breathing, swallowing and absorption through the skin.

Harmful – it is similar to toxic but less dangerous.

Corrosive - The substance will attack and destroy living tissue,

including the skin and eyes.

Irritant - The substance is not corrosive

but may cause reddening, irritation or blistering of the skin.

STORING DANGEROUS CHEMICALS

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  Each container must be clearly labeled to show which chemical is inside
 Poisonous, dangerous or flammable chemicals containers must carry a large, clear
warning symbol
 Never store any chemical or poisonous chemical in ordinary containers such as cold
drink bottles, empty jam, as children will think it is safe and eat or drink it.
 Never store flammable substances close to any source of heat
 Acids or corrosive substances must never be stored in metal containers because they
could corrode through the metal and leak out.
 The containers with dangerous or poisonous substances should be stored in a locked
cupboard and key should be kept somewhere safe.

AIR

Air is the mixture of gases which forms the Earth’s atmosphere.

COMPONENTS OF AIR

Dry air is a mixture of several gases. These gases are

 Nitrogen
 Oxygen
 Other gases including carbon dioxide

These other gases are found in very small quantities. If the air is not dry it contains some
moisture in the form of water vapour.

GAS PERCENTAGE (%)

Nitrogen 78
Oxygen 21
Carbon dioxide 0.03
0the gases 0.97

PROPERTIES OF AIR

As air is matter, it has properties of matter. It also has some properties of its own. Some of
the properties of air are:

 It occupies space
 It has weight
 It expands when heated and contracts when cooled

82
  It is colorless
 It is tasteless
 It support burning

CARBON DIOXIDE

Carbon dioxide is a gas that makes up only about 0.033% of the air that we breathe. Even
though it is not very much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, it has a major impact on our
environment. It is also plays an important role in our bodies and in industry

PREPARATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE

Carbon dioxide can be prepared by mixing a carbonate and an acid to produce salt and
carbon dioxide gas.
Carbonates are chemicals such as calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate. Acids are
chemicals such as hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid.
One of the most chemical reactions that produce carbon dioxide gas can be written as
follows
A carbonate + an acid  a salt + carbon dioxide gas

Calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + carbon

dioxide

Test for carbon dioxide

Test: pass carbon dioxide through lime water

Results: lime water turns milky

 Carbon dioxide is not flammable, so it put out a lighted splint

 Carbon dioxide turn blue litmus paper to pink color
Properties of carbon dioxide

PROPERTY DESCRIPTION
Colour It is colorless
Smell It is odorless (has no
smell)
Physical state at room It is a gas at room
temperature (200C) temperature
Flammability It is not flammable. It
cannot catch fire
Freezing temperature It freezes at -780C. when
frozen, solid carbon
dioxide is known as
dry ice
Solubility It is soluble in water

83
 Density Carbon dioxide is denser
than air. Carbon
dioxide collects at the
bottom of the tube
filled with air
Toxicity It is not poisonous by itself
but a very high
concentration of it can
prevent enough
oxygen from getting
into the body hence
leading to suffocation

Uses of carbon dioxide

1. Fire extinguishers: carbon dioxide does not support burning, therefore it is used to
put out flames
2. Refrigeration: solid carbon dioxide can be used to keep things cool for a long time.
3. Fizzy drinks: carbon dioxide is mixed with drinks to make them fizzy. This drinks are
fizzy because they contain supersaturated solution of carbon dioxide
4. Baking: carbon dioxide produced by fermenting yeast to make dough rise. Carbon
dioxide also makes cakes light and airy, making them good to eat.
5. Transporting frozen materials: carbon dioxide freezes at -780C and then becomes a
solid which is known as dry ice. Dry ice is often placed in containers to keep frozen
substances in a frozen state if they are being transported from one place to another.
For example, ice cream sellers use dry ice to make sure that their ice do not melt
OXYGEN
Oxygen is a gas that is essential for life on Earth as most organisms need it to produce
energy from food. The atmosphere contains about 21% of oxygen. Most of this oxygen is
produced by plants during the process of photosynthesis. The chemical symbol of
oxygen is O2 because it is made up of two oxygen atoms.

PREPARATION OF OXYGEN
Oxygen gas can be formed as a product of some chemical reactions. An example of a
reaction that produces oxygen gas is the following.

Manganese (IV) oxide

Hydrogen peroxide water + oxygen

Hydrogen peroxide produces oxygen on its own, but the reaction is too slow. Manganese
(IV) oxide is used to speed up this reaction (catalyst)

Set up

Test for oxygen

Test: put a glowing splint inside oxygen

84
 Results: the glowing splint relights

ILLUSTRATION

PROPERTY DESCRIPTION
Colour It is colorless
Smell It is odorless (has no
smell)
Physical state at room It is a gas at room
temperature (200C) temperature
Flammability It is flammable, therefore
it support
combustion (burning)
Freezing temperature It freezes at -2190C.
Solubility It is slightly soluble in
water
Boiling point It becomes a liquid at -
1830C. Liquid oxygen
is light blue in colour.
Toxicity Oxygen is not poisonous

Uses of oxygen
1. Medical oxygen: oxygen is essential for human living, therefore it is provided to
people with breathing difficulties or those who have lung disease. They are given
extra oxygen to breathe so that their bodies receive enough oxygen which enables
them to stay alive. Oxygen used in medicine is usually stored in a liquid form under
high pressure in a gas cylinder

2. Oxy-acetylene welding: oxygen is mixed with acetylene gas to produce a very hot
flame that is used to join metals together. The flame created by this mixture of gases
has a temperature of about 30000C

3. Rocket fuel: liquid oxygen is mixed with fuel to power the rocket into space. Liquid
oxygen is usually combined with liquid hydrogen or kerosene in rocket fuel

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (contagious diseases)

Communicable diseases are those diseases that can be transmitted from one person to
another. They are caused by micro organisms (pathogens), such as viruses, bacteria,
fungi and protozoa.
Examples
-measles
-malaria
-chicken pox
-Tubercolosis

85
Non communicable diseases are those that cannot be passed from one person to another.
They are caused by a problem in the body.
Examples
-Kwashiorkor
-Anemia
-diabetes
-cancer

An infectious disease is also caused by micro organisms but cannot be easily transferred
from one person to another while other can be transferred easily.
Examples
-influenza
-HIV / AIDS
-Chicken pox

Classification of diseases

Diseases may be classified according to their causative agents. There are four main groups.

i) Viral diseases
Examples
-Influenza
-AIDS
-measles
-chicken pox
ii) Bacterial diseases
Examples
-tuberculosis
-syphilis
-gonorrhoea
-cholera

iii) Fungal diseases

-ringworm
-athletes foot
-thrush
iv) Protozoa
Examples
-malaria
-sleeping sickness

Vectors of communicable diseases in Botswana

*A vector is a method by which a disease is transferred from one person to

another.

i) Physical contact [ STI’s , HIV /AIDS, ring worm]

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ii) Water [cholera,]
iii) Air [TB, flu]
iv) Food [ intestinal infections,
v) Animals (tsetsefly, mosquito, ticks, housefly, dogs)

Preventing infections

-do not play in water

-use toilets
-build latrines well away from drinking water
-make sure that food is well cooked
-cover the mouth when coughing
-avoid cuts on the skin
-sterilise wounds

LIFE CYCLES OF INSECT VECTORS

LIFE CYCLE OF A HOUSEFLY [fig 11.12 p/g

Controlling houseflies
-building deep pit latrines
-putting kitchen waste in to dustbins
-kill adult house flies with insecticides.
-burning waste material
-burying the faeces of dogs and other domestic animals

Controlling mosquito
-prevent mosquitoes from breeding by clearing grass around
-avoid stagnant water
-kill adults with insecticides
-use mosquito nets
-oiling
-cutting grass
-drain water from pools and small ponds so eggs cannot be laid
-use gauze over windows
-use repellent creams and oils to drive away mosquitoes

Controlling the bilharzias fluke

-use toilets
-use purified water
-do not play or swim in infected water
-kill the snails
-discouraging people from urinating into water
-fencing water sources
-treating infected people

87
ENERGY FROM FOOD

DIGESTION

 Is the breaking down of food into smaller particles.

 Is the breaking down of food into simple absorbable molecules.

Mechanical digestion involves reducing food in size to increase its surface area for enzymes
to work on easily. No enzymes involved in this reaction.

Chemical digestion involves breaking down food by chemicals substances eg enzymes.

IMPORTANCE OF DIGESTION

 Without digestion food would not be absorbed into blood stream.

 They would be no respiration.
 It is needed for absorption of food

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Drawing bk 1 pg 256 skip 6 lines PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Part Function
Mouth -chewing food
-salivary amylase breaks down
starch/carbohydrates into maltose
-tongue rolls food into bolus
Oesophagus /gullet Pushes the food into the stomach through
peristalsis
Stomach -churns food and mixes it.
-secretes gastric juices which contain
hydrochloric acid and enzyme pepsin that
breaks down proteins into peptides
Small intestine Absorption of food
Large Absorption of water eg colon

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 Rectum Stores faeces
Anus Egestion of elimination of faeces from the
body
Liver Detoxification
Bile Emulsifies fats. This means that they break
fats into tiny droplets
Pancreas Produces pancreatic juices which contain
enzymes that break down proteins, fats etc

FOOD, ENZYMES AND THEIR END PRODUCTS

Amylase

Starch maltose glucose

Trypsin

Protein peptide amino acid

lipase

Fats fatty acids + glycerol

The ileum is adapted for absoption of food because;

1. Its long, about 7 meters

2. Selectively permeable
3. Has villi, which increases its surface area for absorption

The end products of digestion are glucose, amino acids and fatty acids + glycerol.

DEMONSTRATION FOR ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS

OBSERVATION

89
After an hour glucose passes through the visking tube to the water because it has smaller
molecules but starch remains behind because it has larger molecules. If the water is tested
for both starch and glucose, for glucose test it turns orange or brick red but for starch it
shows a negative result ie no blue-black colour.

FOOD TES

FOOD SAMPLE REAGENT POSITIVE RESULT

STARCH Iodine solution Blue-black
GLUCOSE/REDUCING SUGAR Benedict solution Orange or brick
red
PROTEINS Sodium hydroxide + copper purple
sulphate
FAT [ Translucent spot test] Filter paper Greasy spot
FAT [Emulsion test] ethanol Milky suspension

ENERGY FROM FOOD

DIGESTION

 Is the breaking down of food into smaller particles.

 Is the breaking down of food into simple absorbable molecules.

Mechanical digestion involves reducing food in size to increase its surface area for enzymes
to work on easily. No enzymes involved in this reaction.

Chemical digestion involves breaking down food by chemicals substances eg enzymes.

IMPORTANCE OF DIGESTION

 Without digestion food would not be absorbed into blood stream.

 They would be no respiration.
 It is needed for absorption of food

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Part function
Mouth -chewing food
-salivary amylase breaks down
starch/carbohydrates into maltose

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 -tongue rolls food into bolus
Oesophagus /gullet Pushes the food into the stomach through
peristalsis
Stomach -churns food and mixes it.
-secretes gastric juices which contain
hydrochloric acid and enzyme pepsin that
breaks down proteins into peptides
Small intestine Absorption of food
Large Absorption of water eg colon
Rectum Stores faeces
Anus Egestion of elimination of faeces from the
body
Liver detoxification
Bile Emulsifies fats
Pancreas Produces pancreatic juices which contain
enzymes that break down proteins, fats etc

FOOD, ENZYMES AND THEIR END PRODUCTS

Amylase

Starch maltose glucose

Trypsin

Protein peptide amino acid

lipase

Fats fatty acids + glycerol

The ileum is adapted for absoption of food because;

4. Its long
5. Selectively permeable
6. Has villi

The end products of digestion are glucose, amino acids and fatty acids + glycerol.

DEMONSTRATION FOR ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS

OBSERVATION

After an hour glucose passes through the visking tube to the water because it has smaller
molecules but starch remains behind because it has larger molecules. If the water is tested
for both starch and glucose, for glucose test it turns orange or brick red but for starch it
shows a negative result ie no blue-black colour.

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FOOD TEST

FOOD SAMPLE REAGENT POSITIVE RESULT

STARCH Iodine solution Blue-black
GLUCOSE/REDUCING SUGAR Benedict solution Orange or brick
red
PROTEINS Sodium hydroxide + copper purple
sulphate
FAT [ Translucent spot test] Filter paper Greasy spot
FAT [Emulsion test] ethanol Milky suspension

TEETH

HUMAN TEETH IN A JAW DRAW PG 263 DKIP 5 LINES

STRUCTURE OF A TOOTH DRW PG 263 SKIP 5 LINES

FUNCTION OF TYPES OF TEETH

TYPE OF TOOTH FUNCTION

INCISORS Biting/cutting the food
CANINES Tearing the food
PREMOLAR AND MOLARS Crushing and chewing the
food

2. In each of the three beakers below, there is a solution made up of two substances,
identify the solvent and solute in beaker A and C.

A B C

Alcohol and
water
Saltwater Sugar water

Solvent: ________________ Solvent: _______________

92
 Solute: _________________ solute: ________________ (4)

a. Use the answers in the question above, to explain why we all water a universal
solvent?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ (1)
b. Explain what is meant by concentration of a solution?

__________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________ (1)

c. Calculate the concentration of 40g of salt dissolved in 1000ml of water?

Ans _________________g/ml (2)

d. You are give 20% sugar solution. Calculate the mass of the sugar used if it was
dissolved in 500ml of water?

Ans ___________________g (2)

3. Use the words from the list below to complete the following sentences. Each word may
be used once, more than once or not at all.

Soluble, insoluble, solute, solvent, super

saturated, saturated

Glass does not dissolve I water because it is _________________________. Salt

dissolves in water to form a solution because water is a ____________________
for salt. If salt is dissolved in water under abnormal circumstances the solution
made is ___________________________. A mixture of salt and water is called a
_________________________. Rain is formed when water droplets becomes
__________________________ in the atmosphere. (5)

4. Complete the word puzzle below by using the instructions given at the bottom.

93
 1

3
4

Down

1. Fusion of male sex cells and female sex cells.

2. Fertilized ovum.
3. Name for female parts in a flower.
Across

1. The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma

2. Supports stigma and provide passage for pollen grains.
3. Brightly coloured part of a flower.
4. Produces pollen grains. (MARKS 7)

e. Used the words from the list below to complete the following sentence. Each
word may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

Bright, dry, dull, heavy, large, light, sepals, small,

stamens, sticky, style.

Flowers of plants that rely on the wind to bring about pollination tend to
have ______________________ petals that have a ___________________
colour. Their pollen is normally _______________________ and
___________________. In these flowers, the ________________________
and the ____________________ both tend to be long. (6)
f. Define seed dispersal?

94
 _______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________ (2)

i. Describe one importance of seed dispersal in plant life?

_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________ (1)

DOING SCIENCE

CONDUCTING AN INVESTIGATION
When scientists do an investigation, they follow a science process.

IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM

SUGGEST A POSSIBLE EXPLANATION (HYPOTHESISE)

TEST THE HYPOTHESIS BY EXPERIMENTING

MAKE A CONCLUSION FROM THE EXPERIMENTS

During an investigation, science basic skills are followed. The scientific skills occur in the
following sequence:
1. Observation: use our senses and record anything of interest

2. Hypothesizing: making a careful guess of the problem

3. Formulating: making an explanation of the hypothesis

4. Measuring: taking measurements during experimenting

5. Sampling: taking a small piece to represent the rest

6. Controlling variables: keeping all other factors the same except the one being
investigated

7. Comparing: looking at both the similarities and differences between things

8. Predicting: guess what will happen

9. Analyzing: breaking in parts to examine in details

95
 10. Generalizing: making a broad answer based on the results of the experiment

11. Making conclusions: making a final decision based on the results

12. Communicating: giving information to others about the results of the experiment

PRESENTING RESULTS
Results may be presented to others in a form of:
-writing
-graphs
-bar charts
DRUGS
- Drugs are chemicals that changes the way the body works.
- They are chemical substances that have an effect on us when introduced into our
bodies.
Some drugs are useful to us as they help us cure and relieve symptoms of diseases. Other
drugs can give individual pleasurable feelings but can cause a great harm.

There are two groups of drugs

i) Medicinal drugs: This is a drug used to reduce pain or treat a disease. Examples
of commonly used medicinal drugs include antibiotics like penicillin, painkillers
like paracetamol and coughs medicines. Medicinal drugs are not usually harmful
to the persons taking them unless abused.
ii) Non medicinal drugs (recreational drugs): Drugs used as a source of fun. These
drugs are used by people to get a pleasant feeling. These drugs are not taken to
cure diseases or provide a relief from any symptoms. Examples of commonly
used non-medicinal drugs include alcohol, caffeine (found in coffee, cola drinks
and energy drinks)

ABUSE OF DRUGS
To abuse is to take more than enough. Most non- medicinal and
medicinal drugs do not hurt users as long as the person follows
instructions and use the drugs responsibly. However all drugs are
dangerous people start to misuse them. Drug abuse happens in the
following ways:

96
- A person takes a medicinal drug for longer than they should be
- A person takes too much of a drug and begin to harm their health
- A person does not feel comfortable if he or she is not taking a drug. As a result the
person starts taking a drug continuously to feel well.
When this happens it is said that the person is addicted to drugs.
Addictions can be very difficult to get rid of because they can cause
unpleasant withdrawal symptoms such as cramps, mood swings and
vomiting if the drug is not in the body.
Commonly abused drugs
Commonly abused drugs may be divided into four main groups
i) Pain killers
These are drugs used to reduce pain. Example; .Heroin.
ii) Sedatives
They make a person feel calm and sleepy. eg. alcohol, marijuana, spirit based glue,
sleeping pills.
iii) Stimulants
They give more energy and strength. eg.cocaine, nicotine, caffeine.
iv) Hallucinogens
They make a person see, hear or imagine things (day dream). Some people feel
peaceful and wonderful and some are often violent. eg. marijuana or cannabis,
Lysergic acid (LSD)
Dangers of misusing medicinal drugs
Name Effects
Alcohol -addiction
-damage the brain
-damage the kidneys, liver, and the
heart
-poor judgment
Tobacco -addiction
-causes lung cancer

97
 -causes bronchitis- an illness like a
bad cough in which the bronchial
tubes becomes sore and infected
-emphysema- a medical condition
that occurs when the lungs
becomes larger, causing difficulty
in breathing
Marijuana -causes lung cancer
-make someone hallucinates
-causes poor judgment

Solvents/glue -permanent damage to the liver,

brain and kidneys
-loss of balance
-loss of appetite

cocaine -increase heart speed

-makes a person aggressive
Makes a person panic and fear

Uses of medicinal plants

i. Sengaparile (devil’s claw): used to treat high blood pressure
ii. Mukwa tree: used to treat stomach problems
iii. Monepenepe (cassia abbriviata): used to treat headaches, diarrheoa and skin
diseases.

Allergic reactions to drugs

(An allergy is when a person behaves negatively to a drug)
-itchy ears
-runny nose

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-tickly throat
-sneezing
-difficulty in breathing
-a drop in blood pressure
-unconsciousness

NB: COMPONENTS OF TOBACCO

COMPONENT BAD EFFECT

Nicotine Poisonous and addictive
Carbon monoxide Poisonous and reduces the oxygen carrying capacity in the
blood
Tar smoke particles Can cause cancer
Smoke particles Make lung produce more mucus and can lead to bronchitis

ENVIRONMENT: the surrounding in which organisms live.

ECOLOGY: the study of the relationships between different organisms living in an

environment.

ECOSYSTEM: a place in an environment with living and non-living things

STABLE ECOSYSTEM: a balance in living and non-living things

TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM: Plants and animals living on land

AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM: plants and animals living in or near water

BIOTIC: living things

ABIOTIC: non-living things

FLORA: plants

FAUNA: animals

PRODUCERS: these are green plants as they are able to make food through photosynthesis
CONSUMERS: these are animals, as they cannot make their own food.

HERBIVORES: animals that feed on plants only

99
CARNIVORES: animals that feed on other animals only

OMNIVORES: animals that feed on both plants and meat

DECOMPOSERS: microorganisms that feed on dead materials making them rot (fungi &
bacteria)

PREDATORS: animals that hunt, kill and feed other animals

PREY: an animal that is hunted, killed and eaten by other animals

PARASITE: an organism living and feeding on other organisms

HOST: an organism where parasites lives

HABITAT: a place where organisms spend most of their time

COMMUNITY: All different organisms that occupy a habitat

POPULATION: A group of individuals of the same species that are found at a particular place
at one time.
ECOSYSTEM

An ecosystem is a community of living and non living things and the way they interact with
their environment.

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ECOSYSTEM

These are the things that determines the type of an ecosystem

1. Geographical size: an ocean, pond, desert, rain forest

2. Water: aquatic ecosystem or terrestrial ecosystem

3. Climate: amount of rainfall, temperature

4. Biotic factors: living things in that ecosystem

5. Abiotic factors: non living things in that environment

FEEDING RELATONSHIPS IN AN ENVIRONMENT

Organisms feed on each other to gain energy and nutrients that they need to survive.

PRODUCERS
These are the plants because they are able to make food through the process of
photosynthesis

100
CONSUMERS
All animals are consumers because they cannot make their own food. There are different
types of consumers.

i) Primary consumers: They feed directly from producers. They are known as
herbivores. Example, cows, goats, rabbits etc.

ii) Secondary consumers: these are animals that eat primary consumers. They are
known as carnivores. Examples, cheetah, lion, leopard etc.

iii) Tertiary consumers: They feed on secondary consumers. They are also known as
carnivores. Examples, eagles, vultures etc.

DECOMPOSERS
These are micro organisms that feed on dead things making them rot and decay. These are
bacteria and fungi.

ENERGY FLOW IN AN ECOSYSTEM

There are three ways to show how energy flows in an ecosystem. These are:
 Food chains
 Food webs
 Food pyramids
FOOD CHAIN
A food chain is a linear diagram that shows how energy moves from one organism to the
other. Food chains always start with a producer. An arrow in a food chain represents
‘eaten by.’

Examples
i) Grass zebra lion
ii) .Grass antelope lion vulture
iii) .Cabbage worm bird human
iv) .Grass hare jackal vulture bacteria +fungi

FOOD WEBS
A food web is a diagram that shows an organism feeding on different kinds of food.

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FOOD PYRAMIDS
A food pyramid is a diagram that represents a number of organisms at different feeding
levels. It can be made from a food chain.
*NB: The longer the box, the more the number of organisms.

Example

Lion

Zebra

grass

FEEDING LEVELS (TROPHIC LEVELS)

Trophic levels are feeding stages in a food chain.

Trophic level Description

First Producers
Second Primary
consumers
Third Secondary
consumers
Fourth Tertiary
consumers
CONCENTRATION OF POLLUTION (FOOD POISONING)

Organisms can be polluted through air, land soil or water. Examples of

pollutants include:
 Rubbish and litter
 Sewage
 Chemicals from farms, mines and other industries

The poison eaten by an organism becomes more concentrated as it moves through a

food chain or a food web.
Insects will eat a lot of leaves; therefore, the amount of poison slowly increases in them.
When a bird eats a number of insects, it will be taking in concentrated poison and
become more poisoned.

ADAPTATION
A process whereby organisms become better suited to the environment. It can be
achieved through behavioural patterns and physical features.

CHARACTERISTICS THAT POLAR BEARS HAVE THAT ENABLES THEM TO

LIVE IN ARCTIC [COLD AND ICE REGIONS]

102
 Thick fur to act as an insulator to keep them warm
 White fur for camouflage
 Thick layer of fat below skin surface to prevent heat loss
 Good sense of smell to detect predators

CHARACTERISTICS THAT CAMELS HAVE THAT ENABLES THEM TO LIVE

WELL IN A DESERT

 Thick fur acts as insulator that keep them cool during a hot day
 Store fat in the hump on their backs. Stored fat can be converted to water by the
cells
 Can close their nostril[nose] to prevent sand from blowing up their noses
 Long eyelashes that protect their eyes from the sun

CHARACTERISTICS CACTUS HAVE THAT ENABLES THEM TO LIVE IN THE

DESERT

 Store water in stems

 Leaves adapted into sharp spines to reduce water loss during photosynthesis
 Spines prevent animals from eating the cacti
 Have long root system to absorb water from deep underground
 Grow slowly, so this requires less energy and water
 Waxy coating on their stems that help to reduce water loss

CHARACTERISTICS THAT GRASSES HAVE THAT ENABLES THEM TO LIVE

WELL IN OPEN PLAINS
 Roots extend deep into ground to absorb more water
 Extensive root system that prevent grazing animals from pulling root out
 Narrow leaves which loose less water
 Grasses use the windy conditions for wind pollination
 Soft stems that enable grasses to bend in the wind

OTHER EXAMPLES OF ADAPTATION

 Water lily can easily float in water because of large air spaces found in its very large
leaves
 Fish have fins to move in water and gills to breathe under water
 Hibernation
 Migration during mating seasons
 Mimicry ie imitate the shape, colour etc of others
 Desert animals graze in the morning because there is dew
 Camouflage
 Others stay in the shade when it is hot to prevent the evaporation of water through
sweating

NEGATIVE HUMAN IMPACT ON PLANT AND ANIMAL ADAPTATION

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 HUMAN IMPACT EFFECT ON ECOSYSTEM
Population  Result to excessive amount of earth limited
growth resources
Over-  Result to exhaustion of resources
consumption
Advancing  Interfere with the ecological balance of
technology nature
Agriculture  Result to loss of biodiversity eg overgrazing
[ploughing, leaves soil bare
clearing land]
Pollution  Land, water, nuclear pollution result to
some organisms losing their lives others
displaced
Atmospheric  More carbon dioxide can result to global
changes eg warming and this may lead to changes in
climate climate and rainfall patterns
 Burning of fossil fuels and the use of
aerosols and production of CFCs from
refrigeration may lead to the depletion of
the ozone layer

Introduction of  Will kill most organisms in the ecosystem

alien species
overgrazing  Causes damage to the land and vegetation
and even loss of fertile top soil
deforestation  Removes trees and organisms which are
adapted to leave under shade would suffer

ELECTRICAL ENERGY

Electrical energy is the flow of electrons

SOURCES
 Dry cells
 Battery
 Generators
 Solar panels
 Power stations

USES
 Light
 Power communication devices such as computers and phones
 Used to heat such as in irons and kettles
 Used to purify some metals

104
Circuit Symbols

Circuit symbols are used in circuit diagrams to show how a circuit is connected together.

Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component

To pass current very easily from one part
Wire
of a circuit to another.

Supplies electrical energy.

Cell

Bulb Converts electrical energy to light.

Voltmeter A voltmeter is used to measure voltage.

Ammeter An ammeter is used to measure current.

Resistor A resistor restricts the flow of current

It is usually used to control current. For
Variable Resistor
examples, adjusting lamp brightness,
(Rheostat)
adjusting motor speed.

Earth wire A connection to earth

A safety device which will 'blow' (melt) if

Fuse the current flowing through it exceeds a
specified value.

105
 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

A circuit is a path followed by electricity.

There are two types of circuits.

a. A series circuit: a circuit where current flows through only one path
b. A parallel circuit: a circuit where current flows through more than one path

A series circuit A parallel circuit

 Only one path followed by current  More than one path followed by
current
 If one bulb blows or is removed, all  If one bulb blows or is removed, the
other bulbs goes off other bulbs remains on

 The bulbs are dim  The bulbs are bright

MEASURING CURRENT

Current is the flow of electrical energy in a circuit. The SI units of current

are Amperes or Amps (A). An ammeter is used to measure current. It
is always connected in series in the circuit.

a) CURRENT IN A SERIES CIRCUIT

RESULTS
A1 A 1=

A 2=

A 3=

106
 CONCLUSION
(SKIP 4 LINES)

b) CURRENT IN A PARALLEL CIRCUIT

RESULTS
A 1=

A 2=

A 3=

MEASURING POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE (p.d.)

Potential difference is also known as Voltage. Potential difference is the amount of energy
available to push current around the circuit. The SI units for p.d. are the Volts (V). A
voltmeter is used to measure p.d. A voltmeter is always connected across the resistor to
be measured.

a) POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE THROUGH A SERIES CIRCUIT

RESULTS

V1=

V2=

V3=

107
 b) POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE THROUGH A PARALLEL CIRCUIT

RESULTS
V1=

V2=

V3=

CONCLUSION
(SKIP 4 LINES)

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

MAGNETISM

North South

-it has two poles (north and south)

-like poles repels
-unlike poles attract each other
-magnets attract magnetic materials such as iron, steel and nickel
-when a bar magnet is left to swing freely, its north pole will face to the north

108
MAGNETIC INDUCTION
This is when a material is made to become a magnet. When a magnet is brought near a non
magnetic nail, the nail will attract small pieces of iron. When the magnet is removed, the
nail will lose this magnetic property.

Methods of magnetization

A magnetic material such as iron or steel can be made into a magnet. This process is called
magnetization. There are three methods of magnetization.
i) Single Stroking method: a piece of iron or steel is stroked in one direction with a
strong magnet.

ii) Double Stroking method: a piece of iron or steel is stroked by two strong
magnets using opposite ends of the magnets. This produces a strong magnet.

(draw fig 14.5 page 293)

iii) Electricity metod: A coil of wire is wrapped around a piece of iron or steel and an
electric current is passed through. The iron will only act as a magnet when
electricity is switched on. This kind of a magnet is called electromagnetic.

Magnetic properties of iron and steel

 A magnet made from iron quickly loses its magnetic properties. Therefore, iron
forms a temporary magnet.

 A magnet made from steel keeps its magnetic property for a long time. Therefore,
steel is forms permanent magnet.

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 Uses of magnets
Permanent magnets are used in:
 microphones and speakers
 television and computer monitors
 Scrap yards to separate ferrous (magnetic) from non-ferrous materials.
 electric motors and generators
 recording media such as tapes and computer hard drives

Proper care of magnets

 do not hit or drop a magnet (they break easily)
 do not place a magnet in a flame
 Opposite poles should face each other.
 Use a keeper plate to protect a horse shoe magnet.

ELECTRICITY

ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE PHENOMENA

 An object can be charged because of friction. Friction between two objects causes
electrons to move from one object to another. Electrons are particles that carry
electrical charge.
 You may hear crackling noises when you comb your hair with a plastic comb, or lift
pieces of paper after rubbing your pen onto your hair, these are none as
electrostatic.
 These occurrences are made by charges of electricity.
 The SI units of charge is coulomb (C)

The two types of charges

i) Negative Charge: formed when an objects gain electrons.

ii) Positive charge: formed when an object losses electrons

When positively charged objects are brought next to negatively charged objects, they are
pulled towards each other. However, the two negatively charged objects push away
from each other. Thus we can say that:
 Opposite charges attract
 Like charges repel

Some materials are known as insulators, this means that they do not let electrons flow
through them. Because of this, electric charges cannot move. This is known as static
electricity.

Sources
Electrical energy is made from other forms of energy using energy changers.
 Battery (chemical potential energy to electrical energy)

110
 solar cells ( light energy to electrical)
 dynamo (kinetic energy to electrical energy)
 generators (chemical potential energy to electrical)

ENERGY CHANGES AT A POWER STATION

Chemical energy heat energy kinetic energy electrical energy

(Coal) (Steam) (Turbines) (Generator)

Burning fuels (chemical potential energy) in a boiler produces heat energy that changes
water into steam. The steam is used to turn a large turbine (kinetic energy) which
also turns a generator. The generator converts kinetic energy into electrical
energy.

EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY

1. THE HEATING EFFECT

 Electrical energy can be changed into heat energy. When electric current
passes through a resistance wire, heat is lost and the resistance wire
becomes hot.
 Copper is an example of wire that conducts electricity but does not get
hot when electricity flows through it.
 A number of appliances in the home use the heating effect of electricity.
 These include:
 electric heater
 electric kettle
 iron
 toaster

2. CHEMICAL EFFECT

 When an electric current passes through the resistance wire, it begins to

glow and become red. Electrical energy is turned into light energy in this
manner.
 If the resistance wire is large enough, more light energy is produced.
 electrolysis: purification of metals e.g. aluminum and copper
 This method is used to cover materials with a thin layer of a metal
through a process called electroplating.
 Electroplating: to cover iron with a thin layer of chrome, silver or gold
and protect it from rusting as seen in trophies.

111
 3. MAGNETIC EFFECT

Whenever an electric current flows through a wire, it makes a magnetic field around the
wire. This effect can be used to turn objects into magnets. These objects are then called
electromagnets. For example, electric bell, loud speakers, motors.

ELECTRICAL CONSUMPTION

Cost of electricity
Electricity provides us with energy which enables us to plug in our appliances. However, the
use of electrical energy comes with costs. The cost of electricity depends on two things:
 the length of time the appliance is used i.e. the longer the use, the more the energy used
 the amount of electricity an appliance i.e. hot plates or kettles use more electricity than
radios.

Electrical power

Power is the rate at which electrical energy is used. I t is measured in units called Watts (W).
S.I unit of power is kilowatts (kW). Most electrical appliances have power rating marked
on them.

1kW = 1000W
Calculating electrical cost

Electrical energy = power X time used

(units) (kWh)

Cost = electrical power X time X cost per kW

Where:

 cost is in pula
 electrical power is in kilowatts (kW)
 time in hours
 cost per kW in pula

Examples

A 2kW iron is used for two hours. Botswana Power Corporation charges
P0.90 per unit. Calculate the cost.

Energy used = power X time

=2kW X 2h

112
 =4kWh
Cost = energy used X cost per unit
= 4kWh X P0.90
= P3.60

Ways of reducing the cost of electricity

 It is important that we keep the amount of electricity use at its minimal. By so doing
we should apply the following:
 switch off appliances when not in use
 do not leave some appliances on standby as they still consume electricity
 use energy saving bulbs
 use fans instead of air conditioners
 boil the amount of water you need in a kettle
 dry clothes outside instead of using drying machines

SAFE USE OF THE ELECTRICITY IN THE HOME

Mains electricity
The electricity that we use in homes, hospitals, shops and schools is called mains electricity.
Mains electricity is alternating current.

Wiring three pin plug

wire colour function

Live brown Carries electricity
from the
mains to the
appliance
Neutral blue Carries electricity
from the
appliance
back to the
mains
Earth Green and Safety (carries
yellow leaking
current to
earth)

Safety devices

A fuse
Fuse wire metal cap

113
 Glass

A fuse is a safety device. It is made up of a thin wire called the fuse wire that melts easily
and breaks the circuit if there is too much current passing through it. This will protect
the appliance from damage. Fuses are rated according to the needs of the appliance.

Earth wire
The earth wire carries leaking current to the ground. This happens when there is a loose
wire touching a metal casing of the appliance.

A trip switch (circuit breaker)

Electricity is carried to and from a house through wires. These wires are connected to the
fuse box which records how much electricity is used. The fuse box can be replaced by a
trip switch which breaks the circuit if it is damaged.

Double insulation
Double insulation means that electrical parts in the appliance are not in contact with the
outer casing of the appliance. This safety method is used with hand held appliances such
as shaving machines and hair dryers.

Using electricity safely

 make sure all the wires are insulated
 do not use electricity on damp conditions
 avoid overloading

Switches, fuses and live wire

Switches should be connected to a live wire because it is the one that carries electrical
current. If they are not connected to the live wire, the live would still pass electricity to
the appliance and this can cause electrocution.

Fuses should also be connected to the live wire. If it is not connected to the neutral wire, it
will not cut off the current and will not protect the appliance from overheating therefore
causing damage to the appliance.
ENERGY

Energy is the ability to do work. The units of energy are joules(J).

FORMS OF ENERGY

1. LIGHT ENERGY
Light energy enables us to see things around.
Sources
 Fire
 Sun
 torch

2. HEAT ENERGY
Heat energy make things feel warm or hot
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Sources
 Fire
 Sun
 Electric stove

3. SOUND ENERGY
Sound causes the sensation of hearing
Sources
 Baby crying
 Car engine running
 Guitar being played

4. KINETIC ENERGY
This is a form of energy found in moving objects
Sources
 Flying bird
 Victor running
 A ball rolling

5. GRAVITATIONAL ENERGY
Form of energy that makes things attracted to earth.
Sources
 Snake on top of a tree
 Water in a dam
 A ball kicked up

6. ELECTRICAL ENERGY
A form of energy found in wires transporting electricity.
7. CHEMICAL ENERGY
A form of energy found in chemicals
Sources
 Food
 Battery
 Fossil fuels

ENERGY CHANGES
One form of energy can be changes to another

a. A battery operated torch

b. At a hydro power station
c. An electric stove

The importance of energy changes / transformation

 Plants make food for themselves and animals by changing light energy to chemical
energy (food) through the process of photosynthesis.

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  Plants and animals change chemical energy(food), to produce kinetic and heat
energy through the process of respiration

The green house effect

A green house is made of glass to let in sun’s rays. These rays are then trapped inside by the
glass making inside of the house warm. This helps to keep plants warm during very cold
weather.

In the same way, if there is too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, it forms a layer that
will prevent heat from escaping. This will cause the earth to warm up. This is also known
as global warming. This can cause climatic change and foods.

Natural phenomena and energy

1. Lightning: build up of opposite charged electrical energy in the clouds. This electrical
energy is then changed to light energy.

2. Thunder: heat energy in the clouds is changes to sound energy.

3. Earth’s temperature: chemicals reacting from the sun forms light and heat energy on
earth.

4. Waterfall: gravitational energy is changed to kinetic energy.

CLASSIFYING SOURCES OF ENERGY

Renewable sources of energy: these are sources of energy that can be replaced once used
up.
Examples: Wood
Solar
Wind

Non-renewable sources of energy: these cannot be replaced once used up

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 Examples: Natural gas
Coal
Oil

FOSSIL FUELS

Fossils are formed from the remains of plants and animals that died 300 million of years
ago. They became compressed by rocks and soil and then they turned into organic
matter. Most important fossil fuels are coal, oil and natural gas.

Coal
Coal is formed from the remains of plants that died millions of years ago. These plants were
then covered and pressed by rocks and soil. As they were under great pressure and
temperature for a long time, they slowly changed into coal.

Oil
Oil is formed from the remains of sea animals that died a million of years ago. These
remains were then covered and pressed by rocks and soil. As they were under great
pressure and temperature for a long time, they slowly changed into a thick liquid known
as crude oil.

Natural gas
Gas is formed the same way as oil, but it is collected in the space above the oil.

The importance of fossil fuels

 They power machines such as vehicles and trains(petrol and diesel)
 Used to heat homes during cold days (coal)
 Used to food (natural gas)
 Used to produce electricity

Safety when using fossil fuels

1. Store them in a place where they cannot catch fire
2. Fix any leaks in stoves
3. Ensure good ventilation when burning fuel

Alternative sources of energy in Botswana

Solar energy: the heat from the sun is collected and converted to electrical energy using
solar panels.

Bio gas: it is made from animal remains and small plants. They are put in a closed container
known as digester and the y will produce a gas. This gas work the same way as natural
gas.

Wind: a wind can power a windmill that can pump water or produce electricity.

Harnessing alternative sources of energy

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Safe and cheap sources of energy can be used to prevent depletion of expensive fossil fuels
Examples: solar energy
Biomass
Wind
Hydro power

The importance of conserving energy

 Saves money
 Prevent contamination of earth through mining of more fossil fuels
 Prevent global warming by preventing burning a lot of fossil fuels

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHEN USING ELECTRICITY

1. Do not operate electrical appliances with wet hands as it can cause electrocution.
2. Avoid overloading as it can cause fire
3. Make sure electrical wires are all well insulated

DIAGNOSING ELECTRICAL FAULTS

1. Check if the circuit breaker is up.
2. Check if the fuse is not burnt
3. Check if the wires are connected correctly
4. If it is the lamp not working, check if the bulb is not blown
5. Check if the plug is switched on

ASSIGNMENT
SOUND ENERGY

1. Define
a. Sound

b. Frequency

c. Amplitude

d. Wavelength

e. Amplitude

f. Echo

2. Complete the table below

Matter Speed
(m

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 /
s)
Gas (air)
Liquid
(water)
Solid
(steel)
vacuum

3. Draw and label a transverse wave.

4. Draw and label a longitudinal wave.

5. State the relationship between frequency and pitch

6. State the relationship between amplitude and loudness of sound

7. Give any three uses of sound

ENERGY FLOW IN LIVING THINGS

The leaf structure

Functions of a leaf
 This is where a lot of photosynthesis takes place because a leaf contains a lot of
chlorophyll.
 Exchange of gases for both photosynthesis and respiration take place through the
leaves.
 Contains a cuticle to prevent water loss through transpiration.

Gas exchange in plants

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 A leaf has small holes (pores) called stomata. These holes can open or close to let in
or out gases. The opening of the stoma is controlled by two cells called the guard
cells.
 Gas enters the leaves through the process of diffusion
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Photosynthesis is a process whereby green plants use light from the sun
to make food from carbon dioxide and water
The process of photosynthesis
 Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the air by the leaves
 Water is also absorbed from the roots to the leaves
 The leaves also traps sunlight from the sun
 This light energy is used to combine carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose.
 Oxygen is produced into the air as a waste product
*The glucose produced is then changed and stored as starch in the leaf.
Testing a leaf for starch
1. Boil the leaf in water
Why: to break open the cells
2. Put the leaf in alcohol in the hot water bath.
Why: to remove chlorophyll
3. Wash the leaf in warm water
Why: to soften the leaf and wash off the alcohol
4. Put the leaf on top of a white tile and add iodine solution
Results: to observe color changes clearly. If the leaf changes blue black, it means starch
is present.

Conditions necessary for photosynthesis to take place

 Chlorophyll
 Sunlight
 Carbon dioxide
 Water

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 Experiment 1: is light needed for the process of photosynthesis?

-the plant was left exposed to light for the whole day. The leaf was then tested for starch.
Conclusion
.The covered part of the leaf tested negative of the starch but the uncovered part turned
blue black, so this means that sunlight is needed for photosynthesis to take place.
Experiment 2: Is chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis?
A variegated leaf is a green leaf with other colors such as white or purple. The green part of
the leaf has chlorophyll. Test this leaf for starch.
Conclusion
.The green part of the leaf turned blue black but the other part (white) showed a negative
result. This means that chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis because it absorbs
sunlight.
Experiment 3: Is carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis?

*sodium hydrogen carbonate produces carbon dioxide

*soda lime absorbs carbon dioxide
Test the leaf from each plant after a day
Conclusion
The plant with sodium hydrogen carbonate showed a positive result for starch test but a
plant with soda lime showed a negative result because there was no carbon dioxide

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 inside the plastic bags. This implies that carbon dioxide gas is needed for photosynthesis
to take place.
Experiment 4: Is oxygen produced during photosynthesis?

Conclusion
If the gas relights the glowing splint, it means that is oxygen. This shows that oxygen is made
during photosynthesis.

The importance of photosynthesis to life

 Plants make food for themselves and animals through the photosynthesis process
 Oxygen produced through photosynthesis is used by both plants and animals for respiration.
 Photosynthesis prevents global warming by using carbon dioxide.
RESPIRATION
Respiration is the breaking down of food with the use of oxygen to release energy.
 The chemical reaction produces carbon dioxide and water as by-products.
 It takes place in the cytoplasm and the mitochondria of plant and animal cells.

The difference between respiration and photosynthesis

PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESPIRATION
 Use carbon dioxide  Produces carbon dioxide
 Use water  Produces water

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  Use energy (light energy)  Produce energy
 Produces oxygen  Uses oxygen
 Glucose is formed  Glucose is broken down

The relationship between respiration and photosynthesis

Respiration and photosynthesis works together to maintain the balance of atmospheric

gases. That is to say they keep the level of oxygen and carbon dioxide constant in the
atmosphere.

The effects of deforestation

When trees are cut down, there will be nothing that will absorb carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere. This excess carbon dioxide will then form a layer in the atmosphere. This
layer will prevent heat from escaping from earth. This causes temperatures to rise and
change the weather. The climate become hotter and drier and rain may not fall easily.
All these are known as global warming.

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS

Food, water and minerals are carried around the plant in tubes called the Vascular bundles. There
are two types:
i. Phloem tissues: transport food around the plant. The movement in the phloem tissues can be
upwards or downwards depending on where food is needed.

ii. Xylem tissues: transport water and minerals up the plant from the roots.

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 A leaf is made up of veins. Veins transport substances within the leaf. The large central vein is called
the mid rib. It supports the leaf and transports water around the leaf.

TRANSPIRATION

Transpiration is the loss of water from a plant through the stomata on the leaves.

Importance of transpiration

 allows more water and minerals to be absorbs

 it cools the plant

Factors affecting the rate of transpiration

1. Temperature: when temperature is high, transpiration rate will also be high.

2. Humidity: when the atmosphere is humid, transpiration rate will be low.

3. Wind: when it is windy, transpiration rate will be high

4. Size of leaves: big leaves loses a lot of water

5. Thickness of cuticle: thick cuticle prevent a lot of water from being lost

6. Number of stomata: many stomata in a leaf will make a plant lose a lot of water

NUTRIENT CYCLES

A) CARBON CYCLE

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 Carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere when:

 Living things carry out respiration

 Living things die and decay
 When we burn fossil fuels or materials from living things such as wood
Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere when:
 Plants carry out photosynthesis

B) NITOGEN CYCLE

Nitrogen fixation can occur in the following ways:

 Lightning makes nitrogen and oxygen combine to form nitrogen oxides. These dissolves in rain water
and are washed into the soil where they form nitrates
 Some bacteria in the soil change nitrogen from air into nitrates
 Plants such as beans, peas and groundnuts have small round swelling on their roots called nodules.
These nodules contain the bacteria which are able to take in nitrogen and convert it into nitrates
 Plants take up nitrates from the soil and make proteins
 Animals eat the proteins in plants and use it to make their own proteins
 Decomposers such as bacteria and fungi make nitrates from animal waste and from dead animals
and plants.
 Denitrifying bacteria live in wet soil. They can change nitrates into nitrogen gas that is returned into
the atmosphere.
Nitrogen is found in various different forms:

 Nitrogen is present in the air as an unreactive gas

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 Nitrogen is found dissolved in soil water as soluble nitrates
 Nitrogen is found in living things as protein
 Nitrogen is found in living things as part of the important protein molecules that build their bodies

GENE TECHNOLOGY

GENES
A gene is a unit of heredity. Genes carry specific characteristics from parents to their off-springs
(young ones)

Genes are found in the nucleus of cells. They are a part of a DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid). The DNA in
the nucleus is contained in the structures known as chromosomes.

Genes contain information such as

 type of hair
 eye colour
 shape of nose
 how tall will be

GENETIC ENGENEERING
Genetic engineering is the technology of changing genes or placing new genes in an organism.

STEPS IN GENETIC ENGINEERING

1. Identify the desired gene
2. Remove the DNA from the cell
3. Cut the desired gene from the DNA using enzymes
4. Put the gene into the bacterial cell to multiply it. The bacterial cell will divide into two, then each cell
will continue to divide
5. These genes will then be put into the DNA of another crop or animal to develop it
6. The resulting animal or crop will contain such desired characteristics.

Example (making a draught resistant crop)

 Identify the desired gene. This can be found in a draught resistant crop.
 Remove the DNA of the draught resistant crop from the cell.
 Cut the gene from the DNA using an enzyme.
 Put gene into the bacterial cell to multiply it.
 Put these genes into the crop that is not draught resistant.
 The resulting crop will then be draught resistant. This crop will then be called Genetically Modified
crop (GM crop). The farmer can now grow the crop even if there is little or no rain.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETIC ENGINEERING

Medicine

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 In medicine, scientists can use genetic engineering to diagnose and treat certain diseases such as
cancer and diabetes. They can also use genetic engineering to predict and prevent certain
diseases.

Agriculture
Genetic engineering can be used to produce better crops and livestock. For example, it can be used
to produce draught resistant crops and enhance livestock to produce more milk and meat.

Forensic Science
Forensic science is used to conduct criminal investigations. Scientists can use genetics to get
information from crime and accident scenes.

Energy generation
Bio-fuels are plants that are grown to produce fuels. Genetic engineering can be used to produce
bio-fuel crops that grow faster, pest and draught resistant.

BENEFITS OF GENETITIC ENGINEERING

 It can be used to treat diseases

 It can be used to make food crops that are protected from diseases
 It can be used to make draught and pest resistant crops
 It can make crops to have a better colour and flavor and more food value.
 It can make animals to produce more quality goods (meat and milk)

LIMITATIONS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING

 People may use genetic engineering to make biological weapons

 Genes that are placed in crops may accidentally be passed on to other dangerous plants such as
weeds. This may make it difficult to control the.
 Genetic engineering can be used to make super organisms that out compete the normal ones. This
disturbs the ecosystem.

HEALTHY EATING

Food Poisoning
This is an illness caused by eating contaminated food.

Signs of food poisoning

-vomiting
-nausea
-diarrhoea
-stomach cramps
-stomach ache
-dizziness

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 Causes of food poisoning
-Preparing food with dirty hands
-Allowing houseflies to walk on food
-Leaving food uncovered
-Using unclean utensils

Conditions for the growth of micro organisms

Microbes need the following to grow well:
i) warm conditions
ii) moisture
iii) good supply of food

Safe methods of preparing food

-always wash hands before preparing food

-use clean cooking utensils
-cook meat in high temperature to kill microbes
-cover left food with a clean cloth
-wash vegetables before making salads

FOOD PRESERVATION
The common aim of preserving food is to avoid food from going bad when it is kept for future use.
All types of food contain microbes and when these microbes increase in number the food
becomes spoiled. There are different ways of keeping food for future use;

TRADITIONAL METHODS OF FOOD PRESERVATION

SALTING: this method is commonly used in meat. The meat is cut into strips and powdered salt is
added to it. Salting kills microbes and also dehydrates food.

DRYING: Microbes cannot grow in dry food. Fruits, vegetables and meat can be dried to keep them
longer. They are sliced and spread out in the sun.

SMOKING: meat can be preserved through smoking. Meat is heated in the smoke from fire and the
hot smoke absorbs the water from meat and gives it a pleasant taste.

MORDERN METHODS OF PRESERVING FOOD

FREEZING: very low temperatures slow the growth of microbes. The freezer compartment is kept at
a temperature below 00C. Fresh meat, fish and cooked vegetables can be stored in a freezer.

CANNING: The food is cooked and then sealed in sterile cans while still very hot. The can stops
microbes from entering the food.

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 STERILISING: milk is sterilized by heating it at high temperatures. The container is then sealed while
the milk is still hot, in this process all the microbes are killed and the container can now be
stored at room temperature
PASTURISING: This when the food is heated at temperature (50- 60 degrees Celsius) for 30 minutes
to kill the microbes and the cooled. Pasteurized food should be kept cold all the time and it will
only last for few days before going bad.

PICKLING: storing food in chemicals such as vinegar.

HEAT ENERGY

EFFECTS OF HEAT

 Matter expands when heated and contract when cooled.

EXPANSION OF SUBSTANCES
 When an object expands, the space between particles is the one that increase; this makes an object
to become bigger. Gases expand more, then liquids and lastly solids.

USES OF EXPANSION

1. THERMOMETERS
The liquid (alcohol or mercury) inside the thermometer expand and rise when hot and contract and drop
when cool

2. BI-METALLIC STRIPS
A bi metallic strip is made up of two tightly joined metals that have different expansion rates. For
example, bronze expand more than iron. When these two metals are heated, the bi-metallic strip
will bend towards iron.

bronze

(before heating) iron (after heating)

A bi-metallic strip can also be used to make a thermostat. This is a device used to control temperature.
For example, in air conditioners, refrigerators, iron etc. It switches on and off by itself to meet the
wanted temperature.

A bi-metallic strip is also important in the making of a fire alarm.

A fire alarm bi-metallic strip (sensor)

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 Bell

+ -
Power supply
When the bi-metallic strip gets heated, it bends and makes a contact to complete the circuit. This will
make the bell to ring.

PROBLEMS OF EXPANSION

1. RAILWAY LINES

Gap
Small gaps have been left between railway lines to allow expansion during a hot day. Without gaps,
the railway tracks would bend and twist during a hot day.

2. BRIDGES

Road Bridge slab gap

Rollers
Ground ground

Bridges have a slab that is not fixed and have small gaps at the end to allow free movement during
expansion and contraction. Some bridges also have rollers for easy movement.

3. PLUMBING

Loop

Expansion contraction

Some metal pipes carrying hot oil or water are made with loops to allow expansion and contraction.

4. ELECTRIC CABLES

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 Electric cables have been left to hang (stag) so that they can easily contract without pulling the
pylons during cold conditions.

METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER

1. CONDUCTION
It happens in solids. Heat transferred from one particle to another. Things that transfer heat quickly such
as metals are known as good conductors. Those that do not conduct heat well are known as bad
conductors or insulators.

2. CONVECTION
This method happens through fluids. Particles carrying heat energy moves from one place to another. A
hot particle has a lot of energy and is always found on top of a cold one. That is why hot water is
found on top of cold water. The movement of the particle carrying heat is called convectional
current.

HEAT

3. RADIATION
This is the transfer of heat through waves. Radiation does not need particles for it to take place. It can
take place through a vacuum. For example, sun’s heat reaches us through radiation. Very hot objects
also radiate heat.

USES OF METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER

1. VACUUM FLASK (Themos flask)

(Draw and label)

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A vacuum flask is used to keep things cool or hot for a long time. The thing inside the vacuum flask will
eventually cool or get hot after time because of radiation through the vacuum.

2. SOLAR WATER HEATING

(Draw and label)

*The panel is painted black to absorb as much heat as possible.

*The element is made of copper to pass heat easily to the water.

3. CAR ENGINE COOLING SYSTEM

(Draw and label)

*The car radiator is painted black to radiate heat to the surrounding.

*The engine of the car is silver to reflect heat
*The fans blow air into the radiator to cool it

4. VENTILATION OF HOUSES
Hot moves up and get out through the windows and be replaced by the cool one. This means
convectional current take place continuously.

NATURAL PHENOMENA CAUSED BY METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER

 Weather
Hot air moves up and be replaced by the cool one.

 Sea and land breezes

The movement of air and over land and sea surfaces is a combination of radiation, absorption,
conduction and convection.

 The greenhouse effect

It is a house made of glass to protect the plants from frost and insects.

TEMPERATURE REGULATION IN ANIMALS

 FATS: Acts as an insulator. Protects the body when very cold.

 HAIR / FUR / FEATHERS: Traps heat during cold weather and lies flat on the skin to let heat escape
during hot weather.

 BATHING: Animals use water to keep them cool when very hot

 BLOOD FLOW TO THE SKIN: When hot, blood flows towards the skin to let heat escape through the
skin. When cold, the blood flows deep to prevent loss of heat.

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 SWEATING: Animals lose heat when they sweat during hot weather.

HYGIENIC SURROUNDING

LIVING SAFELY

PREVENTING INJURIES
 Avoid cuts
 Avoid burns
 Handle poisonous things with caution
 Use electricity safely
 Protect eyes in dangerous environment such as when welding
 Do not look directly to the sun

SAFE PHYSICAL MOVEMENT

 Lift a heavy object using a correct posture to avoid back injuries
 Do warm up exercises before playing any sports games to relax the muscles
 Use correct posture when walking or typing

PROTECTIVE DEVICES
 Use safety belts in motor vehicles
 Use reflectors in bicycles
 Put on bright coloured clothes at night
 Use latex or rubber gloves when cleaning toilets
 Use gumboots when working with soil
 Close drains to avoid children falling inside
 Use grids in fire places to avoid being burnt

VENTILATION AT HOME
(Ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the house)

1. VENTILATION IN A TRADITIONAL HUT

(Draw)

2. VENTILATION IN A MODERN HOUSE

(Draw)

IMPORTANCE OF GOOD VENTILATION

 The need of oxygen for respiration
 To keep cool
 Prevent poisonous gases

EFFECTS OF BAD VENTILATION

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 Headaches due to breathing too much carbon dioxide
 Dizziness because of getting less oxygen
 Easy spread of diseases such as flu
 Death due to heat stroke

SANITATION
This is a safe way of disposing waste

Importance
 Sewage and refuse waste can cause diseases
 To prevent unpleasant smell
 To prevent pollution of water and land
 To prevent refuge by disease transmitting animals such as rats, flies and cockroaches

DISPOSE OF DOMESTIC WASTE (refuse)

This is the waste produced from our daily activities such as in homes.

Methods
1. Use of landfills
2. Burning and incineration
3. Recycling

SEWAGE DISPOSAL
Sewage is remains such as urine and faeces from people

METHODS OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL

1. Septic tanks and flush toilets

This toilet uses water to flush waste to the sewage or to the septic tank.

2. Chemical toilets
This toilet is usually used as a temporary measure such as in weddings. A bucket collects the waste and
that waste is digested and disinfected using chemicals. The collected waste is then emptied in the
sewage dam.

3. Pit latrines

Wire mesh

Small window

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 Sit lid

Ventilation pipe door

Sit

3m hole

*a sieve on the ventilation pipe is to prevent flies getting inside

*a toilet sit should always be kept closed to prevent flies getting in
*disinfectants should not be used as they kill the bacteria useful for decomposition of waste
*a porous soil to allow seepage of liquid waste
*a toilet should not be near the water source
*the depth should be about 3m deep and 1m wide (flies fear depth and for the toilet not to get full fast)

LIGHT ENERGY

Light is a form of energy that enables us to see.

Properties of light
-light travels in a straight line
-light can be reflected
-light can be refracted

REFLECTION OF LIGHT

Reflection is the bouncing back of light after hitting a surface

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 Mirrors
There are three types of mirrors

Plane mirror convex mirror concave mirror

Reflection on a plane mirror

Incident ray

Angle of incident

_________________normal line

Angle of reflection

Reflected ray

Laws of reflection
 Angle of incident is always equal to an angle of reflection
 The normal line is always perpendicular to the mirror (makes 900 with the mirror)
 All the normal line, ray of incident and ray of reflection meet on the mirror

Images formed from a plane mirror

1. Same size as the object
2. Upright
3. Laterally inverted
4. Same distance from the mirror as the object

Uses of a plane mirror

 In houses and shops to look at ourselves
 In periscopes

Uses of curved mirrors

i) Convex mirror
 Rear view mirrors in cars
 In shops as security mirrors

ii) Concave mirror

 Cosmetics as it enlarges the face
 In torches and head lamps of cars

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 In microscopes

REFRACTION
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one object to the other.

1. REFRACTION THROUGH WATER

Pen

Water

Where the pen really is

Where the pen appears to be

2. REFRACTION THROUGH A GLASS BLOCK

Incident ray

3. REFRACTION THROUGH A PRISM

Incident ray refracted ray

4. REFRACTION THROUGH LENSES

There are two types of lenses

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i. A convex lens (converging lens)

Focal point

Focal length

*NB: focal point: is where the rays meet

Focal length: the distance from the middle of the lens to the focal point

ii. A concave lens(diverging lens)

USES OF OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

 Microscope: to enlarge very small objects
 Cameras: to focus and make images on a film
 Telescope: to view very far objects
 Binoculars: to enlarge distant objects
 Spectacles: to correct eye defects

LIGHT DISPERSION
Light dispersion is the separation of white light into different colours that forms it. These different
colours are known as the spectrum. There are seven colors that make up white light. These
colours can be separated using a prism as shown below.

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 RED
ORANGE
YELLOW
GREEN
BLUE
INDIGO
VIOLET

The phenomenon of white light

-Each colour that makes up white light has a different wavelength
-The speed of light of each wavelength is changed as it passes through the prism
-Red colour is refracted least
-Violet colour is refracted most

The phenomenon of a rainbow formation

A rainbow is formed when there is sunshine and raindrops at the same time. Sunlight is refracted by
the raindrops and is dispersed to form a spectrum of the seven colours.
THE EYE

THE STRUCTURE OF THE EYE

FUNCTIONS OF PARTS OF THE EYE

PART FUNCTION
1. Conjunctiva Protects the inner parts of the
eye from dust
2. Cornea Helps focus light to the retina
3. Pupil A hole that allows light to
enter the eye
4. Iris Controls the size of the pupil

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 5. Lens Focuses light to the retina
6. Ciliary muscle Changes the shape of the lens
7. Retina Is where the image is formed
8. Suspensory ligaments Connect the lens to the ciliary
muscles
9. Choroid layer Prevents internal reflection of
light
10. Sclera The tough outer skin of the eye
11. Optic nerves Carries image information to
the brain

HOW WE SEE
Light enters the eye through the cornea. This light is refracted towards the retina by the lens. The
image will then be formed on the retina. The image formed on the retina is upside down and
small. This image will then be sent to the brain by the optic nerves. The brain will then interpret
this image making it look upright and the right size.
DEMONSTRATION TO SHOW HOW THE IMAGE IS FORMED ON THE RETINA

OBJERT IMAGE
Upright (upside down
and small) SCREEN

Thin lenses have long focal lengths than thick ones.

ACCOMMODATION
This is when the eye lens changes its shape to focus far and close objects.

*focusing far objects: Ciliary muscle relaxes and makes the lens to become thin.
*focusing close objects: Ciliary muscle contracts and makes the lens thick.

EYE DEFECTS

1. LONG SIGHT (hyperopic)

A person sees far objects clearly than see close ones. The image is formed after the retina. It is caused by
a short eyeball. Long sight can be corrected by using a convex lens.
(Draw from book 2- old green text book)

140
 2. SHORT SIGHT (myopia)
A person sees close objects clearly than distant ones. The image is formed before the retina. It is caused
by a long eyeball. Short sight can be corrected using a concave lens.
(Draw from book 2- old green text book)

3. ASTIGMATISM
These people can only focus on one place. For example, they cannot see horizontal and vertical lines at
the same time. It can be corrected using a cylindrical lens.

4. LACK OF ACCOMMODATION (presbyopia)

This is when the lens loses flexibility to change its shape. It is usually caused by old age. It can be
corrected by using bifocal lenses.

EYE DISEASES

APPLICATION OF LIGHT
1. THE EYE AND THE CAMERA

2. DIFFERENT COLOURS FOR COMMUNICATION

 Traffic robots (red-stop, amber-caution, green-go)
 Car indicators (flashing orange)
 Car stop lights (bright red)
 Police (blue lights)
 Yellow and white lines on the road
 Reflectors on jackets of miners or police officer

A camera
(Draw and label)

The lens of the camera focuses the image on the film by being moved backwards and forward.

5. REFRACTION THROUGH LENSES

There are two types of lenses

iii. A convex lens (converging lens)

141
 Show the focal point and the focal length.

*NB: focal point: is where the rays meet

Focal length: the distance from the middle of the lens to the focal point
iv. A concave lens(diverging lens)

v.
Ruler

Water

6. State the seven colours of a white light as dispersed by a prism starting with red as arranged.

___________________________________________________________________________

7. The seven colours that make white light are known as the ____________________________

8. Explain how a rainbow is formed.

______________________________________________________________________________

142
 ________________________________________________________________

LIVING MATTER

Living organisms can be classified as either plants or animals. There are seven characteristics of
life.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE

1. MOVEMENT-they can move from one point to another

2. GROWTH-their cells multiply leading to an increase in size.

3. SENSITIVITY-they respond to external environment for survival.

4. REPRODUCTION-they produce new species.

5. EXCRETION-they remove waste products from their bodies.

6. RESPIRATION-they combine food and oxygen to release energy.

7. NUTRITION/FEEDING-they need food for respiration.

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS USING A KEY

Classification is placing plants or animals into groups

*A key is used to help us understand and classify matter better.
THE ANIMAL KINDOM

Animals can be grouped into two groups.

1. Invertebrates
2. Non-vertebrates

INVERTEBRATES

 Invertebrates are animals without a backbone e.g. insects, worms

 They can also be divide into three groups
o Molluscs
o Arthropods
o Annelids

VERTEBRATES

 Vertebrates are animals with a backbone e.g. humans, dogs, cats, cows

143
  Vertebrates can be divided into 5 groups namely
i. Fish
ii. Amphibians
iii. Reptiles
iv. Birds
v. Mammals
Fish
 They swim and live in water
 They are cold blooded
 Body covered in wet scales
Amphibians
 Live in both land and water
 They have a soft body and lay eggs in water
 Cold blooded
 Examples include frogs

Reptiles
 Body covered in dry scales
 Cold blooded
 Examples include crocodiles, snakes, lizards

Birds
 Body covered in feathers
 All have wings
 Warm blooded
Mammals
 Body covered with fur
 They feed their young ones on milk
 Warm blooded
 Examples include human beings, cows, camel, lions

PLANT KINGDOM

Plants can be divided into groups namely

i. Flowering plants
a. Reproduce using flowers
b. Lowering plants can be divided into monocotyledons (having long straight leaves) and dicotyledons
(having broad leaves)

ii. Non flowering plants

a. Reproducing without using flowers.

PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS

144
 A cell is a basic unit of life. Cells are so small that they cannot be seen with a naked eye therefore a
microscope is used to study a cell. Organisms can be grouped depending on their cellular count
namely:
 Unicellular organisms are made up of only one cell. Example, bacteria, fungi, virus.
 Multi cellular organisms are made up of more than one cell. Example, people, dogs, plants

An animal cell
Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

A plant cell
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Cytoplasm

Chloroplast

Nucleus

Vacuole

Functions of the parts of the cell

Nucleus: control activities taking place in the cell

Cell membrane: control things entering and leaving the cell or selectively semi-permeable.
Cytoplasm: this is where activities of the cell take place
Cell wall: gives a plant cell its shape
Chloroplast: contain chlorophyll. This chlorophyll traps light needed for the process of
photosynthesis.
Vacuole: stores food and water for the cell

145
 The difference between a plant and an animal cell

Plant cell Animal cell

 Have a cell wall  No cell wall
 Have chloroplasts  No chloroplasts
 Have a big vacuole  Have small or no vacuole
 Have a fixed shape  Its shape is not fixed

Examples of animal and plant cells

Animal cells
Cell Function
1. Red blood cell Transport oxygen around the body.
2. White blood cells Fight against diseases.
3. Nerve cells Transport electrical information
around the body.
4. Muscle cells Move some parts in the body.

White blood cells Red blood cells

Nerve cell
Muscle cells

146
Plant cells

Cell Function
1. Phloem cells Transport food around the plant

2. Xylem cells Transport minerals and water from

the soil up the plant
3. Guard cells Open and closes the stomata.

4. Palisade cells They are found on the leaves. This is

where most photosynthesis takes
place.

TISSUES
A tissue is a group of similar cells working together to carry out a certain function.

Examples of tissues

Animals Plants
-Muscle tissue - phloem tissues
-Epidermis (the outer layer of the skin) -xylem tissues
-Bones -leaf epidermis
ORGANS
Organs are a group of several tissues working together to carry out a special function.

Examples of organs

Animals Plants
-The heart -leaves
-The lungs -roots
-The stomach -stem
-The intestines -flowers
SYSTEM
A system is a group of organs working together for a common goal.

147
Examples of systems

Animals Plants
-Digestive system -root system
-Circulatory system -shoot system
-Reproductive system -Reproductive system
-Nervous system -transport system

SUMMARY

Form
CELLS TISSUES ORGANS SYS

MATTER

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is made up of tiny invisible particles
called ATOMS.

ATOM

It is the smallest particle of matter.

STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM

Part of atom Location Charge

Proton Nucleus Positive
Neutron Nucleus No charge
electron Shells orbiting the nucleus Negative

ARRANGEMENT OF PATICLES OF MATTER

There are three states of matter namely; solids, liquids and gases

148
 Description of particle arrangement in relation to the kinetic theory of matter

solids Liquids Gases

-particles are neatly packed -particles are loosely -particles are further apart from
packed each other

-there are no spaces between -particles can move -particles are free to move
particles slightly into available
spaces
-particles vibrate within fixed -particles move randomly into
positions available spaces
-particles are attracted to one cohesive force are -cohesive forces between particles
another by strong cohesive weaker compared to are weaker compared to solids
forces solids
-particles are closely packed

-there are no movement of

particles from one place to
another

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

 It includes mass, volume, density, shape, hardness, compressibility and heat expansion

Comparing the properties of matter

149
 DEMONSTRATION OF EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION

 Note when a substance is heated it expands but contacts when cooled.

DEMONSRATING HEAT EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OF SOLIDS

DEMONSTRATING HEAT EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OF LIQUIDS

DEMONSTRATING HEAT EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION IN GASES

150
DEMONSTRATION OF COMPRESSIBILITY

COMPRESSIBILTY IN SOLIDS

COMPRESSION IN LIQUIDS

COMPRESSIBILITY IN GASES

The above activities show that solids are not compressible, liquids are almost incompressible and
gases are highly compressible. This can be explained in the kinetic theory of matter.

151
 CHANGES OF STATES OF MATTER

LIQUID B
A
C E D

SOLID GAS

PROCESSES

A: freezing

B: condensation

C: melting

D: evaporation/boiling

E: sublimation

F: sublimation

 When a solid turns into a liquid, you heat

 When a liquid turns into a gas, you heat
 When a gas turns into a liquid, you cool
 When a liquid turns into a solid, you cool

DIFUSSION

It is the movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
until the particles are equally distributed.

 Diffusion occurs in fluids only [ie both liquids and gases]

 It is fastest in gases than liquids because the particles have more kinetic energy and are far apart ie
gases flow easily.

a) Diffusion in gases

152
 (b) Diffusion in liquids

Uses of diffusion daily

1. Using a perfume
2. Spraying air freshener
3. Spraying insecticides
4. Smell good food cooking in a house

MEASUREMENTS

SCALARS AND VECTOR QUANTITIES

153
 Scalar quantities: These are measurements with size [magnitude] only. Eg.Length, area, mass,
temperature. Etc.

Vector quantities: These are measurements with size and direction. Eg.Force, accelation and
velocity.

Resultant vectors
A resultant vector is the overall result of the vectors acting on an object.

Example
1. A car is moving at a speed of 110 km / h to the south direction. The wind is also moving to the same
direction at a speed of 20 km / h. Calculate the resultant vector.

CAR (110Km / h)

WIND (20 Km / h)

The resultant vector =110 + 20

=130 km / h

2. Tebogo is running at a speed of 20 km / h to the north. The wind is blowing to the opposite direction
at a speed of 5 km / h. Calculate the resultant vector.[hint you subtract]

MEASURING LENGTH

Length is a distance from one point to another.

Instruments for measuring length

-ruler
-click wheel
-odometer
-measuring tape
Units of length
-millimeter (mm)
-centimeter (cm)
-meter (m)
-kilometer (km)

Conversion of units
1cm = 10mm
1m = 100cm
1km = 1000 m

÷ 10 ÷100 ÷1000

154
 mm cm m km
x10 x100 x1000

EXERCISE(SHOW WORKING)

1. How many millimeters are in

a. 2 cm
b. 1.5 cm

2. How many centimeters are in

a. 20 mm
b. 5 mm

3. How many centimeters are in

a. 2 m
b. 1.5 m

4. How many meters are in

a. 200 cm
b. 50 cm

5. How many meters are in 25 km?

6. How many kilometers are in 750 m?

PRACTICALS (measuring length)

OBJECT INSTRUMENT WIDTH LENGTH

Exercise book
Table
Class room

MEASURING AREA

An area is the measure of the size of the surface

Units of area
- Square millimeter (mm2)

155
 -Square centimeter (cm2)
-Square meter (m2)
-Square kilometer (km2)

1. Area of a regular shape

FORMULA

AREA = LENGTH X WIDTH

Calculate areas of the following shapes

a. b.
2 cm
12m

5 cm 10 m

𝟏
A=LXW A = 𝟐 (B X H)
𝟏
=5x2 = 𝟐
(10 X 12)
𝟏
= 10 cm2 = (120)
𝟐
2
= 60 m
2. Area of an irregular shape (a leaf)

Steps
-Trace a leaf on a graph paper
-Count the number of full squares. Record the number.
-count the number of fractional squares. Divide the number by two and record.
-Add the two numbers.

Example

Full squares= ______ cm2

Fractional squares = ______ ÷ 2 = ____ cm2

Total area = _____ + _______ = ______ cm2

156
MEASURING MASS

Instruments
-triple beam balance
-lever arm balance
-electric balance
-bathroom scale

Units
-milligrams (mg)
-grams (g)
-kilograms (kg)

Conversions
1 g = 1000 mg
1 kg = 1000 g

Using a triple beam balance

-move all the weights of the beams to zero
-place an object on the pan
-move the weights along the notches starting with the big one
-when the beam drops, move it back one notch and move the next weight until there is a balance.
-add all the weights.

Practicals

object Instrument mass

1. My mass Bathroom scale
2. stone Triple beam balance
3. duster Triple beam balance
4. chalk Triple beam balance

MEASURING VOLUME

Volume is the amount of space occupied by an object

157
 Units of volume
- Cubic millimeter (mm3)
-Cubic centimeter (cm3)
-Cubic meter (m3)
-Cubic kilometer (km3)
- Litres
- Millilitres

1cm3=1ml
1 l = 1000ml

1. volume of a regular object (cube)

Formula

Volume = length X width X height

Calculate volume of the following boxes

a) 5cm

2cm
10cm
b)

10 m

5m
12m

2. Volume of liquids
A measuring cylinder is used to measure the volume of liquids.

*other instruments that can be used are

-beakers
-burette
-flasks

158
 A measuring cylinder

Precautions taken when using a measuring cylinder

-put the measuring cylinder on a flat surface

-take the reading at the bottom of the meniscus
-understand the scale
-avoid parallax errors

3. Volume of an irregular object (stone)

a) Subtracting method
-pour water into the measuring cylinder and take the reading
-tie the stone with a string and gently lower it in the measuring cylinder and take a reading.
-Subtract the first reading from the second reading

Example

75cm3

25cm3

stone
V1 V2

Volume of a stone = V2 –V1

= 75 - 25
= 50cm3

b) Using a displacement can

-pour water into the displacement can until it come out of the spout

159
-wait until no drop comes out of the spout
-place the measuring cylinder at spout
-gently lower the stone into the water
-the water collected in the measuring cylinder is equal to the water of the stone

4. Volume of a floating object (cork)

V = V3 –V2

V1 V2 V3

MEASURING DENSITY

Density is the amount of mass per volume/ a measure of how much mass is contained in a particular
volume.

Formula

Mass
Density =
Volume

1. Calculate a density of an object with a mass of 20g and a volume of 10cm3.

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
SOLUTION: Density= 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
𝟐𝟎𝒈
𝟏𝟎𝒄𝒎𝟑
=2g/cm3

160
2. Calculate a density of an object with a mass of 50g and a volume of 100cm3.
3. An object has a density of 2g / cm3 and a mass 4g. Calculate its volume.
4. An object has a density of 10g / cm3 and a volume 5cm3. Calculate its mass.

Measuring density of a liquid using a hydrometer

To measure the density of a liquid, mass is divided by volume. However there is a simplest way to
determine the volume of a liquid and that is to use a hydrometer.

A hydrometer is made of glass and consists of three parts:

Weight. The bottom of a hydrometer contains weight and the weight is there so that the hydrometer
floats upright when it is placed in a liquid.
The bulb. It contains air which helps it to float.
Scale. The upper part of the hydrometer has a graduated scale which is used to measure the density
of the liquid that the hydrometer is floating in it.

NB: the density of pure water is 1g/cm3. If the hydrometer is floated in a cylinder filled with pure
water, then the level of the water would come up to the 1.0 mark on the scale of the hydrometer.

HOW A HYDROMETER WORKS

If a liquid has a lower density than the water then the hydrometer will float a little bit lower in the
liquid and the reading of the hydrometer will be less than 1.0.and if the liquid has a higher density
than water then the hydrometer will float a little bit higher in the liquid and the reading of the
hydrometer will be greater than 1.0.

Relating density to buoyancy

The buoyancy of something means the way in which it floats on a liquid. Buoyancy is an upward force
that makes objects to float on a liquid. If an object is placed on the surface of a liquid, it can either
float on the surface or sink to the bottom. An object floats on the surface of the liquid if it is less
dense than the liquid. An object sinks into the liquid if it is denser than the liquid. For example; a
piece wood can float on top of water because it has a lower density than the water and a piece of
iron will sink in water because it is denser than the water.
Factors affecting buoyancy

1. Density: When an object is less dense than the liquid, it will float. For example, a cock floats on water,
and an object which is denser than the liquid float

MEASURING TEMPERATURE

Temperature is the measure of how much cold or hot an object is. It can also be defined as how much
heat is contained in an object.
The scale used to measure temperature in degrees Celsius is a metric scale defined by two fixed points.
The lower fixed point is the temperature at which water freezes (00C) and the upper fixed point is
the temperature at which water boils (1000C)
Units of temperature

161
The standard unit for measuring temperature is degrees Celsius (0C). Other units for measuring
temperature include:
-Kelvin scale (K)
-Fahrenheit (0F)

CONVERTING TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS USING DIFFERENT SCALES

Although the standard unit for measuring temperature is degrees Celsius, there are other two scales
of measuring temperature that are used.
A. THE KELVIN SCALE
The Kelvin scale is a temperature scale that is used by scientists who looks at very low temperatures.
The unit of the Kelvin scale is kelvin and the symbol is k. the Kelvin scale is closely related to the
Celsius scale because of the amount of heat measured by 1 k is the same as 10C but the scale uses
a different fixed point.
For the Kelvin scale, the fixed point that is used is the possible lowest temperature. This temperature
is known as absolute zero. At this point there is no heat energy left in an object, as a result the
object cannot get any colder. In the Kelvin scale, absolute zero (-2730C) is defined as zero kelvin
(0k). As 1k is the same as 10C, then the freezing temperature of water (00C) would be 273k on the
Kelvin scale.
In order to convert kelvin to degrees Celsius, the following formula is used:

Temperature in degrees Celsius (0C) = temperature in kelvin (k)-273

Example
The temperature outside was 298 k. what would be the temperature in degree Celsius?
SOLUTION:
To get an answer 273k is subtracted from 298k.
Temperature in degrees Celsius (0C) = temperature in kelvin (k)-273
Temperature in degrees Celsius (0C) = 298-273
Temperature in degrees Celsius (0C) = 250C

In order to convert degrees Celsius to kelvin

Temperature in kelvin (k) = temperature in degrees Celsius (0C) +273
EXAMPLE
If the temperature in the house is 170C, what would be the temperature in kelvin?

SOLUTION:
To get an answer 17 is added to 273
Temperature in kelvin (k) = temperature in degrees Celsius (0C) +273
Temperature in kelvin (k) = 17+273
Temperature in kelvin (k) = 290k

B. FAHRENHEIT SCALE

162
 Another type of scale used to measure the temperature of objects is the Fahrenheit scale which has
the unit degrees Fahrenheit with the symbol 0F. In the Fahrenheit scale;
5
10F is the same as 9 or 0.550C
The boiling point of water (1000C) is 2120F
The freezing point of water (00C) is 320F
To convert 0F into 0C, the following formula is used
Temperature in degrees Celsius (0C) = (temperature in degrees Fahreinheit-32) x 0.55
EXAMPLE
If the temperature in a certain country is said to be 770F, what would be temperature in degrees
Celsius?
SOLUTION
Temperature in degrees Celsius (0C) = (temperature in degrees Fahreinheit-32) x 0.55
Temperature in degrees Celsius (0C) = (770F-32) X 0.55
Temperature in degrees Celsius (0C) = 45 X 0.55
Temperature in degrees Celsius (0C) = 250C

To convert temperature in degrees into temperature in Fahrenheit, the following formula is applied
Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (0F) = temperature in degrees Celsius (0C) x 1.8 + 32
EXAMPLE
If you were told that the temperature is 220C, what would be the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?
SOLUTION
Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (0F) = temperature in degrees Celsius (0C) x 1.8 + 32
Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (0F) = 220C x 1.8 + 32
Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (0F) = 39.6 + 32
Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (0F) = 71.60F OR 720F

EXERCISE
1. How many K are there in 290C?
2. How many 0C are there in 550K?
3. How many 0C are there in 2120F?
4. How many 0F are there in 550C?
Instruments for measuring Temperature

A thermometer is used to measure temperature. There are two types of thermometers.

1. Lab thermometer

2. Clinical thermometer

A clinical thermometer

163
 Mercury
Bulb Kink or constriction narrow curve
Functions of the parts

Part Function
Bulb Contain mercury or alcohol
Kink / constriction Stop mercury from flowing back before the reading is
taken
Mercury / alcohol Expand and rises when hot, contract and drops when
cold
Narrow tube (vacuum) The room for mercury or alcohol to expand or contract
Using a clinical thermometer
 Shake the thermometer to bring the mercury to the bulb
 Wipe with alcohol to sterilize it (kill the germs)

Where it is placed in the body

 Under armpits
 Under the tongue
 Between the buttocks

The difference between a lab and a clinical thermometer

A clinical thermometer A lab thermometer

-has a constriction -has no constriction
-start with 35 0C -start with -10 0C
-ends with 42 0C -ends with 110 0C
-measures to the nearest 0.1 0C -measures to the nearest 10C

MEASURING TIME
Time is the measure between two events

Units of time
-seconds
-minutes
-hours
-days
-weeks

Conversions

164
 1 min = 60 sec
1 hour = 60 min
1 day = 24 hrs

Exercise

1. How many seconds are there in 2.5 min?

2. How many minutes are there in 30 sec?
3. How many hours are in 150 min?
4. How many minutes are in 1.5 hrs?

Sources of error when measuring time

-Forgetting to restart the stop watch to zero
-Not being able to stop the stop watch exactly when the event ends

STANDARD INTERNATIONAL UNITS (S.I. Units)

These are standard units of measurements used world-wide.

QUANTITY S.I. UNIT

1. Length Meter (m)
2. Area Square Meter (m2)
3. Mass Kilogram (Kg)
4. Volume Cubic Meter (m3)
5. Density Kilogram per Meter cubic (Kg / m3)
6. Temperature Degree Celsius (0C)
7. Time Seconds (Sec)

MOTION

DISTANCE AND DDISPLACEMENT

Distance is the length that is taken to get from one place to another.

Displacement is the shortest distance between the starting point and the end point and also
includes the direction.

EXAMPLE

1.7km

SCHOOL

1Km

165
 HOME

The walking distance from home to school is 1.7km but the displaced distance is only 1km NE.

The difference between distance and displacement

Distance displacement
-length of the path -The shortest length
-have size only (scalar quantity) -have size and direction (vector quantity)

SPEED AND VELOCITY

Speed is the measure of how fast an object was travelling

𝑫𝑰𝑺𝑻𝑨𝑵𝑪𝑬
SPEED = 𝑻𝑰𝑴𝑬

EXERCISE

1. A car takes two hours from Francistown to Mahalapye. The distance between these two places is
280Km. Calculate its speed.
2. Victoria takes 30 minutes from school to the clinic. The distance between these two places is 2 Km.
Calculate her average speed.
3. Godwill travels at an average speed of 1km/h and take 30 min to school. Calculate the distance from
home to school.
4. A train travels at a speed of 120 km/h from Harare to Gaborone. The distance between these two
places is 1500 Km. Calculate the average time taken.

Velocity is the measure of how fast an object travelled to a certain direction.

𝑫𝑰𝑺𝑷𝑳𝑨𝑪𝑬𝑴𝑬𝑵𝑻
VELOCITY = 𝑻𝑰𝑴𝑬

The difference between speed and velocity

Distance displacement
-how fast an object moves along the -how fast an object could have moved
path in a straight line
-it is a scalar quantity -it is a vector quantity

ACCELERATION: This is when an object increases its speed or velocity. When an object reduces its
speed is known as deceleration.

𝑺𝑷𝑬𝑬𝑫
ACCELERATION = 𝑻𝑰𝑴𝑬

166
 EXERCISE

places A B C D E
Speed (m/s) 0 4 8 12 16
Time (S) 0 1 2 3 4

1. Calculate the acceleration of the car from point

a. A to B
b. C to D
c. A to E
d. B to D

LINEAR MOTION

A linear motion is the movement of an object in a straight line between two points.

A linear motion can be described using

-distance
-displacement
-speed
-velocity
-acceleration

A UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM VELOCITY

A UNIFORM VELOCITY / MOTION
This means an object does not change its velocity as it moves from one place to another.

Example: an object is moving at a constant velocity (no acceleration or deceleration)

a) A displacement – time graph

b) A velocity - time graph

167
A NON UNIFORM VELOCITY / MOTION
This means an object changes its velocity as it moves from one point to another.

EXAMPLE: an object changes its velocity (there is acceleration or deceleration)

a) A displacement – time graph

b) A velocity – time graph

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A UNIFORM AND A NON-UNIFORM MOTION

UNIFORM MOTION NON-UNIFORM MOTION

-velocity is constant -velocity is changing (acceleration or deceleration)

Time - velocity graph Time - velocity graph

-the graph is flat -the graph slopes upwards or downwards

Distance - time graph Distance - time graph

-the graph has a constant gradient (a straight line -the graph has a constant gradient (a straight line
that slopes upwards) that slopes upwards)

MOTION OF OBJECTS FALLING IN A FLUID (gas or liquid)

A stone let to fall from the roof

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 acceleraton

constant speed

stops moving (ground)

STAGE 1: an object accelerates

STAGE 2: the object stops accelerating. It moves at a constant velocity
STAGE 3: the object hits the ground and stops

TERMINAL VELOCITY: This is the maximum speed that an object can travel as it falls through a fluid.
Terminal velocity is reached when the force of gravity is equals the upward force of drag.

Example
Upward force

Force of gravity

Terminal velocity is determined by factors such as;

-the density of the fluid
-the roughness of the object
-the shape of the object
ASSIGNMENT
LIGHT ENERGY

1. Define
a. Light
b. Reflection
c. Refraction
d. Luminous object
e. Non-luminous object
f. Transparent object
g. Opaque object

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2. Give any three sources of light

3. State any three properties of light

4. State any two characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror

5. State any two characteristics of the image formed by a concave mirror

6. State any two characteristics of the image formed by a convex mirror

7. Give any two uses of a plane mirror

8. Give any two uses of a concave mirror

9. Give any two uses of a convex mirror

MODULE 1: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

UNIT 1.3- GENE TECHNOLOGY

GENETIC ENGINEERING

Genetic engineering is a method of biotechnology that involves manipulation and combination of

organisms’ genes to produce organisms with particular characteristics. Genes are part of a
chromosome that carries information for specific characteristics. They control characteristics that we
inherit from our parents (genetic characteristics), hence are sometimes referred to as units of
inheritance. Below is structure showing a gene:

The technology of genetic engineering

In genetic engineering scientists take specific gene from one organism and put it into the DNA of
another organism. In this way, they take the desired characteristics from one species and put it into
another species. This result in organisms called genetically modified organisms, or GMOs. Below are,
the steps followed in manipulating genes:

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 Identifying genes with characteristics needed.
 Removing the needed genes from the organism
 Transferring the gene to another organism that grows fast e.g. bacteria or yeast
 The gene is transferred into an organisms whose characteristics are being changed

The significance of genetic engineering

Benefits of Genetic engineering are very significant to area such as medicine, agriculture, forensic
science and energy generation.

Medicine

Human insulin genes are, transferred to bacteria, to enable them to produce insulin used for treating
sugar diabetes. Growth hormone can also be produced is a similar way and be used to treat children
who do not grow.

Agriculture

Genes are, transferred to plants and animals to make them bigger and resistant to pests, diseases,
drought and frost. Some genetically modified foods include rice, potatoes, melons and tomatoes.

Forensic science

Genetic material can be, used in solving crimes, paternity tests or genetic fingerprinting to identify
bodies of unidentified people involved in accidents or in crimes such as murder.

Energy generation

Some plants such as oilseed or rapeseed are, grown for their oil, which is, used for cooking. It can also
be converted into a bio-fuels and used in vehicle engines or generate energy. Their yield can be,
improved by the use of genetic modification.

Potential benefits of genetic engineering

 Creation of human beings and other organisms (clones) from DNA.

 Curing diseases that are in incurable such as cancer.

Limitations of genetic engineering

 Harmless organism maybe changed into harmful ones.

 GM crops may kill organisms they are, not intended to.
 Genetic engineering is very expensive.

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 Ethical and moral issues on genetic engineering

 Some people see genetically modified food and organisms as being unnatural.
 Some people view using organisms in laboratory for research as being cruel to them.

MODULE 2: PLANTS, ANIMALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

UNIT 2.1-LIVING MATTER

ADAPTATION

Adaptation refers to the change in organisms that makes them suited to a particular environment.
There are three types of adaptations, namely structural, behavioral and physical. Structural
adaptation involves the body of an organism developing in certain shape to help suit its survival.
Physical adaptation involve developing certain features to help their survival whereas behavioral
involve reacting in a certain way to a stimuli in order to survive.

Adaptation in plants

Plants may be adapted to live and grow in wet and dry conditions. The most common adaptation of
plants in Botswana is usually to live and grow in dry conditions.

Adaptation to dry conditions

 They develop long tap roots to absorb water deep underground e.g. baobab
 Develop large fleshy stem to store as much water as possible e.g. cactus
 They have thorny leaves to reduce water loss by transpiration e.g. cactus
 They also shade leaves in dry season (winter) to reduce water loss by transpiration.

Adaptation to wet conditions

 They develop small or short roots to absorb small amount of water e.g. water lily
 They have large leaves to increases water loss by transpiration e.g. water lily

Adaptations in animals

Animals maybe adapted to survive predators, dry conditions, cold conditions, competition for food
and to be able to catch preys. Below is how some animals are adapted to their environment:

 A chameleon can camouflage itself to hide from predators.

 A camel defecate dry faeces and urinate small amount of urine to help them live in dry conditions.
 Polar bears have thick fur and thick layer of fat to help them live in very cold temperatures.
 Giraffes have a long neck to avoid competition for food.
 A chameleon has a tongue that can stretch to catch its prey from a distance.

Human activities that impact negatively on plants and animal adaptations

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 Some human activities change the environment greatly and quickly. This usually makes it unbearable
and usually makes organisms not adapted to the new environment die before they could adapt. Below
are some of the human activities that have a negative impact on plants and animal adaptation.

 Overgrazing and deforestation lives the ground bare and dry.

 Building of dams flood large areas
 Burning of fossil fuels and bush fires lead to global warming(Increase in world temperatures)

Predicting effects of human activities on adaptation

Looking at the current human activities especially those leading to climatic change, scientists predicts
that the following will happen to living organisms found on earth:

 Earth will be so hot that all animals not adapted to living in hot conditions will die.
 Polar ice caps will melt which may kill organisms adapted to hunting on ice.
 Sea levels will rise causing floods in low-lying areas and kill organisms not adapted to living in water.
 Pollution will cause migration or death to some organism

UNIT 2.4- ECOSYSTEMS

CHARATERISTICS OF ECOSYSTEMS

An ecosystem refers to all living and non-living things in a habitat. It can also be, referred to as a
community of living things and the way they interact with their environment. An ecosystem is, made
up of a, community, populations, habitat and the environment. A community, refers to all living things
found in a habitat while a population is the total number of given species found in a habitat. A habitat
means an area where organisms live e.g. pond, trees and hills.

Relationships between organisms in an ecosystem

Organisms in an ecosystem do not live in isolation; they interact and depend on each other in one-
way or another. The relations include competition, predator-prey and symbiosis relationships.

Competition

This refers to whereby organisms compete with one another for food, water, space and sunlight.

Predator-prey relationship

This is a situation whereby one organism is the hunter (predator) while the other one is the hunted
(prey).e.g. lion and a zebra.

Symbiosis

This is whereby two species live together in an intimate relationship which may entails one living in,
on or every close to another. The relation can be grouped into; mutualism, commensalisms or
mutualism.

Mutualism

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 This is whereby, organisms of different species live side by side and both benefits from the relationship
e.g. cattle and cattle egret.

Commensalisms

This is whereby, organisms live side-by-side and only one benefit but the other is not hurt or made to
suffer by the relationship e.g. cattle and cattle egret.

Parasitism

This is whereby, organisms, live closer together and only one benefit while the other one is hurt or
made to suffer by the relationship e.g. ticks and cattle.

Homework

1. Research and come up with other pairs of organisms that have the following types of relationships.
a. Symbiosis
b. Commensalisms
c. Mutualism
d. Parasitism

FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS

We learnt that organisms relate with one another in different ways. These include for food. Food
supply affects the population size in different ways.

Increase in food supply usually leads to increase in population size while decrease in food supply
usually leads to decrease in population size. Predation and overgrazing also have an effect on the size
of population. The diagram below shows effect of food supply, predation and overgrazing on
population size:

Energy flow in living things

The energy used by living things during respiration originally comes from the sun. Plants leaves trap it
during photosynthesis. For this reason, plants are referred to as, producers because they produce
their own energy from the sun. Other organisms like animals do not produce their own energy. They
get energy from eating plants. These are consumers. Consumers can be, grouped into three other
groups, namely, primary consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary consumers.

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Primary consumers

These organisms feed on plants only. They are herbivores. Primary consumers get their energy from
plants e.g. goats, cows and zebras.

Secondary consumers

These feed mainly on herbivores (primary consumers). They are carnivores. They get their energy
from primary consumers e.g. cheetah, leopard and eagle.

Tertiary consumers

These feed on secondary consumers. They are carnivores that can eat other carnivores. They get their
energy from secondary consumers e.g. hyena, vulture and crow.

The flow of energy from one organism to another can also be shown using diagrams. These include
food chains, food webs and food pyramid.

Food chain

This uses arrows to show how a given organism passes energy to other organisms. It starts with
producers, followed by primary consumers then secondary consumers and ends with tertiary
consumers. Below is an example of a food chain:

Grass Goat Lion Vulture

Food web

This is a network of food chains. It shows how energy flow among the many organisms found in a
habitat. Below is the diagram of an example of a food web:

Food pyramid

This shows the amount of energy passed from one feeding level to another. It is also, used to show
the number of organisms eaten at each tropic (feeding) level. A food pyramid can be, referred to as
stable or unstable. Below are examples of the two types of, food pyramids:

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 A stable food pyramid An unstable food pyramid

Concentration of pollutants through food chains

Concentration of pollutants often increases as the pollutant is, moved from, one tropic level to
another. Tertiary consumers are often the most affected. Increase in concentration of pollutants in
bodies of organisms as they, (pollutants) move across food chains are, called, bioaccumulation or
biomagnifications.

Homework

1. From the food chain above, which organism will have the highest amount of concentration of a
poisonous substances prayed to kill locusts?
2. From the food web, what would, happen to the population of the following if the number of lions was
to increase?
a. Grass
b. vultures
3. From the two pyramids, explain why the other food pyramid is, referred to as unstable.
UNIT 2.5- SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

REPRODUCTIVE PARTS OF A FLOWER

A flower is the reproductive organ for flowering plants. It is made up of, two main parts. The male part
called, stamen and the female part called the pistil or carpel. The stamen is made up of, the filament
and the anther while the pistil is made up of the stigma, style, ovary and ovules. Below is the structure
of a flower:

Functions of parts of a flower

Parts Functions

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 Anther Produces the male sex cells

Filament Supports the anther

Stigma Receives pollen

Style Directs and guide pollen towards ovules

Ovary Produces female sex cells

Petals Attracts insects

Sepals Protect the flower while in the bud stage

Stalk Attaches and holds the flower to the flower

Homework

 Draw a well-labeled diagram of the female part of a flower.

POLLINATION

This is the transference of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma. There are two types of
pollination, self-pollination and cross-pollination. Self-pollination happens within the same plant
whereas cross-pollination happens in different plants of the same species. There diagrams below
shows the two forms of pollination:

Agents of pollination

These are things that helps carry pollen grains from the anther to the stigma. There are two agents of
pollination. These are wind and insects. Flowers that are insect pollinated differ from those that are
wind pollinated. The table below shows some differences between insect and wind pollinated flowers:

Parts of a flower Wind pollinated Insect pollinated

Small Big

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 Petals Dull coloured Brightly coloured

No nectar or scent Have a scent and nectar

Long and feathery Are straight and stiff

Stigma Hangs out the flower Inside petals

Hang loosely outside the Stiff, firmly attached and

petals. closed in petals.
Anther and filament

FERTILIZATION

This refers to the process through which the male sex cells fuses with the female sex cells. This
happens after a successful pollination. The diagrams below shows the steps involved in fertilization:

After fertilization, a zygote is produced which grows into an embryo. The embryo is contained in a
seed. A seed is formed from ovules. The seed is also contained in a fruit that formed from, the ovary.
The other parts of a flower die and dry off. Below is a diagram of a seed.

Homework

1. After fertilization, which part grows and develop into

a. A seed?
b. An ovum?
2. During germination, which part of a seed develop into;
a. A shoot?
b. A root?

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 SEED DISPERSAL

This is the process through which seeds are scattered away from their parent plant. This is important
as prevents competition from water, sunlight and mineral salts. Seeds are, dispersed through; water,
animals, wind and self.

Animal dispersal

Seed that are, animal dispersed often have the following characteristics to help them to be, carried
away by animals.

 The look fleshy, taste and are edible.

 Usually have hooks.

Wind dispersal

Seed that are, dispersed by wind often away or a combination of the following characteristics so that
they can be, easily carried away by wind.

 They are very light in weight.

 Have wing-like structures
 Have parachute-like shape

Self-dispersal

Seed that are usually self-dispersed have the following characteristics so that they can shoot away
seeds.

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 Contained in pods
 The pods have a spring-like mechanism through which they throw away seeds.

Homework

1. For each method of dispersal below, draw any other example of seed that is
a. Animal dispersed.
b. Wind dispersed.
c. Self dispersed.
MODULE 3: MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

UNIT 3.1-THE NATURE OF MATTER

DISSOLUTION OF MATTER

Dissolution refers to the process of dissolving a solute in a solvent to form a solution. A solute is a
soluble substance that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution. A solvent is a liquid in which a solute
dissolves to form a solution. A solution is a mixture in which a solute has dissolved in a solvent.
Substances that that dissolve are, said to be, soluble while those that do not dissolve are, said to be,
insoluble.

Why water is sometimes referred to as a universal solvent

Water is sometimes referred to as a universal solvent because almost all known solutes dissolve in it.
It is also because it dissolves more solutes than any other known solvents.

TYPES OF SOLUTIONS

Concentration of solutions

Concentration refers to the measure of how much solute is present in a given amount of a solution.
Solutions with a lot of solute in it are, said to be concentrated while those with less solute in them
are, said to be, dilute. The concentration of solutions is, calculated as follows:

1. Concentration per volume of solvent

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 Conc. = amount of solute(g) ÷ Amount of solvent (cm³)

2. Percentage concentration

Conc. = {amount of solute ÷ (amount of solute + solvent)} × 100%

Saturation of solutions

solutions that can still dissolve more of a solute in them at a particular temperature is said to be
unsaturated while those that can no longer dissolve any solute in it at a particular temperature is said
to be saturated. Solutions that contain more solute in them than they can normally hold at a particular
temperature are, said to be supersaturated.

Application of saturated and supersaturated solution

 Drink concentrates
 Purifying solids
 Carbonated drinks

Homework

1. A student prepared a salt solution of concentration 2.0g/cm³ from a salt solution of concentration
1.0g/cm³ by adding more salt.
a. Describe another method that the student can use to prepare the same solution of concentration
2.0g/cm³ from a salt solution of concentration 1.0g/cm³.

b. Another student prepared a salt solution using 80cm³ of water and 20g of table salt. Calculate the

i. Concentration per volume of solvent

ii. Percentage concentration
UNIT 3.3-COMPONENTS OF AIR

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Air is a mixture of gases. Dry air is, made up of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases. If air
is not dry it will also contain water vapours. The table below shows the percentages of gases that make
up air:

Gas Percentage

Nitrogen 78%

Oxygen 21%

Carbon dioxide 0.03

Other gases 0.97

CARBON DIOXIDE

Carbon dioxide makes up 0.03% of gases found in the atmosphere. It plays a very important role in
our environment, bodies and in industry. It is therefore important to know how it can be, produced.

Producing carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide can be, produced by a reaction between an acid and a carbonate. Carbonates are
chemicals such as, calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate. The set up below shows how carbon
dioxide is, produced in the laboratory:

The word equation below shows the general equation for the production of carbon dioxide in the
laboratory.

Acid + Carbonate Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water

Testing for carbon dioxide

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 To test for carbon dioxide it is bubbled through limewater. It turns limewater from clear to milky or
cloudy.

Properties of carbon dioxide

 It does not support burning

 It is slightly soluble in water.
 It turns limewater from clear to milky or cloudy.
 It is denser than air.
 It is colourless, odourless and tasteless

Uses of carbon dioxide

 To make carbonated or fizzy drinks

 In fire extinguishers to put off fire
 As dry ice to keep things frozen
 For baking to make dough rise

Homework

1. State why it is possible to, prepare and collect carbon dioxide as shown in the set-up for preparation
of the gas.
2. Why carbon dioxide is used in fire extinguishers?
3. Name any life process that uses carbon dioxide.

OXYGEN

Oxygen makes about 21% of gases that makes up our atmosphere. It plays a very important role in
bodies of living organisms. Though plants produce most of it naturally during photosynthesis, it can
also be, produced in the laboratory. The diagram below shows a set up used to prepare for oxygen:

Below is the word equation for the reaction

Hydrogen peroxide Oxygen + Water

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 Test for oxygen

Oxygen is, tested using a glowing splint test. It causes a glowing splint to relight or reignite.

Properties of oxygen

 It supports burning
 It is slightly soluble in water
 It is colourless, odourless and tasteless

Uses of oxygen

 For medical purposes to help patients who can’t breathe

 It is, mixed with acetylene to melt or cut steel.
 To support divers and mountain climber’s lives at the altitudes they can’t breathe

Homework

Why it is important to keep potted plants in hospitals during day light and remove them during the
night?

UNIT 3.4- CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

INSULATION

Insulation in buildings refers to building a house in such a way that it prevents heat loss or gain within
them. In buildings insulation depend on; the type of materials used for roofing, the presence of ceiling
and thickness of walls. The set-up below is of an activity used to investigate the suitability of building
materials for insulation:

Observations

 The house without ceiling recorded higher temperatures than the house with ceiling.
 The house with a single wall recorded higher temperatures than the house with double walls.
 Houses roofed with corrugated iron recorded higher temperatures than house with thatched roof.

Conclusion

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Material that are, suitable for insulation in a building, include, the use of thatch for roofing, double
walls and the presence of ceiling.

CONTROLLING HEAT RADIATION IN BUILDINGS

Heat loss or gain can be, further improved in a house by the position of windows, roof overhang, and
the colour of houses. These control or determine the amount of heat radiation from the sun that
enters or leaves the house.

Effect of window positioning

The set-up below is of an activity to investigate effects of window position on heat radiation in and
out of a building.

Observation

The house with windows facing the sun recorded higher temperatures than the one with windows
facing away from the sun.

Conclusion

Houses with windows facing the sun allows heat radiation from the sun into the house hence, will be
very hotter in summer while those with windows away from the sun allows less heat to enter them
hence will be cooler in summer.

Effect of roof overhang

The set-up below is of an activity to investigate effects of roof overhang on heat radiation into and out
of a building.

Observations

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 The house model with a longer roof overhang recorded higher temperatures than the one without a
roof overhang.

Conclusion

Roof over hangs prevents heat radiation from the sun from entering a house hence houses with longer
roof overhang will be cooler in summer than the ones with shorter roof overhang.

House colour

The set-up below is of an activity to investigate effects of house colour on heat radiation into and out
of a building.

Observation

The house models with black colour and grey colour recorded higher temperatures while the one with
white colours recorded lower temperatures.

Conclusion

Dull (black) colours allow too much heat to enter the house whereas bright (white) colours do not
allow too much heat to enter the house. This is because, dull colours are good absorbers of heat while
bright colours are bad absorbers of heat (reflect heat) hence houses with black or dull colour will be
warmer in summer and cooler in winter compared to those with bright colours.

Homework

1. With reasons, state the suitable colour for houses in Botswana.

2. Describe why it is wise for houses in Botswana to have windows high towards north and south instead
of high towards east and west.
MODULE 4: SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

HUMAN REPRODUCTION

PREGNANACY

Pregnancy refers to a period after fertilization when a woman has a baby growing in her womb.
Pregnancy last for 9 months or 40 weeks. Fertilization refers to the process by which the male sex cell

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 (sperms) fuses with the female sex cells (ova). The result of fertilization is, called a zygote. It then
grows and develops into a morula, blastocyst, embryo and then foetus. Below are diagrams showing
the developmental stages of an embryo:

Signs of pregnancy

 Production of the hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

 Missed period
 Morning sickness
 Swollen belly

Homework

 Describe how the clinical test for pregnancy works.

Extra- embryonic membranes

Immediately after fertilisation the zygote moves to the uterus where it attaches itself in walls of the
uterus. This is called implantation. Once implantation is complete, the embryo develops within the
walls of the uterus. The developments include the development of the placenta, umbilical cord,
amniotic sac and the amniotic fluid. Below is the diagram showing an embryo developing within the
uterus:

PART FUNCTIONS

Placenta It allows for the exchange of substances between the baby and the mother.
Also attaches the baby to the mother.

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 Umbilical cord It connects the embryo to the placenta. It also transports substances between
the baby and the placenta.

Amniotic sac It surrounds and holds the baby in place. It also produces amniotic fluid.

Amniotic fluid It acts like a cushion that protects the embryo from external shocks.

Homework

1. Find out why the blood of the baby and of the mother must not mix.
2. State what prevents them from mixing.
3. State two substances transported to the baby from the mother.
4. State two substances transported from the baby to the mother.
Stages of birth

1. contractions
2. breaking of the waters
3. dilation of the cervix
4. delivery of the baby
5. delivery of the after birth

Homework

 state two substances than are released as after birth

Multiple births

This refers to the process whereby two or more babies who have been developing in the same womb
at the same time are born. This happens when two or more ova are, released from the ovary at the
same time and both fertilized leading to fraternal twins. It can also happen when one ovum is,
released, fertilized and then break into two separate cells, which grow and develop into identical
twins. The diagrams below shows how fraternal and identical twins are, formed:

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 Identical twins fraternal twins

Homework

1. State any two differences between identical and fraternal twins.

2. State any other two types of multiple births other than twins.

Antenatal care

This refers to the care given to pregnant woman before giving birth. It is very important as it helps
make sure the baby grows and develops healthily. Antenatal care includes,

 Not taking substances that are, harmful to the unborn babies’ health e.g. alcohol, drugs and tobacco.
 Exercising
 Going for antenatal check ups
Homework

1. List five effects of taking harmful substances such as alcohol tobacco and other drugs during
pregnancy.

Nutritional needs of a pregnant woman

During pregnancy, a woman needs to eat a balanced diet. This ensures the baby is, supplied with all
the nutrients he or she needs. The following are some nutrients needed most by a pregnant mother:

Nutrient needed Importance

Protein For grow and building new tissues in the foetus.

Calcium For development of strong bones

Iron For the formation of red blood cells

Homework

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1. For each of the following nutrients, research and come up with two examples of food rich in the
following nutrients.
a. Proteins
b. Calcium
c. Iron
CHILDCARE

Babies are very delicate and highly sensitive to their environment. For babies to grow healthily, both
physically and mentally the following care should be, given to them:

 Proper diet and burping

 Bathing and clothing
 Change of nappy
 Clinical check-ups
 Safety
Breast-feeding and bottle-feeding

Breast-feeding Bottle-feeding

The milk is free The milk cost money

Milk contain antibodies Does not contain antibodies

Milk is always of the right temperature Milk is not always of the right temperature.

Chances of contamination are less. Chances of contamination are high

Nutritional needs of a lactating mother and her baby

The nutritional needs of a breastfeeding mother and her baby are the same as those of a pregnant
woman. However, a lactating mother also needs to increase the intake of fluids to increase milk
production.

IMMUNIZATION

This is the process of preparing the body to fight a disease whenever it attacks it. It makes the body
immune to a disease so that it cannot do any harm to the body. Immunization is, brought about by
vaccination or drop by mouth. The vaccine makes the body produce antibodies to a particular disease.
When the organism that causes the disease enter the body in future, the body will be, ready to fight
them. Different antibodies are, needed to fight, different diseases.

Homework

1. Find out on the differences between passive immunity and active immunity.

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 Disease Symptom Age(s) of Name of Method of
immunization vaccine vaccination

TB Continuous At birth BCG Injection

coughing and
loss of weight

Polio Paralysis of 2,3,4 and 18 Polio, Polio, Drop by

some body months Polio, Polio mouth (oral
parts booster dose drop)

Diphtheria Whitish tonsils 2,3,4 and 18 DPT, DPT, DPT Injection

at the back of months and DPT
the mouth Booster dose

Whooping A cough with a 2,3,4 and 18 DPT, DPT, DPT Injection

cough whoop sound months and DPT
Booster dose

Tetanus Jaws become 2,3,4 and 18 DPT, DPT, DPT Injection

locked months and DPT
Booster dose

Hepatitis Yellowish eyes At birth, 2,3 HBV, HBV, Injection

B and skin and 9 months HBV

Measles Rush with red 9 months Measles Injection

eyes.

Homework

Find out the Setswana names for diseases that babies are, immunized against, their symptoms, dates
of immunization, and names of vaccines and methods of immunization.

Importance of testing for HIV when pregnant

The HIV virus can pass from the mother to the child during pregnancy, labour and breastfeeding. It is
therefore important to test for HIV during pregnancy to prevent mother to child transmission.

Significance of the PMTCT programme

The PMTCT programme is very important as it

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 Helps prevent the transmission of the HIV virus from the mother to her unborn child.
 It also helps prolong the mother’s life.
MODULE 5: FORCE, MOTION AND ENERGY

UNIT 5.3 INVESTIGATING FORCES

TYPES OF FORCES

A force is referred to as a pull or a push applied by one object on another. Forces usually act in pairs
and each, acting in opposite direction. Arrows are, used to show the direction of forces acting on a
body. The diagram below shows the direction of forces acting on a chair and a person:

Force acting on the person Force acting on the chair

Homework

1. What does the term resultant force mean?

2. calculate the resultant of the following forces:
Forces maybe classified as contact and non-contact forces. Contact forces occurs when objects are
physically touching each other e.g. tension force, frictional and impact force. Non-contact or action-
at-a distance forces result when objects are not in physical contact they act at a distant e.g.
gravitational, magnetic and electrostatic.

Homework

1. With examples, describe the following forces

a. Magnetic
b. Elastic
c. Electrostatic
d. Gravitational
EFFECTS OF FORCES

When force is, applied or exerted on an object it, produces a result. The effects depend on the type of
the force and the object on which it acts. The following are effect of forces:

 It changes shape or size of an object

 It can increase speed or decrease speed of a moving object
 It can change the direction of objects

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 Homework

1. Give an example of each of the following effects of forces on objects

a. Changing shape of objects
b. Changing size of objects
c. Changing speed of an object
d. Changing direction of an object

Importance of gravitational force to life on earth

 It pulls objects towards the earth (makes object thrown into space fall back to earth)
 It keeps people or objects from falling off into space.
 It keeps the earth and all planets in their orbit around the sun
FRICTIONAL FORCE

Frictional force is a force that opposes relative motion between two surfaces in contact. Frictional
force in solids depends on the weight of the object and the nature of touching surfaces.

Frictional force in fluids

Fluids refer to gases and liquids. This is, because they flow. Frictional force in fluids is, affected by the
nature of the fluid and surface area or shape of the object moving through the fluid.

Effect of nature of the fluids on frictional force

The set-up below is of an activity to investigate effect of the nature of a fluid on friction.

Observation

The ball fell to the bottom quicker on the measuring cylinder with water and last on the one with liquid
soap.

Conclusion

Liquids with high viscosity (thicker) have more frictional force than those with less viscosity (thin)

Effects of the shape of objects on frictional force

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 The set-up below is of an activity to investigate effect of shape of an object on friction in fluids.

Observations

A streamlined coin reached the bottom of the measuring cylinder quicker than the one that is not
streamlined.

Conclusion

Shape of objects affects their frictional force in fluids. Streamlined objects have less resistance
(frictional force) than those that are not streamlined.

Effects of frictional force

 It generates a lot of heat

 Waste energy
 Slows motion
 Wears off touching surfaces

Application of frictional force in fluids

 For swimming
 Movement of aeroplanes
 Descending through parachutes

Ways of reducing frictional force

 Use of ball bearings

 Use of lubricants
 Streamlining
 Using wheels or rollers
Homework

1. State two methods that can help reduce frictional force in fluids.
2. State any two problems of frictional force.
3. State any two uses of frictional force in solids.

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 MEASURING FORCE

Force as a quantity could be, measured. An instrument used to measure force is, called a force meter.
The SI-units of force are Newton (N). The diagram below shows a force meter:

Weight is the force of gravity acting on an object. It is also a force hence is, also measured in Newton.
The formula below is, used to calculate weight:

Weight = Mass × Force of gravity

Where g = 10N/kg on Earth and 1/6 × 10N/kg at the moon

The relationship between weight and mass

The greater the mass of an object, the greater is its weight provided they are at the same point and
place. Two objects with the same mass will have the same weights as long as they are on the same
point on earth or at the moon

The differences between weight and mass

 Weight is the force of gravity acting on an object whereas mass is the amount of matter in an object.
 Weight decreases as one moves from earth to the moon whereas mass remain the same wherever
you go.
 Weight is a vector quantity whereas mass is a scalar quantity.

Homework

1. An object has a mass of 210kg. calculate its weight

a. On earth
b. At the moon
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

Atmospheric pressure refers to the amount of force applied against a surface by the weight of air
above that surface. It is the amount of force of air acting over an area. A barometer is the instrument
used to measure pressure. There are two types of them, mercury and aneroid barometer. The SI-units

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 of atmospheric pressure are the Pascal (Pa). Other units include millimeters of mercury (mmHg),
atmospheres (atm), bars and millibar (mb), which are mostly, used in weather. Below is the diagram
of a mercury barometer:

Pressure in Pascal is, calculated from the formula below:

Pressure (Pa) = Height of mercury (h)× Density of mercury(ρ) × Force of gravity (g)

Where, h = 760mm ρ = 13.6 g/cm³ g = 9.8N/kg

101300Pa = 101.3KPa = 1atm = 760mmHg = 1bar =1000mb

Effects of pressure

 It enables us to suck liquids through straws.

 It makes rubber suckers to stick on surfaces.
 Makes cans with less pressure in them collapse.
 It makes it difficult to open containers with less pressure in them.
Predicting the type of weather from weather charts

Weather can be predicted using isobar patterns in a weather chart. Isobars are lines that connect
points of equal atmospheric pressure in an area. When the lines are closer to each other, it indicates
strong winds. When they are far apart, they indicate light or calm winds. Below is a chart showing
isobar patterns of a given area:

A high (H) is an area of high pressure surrounded by lower pressure. A low (L) is an area of low pressure
surrounded by high pressure. If pressure drops rapidly, there is greater chance of rain. If the pressure

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rises rapidly, it is associated with clearing of the skies. Wind blows from an area of high pressure to
an area of low pressure.

UNIT 5.4- MOTION

LINEAR MOTION

Linear motion refers to the movement of an object along a straight line. Motion can be, described in
terms of distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration.

Distance

This is the description of how far apart two objects are. It is the actual length between two points
along a given path.

Displacement

This refers to the distance traveled in a stated direction. It is the shortest distance between two given
points in a stated direction.

The difference between distance and displacement

Distance is a scalar quantity whereas displacement is a vector quantity. Distance is the actual length
from one point to another along a path whereas displacement is the shortest distance between two
points in a stated direction.

Speed

This refers to the rate at which an object moves. It can also be, defined as the distance traveled in unit
time. The SI-units for measuring speed is meters per second (m/s). Below is the formula for calculating
speed:

Speed = Distance ÷ Time

Velocity

It refers to the rate at which an object moves in a particular direction. It can also be, said to be, the
speed of an object in a particular direction. The units of velocity are the same as those of distance.
Below is the formula for calculating velocity:

Velocity = displacement ÷ Time

The differences between speed and velocity

Speed is a scalar quantity whereas velocity is a vector quantity

Acceleration

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 This refers to the rate of change of velocity or to the increase of velocity over time. The opposite of
acceleration is deceleration. The units of acceleration are m/s² whereas those for deceleration are –
m/s².

UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM MOTION

Uniform motion/velocity

This is refers to when an object moves at a constant speed in one direction. In this case, both the
speed and direction does not change. Below are some graphs showing motion of objects with uniform
velocity:

a. Constant or uniform velocity

b. A stationary object
c. Constant velocity away from starting position
d. Stationary object
e. Object moving back to stating position

Non-uniform velocity

This is when the motion of object changes. In this case, it could be the velocity that changes or the
direction or both. The change in velocity could be and acceleration or deceleration. Below are some
examples of motions of objects with non-uniform velocity:

a. Accelerating from starting position

b. An accelerating object
c. An object decelerating until it still stops
d. A decelerating object
e. An accelerating object from rest
Motion of objects in fluids

A falling object speeds up when it is, released. As it speeds up fluid friction (resistance) acting on it
increases until it is equal to the weight of the object. As the air resistance, increases the object’s
acceleration decreases until it can no longer accelerate and moves at a constant velocity called
terminal velocity. Terminal velocity is therefore, the constant velocity of an object falling through a
fluid. It occurs when the force driving the object is equal to the frictional force opposing the movement
of the object. The diagrams below illustrate terminal velocity:

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 MODULE 6: ENERGY

UNIT 5.5- PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

Light has three main properties. These are that it travels in straight lines; it can be, reflected when it
strikes an opaque material and that it can be, refracted when it strikes a transparent material at an
angle.

Reflection

Light rays reaching a shiny surface bounces back. The bouncing back of light when it strikes an object
is, called reflection. If the rays hit a smooth plane, shiny surface such as a mirror, the reflected rays
are uniform or parallel. This is, called regular reflection. If the rays hit a rough surface, the rays are
scattered. This is, called diffuse reflection. The diagrams below show regular diffuse reflections:

The relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection

Below are simplified diagrams of rays of light hitting plane mirrors and how they are, reflected.

NB: Note that the angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection.

Images formed by plane mirrors

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 These are flat mirrors. Below is the diagram of an object and its image, as it would appear on a plane
mirror.

The image is

 laterally inverted
 The same distance from the mirror as the object
 The same size as the object
 Virtual or not real
 Always upright

Uses of plane mirrors

 In periscopes
 Kaleidoscope
 Instrument scales
Curved mirrors

There are two types of curved mirrors. These are concave mirror and convex mirrors. A concave mirror
bulges inwards. It has its shiny surface on the inside of the curve. A convex mirror bulges outwards.
Its shiny surface is on the outside of the curve. Below are the diagrams of the two types of mirrors:

Convex mirror Concave mirror

Images formed by a concave mirror

The diagrams below show images formed by a concave mirror.

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 The image is

 Bigger than the object when the object is, close to the mirror.
 Upright when the object is close to the mirror.
 Smaller than the object when the object is far from the mirror
 Upside down or inverted when the object is far from the mirror.

Uses of a concave mirror

 Dentists mirror
 Shaving mirror
 Spot lights

Images formed by a convex mirror

The diagram below shows images formed by a convex mirror:

The image is

 Always smaller than the object

 Always upright
 Virtual
Uses of a convex mirror

 Security mirrors in shops

 Wing mirrors in car

REFRACTION

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This is the bending of light, which occurs when it passes through an angle from one transparent
material to another. It is due to the change of speed by light as it enters a material of different density.
When the ray enters an optical denser medium from a less dense one (e.g. from air to glass or water),
it bends towards the normal and bends away from the normal when it enters a less dense material
from a denser one (e.g. from glass or water to air).

Refraction through a glass block

When a ray passes through a glass block, it bends towards the normal and when it leaves it bends
away from the normal.

Refraction by a glass prism

When light rays pass through a glass prism they are bent twice, first, towards the normal and then
away from it. Below is the diagram showing refraction by a prism:

Refraction through water

When a stick is placed in a beaker full of water it appears to be bent at a point where it enters the
water. This is because light rays bends when it passes from water into air. The diagram below shows
refraction through water:

REFRACTION BY LENSES

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 A lens is a transparent device made of glass to refract light such that it forms images. There are two
main types of lenses. These are diverging (concave) and converging (convex) lenses.

Converging or convex lenses

Converging also known as convex is thicker in the middle than at the ends. It bulges outwards. It makes
parallel rays passing through it to come together (converge) at a point. The point where they meet is,
called the focal point (F). The distance from the centre of the lens to the focal point is, called the focal
length. Thicker lenses have shorter focal points. The diagrams below show convex lenses and their
effects on rays of light.

Images formed by convex lenses

Images are

 Upright and magnified when the object is closer to the lens. The diagram below shows this.
 Images are upside down and smaller than the object when the object is far from the lens. The diagram
below shows this.

Uses of convex lenses

 Magnifying glass
 Spectacles to correct long-sightedness
 The eye
 Optical instruments e.g. projector, microscope, camera and telescope
Diverging or concave lenses

Diverging lens also known as concave lens bulges inwards- it is thin in the middle and thicker at the
ends. It makes light rays passing through it to move apart (diverge). The diagram below shows effects
of concave lens on light rays.

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 Images formed by concave lenses

The images are always

 Upright
 Diminished
 Virtual

Uses of convex lenses

 Eye pieces of some optical instruments

 Spectacles to correct shortsightedness

Optical instruments

These are instruments used to aid or help the capabilities of our eyes. Below are some optical
instruments and their uses.

INSTRUMENT USES

Camera It captures images (photographs) of objects.

Projector It enlarges images or pictures from slides.

Microscope To view small objects that is normally difficult to see with naked eyes.

Telescope To view things far on space e.g. planets and the moon

Binoculars To view objects from a distance e.g. game animals

Periscope To see things over an obstacle e.g. submarines to see things above water

DISPERSION

Dispersion is the process whereby white light splits into its colour components called the spectrum.
The spectrum is made up of seven colours namely; red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.
The diagram below shows dispersion:

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How a rainbow is, formed

A rainbow is, formed when white light rays from the sun are, split into colours of the spectrum by
droplets of rain as it passes through them. Colours on a rainbow are of the same as those formed by
the glass prism above.

THE EYE

The eye is an organ for seeing. For us to see an object light rays strikes the object and the object reflect
the rays into our eyes. The image is, formed into the retina and sent to the brain for interpretation.
Below is the structure of a human eye

Functions of the main parts of the eye

PART DESCRIPTION FUNCTION

Cornea Refract light rays towards the lens

Pupil A hole at the center of the Allows light entering the eye
eye

Lens Focuses light rays into the retina

Retina Acts as a screen where images are, formed.

Optical nerve Transmit impulses to the brain

Conjunctiva Protects the cornea

Iris Coloured part of the eye Controls the size of the pupil

Ciliary muscles Control the shape or thickness of the lens.

Pupil reflex action

The size of the pupil changes depending on light intensity. This is to protect the eye from damage by
too much light and to allow enough light to enter the eye. The iris controls its size. When one is in
bright light, the iris relaxes to reduce the size of the pupil. This reduces the amount of light entering
the eye. It contracts to increase the size of the pupil when one is in the dark to increase the amount
of light entering the eye. The diagram below shows how the pupil appears when one is in bright light
and when in the dark:

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Accommodation

This means the ability of an eye lens to change shape or thickness to focus images on the retina. The
thickness of the eye lens is, controlled by the ciliary muscles. When looking at a closer object ciliary
muscles contract and squeeze the lens, which make it thick. This makes the less have a short focal
length. When looking at a distant object, the muscles relax and release the lens from pressure. This
makes the lens thin and the focal length long. Below is the diagram showing the appearance of the
eye lens for distant and near objects:

Eye defects

Eye defect Problem Cause Correction

Short sighted (myopia) Cannot see far Images are focused in Corrected with concave
away objects front of the retina: spectacle lens:
clearly.

Long sighted Cannot see near Images are focused Convex spectacle lens:
(hypermetropia) objects clearly. behind the retina:

Astigmatism Cannot focus on Cylindrical lenses are

horizontal and used:
vertical lines at the
same time.

Homework

Find any other two eye defects and state their causes and treatment where necessary.

UNIT 5.6-HEAT ENERGY

EFFECTS OF HEAT

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Heat is the type of energy from ‘hot’ objects. Burning objects, frictional force, sun, electricity and
chemical reactions are some of the sources of heat. Heat has two important effects on matter. These
are expansion and contraction.

Expansion and contraction in solids

The set-up below is of an activity to investigate effects of heat on solids.

Observation

The ball easily fits into the ring before being, heated and after being, cooled. It does not fit into the
ring after being, heated.

Conclusion

Solids expand when heated and contract when cooled.

Expansion and contraction in liquids

The set-up below is of an activity to investigate effects of heat on liquids.

Observation

The level of the liquid rose when, heated and went down when, cooled.

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Conclusion

Liquids also expand when heated and contract when cooled.

Expansion and contraction in gases

The set-up below is of an activity to demonstrate effects of heat on gases.

Observation

The balloons increased in size when the air in the conical flask was heated and decreased in size when
the air was, cooled.

Conclusion

Gases also expand when heated and contract when cooled.

NB: Note that expansion and contraction are highest in gases followed by liquids and is lowest in solids.

Problems of expansion and contraction in everyday life

The problems of expansion and contraction are mostly encountered in the following fields; railway,
pipes or plumbing, glasses and electric or telephone cables. The table shows the problems and their
solutions.

Problem area Problem Solution

Railway line Buckles rails which derail Gaps are left between the rails to allow for
trains expansion

Plumbing It makes pipes that carries hot Loops are, made to give them room for expand
water or oil to burst and contract.

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 Cables It makes cables to snap in When laid in winter they are, slightly tightened to
winter or hang to low in give them room for expansion and when laid in
summer summer some sag is, allowed to allow for
contraction.

Glasses It makes glass break or crack. Thinner glasses are, made to prevent cracking or
breaking.

Uses of expansion and contraction

Thermometers

Expansion and contraction of mercury inside a thermometer makes mercury move up and down the
column of the thermometer. The extent of the expansion or contraction corresponds with
temperature.

Bimetallic strip

This is, made up of two strips of different metals that are, joined together. One of the metals is, brass
while the other is usually, iron. These metals expand at different rates when heated. Brass expands
more than iron. This makes the strip to bend towards iron. The diagrams below show a bimetallic strip
when before heating and after heating:

Thermostat

This device control temperature of some electrical appliances. It is, made up of a bimetallic strip. The
diagrams below show a hot thermostat and cold one.

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 Fire alarms

This device also uses a bimetallic strip.

When temperature within the house
increases, it makes the bimetallic strip to bend and switch on the bell, which alerts people. Below is a
diagram illustrating the set-up in a, fire alarm:

Homework

1. Find out four examples of devices that use a thermostat.

METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER

Heat always moves from a hotter place to a cooler one. This is called, heat transfer. There are three
methods of heat of heat transfer. These are conduction, convection and radiation.

CONDUCTION

This is the way heat moves mainly through solids. It is, passed by hot particles to cooler ones.
Conduction takes place at different rates in different solids. Materials that conduct heat quickly are,
said to be conductors and those that do not heat well are, said to be insulators or poor conductors of
heat. The diagram below is of a set-up to investigate the rate at which different solids conducts heat.

Observation

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 The pin fell first from the aluminum rod, then copper, steel and took longer to fall from the glass rod

Conclusion

Different materials conduct heat at different rates. Aluminum is the best conductor followed by
copper and then steel while glass is a poor conductor of heat. It can also be, noted that metals are
good conductors of heat while non-metals are poor conductors.

Homework

The set-up below is of a set-up used to investigate the conductivity of water. Use it to answer
questions that follow.

1.
a. State expected observation from the experiment.
b. What conclusion can be, drawn from the observations?
c. Explain why heating elements of electric kettles and geezers are, usually placed at the bottom of them
not at the top.
CONVECTION

This refers to the movement of heat through fluids. That is the movement of heat through liquids and
gasses. If a fluid is heated, hot particles become less dense and move to the top of the liquid while
cold ones with high-density sinks to the bottom. This creates convectional currents, which carries heat
around the fluid. The diagrams below show convectional currents in liquids and in gases.

RADIATION

This is the movement of heat through an empty space. Unlike conduction and convection the there
are no particles involve in movement of heat through radiation. Heat from the sun reaches us through
radiation. Radiation of substances is, described in terms of heat absorption and emission.

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Absorption of heat

This refers to, the rate at which heat is taken into an object. Different surfaces absorb heat at different
rates. The set-up below is of an activity to investigate absorption of heat by different surfaces.

Observation

The can with black colour recorded higher temperatures while the one that is silver in colour, recorded
lower temperatures.

Conclusion

Black surfaces or dull coloured surfaces are good absorbers of heat whereas silvery or light coloured
surfaces are poor absorbers of heat. This is because lightly coloured or silvery coloured surfaces
reflected heat outwards.

Emission of heat

This refers to the release of heat to the surrounding. The set-up below is of an activity to investigate
emission of heat by different surfaces.

Observations

The side with a black or dull surface feels warmer than the one with white or bright colour even though
the hands were, placed at the same distance from the cans.

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 Conclusion

Black or dull coloured surfaces are good emitters of heat whereas white or bright coloured surfaces
are poor emitters of heat. This is because white or bright coloured surfaces reflected heat inwards

Homework

1. Which colour of a cup will keep tea hotter for a long time (white or black)? Explain your answer.
2. Why is, the backside of an electric heater usually painted silvery?

Application of methods of heat transfer

A vacuum flask

It is used to make hot liquids hot and cold ones cold for a long time. It does this by preventing heat
loss or gain by conduction, convection and or radiation. Below is the diagram of a vacuum flask.

 The silvery surfaces reduce heat loss or gain by radiation.

 The vacuum prevents heat gain or loss by conduction and convection.
 A plastic cork reduces heat gain or loss by conduction and convection.
A car engine cooling system

This helps cool the car engine and prevent it from ‘knocking’ or damaged due to overheating. The
cooling system also uses conduction, convection and radiation to cool the engine. Below is the diagram
of a car engine:

 The cylinders conduct heat to water.

 Heat from water, move by convection to the radiator.
 The radiator (black in colour) radiates heat to the surrounding.

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 Homework

1. Draw the diagram of the solar water heating system, state its functions and describe features that help
it carry out its functions.

Natural phenomena caused by conduction, convection and radiation

 Wind/breeze
 Volcano
 Water cycle
TEMPERATURE REGULATION IN ANIMALS

This deals with ways in which organisms control their temperature or keeps their body temperature
constant. These include production of a thick layer of fat, thick layer of fur, hibernation and
evaporative cooling.

Insulation effect of fat in animals

Fats is a very poor conductor of heat, hence a very good insulator of heat. Living organisms produce
heat from within the body. Fat then prevent this heat from escaping from the body to the surrounding.
This helps keep the organism warm in winter.

How different organisms are adapted to keeping cool and warm

 Develop a thick layer of fat to prevent heat loss from the body e.g. seal and penguin
 Develop a thick layer of fur which traps air pockets around the body and prevent heat loss from the
body e.g. polar bear and arctic wolf
 Hibernate. That is goes into a deep sleep e.g. frogs and snakes
 Evaporative cooling, that is sweating, bathing or panting e.g. people, elephants and dogs

Homework

1. Find out and describe how birds are adapted to keeping warm in winter.
2. Other than evaporative cooling, how else are people adapted to keeping cool and warm?

MODULE 6: HEALTH AND SAFETY

UNIT 6.5- HYGIENIC SURROUNDING

VENTILATION

Ventilation refers to the movement of air into and out of a building. Poor ventilation is a serious health
hazard and can cause some airborne diseases and illnesses. The house is also often hot and stuffy. The
diagram below shows ventilation in a traditional and modern house.

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 Homework

1. State any, one common injury in everyday life and state how, they can be prevented.
2. Name any one, safety device and state its uses.
3. State any one, effects of poor ventilation.

SANITATION

This deals with the removal proper disposal of sewage and other domestic refuse. Improper disposal
of these wastes is also a health hazard. It can attract vectors of disease causing organisms and spread
diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, bilharzias, polio, typhoid and dysentery and pollutes water.

Hygienic ways of disposing sewage

Sewage refers to wastewater, faeces and urine. The best way to deal with it is through the building
and using of toilets, sewage pipelines and wastewater treatment plants. There are three main types
of toilets. These are pit latrines, chemical toilets and water closets (flash toilets).

Methods of disposing domestic refuse

Domestic refuse refers to solid household waste such as papers, plastics, bottles and leftovers. Some
ways of disposing domestic refuse include:

 Refuse collection
 Recycling and reusing
 Compost heaps
 Burning

MODULE 7: THE HUMAN BODY

UNIT 7.3-COMMUNICATION IN ANIMALS

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

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 The nervous system is, made up of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
The central nervous system (CNS) is, made up of the brain and the spinal cord. The peripheral nervous
system is, made up of the nerves (neurons), sense organs, sensory receptors and effector organs. A
Function of the nervous system is to control and coordinate parts of the body so that they work
together at the right time. Below is the diagram showing the nervous system:

Functions of parts of the nervous system

 Sensory organs contain receptors, which detect or receive the stimuli.

 Sensory neurons carries impulses from the sense organs to the CNS
 The relay neuron passes impulses from the sensory neurons to the motor neuron
 The motor neurons carries impulses from the CNS to the effector organs
 Brain and the spinal cord interprets impulses from the sense organs
 Effector organs help the body the body act or respond to the stimuli.
Voluntary and involuntary actions

The way the bodies respond to the stimuli or massages differs, and responses resulting from them are,
classified as voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary actions are, controlled by ones’ will. They are,
interpreted and controlled by the brain e.g. walking, talking and dancing. Involuntary actions are, not
controlled by one’s will. They may, not be controlled by one’s will e.g. heartbeat, blinking and
breathing.

Simple reflex action

These are quick involuntary actions, which are a response to possible danger. They are, interpreted at
the spinal cord e.g. knee jerk and pupil reflex.

Learned reflex action

These are reflex actions that are, acquired from past experiences. They are, also not controlled by
ones’ will e.g. salivating when hearing of your favourite food or getting an erection when seeing an
attractive person.

Homework

1. describe a path followed by impulses in

a. voluntary actions
b. involuntary actions
HORMONES

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 These are chemical substances produced by endocrine glands to control functions of specific organs.
They are, transported to their specific targets by blood. Below is the diagram of the endocrine system.

The table below shows hormones, their source and functions.

Hormone Gland or source When is it secreted Functions

Insulin Pancreas When blood sugar is It controls the level of

above normal blood sugar.

Adrenaline Adrenal glands When frightened It prepares the body

for action (flight of
fight).

Glycogen Pancreas When blood sugar is Control the level of

below level blood sugar.

Growth hormone Pituitary glands Throughout life Stimulates growth

Thyroxin Thyroid glands Throughout life Control metabolic rate

Homework

1. Find out sources, functions and when the testosterone, progesterone and oestrogen are, produced.
Record your findings as in the table below.

Medical conditions caused by hormonal imbalances

Diabetes

This is a medical condition caused by lack of insulin in the body. Lack of insulin lead less sugar being,
removed from blood. It leads to sugar being, detected from blood and urine.

Low blood sugar

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This is, caused by too much insulin produced in the body leading to too much sugar being changed to,
glycogen (fat). Less blood sugar often make people tired and feel hungry.

Goitre

This is a disease caused by lack of iodine, which also helps in the production of thyroxin. It make
people’s neck gland swell.

MODULE 8: ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETISM

UNIT 8.1- ELECTRICAL ENERGY

CIRCUITS

An electric circuit is a path followed by an electric current through interconnected devices to achieve
a certain electric effect. Circuit diagrams are usually used; to represent the path followed by an electric
current. The components of a circuit are, represented by symbols. Below are symbols of common
components of electrical circuits:

Component Name Symbol

Cell

Bulb

Resistor

Switch

Ammeter

Voltmeter

Fuse

There are two types of circuits. These are Series circuit and parallel circuit. The two depend on the
arrangement of components in a circuit. The diagrams below show these.

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In a Series circuit, components are, arranged in such a way that there is only one path for current to
follow while in a parallel circuit they are, arranged in such a way that there can be more than one
path for current to follow.

ELECTRIC CURRENT

An electric current is the flow of electrons. It is measured in ampere (A) using an instrument called an
ammeter. The ammeter is, connected in series with the components. Current flows from the positive
to the negative of the source. For current to flow there must be a complete circuit or closed circuit.

Current in a Series Circuit

Current flowing in a series circuit is the same at every point (A1=A2=A3) Hence the bulbs burning with
the same brightness regardless of the difference in the resistances of the bulbs. If more bulbs are
added in series with other components, their brightness decreases. Bulbs in series also burns with less
brightness compared to those in parallel with the same components because the resistance in a series
circuit is more than of a parallel circuit with the same components. If one bulb in a series circuit is
removed or blows out the whole circuit is broken and all the lamps goes off. Bulbs in a Christmas tree
are, normally connected in series.

NB note how the ammeter is, connected in relation to the circuit components.

Current in a Parallel Circuit

In a parallel circuit, current splits and follows different path, but its total value remains the same. That
is A1 = A2 + A3. If the bulbs are of different resistance, their brightness will be different. The one with
less resistance will be brighter. If they are of the same resistance, they will burn with the same
brightness, but brighter than, those in a series circuit with the same number of components. Adding

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extra bulbs parallel to the circuit does not affect the brightness of the bulbs. The failing of one bulb
also does not affect the other bulbs. Bulbs in houses are usually, connected in parallel.

The total current entering a junction in a circuit is equal to the total current leaving it.

POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

Potential difference is the force that drives electrons through a circuit. It is, also referred to as voltage
or electro-motive force. It is measured in volts (V) using an instrument called a voltmeter. A voltmeter
is, connected parallel to a component.

Voltage in a Series Circuit

In a series circuit, the voltage across components adds up to the total voltage from the source. Thus
VT = V1 + V2.

Voltage in a Parallel Circuit

In a parallel circuit the voltage across components are equal to the voltage produced by the source.
VT =V1 = V2.

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 MODULE 9: THE SOLAR SYSTEM

UNIT 9.1- EARTH SYSTEMS

STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH

Earth is spherical and consists of three main layers. The main layers are the core, mantle and the
crust. Below is the diagram showing layers of the earth:

The crust

It is the outer most layer of the earth. It is made up mainly of solid rocks and consists of two layers.
These are the continental crust which is made up of silica and aluminum and the oceanic crust which
is made up of silica and magnesium.

The mantle

This is below the crust. It is semi solid due to high pressure and high temperature. It consists of iron
and magnesium.

The core

The core is the innermost part of earth. It consists of the inner core and outer core. The outer core is
a liquid that is made up mainly of iron and nickel. The inner core is a solid mainly due to extreme
pressure. It is made up of iron.

Earthquakes

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 This is the shaking of ground caused by the sudden movements of tectonic plates in the earth’s crust
and upper mantle. It is, caused by a sudden release of energy in earth’s crust that creates vibrations
called seismic waves. The area under the ground where the earthquake originates is the focus
(hypocenter) whereas the area directly above it on the surface of the ground is, known as the
epicenter. The diagram below shows the focus and epicenter:

The magnitude of earthquakes is, measured in seismometer and is, recorded on a seismograph. The
Richter magnitude scale is a quantity used to quantify the magnitude of the earthquake.

Tsunamis

This is a huge wave of water that begins when the sea floor is violently, shaken by earthquakes,
volcanic eruption and other underwater explosions and landslides. This huge amount of amount of
energy is, carried in the seismic waves as it travels.

Volcanic eruption

This is whereby hot molten rocks (magma) from the mantle breaks through the earth’s crust. The
magma shoots up through the volcanic pipe. When the magna reaches the surface, it is, called lava.
The diagram below shows a volcanic eruption:

Effects of natural disasters on people’s lives

Earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, floods and draughts are, called natural disasters. The following
are some effects of these natural disasters.

 Earthquakes can make buildings collapse and kill people

 Volcanoes can cause hot lava spread and burn people, their farms and livestock.

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 Tsunamis and floods can wash away houses, people and destroy farmlands.
 Droughts can cause, crops fail, and livestock die which brings hanger and famine and consequently
death to people.

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