Exp 5 and 6

Experiment 5: To verify Maximum Power Transfer Theorem for DC
source
Aim: To verify Maximum Power Transfer Theorem for a DC source.
Objective: To understand the concept of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem to the network
consisting of a fixed internal resistance RS and a variable load resistance RL and if
maximum power is drawn by the network then it is to be proved that RL = RS.
Apparatus: Three fixed resistor, one variable resistor, digital multi-meter, DC Power
supply, connecting wires.
Circuit diagram:
.Theory of Experiment: This theorem is applicable for analyzing communication networks.

According to this theorem “A resistive load will draw the maximum power from a network when
the load resistance is equal to the resistance of the network as viewed from its output terminals,
with all energy sources removed leaving behind their internal resistances.” If R L is the load
resistance connected across terminals a & b and internal resistance is RS then according to this
theorem, the load resistance will draw maximum power when it is equal to RS i.e. RL = RS.
And the maximum power drawn= V2oc/4 RL
Where, Voc is the open circuit voltage at the terminals from which RL is disconnected.
The variable resistor taken should be larger than fixed resistor. Then only power can be
calculated.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure.
2. Short the voltage source (V1) and remove the Load resistance RL in the circuit and measure the
Rth across R2 & R3
3. Connect the DC power supply to resistance R1. Adjust voltage of supply to 10V.and measure
Vth across R3 .
4. Connect the load resistances of 1KΩ &1.5KΩ in steps and measure Load current ( IL) at
different values of RL.
5.Calculate the power by I2R formula at different values of load resistances.
Observation table
Rth Vth RL IL PL=I2*RL
(KΩ) (Volts) (KΩ) (mA) (mW)
Theoretical
value
Practical
value
Calculation:
P=IL2 RL
Note the value of load resistance RL at which maximum power is transferred. This RL should be
comparable with RS i.e R L= Rs .
Result:
The maximum power transfer theorem has been verified .
Conclusion:
The value of load resistance comes out to be almost equal to the internal resistance of the
network.
Discussion:
1. Define power transfer efficiency in Maximum Power Transfer Theorem?
2. What are the practical applications of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem?
3. Can Maximum Power Transfer Theorem be applied to A.C sources?
4. What is the expression of η when RL=RS?
Instructor’ Sign Date of Experiment Teachers’s Sign

Experiment 6: To study the phenomenon of resonance in RLC series
circuit and plot the graph
Aim: To study the phenomenon of resonance in the R-L-C series circuit.
Objective: To study the AC R-L-C series circuit and plot the graph between frequency and current .
Apparatus: Ammeter (0-1A), Resistor, Inductor and Capacitor, function generator Connecting Wires
and Digital Multi-meter.
Circuit Diagram:
120Ω 21mH 0.1µF
Function generator at 1khz
Theory of experiment: Consider an AC circuit containing resistance of R ohms, inductance of L

henries and capacitance of C farads connected in series, as shown in circuit diagram. Let the current
flowing through the circuit be of I ampere and supply frequency be f Hz.
(a) Voltage drop across resistance Vr =IR in phase with I.

𝜋
(b) Voltage drop across inductance Vl= 𝜔 L leading I by 2 radians or 900.
𝜋
(c) Voltage drop across capacitance, Vc = I/ 𝜔 C lagging behind I by 2
radian or 900.
Vl and Vc are 1800 out of phase with each other (or reverse in phase), therefore, when combined by
parallelogram they cancel each other. The circuit can either be effectively inductive or capacitive
depending upon which voltage drop ( Vl or Vc) is predominant. Let us consider the case when Vl is
greater than Vc.
Phase angle between voltage and current is given by:-
= tan−1 Vl –Vc /Vr.
Power factor of the circuit is given by:-
cos ∅ = R/Z = R/ 𝑅² + (𝑋𝑙 − 𝑋𝑐)²
Power consumed in the circuit, P= I²R or VI cos .
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the ampere meter in series & measure the circuit current (I) using AC ammeter.
3. Connect the function generator at 1KHz (where voltage is constant at 3volts )
4. Change the input frequency from function generator with respect to that current will also be
changed .
5. Plot the graph between frequency and current showing the resonant frequency.
Observation table
S.NO f(KHz) I(mA)

Calculation
1. Resonant frequency
2. Impedance
Z= 𝑅² + (𝑋𝑙 − 𝑋𝑐)²
3. XL= ωL
4. Xc = 1/ωC
Discussion
1. What do you understand by the term power factor in reference to AC circuits ?.
2. What is the importance of power factor?
3. What do you mean by a lagging power factor?
4. What do you mean by a leading power factor
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Exp 5 and 6

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Experiment 5: To verify Maximum Power Transfer Theorem for DC

Aim: To verify Maximum Power Transfer Theorem for a DC source.

.Theory of Experiment: This theorem is applicable for analyzing communication networks.

Instructor’ Sign Date of Experiment Teachers’s Sign

Aim: To study the phenomenon of resonance in the R-L-C series circuit.

120Ω 21mH 0.1µF

Function generator at 1khz

Theory of experiment: Consider an AC circuit containing resistance of R ohms, inductance of L

(a) Voltage drop across resistance Vr =IR in phase with I.

Phase angle between voltage and current is given by:-

= tan−1 Vl –Vc /Vr.

Power factor of the circuit is given by:-

cos ∅ = R/Z = R/ 𝑅² + (𝑋𝑙 − 𝑋𝑐)²

Power consumed in the circuit, P= I²R or VI cos .

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

S.NO f(KHz) I(mA)

1. What do you understand by the term power factor in reference to AC circuits ?.

2. What is the importance of power factor?

3. What do you mean by a lagging power factor?

4. What do you mean by a leading power factor

Instructor’s sign Date of Exp Teacher’s sign

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