Everything About Led Driver

Hangzhou Youte Power Co., Ltd.
Email: [email protected]
Table of Contents
What is LED driver ..................................................................................................................... 2
Dimensions to Describe LED Driver ........................................................................................... 2
External vs. Interior ........................................................................................................... 2
Switching Power Supply vs. Linear Regulator.................................................................... 3
Isolated vs. Non-isolated ................................................................................................... 4
Constant current vs. Constant voltage .............................................................................. 4
Class I vs. Class II ............................................................................................................... 5
Class 1 vs. Class 2 .............................................................................................................. 5
Dimmable vs. Non-dimmable............................................................................................ 6
0-10V/1-10V dimming. .............................................................................................. 6
PWM dimming. ......................................................................................................... 7
Triac dimming. ........................................................................................................... 8
DALI dimming. ........................................................................................................... 8
DMX dimming............................................................................................................ 9
Other Protocols. ........................................................................................................ 9
Waterproof vs. Non-waterproof........................................................................................ 9
How to Choose a Suitable LED Driver ..................................................................................... 10
Position the product. ....................................................................................................... 10
Go through [section 2: .................................................................................................... 10
Understand the input voltage. ........................................................................................ 10
Find the right output voltage, current and power........................................................... 11
Form factor. ..................................................................................................................... 12
Environment level. .......................................................................................................... 12
How to Find a Better LED Driver ............................................................................................. 12
Efficiency.......................................................................................................................... 12
PF (Power Factor) and THD (Total Harmonic Distortion)................................................. 13
Inrush current.................................................................................................................. 13
Surge protection. ............................................................................................................. 14
Output ripple and flickering. ........................................................................................... 15
Line and load regulation.................................................................................................. 15
Programmability. ............................................................................................................. 16
Time dimming. ........................................................................................................ 16
CLO (constant lumen output). ................................................................................. 16
Thermal protection by NTC (negative temperature coefficient) thermistor....... 17
Tc, max case temperature. .............................................................................................. 18
Standby power................................................................................................................. 19
12V or 24V auxiliary power. ............................................................................................ 19
Lifetime and MTBF (Mean Time between Failures). ....................................................... 20
Certificate. ....................................................................................................................... 21
Summary ................................................................................................................................. 21
Website: https://www.upowertek.com
Everything about LED Driver

LED lighting is penetrating to everybody’s life, and it becomes more intelligent and more
sophisticated. When designing a high quality and great performance luminaire, the design
engineer has to understand the LED driver carefully since it is the heart of a light fixture. This article
describes the most frequently used concepts about the LED driver and provide the methods to
select a suitable and qualified LED driver.
What is LED driver
LED driver, also named as LED power supply, normally converts AC or DC voltage into a regulated
DC output with either constant current or constant voltage.
Fig.1 DC vs. AC
As we know that LED can only be driven by constant current due to the LED V-I characteristics as
Fig.2 shows but some LED modules or strips have current limit resistors or linear regulators inside
so as to be driven by constant voltage like 12V, 24V typically thus we also call thus constant voltage
output power supplies as LED driver.
Fig.2 LED V-I Characteristics
Dimensions to Describe LED Driver
External vs. Interior
LED drivers can be built inside lamp (Interior), or put on the surface of a light fixture or even put
outside a fixture (External). Most of the low power indoor lights especially bulbs adopt interior LED
drivers to make a lower cost and better looking product but the external drivers are frequently
used for down lights and panel lights.
Fig.3 Lamp with Built-in Drivers

And as the power further increases, the thermal situation inside the lights becomes worse, thus
external drivers are more adopted in high power applications like street lights, flood lights, stadium
lights and grow lights. The other advantage external driver has is easy replacement for
maintenance.
Fig.4 Tunnel Light with External Driver
Switching Power Supply vs. Linear Regulator
Linear LED drivers are often seen in AC LED, signage and strip applications and it is so simple that
a resistor or a regulated MOSFET or IC can finish the job of making a constant current for LED. So
it is very easy for power supplies to adapt and allows a super wider range choices of constant
voltage power supplies such as 12V, 24V drivers. The drawback of linear regulator is that the power
loss is high thus the light efficacy can not be as high as switching power supplies.
Fig.5 AC Linear Driver

And obviously the great advantage of switching supply is the high efficiency which results in high
light efficacy which is the key parameter for most light application. And compared with AC LED,
switching power supply has higher power factor, surge immunity and less flickering.
Fig.6 Switching Power Supply
Isolated vs. Non-isolated
When we compare those two items, both are referred to switching power supplies. Isolated design
has adequate voltage insulation between input and output, and normally it is 4Vin+2000V
according to UL and CE and 3750Vac according to 3C standards. The insulation prevents the high
input voltage from penetrating to output thus improves safety and sacrifice the efficiency (~-5%)
and cost (~+50%) by using highly insulated transformer rather than inductor as the man power
transferring component. Non isolated design is just opposite, and it is mainly adopted in low power
built-in designs.
Fig.7 Isolated design vs. non-isolated design
Constant current vs. Constant voltage
There is no doubt that LED should be driven by a constant current source due to LED special V-I
characteristic, but when there is a linear regulator or resistor in series with the LED to provide the
current limitation, a constant voltage driver can be used. Due to the much higher efficiency,
constant current driver is the main stream for general lighting like bulbs, linear lights, down lights,
street lights etc. while constant voltage drivers with 12V, 24V even 48V are used for signage and
strip as the main solution. By using the constant voltage solution, it is very easy for users to
configure the amount of the light as long as the total power does not exceed the power supply
rating thus it provides a lot of flexibility for field installation.
Fig.8 Constant Current Application vs. Constant Voltage Application
Class I vs. Class II
Here I and II are written in Roman numerals, rather than 1 and 2, which has totally different
meaning shown in the next item. Class I and class II are the concept from IEC (International Electro-
technical Commission) standards while they both define the internal construction and electrical
insulation of a power supply so as to provide safety against electric shock. IEC Class I input drivers
have basic insulation and shall have protective earth (ground) connection to eliminate the electric
shock. IEC Class II input models feature additional safety precautions such as double insulation or
reinforced insulation, thereby there is no need for a protective earth (ground) connection. In
general, class I driver has ground cable at input side and class II does not have but has higher
insulation level from input to either enclosure or output. And here is the normal used symbols for
class I and class II.
Fig.9 Symbols for Class I and Class II (Independent and built-in)
Class 1 vs. Class 2
Using the Arabian numerals, class 1 and class 2 are NEC (National Electric Code) concepts
describing the output feature of a power supply output with less than 60Vdc in dry location/30Vdc
in wet location, less than 5A current, and less than 100W power, as well as the detail requirement
for the circuit design feature. UL Class 2 driver is regulated by UL1310 and UL8750, and there is
quite a lot of benefits using class 2 driver whose output is considered as safe terminal and no extra
protection is required at the LED modules or light fixtures thus it saves cost for insulation and safety
test. However, these limitations pose restrictions on the number of LEDs a Class 2 driver can
operate.
Fig.10 Class 2 Specification

UL Class 1 include all the drivers out of the range of class 2 and is regulated by UL1012 and UL8750.
Although class 2 drivers has good advantages of simplifying the safety design of light fixture, class
I drivers are still widely used because of higher efficiency and more uniform light output due to the
lower output current and having more LEDs in series. In real applications, class 2 drivers are more
used in the lights which are easy to be touched by users, such as grow lights, while class 1 drivers
are more adopted in highly mounted lights such as stadium and pole lights.
Dimmable vs. Non-dimmable
Each light is born to be dimmed in this new era. This is a big topic since there are quite a few of
dimmable schemes and let’s introduce one by one.
0-10V/1-10V dimming.
It is also called analog dimming and most widely used. It was derived from era of fluorescent
and defined by IEC60929 Annex E.
Fig.11 0-10V Signal Definition

The drawback of this control scheme is that the dimming cable can have voltage drop if cable
is long thus the consistency of the lights can not be ideal. Also each driver may need 100-500uA
dimming control current from the master controller thus the maximum quantity of a lighting
system is always limited.
Fig.12 Typical 0-10V Dimmers and Dimming Diagram
PWM dimming.
To overcome the drawback of 0-10V dimming, PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) dimming is
utilized for more and more projects though the popularity is still far less than 0-10V. PWM
signed is generated by the master as a digital signal, thus the signal on the dimmable cable can
be very consistent. PWM duty cycle is detected by the driver to determine the output current.
Now there are two methods to realize PWM dimming driver in the market, one is “fake” PWM
dimming, there is RC (resistor-capacitor) filter inside the driver and the PWM dimming signal
is filtered to a DC voltage which is proportional to PWM duty cycle. The drawback of this
method is that the peak value of the PWM signal must be 10V, otherwise the accuracy is very
bad. Also the frequency of PWM signal is limited by the RC parameter. The typical application
is Meanwell HLG/ELG/XLG series drivers. The other one is real PWM dimming and there is MCU
inside the driver thus PWM signal with any peak voltage can be detected, also the allowable
PWM frequency range can be much wider than RC way. Upowertek drivers are all MCU
integrated to work with PWM dimming.
And there are two different things easily mixed when we talk about PWM dimming, PWM
signal dimming and PWM output dimming and the figure below shows the detail of the
difference. In this section, PWM dimming means PWM signal dimming, while PWM output
dimming circuitry chops the DC LED current between the on/off state in a high frequency thus
human eye is not able to perceive the flicker thus changes the light output of the LED.
Fig.13 PWM Signal Dimming vs. PWM Output Dimming vs. CCR Dimming
Triac dimming.
It is also called phase cut dimming or leading/trailing edge dimming and was popular way in
the incandescent lamp era. Leading edge has the major role in triac dimming application. Triac
dimming is the old and bad way to dim the LED lights where the “noise” is high on both human
ear and cable.
Fig.14 Triac Dimming Diagram
DALI dimming.
DALI stands for Digital Addressable Lighting Interface. It is illustrated by the international
standard IEC62386 series as the first lighting digital protocol with bi-directional communication.
As the first generation, DALI 1 system consists of a controller and a maximum of 64 ballasts or
drivers given independent addresses. In the year 2017, the DiiA Digital Illumination Interface
Alliance announced the second generation DALI 2 which supports 128 max devices and has
much greater compatibility between the devices from different brands. DALI 2 also support
sensors. Both DALI 1 and DALI 2 devices have to be tested by the professional DALI tester Probit,
then certified and shown on DiiA website. At the same time, D4i concept was released to
indicate the devices which has not only DALI 2 compatibility, but also the functions of energy
report, data transmission, diagnose&maintenance and memory bank.
Fig.15 DALI Dimming Connection
DMX dimming.
Also named as DMX512 (“Digital Multiplex with 512 pieces of information”), it is a standard
for digital communication networks that are commonly used to control stage lighting and
effects. For general lighting, DMX512 protocol is mostly used for stadium lights and
architectural application, and not very popular for other than those. This is a broadcasting way
like PWM rather than DALI which is able to feedback, and the difference from PWM is that
DMX512 devices have individual addresses so as to control one by one.
Fig.16 DMX512 Dimming Typical Application
Other Protocols.
There are quite a few other protocols are often adopted in lighting systems, such as wired
solutions like PLC, KNX, RS485, CAN and wireless ones like LoRa, Bluetooth, Zigbee, but none
of them are designed for lighting application only. Lighting industry is making efforts to make
sure a dedicated lighting protocol will be developed on one of them especially the wireless
solution.
Waterproof vs. Non-waterproof
IP (ingress protection) rating is the only way to describe waterproof level of LED drivers and
regulated in IEC60529. The IP code is composed of two numerals, the first numeral refers to the
protection against solid objects using a scale from 0 (no protection) to 6 (no ingress of dust) while
the second numeral rates the protection against liquids using a scale from 0 (no protection) to 7 (8
and 9 are rarely seen in lighting industry). It is obvious that waterproof drivers are used for outdoor
applications and IP20 or other low IP rated drivers are used for indoor. But it is not always true,
some indoor application adopts waterproof drivers only because they can deliver much higher
power than low IP ones without active cooling system which has shorter life than IP rated drivers.
Fig.17 IP Rating
How to Choose a Suitable LED Driver
Choosing a suitable driver is one of the basic steps for designing a great luminaire, and let’s see
how to make it.
Position the product.
Determine the design is a performance competing one or a cost effective one. Understand
who the competitors are and what the cons and pros they have.
Go through [section 2:dimensions to describe a LED driver]
and find the answers for your luminaire design.
Understand the input voltage.
You should know where the target market is and thus decide the input voltage range. Here it
is the global mains electricity voltage map.
Fig.18 World Grid Voltage

This map only listed the single phase voltage, and there are a lot of 3 phase application thus
the voltage has to be multiplied by √3 or 1.732 for 3 phase usage. Designing narrow input
voltage helps to decrease the cost, but increase the models for different areas of the world.
But too wide input voltage range increases the cost and reduce the performance. Thus the
most balanced input voltage range in the industry is 100-277Vac (Upowertek BLD series) and
200-480Vac (TLD series).
Find the right output voltage, current and power.
It is easier for constant voltage type LED drivers to decide the model because of fewer choices.
The typical outputs are 12V, 24V and maybe 48V so users only have to decide the power. For
constant current drivers, there are so many choices of output current and voltage thus make
the LED driver industry very diversified. Once the lumen output is determined when making a
fixture design, the power needed to drive the LED is clear by judging the LED light efficacy.
Then design has to decide if high voltage/low current or high current/low voltage LED should
be employed. There are a lot of consideration and no “always correct” answer about this
question. High voltage low current can give the light fixture higher efficacy because of the
higher driver efficiency, and better LED consistency without worrying about the imbalance of
different LED strings, however, there is extra cost generated due to the higher insulation cost.
And the low voltage high current design is just opposite. And different light designers have
different thinking of how to choose, but there are some special lights which do not have too
many choices. For example, low bay grow lights which are installed at the height that people
are easy to touch, have to use low voltage high current for safety consideration. Also for some
high bay or pole lights which use the remotely mounted drivers for weight and maintenance,
high voltage low current drivers are the main stream to save the output cable cost.
Form factor.
There are different shapes of LED drivers and the form factor is especially important when
drivers are fixed inside the luminaire.
Fig. 19 Different Form Factors for Different Fixture Designs
Environment level.
For most of the indoor application luminaires, 0-40C ambient temperature operating range is
enough. For the outdoor drivers, -40-+70C ambient is preferred. For special applications like
steel works, the driver should be able to work at 80C ambient while for the street light in some
cold areas like Siberia and Alaska, the driver should be able to start at the temperature of -55C.
Upowertek BLD series are able to meet those tough conditions.
Fig. 20 Extremely Cold and Extremely Hot Ambient
How to Find a Better LED Driver
There are a lot of factors that make us be able to discriminate between a high quality driver and
common products. Understanding those factors can help a light designer a lot to win the market.
Efficiency.
Higher efficiency not only improves the whole light efficacy, but also makes the driver generate
less heat thus have better life time. In the LED era, efficiency is more and more important for
saving more energy. Currently the highest efficiency level in driver industry is 96% that
Upowertek BLD-800 and TLD-800 series have achieved.
Fig.21 Typical Efficiency Curve
PF (Power Factor) and THD (Total Harmonic Distortion).
Like efficiency, PF and THD are also the concepts that describe the energy converting efficiency
and the difference is that Efficiency refers to the energy converting capability from driver input
to output, while PF and THD refer to the energy converting from power grid to driver input.
Higher PF (>0.9 according to DLC) and less THD (<20% according to DLC) are always preferred
for a high quality design. (DLC is Design Lights Consortium, a regional group that focuses on
energy efficiency specifically in the lighting industry. It is a part of the Northeast Energy
Efficiency Partnerships and was originally focused on the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic
areas of the United States)
Fig.22 Typical PF and THD Curves
Inrush current.
Almost all of the luminaires are installed together with MCB (miniature circuit breaker) for
safety consideration. And if there are multiple drivers connected with single MCB and the
overall driver inrush current can possibly trigger the MCB so as to result in startup failure. The
inrush current issue first appeared when electrical ballast was widely used since either ballast
or LED driver are capacitive devices with big bulk electrolytic capacitor inside generating high
peak inrush current during the AC power on. The most popular standard regulating the inrush
current is NEMA410 which defines the concept and limits of inrush current.
Fig.23 Inrush Current Definition by NEMA410

But the limit in NEMA410 standard is still not enough when tens of lights or even hundreds of
lights are paralleled such as the application of grow lights. And there are a lot of ways to limit
the inrush current such as using a soft start circuit and using the current limiting resistor inside
LED drivers thus the low inrush current driver cost is a little bit higher. Now more and more
standard LED drivers offer the feature of low inrush current without adding extra cost.
Surge protection.
Due to the more complicated electrical design, LED driver is more susceptible to surge
compared with magnetic ballasts. There are 2 major standards regulating the surge protection
level of LED drivers, IEC61000-4-5 (Testing and measurement techniques – Surge immunity test)
and IEEE Std C62.41.2 (IEEE Recommended Practice on Characterization of Surges in Low-
Voltage (1000 V and Less) AC Power Circuit). LED driver should be heavily protected especially
in the outdoor usage by special surge protection circuitry composed by MOV (metal oxide
varistor) and GDT (gas discharge tube). And the surge usually comes from two ways: one is
high power machine nearby on and off operation, or heavy load-light load sudden switches
which leads to surges between line and neutral, which is named as differential mode surge;
and the other is from the lightning which makes earth voltage level fluctuate greatly thus
creates the surge between either line or neutral and earth, which is named as common mode
surge.
Fig.24 Differential Mode and Common Mode Surges

The most commonly adopted specification for outdoor LED driver surge level is 6kV for
differential mode and 10kV for common mode, according to the test standard of IEC61000-4-
5. Generally speaking the surge protection level is essential to ensure the long term operation
of outdoor luminaires thus the designers have to pay great attention to this parameter.
Output ripple and flickering.
Output ripple is related to stability and quality of LED driver. Lower output ripple means less
flickering of LED according to the curve below.
Fig.25 LED Light Output vs. LED DC Current

It shows that the LED lumen output is generally quite proportional to LED current, thus lower
current ripple can result in lower flickering which is essential for indoor applications which only
allow <=5% flickering in most of the countries in the world. There is only one exception that
output current can be high even 100%, which is PWM dimming with adequate frequency. The
curve below shows that only if the frequency is higher than 1.25kHz, the light can be regarded
as flicker free.
Fig.26 Flickering vs. Frequency by IEEE PAR 1789
Line and load regulation.
This is a key concept for all the switching power supply including LED drivers. Line regulation
describes the output stability versus input voltage while load regulation shows the output
stability versus load. High quality driver can always control the line and load regulation to <=1%
value.
Programmability.
This function is one of the key feature LED lighting era brought because of the too many
combinations of LED chips for different design purposes. The ability to adjust the output
current is a key demand for LED drivers. In the early stage, a pot-meter was used for adjusting
but gradually users found the small device is not reliable and low IP rated. Then programming
by infrared controller appeared for very short period of time because the drivers has to be
powered on when doing the programing. And from the year 2015, cable programming without
powering the driver became the mainstream way to program and the drawback of using the
extra cable and doing extra wiring was overcome by NFC programming which is employed by
Signify and Upowertek.
There are quite a few extra programmable functions that can be added to driver such as time
dimming, constant lumen output (lumen decay compensation) and luminaire over
temperature protection which are described as below.
Time dimming.
This is frequently adopted in street lights as the most convenient way to realize the smart
control and energy saving.
Fig.27 Time Dimming Scheme
CLO (constant lumen output).
The LED light efficacy decreases with the operation time, designers want to keep the light
output constant for their luminaires thus the output current of the LED driver has to be
increased accordingly to overcome the decrease.
Fig.28 Lumen Compensation Curve

Through the PC interface, users can set the customized compensation curve according to
the LED lumen decay characteristics.
Fig.29 PC Programming Interface for CLO
Thermal protection by NTC (negative temperature coefficient)
thermistor.
Many quality oriented design has luminaire temperature sensing function so has to
protect the product from being too hot or even damaged. So the LED drivers decreases
the output current once the NTC thermistor which carries the temperature information
gets to certain value indicating the overheating.
Fig.30 Thermal Protection Wiring

Through the programming interface, users can set the thermal foldback resistance
threshold and protecting status current value.
Fig.31 Thermal Protection Programming Interface
Tc, max case temperature.
This is marked on the driver label usually to indicate the hottest point on the driver surface.
Fig.32 Tc Point on Driver

The definition according to the lamp control gear standard IEC 61347 is: “highest permissible
temperature which may occur on the outer surface (at the indicated place, if marked) under
normal conditions and at the rated voltage or the maximum of the rated voltage
range". According to LED driver standards either UL or IEC system, the maximum case
temperature should not exceed 90C. Tc is one of the key parameters fixtures designers have
to check carefully because it relates to the reliability and life greatly.
Fig.33 Lifetime Tc
Higher Tc means better thermal performance and higher endurance to high ambient
temperature. Though Ta (ambient temperature) rating is always shown in the driver datasheet,
Ta is not that important compared with Tc range because case is much more closer to the
driver internal components compared with air thus to reflect the real operation situation of
the drivers. In Upowertek datasheet, Ta range is even not shown.
Fig.34 Tc Data on Datasheet
Standby power.
Now more and more drivers support dim to off function to make the whole light go into
standby mode. Both Energy Star from North America and ErP from Europe regulates that the
standby power loss should be less than 0.5W. The standby power is usually composed by 2
parts, one is the energy from AC side to keep the driver control circuitry still alive to receive
the wakeup signal from controller, and the other is the 12V auxiliary power which is powering
the external controller. Upowertek LED drivers comply with Directive 2009/125/EC, the
requirements of Commission Regulation (EU) 2019/2020 (known as single lighting regulation)
effective on September 1st, 2021.
12V or 24V auxiliary power.
There are a lot of luminaires integrate controllers or sensors so as to provide smart system or
functions to the end users and the 12V/2~4W power from driver can make the design much
easier compared with using an AC adapter to create the 12V. Also the 12V from driver is safer
and more reliable compared to common adapter thanks to the high internal built-in surge
protection circuitry. 24V power is proposed by DiiA and utilized for powering D4i devices like
sensors, and D4i standard is more and more popular with Signify and Osram strong promotion.
Fig.35 Wiring of Auxiliary Power
Lifetime and MTBF (Mean Time between Failures).
It is important to understand that product lifetime and product reliability are two very different,
though not unrelated concepts. Unfortunately, because they are both often expressed in
hours they are frequently confused. Lifetime refers to the length of time a user can expect
single product to work properly before a known wearout mechanism renders the product unfit
for use. Reliability deals with the random failure rate of a population of products and it may
be expressed as a failure rate such as FITs (failures in 109 hours) or as the inverse, MTBF. A
lifetime of 50,000 hours implies that one would expect any give product to last up to 50,000
hours before failing. An MTBF of 50,000 hours implies that for a population of 1000 units, one
could expect to see a random failure every 50 hours (i.e. every 50,000 hours of unit operation).
Both concepts are important to understand and manage for a successful implementation of
LED lighting.
The typical equation for the life of an electrolytic capacitor takes the following form:
Ts −Ta
Lx = k ⋅ Lo ⋅ 2 10
Where,
Lx is the lifetime result,
k is the factor determined by capacitor’s RMS ripple current and operating voltage, it is
provided as either a value or a function,
L0 is the lifetime value tested in standard condition provided in the datasheet,
Ts is the rated case temperature,
Ta is the operating case temperature.
In general reliability deals with the failure rate of a population of products operating within
their rated conditions and within their operational life. A common way of expressing the
reliability of a product is a metric known as MTBF. The following equation expresses the very
simple concept of MTBF. It is the total operational time in hours of a population of product
divided by the number of failures.
TotalTime
MTBF =
Failures
The most common method to evaluate MTBF is given by MIL-HDBK-217. And the figure below
shows the famous bathtub curve which well illustrates the relation between life and MTBF.
Fig.36 Bathtub Curve
Certificate.
It is important that a high quality driver is certified by 3rd party with high reputation like UL
and TUV. The most essential certificates are UL (North America), ENEC (Europe) and CB (Global
other than North America) which can be converted to PSE (Japan), KC (Korea), RCM (Australia),
SASO (Mid-east), CCC (China) and etc.
Summary
LED driver is the key part working as heart for lighting fixtures thus it is important that users should
choose a suitable and reliable product. We have to consider a balance among the factors like
performance, functions, form factors, certificates, price and lead time to the market. So it is not an
easy job to find a driver or design it well into the light fixture. We are ready to help the designers
out from solving the driver related issues and optimize the cost for the whole luminaire design.
Author: George Mao
Mr. George Mao is the founder of uPowerTek company which was

started in 2016 and he has been dedicated in power supply industry
for over 20 years and lighting industry for 12 years. He got the EE
Master degree in Zhejiang University, and worked as marketing and
sales department leaders in multiple public companies like MPS,
Belfuse and Inventronics. He owns more than 10 invention patents
in China. He is now working as CEO and major product manager in
uPowerTek and he believes that innovation and quality are the keys
for the future of uPowerTek as the global leading LED driver
manufacturer.

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Hangzhou Youte Power Co., Ltd.

Everything about LED Driver

What is LED driver

Fig.2 LED V-I Characteristics

Dimensions to Describe LED Driver

External vs. Interior

Fig.3 Lamp with Built-in Drivers

Fig.4 Tunnel Light with External Driver

Switching Power Supply vs. Linear Regulator

Fig.5 AC Linear Driver

Fig.6 Switching Power Supply

Isolated vs. Non-isolated

Fig.7 Isolated design vs. non-isolated design

Constant current vs. Constant voltage

Fig.8 Constant Current Application vs. Constant Voltage Application

Class I vs. Class II

Fig.9 Symbols for Class I and Class II (Independent and built-in)

Class 1 vs. Class 2

Fig.10 Class 2 Specification

Dimmable vs. Non-dimmable

Fig.11 0-10V Signal Definition

Fig.12 Typical 0-10V Dimmers and Dimming Diagram

Fig.14 Triac Dimming Diagram

Fig.15 DALI Dimming Connection

Fig.16 DMX512 Dimming Typical Application

Waterproof vs. Non-waterproof

How to Choose a Suitable LED Driver

Position the product.

Go through [section 2:dimensions to describe a LED driver]

and find the answers for your luminaire design.

Understand the input voltage.

Fig.18 World Grid Voltage

Find the right output voltage, current and power.

Fig. 19 Different Form Factors for Different Fixture Designs

Fig. 20 Extremely Cold and Extremely Hot Ambient

How to Find a Better LED Driver

Fig.21 Typical Efficiency Curve

PF (Power Factor) and THD (Total Harmonic Distortion).

Fig.22 Typical PF and THD Curves

Fig.23 Inrush Current Definition by NEMA410

Fig.24 Differential Mode and Common Mode Surges

Output ripple and flickering.

Fig.25 LED Light Output vs. LED DC Current

Fig.26 Flickering vs. Frequency by IEEE PAR 1789

Line and load regulation.

Fig.27 Time Dimming Scheme

CLO (constant lumen output).

Fig.28 Lumen Compensation Curve

Fig.29 PC Programming Interface for CLO

Thermal protection by NTC (negative temperature coefficient)

Fig.30 Thermal Protection Wiring

Fig.31 Thermal Protection Programming Interface

Tc, max case temperature.

Fig.32 Tc Point on Driver

Fig.34 Tc Data on Datasheet

12V or 24V auxiliary power.

Fig.35 Wiring of Auxiliary Power

Lifetime and MTBF (Mean Time between Failures).