SDH
SDH
SDH
Objectives
References
PDH signal with a higher transmission rate are obtained by multiplexing several lower-
rate signals.
PDH digital signal hierarchy has three section:
European Series.
Japanese series.
Disadvantages :
• Since PDH adopts asynchronous multiplexing method, low-rate signals cannot be
directly added or dropped from high-rate signals. Therefore, adding and dropping
must be conducted level by level.
• Increases the cost, Power consumption, complexity and the impairment to the
signal.
• Decrease the transmission performance.
Emergence of SDH
• Network that can transmit, switch, and process a large amount of information.
• Universal interface.
Characteristics of SDH
2488.32Mb/s
622.08Mb/s
155.52Mb/s
Digital signals in all the network elements in a SDH network are controlled by a master
clock. The signals are clock aligned to each-other, and thus termed as synchronous.
Lower-rate signals are multiplexed into higher rate SDH signals using byte interleaved
multiplexing method. The location in the SDH frame is predictable. Therefore lower-rate
signals can be directly added to or dropped from higher-rate signals.
Abundant overhead bits for OAM function are arranged in the frame structure of SDH
signals.
Objectives
Advantages of SDH:
SDH provides universal standards for both electrical and optical interfaces.
So, SDH equipment for different vendors can be easily interconnected.
SDH networks can be used for transmitting PDH services, as well as signals of other
hierarchies, such as ATM, FDDI.
FDDI
PDH
SDH Frame Structure and Multiplexing
STM-1
Bytes 270
Bytes 1
Bytes 2430
Bit Rate Calculation
1
1
1
2
270
3
4
SDH Frame has 9 Rows and
270 Columns.
5
SDH Base Rate = 9 rows X 270 columns X 8 bits/bytes X 8000 frames per sec
= 155520000 = 155.52 Mbps
Frame Structure of STM-1
9 10 11 270
1
SOH
3
4 AU-PTR
5
PAYLOAD
SOH
9
Frame Structure
RSOH POH
Payload
AU Pointer
J3
B3
MSOH C2
G1 C4
F2 Data Payload
H4
F3
SOH is classified as RSOH and MSOH.
K3
MSOH
139264Kb/s
TUG-2
X3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12
2048Kb/s
POINTER PROCESSING
MULTIPLEXING
ALLIGNING
MAPPING
Mapping 140Mbps (E4) signal to C4
139.264 Mb/s
P
C-4 O C-4 PTR C-4
H
VC-4 AU-4
SOH
P
PTR O C-4
H
SOH
Multiplexing 134Mbps signal into STM-1
TU-PTR
34 Mb/s P
C-3 O VC-3 TU-3
VC-3 TUG-3
TU-3 TUG-3
C-4
H
VC-3
X3
SOH
P
PTR
STM-1
AU-4 PTR
PTR
AU-4
VC-4 O
H
VC-4
C-4
SOH
Multiplexing 2Mb/s signal into STM-1
+HO-POH
+SOH +AU-PTR
STM - 1 AU - 4 VC - 4
PIR
Classification Of SDH Over-Head
CLASSIFICATION:
Overhead in SDH signals supports Network Management at Both Path and Section Levels. i.e.
➢ Section Overheads
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M1 E2 X X
Continue…..
B2 : Bit Error Monitoring. The B2 Bytes contains the result of the parity check of the previous STM
frame, except the RSOH, before scrambling of the actual STM frame. This check is carried out with a
Bit Interleaved Parity check (BIP24)
K1, K2 Automatic Protection Switching (APS). In case of a failure, the STM frames can be routed new
with the help of the K1, K2 Bytes through the SDH Network. Assigned to the multiplexing section
protection (MSP) protocol
K2 (Bit6,7,8) MS_RDI: Multiplex Section Remote Defect Indication (former MS_FERF: Multiplex Section
Far End Receive Failure)
D4 to D12 Data Communication Channel at 576 kbit/s (DCCM). (See also D1-D3 in RSOH above)
S1 (Bit 5 - 8) Synchronization quality level:
0000 Quality unknown
0010 G.811 10-11/day frequency drift
0100 G.812T transit 10-9 /day frequency drift
1000 G.812L local 2*10-8/day frequency drift
1011 G.813 5*10-7/day frequency drift
1111 Not to be used for synchronization
E2 Engineering Order wire (EOW). Same function as E1 in RSOH
M1 MS_REI: Multiplex Section Remote Error Indicator, number of interleaved bits which have been
detected to be erroneous in the received B2 bytes. (former MS_FEBE: Multiplexing Section Far End
Block Errored)
Z1, Z2 Spare bytes
SDH Path OverHead
I TAKE CARE OF
GOODS INSIDE
I TAKE CARE OF
WHOLE TRUCK
POH
SOH
Path OverHead Bytes
HO-POH LO-POH
SOH
P
PTR O VC-4 VC-12 VC-12 VC-12 VC-12
H
SOH
B3 Path BIP-8
SOH
C2 Path Signal Label
P
PTR O VC-4 G1 Path Status
H
H4 TU Multiframe Indi
K3 AP Switching
N1
Network Operator
SDH LO-POH
V5 J2 N2 K4
SDH network is intended to be a synchronous network. However, there will always be slight
timing differences because different clock are being used or the same clock is being
distributed over long distances.
SDH pointers allow this limited asynchronous operation within the synchronous network.
Pointers are classified into AU-PTR and TU-PTR, which are used for aligning of VC-4 and
VC-12 respectively.
Administrative Unit Pointer AU-PTR
Float H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3
PAYLOAD
SOH
P
PTR O
H
SOH
PAYLOAD
Tributary Unit Pointer TU-PTR
V5
V1 V2 V3 V4 V1 V2 V3 V4
TU-PTR Is used to indicate the specification location of first byte (V5) of the VC-12 within the TU-12 payload so
that the receiver can properly extract the VC-12. It is located in the bytes denoted by V1, V2, V3 & V4 within
TU-12 Multiframe.
V1 and V2 contains the start address of TU-12 Multiframe.
SDH Network Elements
BLSR/2 BLSR/2
ADM Or ADM DSC
ADM ADM Or ADM
BLSR/4 BLSR/4
Central office
UPSR UPSR
DCS ADM Linear add/drop
ADM
Access ring
ADM
Objectives
✓ Linear Protection:- Linear multiplex section protection for point –to-point. (linear
MSP)
✓ Ring protection:- Multiplex section shared protection ring (MSSP) for ring
structures.
Linear Protection
• The SDH signal is split and simultaneously transmitted over both fibers.
• The Selector in destination selects the best of the two signals based on their
quality.
• The working and protection fibers have to be diversely routed
Linear Protection
• Link protection:
– 1:1 scheme,
• Two diversely routed fibers: a working fiber and a protection fiber.
• The signal is transmitted over the working fiber.
• If this fiber fails, then the source and destination both switch to the
protection fiber.
– The 1:N scheme
• Generalization of the 1:1 scheme,
• N working fibers are protected by a single protection fiber.
• Only one working fiber can be protected at any time.
• Once a working fiber has been repaired, the signal is switched back, either
automatically or manually, from the protection fiber to the working fiber.
PROTECTION LINE
ADM WORKING LINE-1 ADM
WORKING LINE-2
WORKING LINE-3
X
Ring Protection
Direction of Transmission
Line Switching and Path Switching.
Direction of Transmission.
K1 K2
K2
K1
R-LOS
1 : 1 linear Protection
R-LOS
2F- MSPRing Protection
2F- MSPRing needs two fibers. One of the each Fiber is defined as Working Channel (S),
and the other channel is defined as Protection Fiber
2F- MSPRing Protection
The working Channel is one direction is divided into Working channel S1 and Protection
Channel P2, While the Other direction is divided into S2 and P1.
ADM
D
Objectives
ADM
A
ADM
D
Objectives
SDH signals are controlled by Master Clock called Primary Reference Clock (PRC).
The signals are clock aligned to each other and thus called as Synchronous.
Master/ Slave clock synchronization uses a hierarchy of clocks in which each level of the
hierarchy is synchronized with the reference to a higher level, the highest level being the PRC.
Tributary Interface Clock Source: Reference clock from tributary Interface (PDH)
The SSM and S1 bytes are used to perform the clock automatic protection switching.
S1 ( b5 ~ b8 ) indicated which level of synchronization is being used at the transmit end.
In a Network, each NE in sequence tracks the
same clock reference source through a specific
clock reference path.
Generally NE has more than one path to obtain
NE-1 the synchronous clock source.
Or from West i.e. NE-1 => NE-6 => NE-5 => NE-4
NE-3 NE-5
NE-4
2:42:06 PM
NE-1
NE-2 NE-6
X
NE-3 NE-5
NE-4
2:59:21 PM
NE-2 NE-6
Order-Wire (EOW)
Order-Wire is the voice communication facility provided between the nodes in SDH network.