AVR BASED COAL MINE SAFETY MONITORING

AND ALERTING
SYSTEM.
A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

RESHMA MEHRAJ 0021121005

VISHNU 0021121015

Under the guidance of

Dr. B RAJESH SHYAMALA DEVI

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

HINDUSTAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

CHENNAI – 603 103

MAY 2024

1
2
3
Certified that this project report “AVR based coal mine safety monitoring and
alerting system” is the bonafide work of RESHMA MEHRAJ (0021121005),
and VISHNU (0021121015) carried out the project work under my supervision
during the academic year 2023-2024.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Dr. AL. Vallikannu Dr. B RAJESH SHYAMALA DEVI

Professor and Head of Department Associate Professor

Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and

Communication Engineering Communication Engineering

Hindustan Institute of Hindustan Institute of

Technology and Science Technology and Science

Padur, Chennai-603103 Padur, Chennai-603103

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

Name: Name:

Designation: Designation: ____________________

Institution Name: Project Viva - voce conducted on :

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It’s our extreme pleasure to thank Chancellor Dr. Anand Jacob Verghese, Pro
Chancellor Dr. Ashok Verghese, Vice-Chancellor Dr. S.N. Sridhara, Pro
Vice-Chancellor Dr. R. W. Alexander Jesudasan, Hindustan Institute of
Technology and Science for providing a conducive environment which helped
us to pursue our project in a diligent and an efficient manner.

We wish to express our sincere gratitude to the Dean (Engineering &

Technology) Dr. Angelina Geetha, Hindustan Institute of Technology and
Science for her valuable directions, suggestions, and support.

We are thankful to Dr. AL. Vallikannu, Head of the Department, Electronics

and Communication Engineering for having evinced a keen interest in our
project and for her continued support.

We also thank our Design Project Coordinator DR. PALLAVI SINGH,

Assistant Professor (S.G), Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering for his support and coordination throughout the accomplishment
of the design project.

We are highly indebted to our Project Guide Dr. B RAJESH SHYAMALA

DEVI, Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering for her valuable guidance and technical support in the
accomplishment of our project.

5
 ABSTRACT

Installing traditional monitoring systems in coal mines is challenging due to

their hazardous nature and power requirements. Given the intricate mining
environment and diverse operations within coal mines, it's crucial to
continuously monitor and manage various parameters to enhance the safety and
efficiency of miners. Consequently, traditional monitoring methods fall short in
ensuring the safety of coal workers. This innovative system is capable of
identifying and transmitting crucial parameters in coal mines, such as methane
gas levels, high temperatures, humidity, and fire occurrences.

During emergencies, the system sends distress signals, accompanied by audible

alerts through a buzzer if hazardous conditions are detected. Additionally, the
monitored variables are displayed on a user interface machine, and wirelessly
transmitted to the control room, enabling personnel to assess the mine's safety
status. Notably, this model offers easy reprogramming capabilities.
Experimental trials have affirmed the system's reliability and stability. Given
the intricacies of mining operations and the diverse activities conducted within
coal mines, it is imperative to oversee the working environment closely.

To address this challenge, a wireless sensor network (WSN) application is

proposed as a safety solution for coal mining. This system comprises master
controllers and slave controllers. Slave controllers detect potential threats and
transmit RF alerts to the master controller while also triggering alarms in the
tunnel, enabling swift responses. The system presents parameters on a
monitoring device, empowering all miners within the mine to take life-saving
actions proactively and prevent casualties.

6
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO. NO.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT v

ABSTRACT vi

LIST OF FIGURES vii

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION 8

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 9

1.3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE 9

1.4 COMPONENTS REQUIRED 10

1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT 17

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 18

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION 20

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM 20

3.3 HARDWARE USED 21

3.4 SOFTWARE USED 22

3.5 OPERATIONAL FLOW OF THE SYSTEM 23

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 RESULT 26

4.2 ADVANTAGES 27

7
 4.3 DISADVANTAGES 27

4.4 APPLICATIONS 28

5 CONCLUSION

5.1 CONCLUSION 29

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE 29

6 REFERENCES 30

8
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE
NAME OF THE FIGURE
NO. NO.

1.4.1 AVR microcontroller 11

1.4.2 Temperature sensor- LM35 12

1.4.3 DHT11- Humidity sensor 13

1.4.4 MQ2- Methane/Gas sensor 15

1.4.5 LCD display 16

3.3.1 AVR pin diagram 20

3.2.1 Block diagram 21

3.5.1 Operational flowchart 23

4.1.1 Result 24

CHAPTER 1

9
 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Coal serves as a crucial commodity essential for various industries, playing a

role in electricity generation and the extraction of valuable by-products.
However, coal mining poses significant challenges and risks, leading to
numerous accidents worldwide, resulting in both human casualties and
economic losses. Utilizing advanced smart technologies can effectively mitigate
these risks. Ensuring miner safety remains a prominent concern, as miners face
various hazards not only within the working environment but also in its
aftermath.

One such solution is a wireless sensor network-based monitoring system

tailored for coal mine safety. This system enables real-time and accurate
monitoring of underground conditions, promptly relaying data to ground
computer systems and mobile units. Hazardous pollutants such as particulate
matter (PM) and gases like sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and
carbon monoxide (CO) are common emissions from coal mines.

Utilizing semi-conductive gas sensors facilitates the measurement of these

pollutants' concentration levels. Moreover, miners face risks of falls and loss of
consciousness due to various factors, often lacking immediate medical attention,
leading to fatalities. Addressing these issues requires proactive measures to
ensure prompt medical intervention and safeguard miners' well-being.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

10
Need of this project is to provide safety for the coal miners while mining. If
there are any poisonous gases such as CO, S02 and N02, this model will detect
those gases and alert the miner to return to safety. During emergencies, the
system sends distress signals, accompanied by audible alerts through a buzzer if
hazardous conditions are detected. Additionally, the monitored variables are
displayed on a user interface machine, and wirelessly transmitted to the control
room, enabling personnel to assess the mine's safety status. Notably, this model
offers easy reprogramming capabilities. Experimental trials have affirmed the
system's reliability and stability.

1.3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE

Coal mines play a significant role in fostering economic growth for countries by
generating substantial revenue. Coal can be extracted from the earth either by
surface mining or underground mining. Once coal has been extracted, it can be
used directly (for heating and industrial processes) or to fuel power plants for
electricity. If coal is less than 61 meters (200 feet) underground, it can be
extracted through surface mining. Daily operations in coal mines involve
extensive manual labor. Unfortunately, accidents frequently occur in coal mines
through various means. In particular, underground excavation often results in
the emission of CO gases, posing health hazards. Additionally, high
temperatures can lead to severe fires. This project is mainly for ;

• Enhancing the safety of miners.

• Implementation within coal mines.
• Utilized for underground floor safety.

1.4 COMPONENTS USED:

11
Power supply
AVR Microcontroller
Temperature sensor
Humidity sensor
Gas sensor
IR flame sensor
LCD Display
Buzzer

1.4.1 AVR MICROCONTROLLER:

AVR microcontroller is an electronic chip manufactured by Atmel, which has

several advantages over other types of microcontroller. We can understand
microcontroller by comparing it with Personal Computer (PC), which has a
motherboard inside it. In that motherboard a microprocessor (AMD, Intel chips)
is used that provides the intelligence, EEPROM and RAM memories for
interfacing to the system like serial ports, display interfaces and disk drivers. A
microcontroller has all or most of these features built into a single chip,
therefore it does not require a motherboard and any other components.

AVR microcontroller comes in different configuration, some designed using

surface mounting and some designed using hole mounting. It is available with
8-pins to 100-pins, any microcontroller with 64-pin or over is surface mount
only.

Features of AVR Microcontroller:

Compared with other 8-Bit MCUs, the best features of AVR 8-Bit MCUs are ;
Harvard architecture with 1 MIPS / MHz high-speed operational processing
capability.

12
Super Functional Streamlined Instruction Set (RISC) with 32 general-purpose
working registers, overcoming the bottleneck caused by a single ACC for
processing, as in the 8051 MCU.

Fast access register set, single cycle instruction system, greatly optimized target
code size, execution efficiency, some models with very large FLASH,
especially suitable for development using high-level languages.

Same as HI/LOW of PIC when used as output, can output 40mA (single
output), can be set as tri-state high impedance input or pull-up resistor input
when used as input, with the capability of 10mA - 20mA potting current.

On-chip integration of multiple frequency RC oscillators, automatic power-on

reset, watchdog, start-up delay and other functions, simpler peripheral circuits,
more stable and reliable systems.

Most AVRs are rich in on-chip resources: with E2PROM, PWM, RTC, SPI,
UART, TWI, ISP, AD, Analog Comparator, WDT, etc..

Most AVRs have IAP function in addition to ISP function, which is convenient
for upgrading or destroying applications.

Figure 1.4.1: AVR microcontroller

13
1.4.2 LM35 :Temperature sensor

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature devices with an

output voltage linearly proportional to the Centigrade temperature. The LM35
device has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as
the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from the output to
obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 device does not require any
external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±¼°C at room
temperature and ±¾°C over a full −55°C to 150°C temperature range. Lower
cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The low-output
impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration of the LM35 device
makes interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. The device is
used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As the LM35
device draws only 60 μA from the supply, it has very low self-heating of less
than 0.1°C in still air. The LM35 device is rated to operate over a −55°C to
150°C temperature range, while the LM35C device is rated for a −40°C to
110°C range (−10° with improved accuracy). The LM35-series devices are
available packaged in hermetic TO transistor packages, while the LM35C,
LM35CA, and LM35D devices are available in the plastic TO-92 transistor
package.

Figure 1.4.2: Temperature sensor

14
1.4.3 DHT11 - Digital-output relative humidity & temperature sensor

DHT11: Temperature & Humidity Sensor features a temperature & humidity

sensor complex with a calibrated digital signal output. By using the exclusive
digital-signal-acquisition technique and temperature & humidity sensing
technology, it ensures high reliability and excellent long-term stability. This
sensor includes a resistive-type humidity measurement component and an NTC
temperature measurement component, and connects to a high performance 8-bit
microcontroller, offering excellent quality, fast response, anti-interference
ability and cost-effectiveness.

Each DHT11 element is strictly calibrated in the laboratory that is extremely

accurate on humidity calibration. The calibration coefficients are stored as
programmes in the OTP memory, which are used by the sensor’s internal signal
detecting process. The single-wire serial interface makes system integration
quick and easy. Its small size, low power consumption and up-to- 20 meter
signal transmission making it the best choice for various applications, including
those most demanding ones. The component is 4-pin single row pin package. It
is convenient to connect and special packages can be provided according to
users’ request.

15
 Figure 1.4.3: Humidity sensor

1.4.4 MQ2 – Gas sensor

MQ2 gas sensor is an electronic sensor used for sensing the concentration of
gases in the air such as LPG, propane, methane, hydrogen, alcohol, smoke and
carbon monoxide. MQ2 gas sensor is also known as chemi-resistor. It contains a
sensing material whose resistance changes when it comes in contact with the
gas. This change in the value of resistance is used for the detection of gas. MQ2
is a metal oxide semiconductor type gas sensor. Concentrations of gas in the gas
is measured using a voltage divider network present in the sensor. This sensor
works on 5V DC voltage. It can detect gases in the concentration of range 200
to 10000ppm.

Working Principle:

This sensor contains a sensing element, mainly aluminium-oxide based ceramic,

coated with Tin dioxide, enclosed in a stainless steel mesh. Sensing element has
six connecting legs attached to it. Two leads are responsible for heating the
sensing element, the other four are used for output signals.

Oxygen gets adsorbed on the surface of sensing material when it is heated in air
at high temperature. Then donor electrons present in tin oxide are attracted
towards this oxygen, thus preventing the current flow. When reducing gases are
present, these oxygen atoms react with the reducing gases thereby decreasing
the surface density of the adsorbed oxygen. Now current can flow through the
sensor, which generated analog voltage values. These voltage values are
measured to know the concentration of gas. Voltage values are higher when the
concentration of gas is high.

16
 Figure 1.4.3: Gas sensor

1.4.5 LCD display

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a type of flat panel display which uses liquid
crystals in its primary form of operation. LEDs have a large and varying set of
use cases for consumers and businesses, as they can be commonly found in
smartphones, televisions, computer monitors and instrument panels. A display is
made up of millions of pixels. The quality of a display commonly refers to the
number of pixels; for example, a 4K display is made up of 3840 x2160 or
4096x2160 pixels. A pixel is made up of three subpixels; a red, blue and green
—commonly called RGB. When the subpixels in a pixel change color
combinations, a different color can be produced. With all the pixels on a display
working together, the display can make millions of different colors. When the
pixels are rapidly switched on and off, a picture is created.

The way a pixel is controlled is different in each type of display; CRT, LED,
LCD and newer types of displays all control pixels differently. In short, LCDs
are lit by a backlight, and pixels are switched on and off electronically while
using liquid crystals to rotate polarized light. A polarizing glass filter is placed
in front and behind all the pixels, the front filter is placed at 90 degrees. In

17
between both filters are the liquid crystals, which can be electronically switched
on and off.

LCDs are made with either a passive matrix or an active matrix display grid.
The active matrix LCD is also known as a thin film transistor (TFT) display.
The passive matrix LCD has a grid of conductors with pixels located at each
intersection in the grid. A current is sent across two conductors on the grid to
control the light for any pixel. An active matrix has a transistor located at each
pixel intersection, requiring less current to control the luminance of a pixel.

Types of LCDs
Types of LCDs include:

1. Twisted Nematic (TN)- which are inexpensive while having high

response times. However, TN displays have low contrast ratios, viewing
angles and color contrasts.
2. In Panel Switching displays (IPS Panels)- which boast much better
contrast ratios, viewing angles and color contrast when compared to TN
LCDs.
3. Vertical Alignment Panels (VA Panels)- which are seen as a medium
quality between TN and IPS displays.
4. Advanced Fringe Field Switching (AFFS)- which is a top performer
compared IPS displays in color reproduction range.

18
 Figure 5: LCD display

1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT

Chapter1: INTRODUCTION OF “AVR BASED COAL MINE SAFETY

MONITORING AND ALERTING SYSTEM”
Chapter2: LITERATURE SURVEY OF “AVR BASED COAL MINE
SAFETY MONITORING AND ALERTING SYSTEM”
Chapter3: METHODOLOGY USED FOR “AVR BASED COAL MINE
SAFETY MONITORING AND ALERTING SYSTEM”
Chapter 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Chapter5: CONCLUSION

19
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SERVEY

[1] This paper presents a Zigbee-based coal mine monitoring system. The
proposed system is used to monitor the subsurface characteristics of a coal mine
and will aid in the prevention of mine disasters. ZigBee technology features a
simple and adaptable networking concept, is tiny in size, and consumes little
power.

[2] A real time monitoring system is developed to provide clearer and more
point-to-point perspective of the underground mine. This system is displaying
the parameters on the monitoring unit; it will be helpful to all miners present
inside them in to save their life before any casualty occurs. Alarm triggers when

sensor values crosses the threshold level.

[3] The sensors we'll use will detect changes in the coal miner's environment,
and variables like temperature, gas concentration, and fire detection will be
continuously monitored. It will also have an extension that will connect to an
LCD display, which will be placed at the entrance to the coal minefield. Also,
the data which will be recorded by sensors will be transmitted via the Zigbee
module to the control room so that proper actions can be taken effectively in
minimum time. A push-button, a buzzer, and a ZigBee transmitter will be
included in another safety device, the smart helmet. If any worker becomes
uneasy or requires medical attention at any time, that worker can use the

20
push button to activate the buzzer and send an emergency message to the
control-room via ZigBee

[4] This paper introduced a system which measures water level by using
ultrasonic sensors. The system makes use of a water level indicator, water level
sensor, water pump controlling system and microcontroller. Ultrasonic sensor
gets a water level reading and it will send a signal to the microcontroller and
start to echo the pulses. Internet of Things means objects that can generate data
through sensors and the data sent to the server or computer via the internet
connection. The Internet of Things is also very closely related to the
communication Machine to Machine.

[5] Many coal miners are involved approximately their occupational protection
bad ventilation in subterranean mines exposes people to toxics gases, heat, and
dirt, which could reason illness, damage, and dying. This paper affords a
concept for a web of things wireless sensor community that could detect
temperature, humidity, and gasoline in an underground mine the usage of an
ARM controller. The Arduino UNO, Node MCU, DHT11 sensor, gas sensor,
hearth sensor to hit upon hearth and send an alarm, and LDR to detect mild
depending on light levels are all used in this gadget. Traditional coal mineshaft
monitoring systems are frequently wired organization systems that play an
important role in ensuring coal mineshaft security.

21
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1. INTRODUCTION

The AVR microcontroller is used to detect and monitor variables in a coal mine.
Live readings are provided by the temperature sensor, humidity sensor, IR
flame sensor, and gas sensor. A microcontroller is connected to all of these
sensors.

In an abnormal situation, an alert message is sent to the system, which is also

displayed on an LCD screen connected to Arduino at the coalfield's entrance. A
buzzer is also programmed and controlled with the help of Arduino, which
activates at any abnormal reading detected by the above sensors.

This measure has been taken to maximize the safety of workers in coalfield.
Whenever a worker needs medical attention or has any discomfort, a panic
button can be used, which transmits a message in the control room about an
emergency so that medical attention can be given to that worker.

The proposed block diagram consists of :

AVR Microcontroller
LM35 – Temperature Sensor
DHT11 – Humidity sensor
MQ2 – Methane/gas sensor
IR flame sensor
Regulator

22
Adaptor
Buzzer
LCD display
C++ Software

3.2 PROPOSED BLOCK DIAGRAM

Adaptor Regulator

AVR

Figure 3.2.1: Proposed block diagram

3.3 HARDWARE USED : AVR MICROCONTROLLER

The AVR is a modified Harvard architecture machine, where program and data
are stored in separate physical memory systems that appear in different address
spaces, but having the ability to read data items from program memory using
special instructions. It is also known as ADVANCED VIRTUAL RISC. The
AVR microcontrollers are based on the advanced RISC architecture and consist

23
of 32 x 8-bit general purpose working registers. In our project this AVR
microcontroller is the main component.
The following is the pin diagram:

Figure 3.3.1: AVR microcontroller pin diagram

Port-A (PA7-PA0)

In the above AVR microcontroller, the pins in the Port-A mainly include PA7 to
PA0 which works like an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, and also the analog inputs
to the analog to digital converter, if this A/D converter is not utilized. These
pins provide internal pull-up resistors.

The output of Port A buffers mainly includes symmetrical drive characteristics

including both high sink & source capacity. Once port A pins are used as inputs
from PA0 to PA7 then they are externally pulled low, then they will provide
current if the inside pull-up resistors are turned on. The pins in this port are tri-
stated, once a reset state turns on even if the CLK is not running.

24
Port B (PB7-PB0) & Port D (PD7-PD0)

The pins in these two ports mainly include PB7 to PB0 and PD7-PD0. These
ports are 8-bit bi-directional I/O ports including internal pull-up resistors. The
output of these two port buffers mainly includes symmetrical drive
characteristics including both high sink & source capability. Like inputs, the
pins of this port that are pulled low externally will provide current if the
resistors are activated. The pins in these two ports are tri-stated whenever a reset
condition turns active, even if the CLK is not running.

Port C (PC7-PC0)

The pins in Port C mainly include from PC7 to PC0 and it is an 8-bit
bidirectional I/O port. If the JTAG (Joint Test Action Group) interface is
allowed, the pull-up resistors on pins like PC3 (TMS), PC2 (TCK) & PC5 (TDI)
will be triggered even if a reset takes place.

The TD0 pin is tri-stated unless TAP states that shift-out data are entered. Port
C also serves the functions of the JTAG interface and other special features of
the ATmega32.

VCC: It is a digital voltage supply pin.

25
RESET: It is a RESET pin, used to set the ATmega32 microcontroller to its
main value. Throughout the starting of an application, this pin is to be set high
for two machine revolutions.
XTAL1
This is an input pin to the inverting oscillator amplifier & also to the internal
CLK operating circuit.
XTAL2
This pin is output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
AVCC

This is the voltage supply pin for Port A as well as the A/D Converter. The
connection of this pin must be done to VCC externally, even if the A/D
converter is not utilized. If the A/D converter is utilized, then it must be
connected to VCC with a low-pass filter.

AREF

This is the analog reference pin used for the analog to digital converter. This pin
provides an external reference voltage for the analog-to-digital conversion of
inputs to the analog pins. The AREF pin compares the voltage measured at the
analog pin against the reference voltage, which is usually the board's operating
voltage.

3.4 SOFTWARE USED

The software language we used in this project is Embedded C. Embedded C is a

set of language extensions for the C programming language by the C Standards
Committee to address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for
different embedded systems. Embedded C programming typically requires

26
nonstandard extensions to the C language in order to support
enhanced microprocessor features such as fixed-point arithmetic, multiple
distinct memory banks, and basic I/O operations.

It includes a number of features not available in normal C, such as fixed-point

arithmetic, named address spaces and basic I/O hardware addressing. Embedded
C uses most of the syntax and semantics of standard C, e.g., main () function,
variable definition, datatype declaration, conditional statements. A C++
program is a sequence of text files (typically header and source files) that
contain declarations. They undergo translation to become an executable
program, which is executed when the C++ implementation calls its main
function. Certain words in a C++ program have special meaning, and these are
known as keywords.

3.5 OPERATIONAL FLOW OF THE SYSTEM

27
 Monitor data from all sensors

Transmit real time data of all sensors in control room

Figure 3.5.1: Operational flow of the system

This is the operational flow of the system – coal mining safety monitoring and
alerting system. An alert message is sent to the system, which is also displayed
on an LCD screen connected to Arduino at the coalfield's entrance. A buzzer is
also programmed and controlled with the help of Arduino, which activates at
any abnormal reading detected by the above sensors.

CHAPTER 4

28
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 RESULT

Figure 4.1.1: Our project

Figure 4.1.2: Output of our project

The above figures (8 and 9) show the output of our project. The temperature
was successfully measured using LM35 sensors during the testing phase, and
the output was satisfactory. The DTH11 sensor was also used to monitor
humidity accurately. The MQ2 gas sensor detected gas concentrations in the
area and successfully displayed a warning message on the screen. The IR flame
sensor also detected fire and displayed an alert message informing the user of its
presence.

29
4.2 ADVANTAGES

 High performance: AVR microcontrollers have high processing speeds,

low power consumption, and advanced peripherals.
 Fast: AVR microcontrollers can execute most instructions in a single
execution cycle, and are about four times faster than PICs.
 Power saving modes: AVR microcontrollers can be operated in different
power saving modes.
 Easy to program: FLASH and EEPROM accumulators of all AVR
MCUs can be repeatedly programmed and supported in ISP online
programming.
 Pin compatible: Some AVR chips are pin compatible with 51 series,
making them easy to replace.
 Strong IO ports: Each IO port can output a strong high and low level
when outputting, and can be high impedance or with a pull-up resistor
when inputting.

4.3 DISADVANTAGES

 Limited memory and peripheral capacity: AVR microcontrollers have

limited memory and peripheral capacity.
 Lower speed and resolution: AVR microcontrollers have lower speed and
resolution than some other microcontrollers.
 Higher cost per unit: AVR microcontrollers have a higher cost per unit
than some other microcontrollers

30
4.4 APPLICATIONS

 Tracking miners: This model can recognize potentially fatal conditions,

such as the presence of dangerous gases like Carbon Monoxide, CH4,
LPG, and natural gases.
 Real-time monitoring: The model can monitor hazardous gases in real-
time.
 Right light level: The model can provide the right light level for the job.
 Worker position: This design can help map worker locations
 The coal mining prototype can also monitor vital signs such as
temperature and oxygen levels, which can indicate fatigue, illness, or
injury. The model can then alert the miner or their supervisor.

31
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

5.1. CONCLUSION

This paper introduces a coal mine monitoring system based on AVR

microcontroller. The system aims to monitor the underground conditions of a
coal mine, contributing to disaster prevention. AVR microcontroller offers a
straightforward networking approach, compact size, and low power
consumption. Moreover, it resolves the limitations associated with wired
connections, marking a significant advancement in coal mine safety systems.
Additionally, the system includes a distress signal feature, beneficial during
abnormal environmental conditions or medical emergencies. Beyond coal
mining, this system finds applications in various industrial security setups. It’s
ease of upgrade and adaptability to future innovations further enhance its utility.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE

Future work of this research includes additional enhancement of the framework

by employing different advanced sensors for analyzing the underground mines.
New developing connectivity improvements can be used for quick information
transfer in combination with acute sensors for identifying mining conditions.
Additionally, new IoT-enabled frameworks might be built for more application
areas.

32
 CHAPTER 6

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