UNIT 2

VOCABULARIO
Sightseeing holiday

Abroad Al extranjero
Go/do sightseeing Hacer turismo urbano
Have a look around Echar un vistazo alrededor
Take pictures Tomar fotografías
Spend money Gastar dinero
Get lost Perderse
Have a great time Pasárselo bien
Go out Salir
Palace Palacio
Market Mercado
Temple Templo
Statue Estatua
Castle Castillo
Cathedral Catedral
Historic monuments Monumentos históricos
Nightlife Vida nocturna
Be worth + -ing (visiting) Vale la pena (visitar)

Holidays by the sea

Rent an apartment Alquilar un apartamento

Go camping Ir de acampada
Seaside resort Complejo vacacional
Go to the beach Ir a la playa
Sunbathe Tomar el sol
Cliff Acantilado
Yacht Yate
Sand Arena
Gentle breeze Brisa suave
Rough sea Mar revuelto
Calm sea Mar calmado
Have a swim Darse un baño
Get a suntan Ponerse moreno/a
Suntan lotion / Sun cream Crema solar
Get sunburn Quemarse
Hotels and restaurants

A single room Habitación individual

A double room Habitación doble
A twin room Habitación con camas gemelas
Full board Pensión completa
Half board Media pensión
B&B (bed and breakfast) Habitación y desayuno
Book (v) Reservar
In advance Con antelación
Tip (v) Dar propina
Waiter / waitress Camarero/a
Bill La cuenta
Wine Vino
Starters Entrantes
Main course Plato principal
Dessert Postre
How do I get to…? ¿Cómo puedo llegar a…?
There is something wrong with… Hay un problema con…
Are you ready to order? ¿Estáis listos para pedir?
I’ll have… Tomaré…
Where is the toilet? ¿Dónde está el aseo?

At the airport

Departures board Pantalla de salidas

Flight number Número de vuelo
Departure time Hora de salida
Check-in desk Mostrador de facturación
Baggage / luggage Equipaje
Hand luggage Equipaje de mano
Boarding card Tarjeta de embarque
Passport control Control de pasaporte
Duty free shops Tiendas libres de impuestos
Board Embarcar
Delay Retraso
Overhead locker Taquillas superiors
Captain / pilot Capitán / piloto
Cabin crew Tripulación de cabina
Fasten your seatbelt Abrocharse el cinturón
Take off Despegar
Land (v) Aterrizar
Terminal building Edificio de la terminal
Baggage reclaim Recogida de equipaje
Customs Aduanas
Hire / Rent a car Alquilar un coche

Activity
1. When we travelled to Tokyo we didn’t bring a map, so we got _ .
a. Lost
b. Out
c. Money
2. London is an amazing city, but everything is very expensive. We spent _ in a
week.
a. A great time
b. All our money
c. Many pictures
3. Last summer I went to Mallorca and I sunbathed almost every day. By the end of
my holidays I had got a _ .
a. Bill
b. Sun cream
c. Suntan
4. We didn’t want to stay in a hotel, so we _ _.
a. Hired an apartment
b. Hired a car
c. Travelled abroad
5. The service in that restaurant was excellent so, before leaving, I _ __ the
waiter.
a. Asked
b. Tipped
c. Said
6. I’m leaving in a few minutes. Could I pay the __ _ ?
a. Account
b. Toilet
 c. Bill
7. There was a mechanical problem and we had a two-hour _ _.
a. Delay
b. Departure time
c. Passport control
8. A woman at the check-in desk weighed our ___.
a. Passports
b. Luggage
c. Boarding cards

KEY
1. A
2. B
3. e
C
4. A
5. B
6. e
C
7. A
8. B
 ADJECTIVES ENDING IN ‘–ED’ AND ‘–ING’
ADJETIVOS TERMINADOS EN –ED E ‘-ING’

• In English we can have the same adjective ended in either ‘–ed’ or ‘–ing’, and in
each case it will have a different meaning.
En inglés podemos tener el mismo adjetivo acabado en ‘–ed’ o bien en ‘–ing’, y
en cada caso tendrá un significado diferente.
• For instance, it is not the same saying “my brother is bored” than saying “my
brother is boring”.
Por ejemplo, no es lo mismo decir “mi hermano está aburrido” que decir “mi
hermano es aburrido”.
1. ‘-ED’ ADJECTIVES
ADJETIVOS TERMINADOS EN ‘-ED’

• Those adjectives ended in ‘-ed’ describe feelings and emotions.

Aquellos adjetivos acabados en ‘-ed’ describen sentimientos y emociones. En
español, son los que van acompañados por el verbo ‘estar’ y son equivalentes a
los que terminan en ‘–ado’ o ‘–ido’.
o Examples:
 I am interested in Science and Technology.
Estoy interesado/a en Ciencias y Tecnología.
 I am always bored during summer holidays.
Siempre estoy aburrido/a durante las vacaciones de verano.

2. ‘-IN G’ ADJECTIVES
ADJETIVOS TERMINADOS EN ‘–ING’

• ‘-ing’ adjectives describe something that causes that emotion. For example, a
surprising gift makes you feel surprised.
Los adjetivos terminados en ‘-ing’ describen algo que causa esa emoción. Por
ejemplo, un regalo sorprendente (surprising) te hace sentir sorprendido
(surprised).Por lo general, son los equivalentes a aquellos adjetivos en español
terminados en ‘–ante’ o ‘–ente’ y van con el verbo ‘ser’.
o Examples:
 Diane is a very interesting person.
Diane es una persona muy interesante.
 Travelling is one of the most exciting things you can do.
Viajar es una de las cosas más emocionantes que puedes hacer.
 ACTIVITY ADJECTIVES

1. My parents are by the idea of travelling to India.

a) exciting
b) excited

2. I am certain famous people find media attention .

a) flattering
b) flattered

3. I think bungee jumping is .

a) frightening
b) frightened

4. Please stop making that noise. It’s

a) irritating
b) irritated

5. When I fail an easy exam I feel really with myself.

a) annoying
b) annoyed

6. I found the instructions rather .

a) confusing
b) confused

7. I was fired 2 years ago and las year my girlfriend left me too. I’m so .
a) depressing
b) depressed

8. I can’t understand why people are so in celebrities’ private lives.

a) interested
b) interesting

9. The Monday morning English lessons are often quite .

a) boring
b) bored
KEY
1. B
2. A
3. A
4. A
5. B
6. A
7. B
8. A
9. A
 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES
ADJETIVOS COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS

1. COMPARATIVES
COMPARATIVOS
We use comparative adjectives to compare different things, people, animals or
actions.
Usamos los adjetivos comparativos para comparar diferentes cosas, personas,
animales o acciones.
To make comparisons, it is important to distinguish between short and long
adjectives, because depending on their length they will have a certain structure
or another.
Para hacer comparaciones, es importante distinguir entre adjetivos cortos y
largos, porque dependiendo de su longitud, tendrán una estructura u otra.

Short adjectives Long adjectives

One-syllable words Words with more than two syllables
Palabras de una sílaba Palabras de más de dos sílabas
Two-syllable words ending in ‘-y’ Two-syllable words not ending in ‘-y’
Palabras de dos sílabas que terminan Palabras de dos sílabas que no
en ‘-y’ terminan en ‘-y’
RULE RULE
 We put the word ‘more’ before
 We add ‘-er’ to the adjective the adjective
Añadimos ‘-er’ al adjetivo Ponemos la palabra ‘more’ delante
del adjetivo
Examples Examples
Hard – harder Intelligent – more intelligent
Duro – más duro Inteligente – más inteligente
Small – smaller Expensive – more expensive
Pequeño – más pequeño Caro – más caro

If the short adjective ends in ‘–e’, we only add an ‘-r’.

Si el adjetivo corto termina en ‘-e’, sólo le añadimos una ‘-r’.
 o Example: late – later (tarde – más tarde)
If the short adjective ends in ‘-y’, it turns into an ‘i’, and is followed by ‘–er’.
Si el adjetivo corto termina en ‘-y’, se transforma en una ‘i’ y va seguido de ‘-er’.
o Example: happy – happier (feliz – más feliz)
If the adjective has one syllable and it ends in vowel + consonant, then the
consonant is doubled.
Si el adjetivo es de una sílaba y termina en vocal + consonante, entonces la
consonante se dobla.
o Example: big – bigger (grande – más grande)

The previous rules are also applied for short adjectives in the superlative mode.
Las reglas anteriores también se aplican a los adjetivos cortos en el superlativo.

Comparative adjectives are usually followed by the word ‘than’, plus the person
or object with which we are comparing the subject of the sentence.
Los adjetivos comparativos normalmente van seguidos de la palabra ‘than’
(‘que’), más la persona u objeto con el cual estamos comparando el sujeto de la
frase.
o Example: Dogs are more affectionate than cats.
Los perros son más cariñosos que los gatos.
If the comparison involves two identical persons or items, then we use the
structure: “as + adjective + as”.
Si la comparación implica dos personas u objetos idénticos, usamos la estructura
“as + adjetivo + as”.
o Example: Your job is as enriching as mine.
Tu trabajo es tan enriquecedor como el mío.

2. SUPERLATIVES
SUPERLATIVOS

We use superlative adjectives to compare one member of a group of objects,

animals, persons or actions with the rest of the whole group.
Usamos los adjetivos superlativos para comparar un miembro de un grupo de
objetos, animales, personas o acciones con el resto del grupo entero
 As well as the comparative mode, in the superlative it is essential to distinguish
short adjectives from long ones.
Así como en el modo comparativo, en el superlativo es esencial distinguir los
adjetivos cortos de los largos.
The criteria to distinguish them are the same than in the comparative mode, so
you can take a look at the chart above to review them.
Los criterios para diferenciarlos son los mismos que los del modo comparativo,
así que puedes echarle un vistazo a la tabla de arriba para repasarlos.
The word structure the only thing that varies. For short adjectives, we add ‘-est’,
and for long ones, we add the word ‘most’ before the adjective.
La estructura de las palabras es lo único que varía. Para los adjetivos cortos
añadimos ‘-est’, y para los largos, añadimos la palabra ‘most’ delante del
adjetivo.
o Examples:
 Frank is the shortest boy in the class.
Frank es el chico más bajo de la clase.
 A house is the most expensive thing you can buy.
Una casa es lo más caro que puedes comprar.
Superlative adjectives are preceded by the word ‘the’.
Los adjetivos superlativos van precedidos por la palabra ‘the’.
o Example: You are the most amazing person I have ever met!
¡Eres la persona más asombrosa que jamás he conocido!

3. IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
ADJETIVOS IRREGULARES

There is a set of adjectives that do not follow the rules above. Instead, they take
completely different words to make the comparative or the superlative form.
Hay un grupo de adjetivos que no siguen ninguna de las reglas anteriores. En su
lugar, toman palabras totalmente distintas para formar el comparativo o el
superlativo.
These adjetives are:
Estos adjetivos son:
Adjective Comparative Superlative
Good Better The best
Bad Worse The worst
Far Further The furthest
Little Less The least
 ACTIVITY CONPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

1. My sister is than my father.

a) taller
b) the tallest
c) more taller

2. My son is student in his class.

a) younger than
b) the younger
c) the youngest

3. Her husband is about 25 and she is two years younger than .

a) he
b) him
c) his

4. Jane’s house is as mine.

a) as big
b) as bigger
c) as same

5. The hotel was from the airport than we were told.

a) farer
b) more far
c) further

6. Could we have lunch a bit tomorrow?

a) early
b) earlier
c) earlyer

7. I don’t visit my grandparents often as I would like.

a) as
b) than
c) more

8. It’s the sandwich I’ve ever tried.

a) best
b) most best
c) bestest

9. Our teacher is not as as he thinks he is.

a) cleverer
b) more clever
c) clever
10. She would look much with short dark hair.
a) good
b) the better
c) better

KEY
1. A
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. C
6. B
7. A
8. A
9. C
10.C
 QUANTIFIERS

1. TOO AND ENOUGH

We use ‘too’ and ‘enough’ to talk about the quantity of something.

Usamos ‘too’ (demasiado) y ‘enough’ (suficiente) para hablar sobre la cantidad de algo.

Too Enough
Too + adjective (+ full infinitive) Adjective + enough (+ full infinitive)
Example: It’s too hot (to cook a Example: You are not tall enough (to
With an adjective stew). play basketball).
Con un adjetivo
Hace demasiado calor (para cocinar No eres suficientemente alto (para
un potaje). jugar al baloncesto).
Too + many / much + noun (+ full Enough + noun (+ full infinitive)
infinitive) Example: She has enough money (to
With a noun Example: Christian works too many buy a house).
Con un sustantivo hours (to have any hobby). Ella tiene suficiente dinero (para
Cristian trabaja demasiadas horas comprarse una casa).
(para tener algún hobby).
Too + adverb (+ full infinitive) Adverb + enough (+ full infinitive)
Example: He arrived too late to see Example: He was driving quickly
the opening of the performance. enough (to get noticed by the
With an adverb Él llegó demasiado tarde (para ver police).
Con un adverbio
la abertura de la actuación). Él conducía suficientemente rápido
como para llamar la atención a la
policía.

2. MUCH AND MANY

We use ‘many’ with countable nouns.

Usamos ‘many’ con sustantivos contables. Se traduce como “muchos/as”
o Example: There are many apples in the basket.
Hay muchas manzanas en la cesta.
We use ‘much’ with uncountable nouns, usually in negative and interrogative
sentences.
Usamos ‘much’ con sustantivos incontables, normalmente en frases negativas o
interrogativas. Se traduce como “mucho/a”
o Example: My mum never shows much interest in football.
Mi madre nunca muestra mucho interés en el fútbol.
 We can add the word ‘too’ before ‘many’ or ‘much’ to express that there is more
than we need (or expect) of something.
Podemos añadir la palabra ‘too’ delante de ‘many’ o ‘much’ para expresar que
hay más de lo que necesitamos (o esperamos) de algo. Se traduce como
“demasiado/a” o “demasiados/as”.
o Examples:
 There were too many people in the party.
Había demasiadas personas (demasiada gente) en la fiesta.
 She is always bored because she has too much free time.
Ella siempre está aburrida porque tiene demasiado tiempo libre.

3. SOME AND ANY

Both ‘some’ and ‘any’ can be used with either countable or uncountable nouns,
to express an indefinite quantity.
‘Some’ y ‘any’ se pueden usar tanto con sustantivos contables como incontables,
para expresar una cantidad indefinida. ‘Some’ se traduce como “algunos/as” y
‘any’ como “algún/o/a” o “algo de”, dependiendo del contexto.
The only difference is that ‘some’ is used in affirmative sentences and ‘any’ in
negative and interrogative ones.
La única diferencia es que ‘some’ se usa en oraciones afirmativas y ‘any’ en
negativas e interrogativas. En las oraciones negativas, ‘any’ se traduce como
“ningún” o “ninguno/a”.
o Examples:
 There are some good restaurants in this city.
Hay algunos restaurantes buenos en esta ciudad.
 Is there any letter for me?
¿Hay alguna carta para mí?
However, we can use ‘some’ in interrogative sentences when we are making an
offer or a request.
Sin embargo, podemos usar ‘some’ en frases interrogativas cuando hacemos un
ofrecimiento o una petición:
o Examples:
 Would you like some cake?
¿Quieres (un poco de) tarta?
 Can I have some coffee, please?
¿Puedo tomar (un poco de) café, por favor?
 We can also use ‘any’ in affirmative sentences when we mean “I don’t mind
which one”.
También podemos usar ‘any’ en frases afirmativas cuando queremos decir “no
me importa cual”. Se traduce como “cualquier/a”.
o Examples: Any fruit is good for your health.
Cualquier fruta es Buena para tu salud.

4. NO AND NONE

‘No’ is an alternative for ‘any’ if we don’t want to use the verb in the negative. It
is used with countable and uncountable nouns.
‘No’ es una alternativa para ‘any’ si no queremos poner el verbo en negativo. Se
usa con sustantivos contables e incontables.
So, if the verb is in the affirmative and we want to deny something, we can use
‘no’ followed by a noun.
Por tanto, si el verbo está en afirmativo y queremos negar algo, podemos usar
‘no’ seguido de un sustantivo.
o Examples:
 I don’t have any money  I have no money.
Ambas frases se traducen igual: No tengo dinero.
‘None’ is a pronoun and, as such, is not followed by any noun. It can be used with
countable and uncountable nouns.
‘None’ es un pronombre y, como tal, no va seguido de ningún sustantivo. Se
puede usar con sustantivos contables o incontables y se traduce como
“ninguno/a” o “nada”.
o Examples: How much money do you have? – None.
¿Cuánto dinero llevas? – Nada.

5. FEW AND A FEW, LITTLE AND A LITTLE

‘Few’ and ‘a few’ are used with countable nouns, whereas ‘little’ and ‘a little’ are
used with uncountable nouns
‘Few’ y ‘a few’ se usan para sustantivos contables, mientras que ‘little’ y ‘a little’
se usan con sustantivos incontables.
On the other hand, ‘few’ and ‘little’ have a connotation of “not being enough”
whereas ‘a few’ and ‘a little’ have the meaning of “being enough”.
Por otra parte, ‘few’ y ‘little’ tienen una connotación de “no ser suficiente”,
mientras que ‘a few’ y ‘a little’ tienen el sentido de “ser suficiente”.
 Countable Uncountable
Negative sense: “not enough” Few Little
Sentido negativo: “no es suficiente” Pocos/as Poco / poca
Positive sense: “enough” A few A little
Sentido positivo: “es suficiente” Unos/as pocos/as Un poco

o Examples:
 She has few friends (in a negative sense)
Ella tiene pocos amigos (en un sentido negativo)
 She has a few friends (in a positive sense)
Ella tiene unos pocos amigos (en un sentido positivo)
 There is little food (it is not enough)
Hay poca comida (no es suficiente)
 There is a little food (it is enough)
Hay un poco de comida (es suficiente)

6. PLENTY AND PLENTY OF

‘Plenty of’ means “more than enough”, and it can be used with countable or
uncountable words.
‘Plenty of’ significa “más que suficiente” (“de sobra”), y puede usarse con
palabras contables o incontables.
o Example: There is plenty of bread.
Hay pan de sobra.
‘Plenty’ without the preposition ‘of’ is a pronoun and it is not accompanied by
any other word. We use it when we already know what we are talking about in a
conversation.
‘Plenty’ sin la preposición ‘of’ es un pronombre y no va acompañado de ninguna
otra palabra. Lo usamos cuando ya sabemos de lo que se habla en una
conversación.
o Example: Is there any rice left? – Don’t worry, there is plenty.
¿Queda algo de arroz? – No te preocupes, hay de sobra.

7. A LOT OF AND LOTS OF

‘A lot of’ and ‘lots of’ can be used in exactly the same way: with countable and
uncountable nouns in affirmative sentences.
‘A lot of’ y ‘lots of’ se pueden usar exactamente de la misma manera: con
sustantivos contables e incontables en oraciones afirmativas. Se traduce como
“un montón de” o “montones de”.
o Examples: In February we usually have a lot of / lots of exams.
En febrero normalmente tenemos un montón de / montones de exámenes.
 ACTIVITY QUANTIFIERS
1. I don’t like this place. There are people here.
a) too much
b) too many
c) enough

2. She is a lonely girl. She has friends.

a) a few
b) little
c) few

3. We have had rain these days.

a) plenty
b) a lot of
c) many

4. There enough umbrellas for everyone.

a) aren’t
b) don’t
c) isn’t

5. My grandfather is retired, so he has free time.

a) much
b) many
c) a lot of

6. How many sisters do you have?

.
a) Any.
b) None.
c) A lot of.

7. I am worried because I think I made mistakes in the essay.

a) little
b) few
c) a few

8. We are not in a hurry, because we have time.

a) plenty
b) plenty of
c) many
9. He isn’t tall to reach the top shelf.
a) enough
b) too many
c) much

10. We have work to do today.

a) much too
b) too many
c) too much

KEY
1. B
e
2. C
3. B
4. A
S. e
5. C
6. B
e
7. C
8. B
8.
9. A
9.
e
lO.C
 READING UNIT 2
Order the sentences below to make a story. The first sentence of the story (A) is already given for
you.

A) Andrew Sanders was born in the UK in 1895, but his childhood wasn’t a happy one.
B) That was when he first learned to cook, and he improved very quickly.
C) Over the next ten years Andrew developed his secret hamburger recipe that made him
famous.
D) Sanders enjoyed a long retirement and visited restaurants all over the world until he died in
1978, aged 83.
E) His father passed away when he was five and his mother had to find a job to support the
family, so Andrew stayed at home to take care of his younger sister.
F) In the 1970s he decided to close down his own restaurant and sold the secret recipe to other
resourceful businesses, one of which became McDonald’s.
G) He left home when he was thirteen and travelled to the USA. There he had several different
jobs, including being a kitchen assistant in Corbin, Kentucky, where he cooked for hungry
travellers.

KEY
A–E–G–B–C–F–D
 UNIT 2
WRITING

PART 1
Fill in the form (3 minutes)

HOTEL BOOKING ONLINE – REGISTRATION FORM

Username

Date of Birth (day month year)

City / Town / Village

[Mobile number]

House:

[Delivery address] Street:

State:

PART 2
You have joined the ‘HOTEL BOOKING ONLINE’ service. Fill in the form with complete
sentences. Use 20-30 words. You have 7 minutes.

MEMBER FORM
Please tell us about the place where you want to spend your holidays.
PART 3
You are a member of HOTEL BOOKING ONLINE website and you are in the chat room.
You are talking to Jack, a customer who is also looking for a hotel. Talk to Jack using
complete sentences. Use 30 to 40 words per answer. You have 10 minutes.

Jack: Hi! I see you are new here. I joined a few days ago because I’m looking for a
suitable hotel in Cambridge. Why did you join?

You:

Jack: What do you think about the service?

You:

Jack: How do you feel about the recent rise in the price of the fee? It was 20% cheaper
a month ago.

You:
PART 4
You are a member of the ‘HOTEL BOOKING ONLINE’ service. On your last visit to their
website you saw the notice below.

Dear costumers,

We are sorry to inform you that from next month the service fee will go up by 20%.
We also have to change the time of the customer service: Now it will be only in the
mornings from 10am to 1pm.
We feel sorry for the troubles that this change may cause.

Please feel free to email us at [email protected]

Write an e-mail to friend who also uses the ‘HOTEL BOOKING ONLINE’ service. Write
your feelings about the message you received and suggest possible alternatives. Write
about 50 words. You have 10 minutes.
Now, write an email to the management, explaining your feelings about the change
and suggesting possible alternatives. Write about 120-150 words. You have 20
minutes.
 SPEAKING

PART 1
• Where did you go for your last holidays? (30s)
• What do you dislike doing when you are on holiday? (30s)
• Where do you plan to go for your next holiday? (30s)

PART 2

• Describe and compare these pictures (45s)

• What sort of people would choose to do these activities? (45s)
• Which of these two activities would you prefer to do? (45s)
PART 3

• Describe this picture (45s)

• Tell me about a time you laughed a lot (45s)
• Do people from different countries laugh at the same things? (45s)
PART 4
Look at the picture (but do not describe it). Answer the questions in no more than 2
minutes.

• Tell me about a time you got lost.

• How did you feel? What did you do?
• What do people usually do when they get lost?