PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

Table of Contents
Unit-I: Indian constitution—historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant
provisions, and basic structure
1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND....................................... 1 Cultural And Educational Rights (Article 29 -30)18
Remedies For Enforcement Of Rights (Article 32)
Evolution Of Indian Constitution: A Journey ......................................................................... 19
Through Key Acts And Reforms........................... 1 Writs................................................................. 19
Constituent Assembly Of India ........................... 2 Armed Forces And Fundamental Rights ............ 20
Critiques Of The Indian Constitution .................. 2 Martial Laws And Fundamental Rights.............. 20
2. CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS IN INDIA ......... 4 Right To Property .............................................. 20
Exceptions To Fundamental Rights ................... 21
Types Of Amendments ........................................ 4 Issues And Challenges Pertaining To Fundamental
Informal Amendments ........................................ 4 Rights ............................................................... 21
The Necessity Of Constitutional Amendments ..... 4 Issues In News .................................................. 22
Issues With Constitutional Amendments ............ 5 Conclusion ....................................................... 23
Criticism Of The Amendment Procedure ............. 5
Way Forward ...................................................... 5 5. DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
106th Constitutional Amendment, 2023 ............. 6 (DPSPs) (PART IV, ARTICLE 36-51) ...................... 24
Basic Structure Of The Constitution ................... 6 Conflict Between DPSP And FR ......................... 24
3. SIGNIFICANT PROVISIONS IN THE INDIAN Uniform Civil Code: Quest For A Uniform Civil
CONSTITUTION .............................................................. 8 Code - A Path Towards A Unified Nation ............ 25
Right To Health ................................................. 26
Significant Provisions: An In- Depth Analysis ...... 8
Preamble ............................................................ 9 6. FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES (PART IV A, ARTICLE
Significance Of Preamble .................................... 9 51A) ................................................................................ 27
Amendability Of Preamble................................... 9 Rights And Duties ............................................. 27
4. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS (PART III, ARTICLE 12- 7. CITIZENSHIP (PART II, ARTICLE 5-11) ................ 29
35) ...................................................................................12
Citizenship Act 1955 ......................................... 29
Classification Of Fundamental Rights ............... 12
Distinctive Features Of Fundamental Rights ..... 12 8. SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS (PART X,
Article 12 .......................................................... 12 ARTICLE 244 -244 A) ................................................. 31
Article 13 .......................................................... 12 Fifth Schedule .................................................. 31
Right To Equality (Article 14 -18) ...................... 13 Key Features Of Scheduled Areas Administration
Right To Freedom (Artilce 19 – 22) ................... 15 ......................................................................... 31
Right Against Exploitation (Article 23 -24) ......... 17 Sixth Schedule .................................................. 32
Right To Freedom Of Religion (Article 25 – 28) ... 18

Unit-II: ••—‡•ƒ† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•’‡”–ƒ‹‹‰–‘–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡

Ways And Means To Better Manage Centre-State
9. Exploring Issues And Challenges In India’s Relationship...................................................... 36
Federal Structure ........................................................34 NITI Aayog - A Tool To Promote Cooperative
Indian Federalism: A Unique Model .................. 34 Federalism ........................................................ 37
Features Of Indian Federalism .......................... 34 Inter- State River Water Dispute ....................... 37
Unitary Features Of Indian Constitution ........... 34 Demand For Smaller States .............................. 38
Challenges To Indian Federalism ...................... 35 Article 370 ........................................................ 39
Asymmetric Federalism In India........................ 35 Government Of National Capital Territory Of Delhi
Centre- State Relationship ................................ 36 (Amendment) Act 2023...................................... 40

Unit-III: ‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”•„‡–™‡‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•‘”‰ƒ•
10. SEPARATION OF POWER AND FUNCTIONAL Functional Overlap Between Executive And
OVERLAPPING ..............................................................42 Legislature ........................................................ 42
Functional Overlap Between Judiciary And
Constitutional Provisions And The Separation Of Legislature ........................................................ 43
Powers .............................................................. 42 Functional Overlap Between Judiciary And
Different Models Of Separation Of Powers ......... 42 Executive .......................................................... 43
Doctrine Of Checks And Balances ..................... 45

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
Unit-IV:ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ†•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡•—•–”— –—”‡ǡˆ— –‹‘‹‰ǡ ‘†— –‘ˆ„—•‹‡••ǡ’‘™‡”•Ƭ’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡•ƒ†
‹••—‡•ƒ”‹•‹‰‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡
11. PARLIAMENT AND STATE LEGISLATURES - Suggested Parliamentary Reforms ..................... 47
STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONING, CONDUCT OF Parliamentary Privileges .................................... 48
Role Of Opposition ............................................ 49
BUSINESS, POWERS & PRIVILEGES, AND ISSUES
Low Participation Of Women In Politics ............. 49
ARISING OUT OF THESE ............................................46 Anti-Defection Law ............................................ 51
Features Of Parliamentary Form Of Government 46 Role Of The Presiding Officer ............................. 52
Functions Of The Parliament ............................ 46 Parliamentary Scrutiny ..................................... 54
Issues Faced By Indian Legislature ................... 46
Productivity In The Parliament .......................... 47

Unit-V:–”— –—”‡ǡ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†ˆ— –‹‘‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›

12. JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN INDIA......................................56 Fast Track Courts ............................................. 66
Regional Bench Of Supreme Court .................... 67
Comparison Of Indian And Other Judicial Systems Nalsa ................................................................ 68
........................................................................ 56 Judicial Infrastructure In India ......................... 69
Various Significant Roles That Judiciary Plays .. 58
Important Judicial Concepts ............................. 58 13. DISPUTE REDRESSAL MECHANISM ....................... 71
Judicial Pendency ............................................. 59 Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) ................ 71
Judicial Appointments ...................................... 60 Lok Adalat ........................................................ 72
Removal Of Judges ........................................... 61 Gram Nyayalayas .............................................. 72
Judicial Accountability ..................................... 61 Tribunals (Part XIV- A; Article 323A, 323B) ....... 73
Judicial Activism And Judicial Overreach ......... 62 Tribunal Reforms Act 2021 ............................... 74
Contempt Of Court ........................................... 64 Online Dispute Resolution ................................ 75
Women In Judiciary.......................................... 65

Unit-VI: ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”•ƒ†ˆ‹ƒ ‡•—’–‘Ž‘ ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•ƒ† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•–Š‡”‡‹

14. LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT (PART IX, PART IX-A) Government Efforts For Empowering PRI .......... 78
..........................................................................................77 Steps To Be Taken ............................................ 78
Role Of Women In Panchayati Raj Institution .... 78
The Panchayats ................................................ 77 The Municipalities ............................................ 79
Issues And Challenges Faced By Panchayati Raj
Government ...................................................... 77

Unit-VII: ’’‘‹–‡––‘˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ’‘•–•ǡ’‘™‡”•ǡˆ— –‹‘•ƒ†”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•

‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ„‘†‹‡•ǡ•–ƒ–—–‘”›ǡ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›ǡƒ†˜ƒ”‹‘—•“—ƒ•‹ǦŒ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ„‘†‹‡•
15. COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL OF Political Parties And The Election Commission Of
INDIA...............................................................................82 India ................................................................. 90
Simultaneous Elections - One Nation, One
Duties And Power Of CAG ................................. 82 Election ............................................................ 91
16. NCSC, NCST AND NCBC ...............................................84 EVM And Associated Issues .............................. 92
NOTA ................................................................ 94
Composition ..................................................... 84 Model Code Of Conduct (MCC) .......................... 95
Election Funding .............................................. 96
17. UPSC AND SPSC ............................................................86 Criminalization Of Politics ................................. 98
Constitutional Provisions .................................. 86 Politics Of Freebie ........................................... 101
UPSC Viz-A- Viz SPSC ...................................... 86 AI And Elections ............................................. 102
Independence Of Commission ........................... 86
Functions And Limitations ................................ 86 19. DELIMITATION COMMISSION .............................. 104
Background .................................................... 104
18. ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA.........................88 Constitutional Provisions ................................ 104
Introduction ..................................................... 88 Delimitation Commission ................................ 104
Powers And Functions ...................................... 88 Functions Of The Delimitation Commission .... 104
Independence ................................................... 89 Criticism Of The Delimitation Commission ...... 105
Concerns With Election Commissioners ............ 89
Way Forward .................................................... 90 20. ATTORNEY GENERAL OF INDIA........................... 106
Introduction.................................................... 106

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
About AGI........................................................106 Introduction.................................................... 109
Conclusion ..................................................... 109
21. NATIONAL AND STATE HUMAN RIGHTS
COMMISSION ............................................................. 107 23. CENTRAL VIGILANCE COMMISSION (CVC) ....... 110
Introduction ....................................................107 Independence Of CVC ..................................... 110
Way Forward ...................................................108 Way Forward .................................................. 110
Conclusion ......................................................108 Conclusion ..................................................... 110
22. CENTRAL AND STATE INFORMATION
COMMISSION ............................................................. 109

Unit-VIII: –”— –—”‡ǡ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†ˆ— –‹‘‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡Ǧ‹‹•–”‹‡•ƒ††‡’ƒ”–‡–•

‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǣ
24. UNION EXECUTIVE & STATE EXECUTIVE.......... 111 Issues Related To Governor ............................. 121
Recommendations Of Sarkaria Commission .... 121
Introduction ....................................................111
The President Of India .....................................111 25. PRIME MINISTER & CHIEF MINISTER ................ 123
Criticism Of The Office Of The President ..........112 Constitutional Provisions ................................ 123
The Vice President Of India ..............................112 Powers & Functions Of PM & CM .................... 123
Constitutional Provisions .................................112
Powers & Functions Of Vice- President ............113 26. COUNCIL OF MINISTER........................................... 125
Elections Of President & Vice-President ...........113 Constitutional Provisions ................................ 125
Term, Qualification & Removal Of The President Responsibility Of Ministers ............................. 126
And The Vice President ....................................114
The Governor Of State .....................................114 27. CABINET SYSTEM IN INDIA................................... 127
Term Of Governor (Article 156) ........................114 Role Of Cabinet ............................................... 127
Qualification (Article 157)] ...............................114 Cabinet Committees ........................................ 127
Nominated V/S Elected Governor ....................114
Powers Of President & Governor ......................115 28. MINISTRIES OF GOVERNMENT ............................ 129
Privileges And Immunities Enjoyed By President & Constitutional Provisions ................................ 129
Governor (Article 361) ......................................117 Hierarchy Of Ministers In India ....................... 129
Comparison Of Veto Power Of President & Parliamentary Secretaries ............................... 129
Governor .........................................................117 Conclusion ..................................................... 129
Ordinance Making Power Of The President &
Governor .........................................................117 29. PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEES ........................ 130
Pardoning Power Of The President & Governor .119 Introduction.................................................... 130
Discretionary Powers Of The President & Governor
.......................................................................120

Unit-IX:Salient features of the representation of people’s act.

30. REPRESENTATION OF PEOPLES’ ACT ................ 131 Right To Know ................................................ 133
Corrupt Practices ............................................ 134
Introduction ....................................................131 Electoral Offenses ........................................... 134
Key Features Of The Act ..................................131 Paid News ....................................................... 135
Provisions Regarding Disqualifications In RPA, Voting Rights To Non-Resident Indians Through
1951 ................................................................131 Postal Ballot ................................................... 136
Registration Of Political Parties ........................132

Unit-X: ‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ• Š‡‡™‹–Š–Šƒ–‘ˆ‘–Š‡” ‘—–”‹‡•

31. COMPARISON OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTIONAL India And Britain ............................................ 140
SCHEME WITH OTHER COUNTRIES .................... 137 India And France ............................................ 141
India And Japan ............................................. 142
India And USA .................................................137 India And South Africa .................................... 143

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The Indian Constitution serves as a lasting testament to India's successful transformation from a colony to a sovereign
republic. This dynamic document guides the democratic operation of the world's most populous nation. It embodies an
inclusive vision that has steered India's immense diversity towards a unified national identity.
EVOLUTION OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION: A JOURNEY THROUGH KEY ACTS AND REFORMS
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT, 1919/MONTAGU-CHELMSFORD REFORMS
• Indian Members in Executive CouncilǣŠ‡ –ƒ†ƒ–‡†–Š‡‹ Ž—•‹‘‘ˆ–Š”‡‡ †‹ƒ•‹–Š‡‹ ‡”‘›̵•‡š‡ —–‹˜‡
‘— ‹ŽǤ
• Bicameral Legislatureǣ–™‘ǦŠ‘—•‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†––Š‡‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡••‡„Ž›ƒ†–Š‡‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ–ƒ–‡Ǥ
• DecentralizationǣŠ‡ –”‡Žƒš‡†–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”–Š‡’”‘˜‹ ‡•„›†‡ƒ” ƒ–‹‰ƒ†•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‰ ‡–”ƒŽ
ƒ†’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•Ǥ
• Dyarchy at Provincesǣ  †›ƒ” Š› ™ƒ• ‹–”‘†— ‡† ƒ– –Š‡ ’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Žǡ †‹˜‹†‹‰ ’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –• ‹–‘
–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†ƒ†”‡•‡”˜‡†‘‡•Ǥ
• Central Public Service Commissionǣ Š‡  – ’”‘˜‹†‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ ƒ ’—„Ž‹  •‡”˜‹ ‡ ‘‹••‹‘ǡ
Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡–”ƒŽ—„Ž‹ ‡”˜‹ ‡‘‹••‹‘‹ͳͻʹ͸Ǥ
• Significance
o Increased Indian Participation: –ƒ‹‡†–‘‡š’ƒ† †‹ƒ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‹‰‘˜‡”‹‰–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǤŠ‹•ƒ”‡†
ƒ•Š‹ˆ––‘™ƒ”†•‡˜‡–—ƒŽ•‡ŽˆǦ”—Ž‡Ǥ
o Legislative Reforms: – ‹–”‘†— ‡† „‹ ƒ‡”ƒŽ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡• ƒ† ‡š’ƒ†‡† ˜‘–‹‰ ”‹‰Š–•ǡ •’ƒ”‹‰ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ
ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ†‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ
o Role of Dyarchy:Š‡ –‹’Ž‡‡–‡†ƒ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ•›•–‡‘ˆ•‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”‡–‹’”‘˜‹ ‡•ǡ‰‹˜‹‰ †‹ƒ••‘‡
ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘–”‘ŽǤ
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF 1935
• Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒ –‘ˆͳͻ͵ͷ™ƒ•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–•–‡’–‘™ƒ”†•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‡ Šƒ‹•‹
†‹ƒǤ –™ƒ•ƒ‹Ž›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ––Šƒ––‹‡•— Šƒ•ǡ‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘‡’‘”–ǡ
‡Š”—‡’‘”–ǡ‘—†ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡•‡– Ǥ
• Salient Features of the Act
o All-India Federationǣ•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ˆ‘”ƒˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ•›•–‡™‹–Š†‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”•ǡ„—–’”‹ ‡Ž›•–ƒ–‡•
†‹†̵–Œ‘‹ǡ’”‡˜‡–‹‰‹–•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Provincial Autonomy (1937-1939): ”ƒ–‡†Ž‹‹–‡†•‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡–‘’”‘˜‹ ‡•™‹–Š‹‹•–‡”•ƒ†˜‹•‹‰–Š‡
‰‘˜‡”‘”Ǥ
o Dyarchy at Center (Not Implemented):‹˜‹†‡† ‡–”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡ –•‹–‘”‡•‡”˜‡†ƒ†–”ƒ•ˆ‡”ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǡ„—–
‡˜‡”‹’Ž‡‡–‡†Ǥ
o Bicameral Legislatures (Limited): –”‘†— ‡†—’’‡”Š‘—•‡•‹•‘‡’”‘˜‹ ‡•™‹–Š”‡•–”‹ –‹‘•Ǥ
o Expanded Representation:  ”‡ƒ•‡†˜‘–‹‰”‹‰Š–•ȋƒ”‘—†ͳͲΨ‘ˆ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ȍƒ†•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡•ˆ‘”
•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‰”‘—’•Ǥ
o Restructured Administration:„‘Ž‹•Š‡†‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ†˜‹•‘”•ˆ‘”–Š‡‡ ”‡–ƒ”›‘ˆ–ƒ–‡ǡƒ†
”‡ƒ–‡†—„Ž‹ ‡”˜‹ ‡‘‹••‹‘•ȋ ‡†‡”ƒŽǡ”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽǡ ‘‹–ȌǤ
o Federal Courtǣ Š‡  – ’”‘˜‹†‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ ƒ ‡†‡”ƒŽ ‘—”– ™‹–Š „‘–Š ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ’’‡ŽŽƒ–‡
Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘•Ǥ
• Significance of the Actǣ Š‹• ƒ – ™ƒ• –Š‡ ‘•– ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ ƒ† ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ ‡ƒ –‡† „› –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š
ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ ‡•’‹–‡ ‹–• Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‹– ƒ”‡† ƒ ‹Ž‡•–‘‡ –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›
”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‹ †‹ƒƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡† †‹ƒ•™‹–Š’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ”—‹‰–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
INDIAN INDEPENDENCE ACT OF 1947
• ƒŽ‹‡– ‡ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ –ǣ
o End of British RuleǣŠ‡ –†‡ Žƒ”‡† †‹ƒƒ†ƒ‹•–ƒƒ•–™‘‹†‡’‡†‡–†‘‹‹‘•ˆ”‘—‰—•–ͳͷǡͳͻͶ͹Ǥ
o Power to the Constituent AssembliesǣŠ‡ –‰ƒ˜‡–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—‡–ƒ••‡„Ž‹‡•‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ†ƒ‹•–ƒ–Š‡’‘™‡”
–‘ˆ”ƒ‡–Š‡‹””‡•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ
o Partition of IndiaǣŠ‡ –’”‘˜‹†‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡’ƒ”–‹–‹‘‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š †‹ƒ‹–‘ †‹ƒƒ†ƒ‹•–ƒǤ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
• Significance:
o Š‡ †‹ƒ †‡’‡†‡ ‡ –‘ˆͳͻͶ͹ƒ”‡†–Š‡‡†‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š”—Ž‡‹ †‹ƒƒ††‡ Žƒ”‡† †‹ƒƒ†ƒ‹•–ƒƒ•
–™‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†‘‹‹‘•Ǥ

KEY WORDS:—ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ‡–”ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘™‡”ǡŽ‹‹–‡† ‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ǡ †‹”‡ –‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘—ƒŽ

Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡ǡŽŽ †‹ƒ ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ›ƒ” Š›ǡ”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ—–‘‘›

CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY OF INDIA

• Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ‰‘˜‡”‡–̵• ƒ„‹‡– ‹••‹‘ Žƒ ‘ˆ ͳͻͶ͸ ‹ Ž—†‡† –Š‡ ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡ǡ ‹ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ǡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‘•–‹–—‡–
••‡„Ž›Ǥ
• Š‡‘•–‹–—‡–••‡„Ž› ‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•™Š‘™‡”‡‹†‹”‡ –Ž›‡Ž‡ –‡†ƒ†‡„‡”•‘‹ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘
–Š‡’”‹ ‡Ž›•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• –‡–ˆ‘”‡ƒ”Ž›–Š”‡‡›‡ƒ”•ǡ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‰ƒ††‡„ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ˆ‘”ƒ‹†‡’‡†‡– †‹ƒǤ‡›ˆ‹‰—”‡•Ž‹‡
ǤǤ„‡†ƒ”’Žƒ›‡†ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹•Šƒ’‹‰–Š‡†‘ —‡–Ǥ
• Š‡••‡„Ž›—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›ƒ†‘’–‡†–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘‘ ‘˜‡„‡”ʹ͸ǡ ͳͻͶͻǡ ’ƒ˜‹‰–Š‡™ƒ›ˆ‘” †‹ƒ„‡ ‘‹‰ƒ
”‡’—„Ž‹ ‘ ƒ—ƒ”›ʹ͸ǡͳͻͷͲǤ
Criticism of the Constituent Assembly
• Lack of Representativeness:”‹–‹ •ƒ”‰—‡–Š‡••‡„Ž›™ƒ•̵––”—Ž›”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ•‡„‡”•™‡”‡̵–†‹”‡ –Ž›
‡Ž‡ –‡†„›–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡–Š”‘—‰Š—‹˜‡”•ƒŽƒ†—Ž–•—ˆˆ”ƒ‰‡Ǥ
• Not a Sovereign Bodyǣ ‘‡ Žƒ‹ –Š‡ ••‡„Ž› ™ƒ•̵– ˆ—ŽŽ› •‘˜‡”‡‹‰ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹– ™ƒ• ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† „› ”‹–‹•Š
’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•ƒ†ˆ— –‹‘‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‹”’‡”‹••‹‘Ǥ
• Lawyer-Dominatedǣ ”‹–‹ • ’‘‹– ‘—– ƒ Š‹‰Š —„‡” ‘ˆ Žƒ™›‡”• ‹ –Š‡ ••‡„Ž›ǡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‹‰ –Š‡
‘•–‹–—–‹‘̵• ‘’Ž‡š‹–›ƒ†Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹•–‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ
• Hindu Dominanceǣ ‘‡ ”‹–‹ •ǡ Ž‹‡ ‹•–‘ Š—” Š‹ŽŽǡ ƒ”‰—‡† –Š‡ ••‡„Ž› ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† –Š‡ ‹†—
ƒŒ‘”‹–›ǡ‡‰Ž‡ –‹‰‘–Š‡” ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Time-Consuming ProcessǣŠ‡†”ƒˆ–‹‰’”‘ ‡••–‘‘‡ƒ”Ž›–Š”‡‡›‡ƒ”•ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰•‘‡–‘ ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡‹–•Ž‡‰–ŠǤ
ǡ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡•‡ ”‹–‹ ‹••™‡”‡ ‘—–‡”‡†„›–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡ƒ••‡„Ž›”‡’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ™‹†‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽǡ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ
ƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ˜‹‡™’‘‹–•ǡƒ†‹–•’”‘Ž‘‰‡††‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡ƒ‡ ‡••ƒ”›”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ‹–•‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‡ƒ†
”‡ ‘ ‹Ž‡–Š‡•‡†‹˜‡”‰‡–˜‹‡™•Ǥ

CRITIQUES OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION

• Carbon Copy of the 1935 Act:
o Critique: ”‹–‹•Š ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ‡š’‡”– ‹” ˜‘” ‡‹‰• ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ †‹ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž› „‘””‘™•
ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒ –ǡͳͻ͵ͷǡ™‹–Šƒ›’”‘˜‹•‹‘• ‘’‹‡††‹”‡ –Ž›Ǥ
o Counterargument:”ǤǤǤ„‡†ƒ” ‘—–‡”‡†–Š‹• Žƒ‹ǡ Žƒ”‹ˆ›‹‰–Šƒ–„‘””‘™‡†‡Ž‡‡–•’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›†‡ƒŽ–
™‹–Š ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ †‡–ƒ‹Ž•Ǥ Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ‡„‘†‹‡• –Š‡ ˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ‹†‡’‡†‡– †‹ƒǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰
ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•ǡ†‹”‡ –‹˜‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•†‹•–‹ –ˆ”‘–Š‡ͳͻ͵ͷ –Ǥ
• Bag of Borrowings;
o Critique: ”‹–‹ • ‘ˆ–‡ Žƒ„‡Ž –Š‡ †‹ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ƒ• ƒ ̶„‘””‘™‡† ‘•–‹–—–‹‘̶ ‘” ƒ ̶„ƒ‰ ‘ˆ „‘””‘™‹‰•ǡ̶
Žƒ ‹‰‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
o Counterargument: Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡• ‘ ‡’–• ƒ† ’”‘˜‹•‹‘• ˆ”‘ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ™‘”Ž†
‘•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ˆ”ƒ‡”• Ž‡˜‡”Ž› ƒ†ƒ’–‡† –Š‡ –‘ †‹ƒ̵• —‹“—‡ ‘–‡š– ƒ† ‡‡†•Ǥ • ”Ǥ ǤǤ „‡†ƒ”
’‘‹–‡†‘—–ǡ–Š‹• ”‹–‹ ‹••–‡•ˆ”‘ƒ•—’‡”ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘̵•‡••‡ ‡Ǥ
• Lawyer's Paradise:
o Critique:‹” ˜‘” ‡‹‰• ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡†–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘̵•Ž‡‰ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†’Š”ƒ•‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ• ‘’Ž‡šǡ ƒŽŽ‹‰‹–ƒ
"lawyer's paradise.”
o Counterargument: ”‡ ‹•‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ –‘ ’”‡˜‡– ‹•‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† ‹•—•‡Ǥ Š‡
‘•–‹–—–‹‘•‡”˜‡•–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡„—–—•–ƒŽ•‘ˆ— –‹‘‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›™‹–Š‹–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ•›•–‡Ǥ
• Excessive Length and Detail:
o Critique:”‹–‹ •ƒ”‰—‡–Šƒ––Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘‹•‡š ‡••‹˜‡Ž›Ž‡‰–Š›ƒ††‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†ǡƒ‹‰‹– —„‡”•‘‡Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
o Counterargument:Š‡‡š–‡•‹˜‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž‹•‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽǡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡†‘ —‡––Šƒ–‰—‹†‡•‡˜‡”›
ƒ•’‡ – ‘ˆ ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ƒ† ‹‹‹œ‡• ƒ„‹‰—‹–›Ǥ Š‹• Ž‡‰–Š ”‡ˆŽ‡ –• –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘̵• ‹ Ž—•‹˜‡‡•• ƒ†
–Š‘”‘—‰Š‡••Ǥ
• Federalism with a Unitarian Bias:
o Critiqueǣ ”‹–‹ • ƒ”‰—‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ †‹ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ Ž‡ƒ• –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ —‹–ƒ”› •›•–‡ǡ ‰‹˜‹‰ –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ
‰‘˜‡”‡–‘”‡’‘™‡”–Šƒ•–ƒ–‡•ǤŠ‹•—†‡”‹‡•–Š‡–”—‡•’‹”‹–‘ˆˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•Ǥ
o Counterargumentǣ”‘’‘‡–•ƒ”‰—‡–Šƒ–ƒ•–”‘‰ ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–‹•‡ ‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—‹–›ƒ†–‘
ƒ††”‡•• ‹••—‡• Ž‹‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •‡ —”‹–› ƒ† ‡ ‘‘‹  †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡•
‡ Šƒ‹••ˆ‘” ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡ ‡–‡”ƒ†•–ƒ–‡•™‘”–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ
• Too Rigid or Too Flexible:
o Critiqueǣ‘‡ƒ”‰—‡–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘‹•–‘‘”‹‰‹†ǡƒ‹‰‹–†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘ƒ†ƒ’––‘ Šƒ‰‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘‘‹
”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡•Ǥ‡†‹‰‹–‹•ƒ ‘’Ž‡š’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
o Counterargumentǣ –Š‡”• „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘̵• ˆŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–› ƒŽŽ‘™• ˆ‘” ‡ ‡••ƒ”› ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘• –Š”‘—‰Š
ƒ‡†‡–•Ǥ –•–”‹‡•ƒ„ƒŽƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†”‡•’‘•‹˜‡‡••–‘ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ

KEY WORDS:ƒ”„‘ ‘’›ǡƒ™›‡”̵•ƒ”ƒ†‹•‡ǡƒ‰‘ˆ„‘””‘™‹‰•ǡš ‡••‹˜‡Ž‡‰–Š

Recent Developments

• 106th Amendment (2023) ‹–”‘†— ‡†”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”™‘‡‹ ‘ ƒ„Šƒǡ•–ƒ–‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ••‡„Ž‹‡•ǡƒ†

‡ŽŠ‹••‡„Ž›Ǥ‡Ǧ–Š‹”†‘ˆƒŽŽ•‡ƒ–•™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡•‡”˜‡†ˆ‘”™‘‡ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‘•‡”‡•‡”˜‡†ˆ‘” Š‡†—Ž‡†ƒ•–‡•
ƒ† Š‡†—Ž‡†”‹„‡•Ǥ
• 105th Amendment (2021) r‡•–‘”‡† –Š‡ ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ •–ƒ–‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–• –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› ƒ† Žƒ••‹ˆ› ‘ ‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ†
†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ƒ ™ƒ”†Žƒ••‡•ȋ•Ȍˆ‘”ƒˆˆ‹”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ –‹‘’”‘‰”ƒ•Ǥ

ETHICS AND ESSAY

CRASH COURSE 2024
24 June,2024
60 Hours

ATUL GARG SIR PRICE: KAPIL SIKKA SIR

ETHICS ₹15000 (OFFLINE), ₹10000 (ONLINE) ESSAY

ETHICS DISCUSSION IN THEME WISE COVERAGE OF 150+ ETHICS 2 ETHICS AND 2 ESSAY FULL
QUESTION-ANSWER FORMAT ESSAY COVERAGE AND 50+ ESSAY QUESTIONS LENGTH TESTS WITH EVALUATION

EVALUATION BY ONE-TO-ONE SESSIONS WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON : TIME MANAGEMENT,

FACULTY FACULTY FOR PERSONAL DOUBTS TACKLING PHILOSOPHICAL ESSAYS, CASE STUDIES

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

2 CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS IN INDIA

Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘•‡”˜‡•ƒ•ƒŽƒ•–‹‰–‡•–ƒ‡––‘ †‹ƒ̵••— ‡••ˆ—Ž–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘ƒ ‘Ž‘›–‘ƒ•‘˜‡”‡‹‰

”‡’—„Ž‹ Ǥ
• ƒ†‹– ƒ™ƒŠƒ”ŽƒŽ‡Š”—‘ ‡Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†–Š‡†›ƒ‹ ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ•–ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ–™Š‹Ž‡™‡•–”‹˜‡–‘ƒ‡
‘—” ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ•’‡”ƒ‡–ƒ†•‘Ž‹†ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ‹–•Š‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘”ˆŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘ƒ†ƒ’––‘–Š‡ƒ–‹‘̵•‰”‘™–Š
ƒ† Šƒ‰‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ
• Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ”‘„—•–ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ǡƒŽŽ‘™•ˆ‘”‡ ‡••ƒ”› Šƒ‰‡•–Š”‘—‰Šƒƒ‡†‡–’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
Š‹•‡•—”‡•–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†ƒ’–•–‘‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰‡‡†•ƒ† ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•Ǥ
• –‹Ž‘™ǡ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ‡†‡†ͳͲ͸–‹‡•ǤŠ‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆƒ‡†‡–‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†‹”–‹ Ž‡͵͸ͺ‘ˆ–Š‡
‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
TYPES OF AMENDMENTS
Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ƒ„‡ƒ‡†‡†‹͵™ƒ›•Ǥ
• Amendment by Simple Majority of Parliament:Š‹•‹ Ž—†‡•ƒ‡†‡–•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ƒ†‹••‹‘‘”‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–
‘ˆ‡™•–ƒ–‡•ǡƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ‡š‹•–‹‰•–ƒ–‡•ǡƒ„‘Ž‹–‹‘‘” ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ‘— ‹Ž•‹•–ƒ–‡•ǡ‡– Ǥ
• Amendment by Special Majority of Parliament (Under Article 368)ǣŠ‹•‹ Ž—†‡•ƒ‡†‡–•–‘ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ
‹‰Š–•ǡ‹”‡ –‹˜‡”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ–ƒ–‡‘Ž‹ ›ǡƒ†ƒŽŽ‘–Š‡”’”‘˜‹•‹‘•‘– ‘˜‡”‡†„›–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ†–Š‹”† ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•Ǥ
• Amendment by Special Majority of Parliament and Ratification by State Legislatures (Under Article 368):
Š‹•‹ Ž—†‡•ƒ‡†‡–•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ǡ–Š‡‡š–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‹‘
ƒ†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•ǡ—’”‡‡‘—”–ƒ†Š‹‰Š ‘—”–•ǡ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡’‘™‡”•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‹‘ƒ†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•ǡ
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡•‹ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ǡ’‘™‡”‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡––‘ƒ‡†–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†‹–•’”‘ ‡†—”‡Ǥ
INFORMAL AMENDMENTS
• Judicial Interpretation:Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–‘ˆ †‹ƒ’Žƒ›•ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ˜‡”–‹‡ǡ
–Š‡‹”Œ—†‰‡–• ƒ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž› Šƒ‰‡Š‘™–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘‹•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†ǡ‡˜‡‹ˆ–Š‡™”‹––‡–‡š–”‡ƒ‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡Ǥ
‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ–Š‡̶„ƒ•‹ •–”— –—”‡̶‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Š ƒ‘–„‡ƒ‡†‡†ǡ™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†
–Š”‘—‰ŠŒ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Constitutional Conventions:Š‡•‡ƒ”‡— ‘†‹ˆ‹‡†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•–Šƒ–ǡ–Š‘—‰Š‘–•–”‹ –Ž›’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡƒ”‡
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡††—‡–‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘‘”’”‡ ‡†‡–Ǥ‡šƒ’Ž‡‹•–Š‡ ‘˜‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‹‡‹‹•–‡”„‡‹‰–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒŒ‘”‹–›’ƒ”–›‹–Š‡‘ƒ„ŠƒȋŽ‘™‡”Š‘—•‡‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ȌǤŠ‡•‡ ‘˜‡–‹‘• ƒ‡˜‘Ž˜‡‘˜‡”–‹‡ǡ•Šƒ’‹‰Š‘™
–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ˆ— –‹‘•Ǥ


Keywords: —†‹ ‹ƒŽ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘˜‡–‹‘•ǡ„ƒ•‹ •–”— –—”‡

THE NECESSITY OF CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS

• Evolving Social Order:‹–Š‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ•‘ ‹‡–›ǡ™‡ƒ‡”•‡ –‹‘•‡‡†–‘„‡’”‘–‡ –‡†™‹–Šƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†•
–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹”‘„—•–•‘ ‹ƒŽ‘”†‡”Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ
o 106th Amendment (2023) ‹–”‘†— ‡†”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”™‘‡‹‘ƒ„Šƒǡ•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ••‡„Ž‹‡•ǡƒ†
‡ŽŠ‹••‡„Ž›Ǥ
• Strengthening Institutions:‡†‡–• ƒ‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘‹‰‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǣ
o Anti-Defection Law: Š‡ ͷʹ† ƒ‡†‡– ‹–”‘†— ‡† –Š‡ –‹Ǧ‡ˆ‡ –‹‘ ƒ™ –‘ —”„ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‹•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›
ƒ—•‡†„›†‡ˆ‡ –‹‘•ˆ”‘’ƒ”–‹‡•Ǥ
• Technological Advancements:‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ‡ ‡••‹–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘”•Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǣ
o Privacy in the Digital Age:†‡„ƒ–‡‡š‹•–•‘ƒ‡†‹‰–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘–‘‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›‹ Ž—†‡–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘’”‹˜ƒ ›
‹–Š‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽƒ‰‡ǡ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡”‹•‡‘ˆ†ƒ–ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ƒ†•—”˜‡‹ŽŽƒ ‡Ǥ
• Fulfilling Social Contracts: For example, the 73rd and 74th Amendments, ™Š‹ Š™‡”‡‹–”‘†— ‡†–‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡–Š‡
†”‡ƒ‘ˆ̵ ”ƒ™ƒ”ƒŒ̵ƒ•‡˜‹•ƒ‰‡†„›ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹Ǥ
• Structural Adjustments: ‡†‡–•Ž‹‡–Š‡ƒ„‘Ž‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹‰Š––‘”‘’‡”–›ˆ”‘ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹‰Š–•™‡”‡
”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘”‡ ‘‘‹  ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Addressing Practical Difficulties:‘‡–‹‡•ǡƒ‡†‡–••–”‡ƒŽ‹‡’”‘ ‡••‡•ǣ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
o GST (Goods and Services Tax): Š‡ ͳͲͳ•– ƒ‡†‡– ‹–”‘†— ‡† ǡ ƒ —‹ˆ‹‡† –ƒš •›•–‡ ƒ‹‡† ƒ–
•‹’Ž‹ˆ›‹‰‹†‹”‡ ––ƒšƒ–‹‘ƒ ”‘•• †‹ƒǤ
ISSUES WITH CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS
• Frequency of Amendments: †‹ƒ̵•‘•–‹–—–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ‡†‡†ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‘–Š‡”†‡‘ ”ƒ ‹‡•ǡ
”ƒ‹•‹‰ “—‡•–‹‘• ƒ„‘—– •–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† ”‡•’‡ – ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ †‘ —‡–Ǥ ‘‡ ƒ”‰—‡ –Š‡ ˆ”‡“—‡– ƒ‡†‡–•
‹†‹ ƒ–‡ƒŽƒ ‘ˆˆ‘”‡•‹‰Š–‹–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ†”ƒˆ–‹‰‘”ƒ–‡†‡ ›ˆ‘”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡š’‡†‹‡ ›‘˜‡”Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”˜‹•‹‘Ǥ
• Shift of Power: š ‡••‹˜‡ƒ‡†‡–•‹‰Š–ƒŽ–‡”–Š‡„ƒŽƒ ‡‘ˆ’‘™‡”„‡–™‡‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ•— Šƒ•–Š‡
ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ† —†‹ ‹ƒ”›ǡ‡–”‡ƒ†–ƒ–‡•ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘‹•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
• Lack of Public Deliberation:Š‡ —””‡–’”‘ ‡••”‡Ž‹‡•‘ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ†•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡•ǡ™‹–ŠŽ‹‹–‡†’—„Ž‹
‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–Ǥ ‡ ‡– ƒ‡†‡–• Šƒ˜‡̵– Šƒ† ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ ’—„Ž‹  †‹• —••‹‘• ‘” ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š •–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ǡ
”ƒ‹•‹‰ ‘ ‡”•ƒ„‘—–†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›Ǥ
• Potential for Majoritarianism:  •–”‘‰ ‡–”ƒŽ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ™‹–Š ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘—Ž† ’—•Š –Š”‘—‰Š
ƒ‡†‡–• ™‹–Š‘—– ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ ‹‘”‹–› ˜‹‡™’‘‹–•Ǥ ‘ ‡”• ‡š‹•– –Šƒ– ƒ‡†‡–• ‹’ƒ –‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ
„ƒŽƒ ‡‘”ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•‹‰Š–„‡’ƒ••‡†„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡”—Ž‹‰’ƒ”–›̵•ƒŒ‘”‹–›ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ
• The "Basic Structure Doctrine" Debate: Š‡”‡̵•‘‰‘‹‰†‡„ƒ–‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡‡š–‡––‘™Š‹ Šƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ƒƒ‡†
–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘̵•̶„ƒ•‹ •–”— –—”‡̶ȋ— Šƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ȌǤƒ†ƒ”—’”‡‡‘—”–Œ—†‰‡‡–•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†
–Š‡̶„ƒ•‹ •–”— –—”‡̶†‘ –”‹‡ǡ„—–‹–•’”‡ ‹•‡• ‘’‡”‡ƒ‹•†‡„ƒ–‡†ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰— ‡”–ƒ‹–›ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ƒ‡†‡–
’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
CRITICISM OF THE AMENDMENT PROCEDURE
• Centralized Control: ”‹–‹ • ƒ”‰—‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’‘™‡” –‘ ƒ‡† –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ”‡•–• Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž› ™‹–Š ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ǡ
’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›‡‰Ž‡ –‹‰–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ„ƒŽƒ ‡„›‰‹˜‹‰Ž‡••™‡‹‰Š––‘–Š‡˜‘‹ ‡‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Limited Public Participation:Š‡ —””‡–ƒ‡†‡–’”‘ ‡••Žƒ •’”‘˜‹•‹‘•ˆ‘”†‹”‡ –’—„Ž‹ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–ǡ•— Š
ƒ•”‡ˆ‡”‡†—•ǤŠ‹• ‘—Ž†‡Šƒ ‡–Š‡†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›‘ˆƒ‡†‡–•„›‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‰’—„Ž‹ ‘’‹‹‘Ǥ
• Absence of a Dedicated Body: Ž‹‡•‘‡ƒ–‹‘•ǡ †‹ƒ†‘‡•̵–Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†„‘†›Ž‹‡ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ
‘˜‡–‹‘ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ› –ƒ•‡† ™‹–Š ’”‘’‘•‹‰ ƒ‡†‡–•Ǥ Š‹• ‘—Ž† ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› •–”‡ƒŽ‹‡ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ƒ†
‡•—”‡ƒ‘”‡ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡”‡˜‹‡™Ǥ
• Similar to Ordinary Bills:š ‡’–ˆ‘”–Š‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽƒŒ‘”‹–›”‡“—‹”‡‡–ǡ–Š‡ƒ‡†‡–’”‘ ‡••‹•“—‹–‡•‹‹Žƒ”–‘
’ƒ••‹‰‘”†‹ƒ”›„‹ŽŽ•Ǥ”‹–‹ •ƒ”‰—‡ˆ‘”ƒ‘”‡”‹‰‘”‘—•’”‘ ‡†—”‡ˆ‘”ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ
• State Ratification Ambiguity: Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ †‘‡•̵– •’‡ ‹ˆ› ƒ –‹‡ ˆ”ƒ‡ ˆ‘” •–ƒ–‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡• –‘ ”ƒ–‹ˆ›
ƒ‡†‡–•ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ†‡Žƒ›•ƒ†— ‡”–ƒ‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Silent on Withdrawal:Š‡”‡̵•‘ Žƒ”‹–›‘™Š‡–Š‡”•–ƒ–‡• ƒ™‹–Š†”ƒ™–Š‡‹”ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽƒˆ–‡”‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›”ƒ–‹ˆ›‹‰ƒ
ƒ‡†‡–Ǥ
• No Deadlock Resolution: Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• Žƒ • ƒ ‡ Šƒ‹• ˆ‘” ”‡•‘Ž˜‹‰ †‡ƒ†Ž‘ • ‹ˆ „‘–Š Š‘—•‡• ‘ˆ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–
†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‘ƒƒ‡†‡–Ǥ
WAY FORWARD
• Dedicated Committee/Body: •–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ‘‹––‡‡‘”„‘†›•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›–ƒ•‡†™‹–ŠƒƒŽ›œ‹‰’”‘’‘•‡†
ƒ‡†‡–•–‘–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǤŠ‹• ‘—Ž†’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ‘”‡”‹‰‘”‘—•”‡˜‹‡™’”‘ ‡••ƒ†’”‡˜‡–Šƒ•–› Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ
• Setting Up a Joint Parliamentary Committee: ”‡ƒ–‡ ƒ ‘‹– ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”› ‘‹––‡‡ ȋ Ȍ ˆ‘” ‹Ǧ†‡’–Š
†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘‘’”‘’‘•‡†ƒ‡†‡–•ǤŠ‹• ™‘—Ž†‹˜‘Ž˜‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•ˆ”‘„‘–ŠŠ‘—•‡•‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ†
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡ ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰ ‘•‡•—•Ǧ„—‹Ž†‹‰ ƒ† ‡•—”‹‰ „”‘ƒ†‡” ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘’‘•‡†
Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ
• Deadlock Resolution Mechanism:”‡ƒ–‡ƒˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ˆ‘””‡•‘Ž˜‹‰†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–•„‡–™‡‡Š‘—•‡•‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–
‘ƒ‡†‡–•ǤŠ‹• ‘—Ž†‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡†‹ƒ–‹‘ǡŒ‘‹– ‘‹––‡‡•ǡ‘”ƒ–‡’‘”ƒ”›•—’‡”ƒŒ‘”‹–›”‡“—‹”‡‡–Ǥ
• Involve State Legislatures: Š‡‹”ƒ –‹˜‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ƒ‡†‡–’”‘ ‡•• ‘—Ž†‡•—”‡ƒ„ƒŽƒ ‡†ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ
•–”— –—”‡‹•ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†Ǥ
• Defining Amendment Procedure: Ž‡ƒ”‡”’”‘ ‡†—”ƒŽ‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡• ‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’”‡†— ‡ ‘ˆ—•‹‘ƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹•—•‡
‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‡†‡–’”‘˜‹•‹‘Ǥ
• Time-bound Ratification:‡–ƒ–‹‡Ž‹‹–ˆ‘”•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹ˆ›ƒ‡†‡–•ǡ’”‡˜‡–‹‰‹†‡ˆ‹‹–‡†‡Žƒ›•Ǥ
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽƒ‡†‡–•ƒ”‡ƒ˜‹–ƒŽ‡ Šƒ‹•–‘‡‡’–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ƒ† ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ„Ž‡‹ƒ†›ƒ‹ 
™‘”Ž†Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‡š‡” ‹•‹‰–Š‹•’‘™‡”Œ—†‹ ‹‘—•Ž›ƒ†•’ƒ”‹‰Ž›‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†–Š‡‹–‡‰”‹–›ƒ†•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›
‘ˆ‘—”ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ™Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution


KEYWORDS: ƒŒ‘”‹–ƒ”‹ƒ‹•ǡ’—„Ž‹ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡†‹ ƒ–‡†‘‹––‡‡ǡ‡ƒ†Ž‘ ‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‡ Šƒ‹•

106TH CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT, 2023

Provisions:
• Š‡ͳͲ͸–Šƒ‡†‡–ǡƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•–Š‡‘‡̵•‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ –ǡʹͲʹ͵ȋƒ”‹Šƒ–‹ƒ†ƒ†Š‹‹›ƒǡʹͲʹ͵Ȍ
”‡•‡”˜‡•‘‡Ǧ–Š‹”†‘ˆƒŽŽ•‡ƒ–•‹–Š‡‘ƒ„ŠƒȋŽ‘™‡”Š‘—•‡‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ȍǡ•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ••‡„Ž‹‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ’‹–ƒŽ‡””‹–‘”›‘ˆ‡ŽŠ‹‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡••‡„Ž›ˆ‘”™‘‡Ǥ
• Š‹•”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‹ Ž—†‡••‡ƒ–•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›”‡•‡”˜‡†ˆ‘” Š‡†—Ž‡†ƒ•–‡•ȋ•Ȍƒ† Š‡†—Ž‡†”‹„‡•ȋ•ȌǤ
Significance:
• ‹•–‘increase women's political participationǡ’”‘‘–‹‰‰‡†‡”‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‹‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• ƒ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›Ž‡ƒ†–‘better representation of women's issuesƒ†’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•‹’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ‹‰Ǥ
• ƒ›inspire more women to enter politicsǡ„”‡ƒ‹‰†‘™–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‰‡†‡”„ƒ””‹‡”•Ǥ
Criticisms:
• Rotational System Concerns:Š‡ –ƒ†ƒ–‡•”‘–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡•‡”˜‡†•‡ƒ–•ǡ™Š‹ Š•‘‡ƒ”‰—‡‹‰Š–†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡
™‘‡™‹–ŠŽ‘‰Ǧ–‡”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Impact on Existing Reservations:”‹–‹ •ƒ”‰—‡‹–‹‰Š–†‹Ž—–‡–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”•ƒ†•Ǥ
• Quota Within Quota: Š‡ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š‹ ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” Ȁ ™‘‡ ”ƒ‹•‡•“—‡•–‹‘•
ƒ„‘—–ˆ—”–Š‡” ‘’Ž‡š‹–‹‡•ƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ
• Focus on Numbers vs. Capability: ‘‡ ƒ”‰—‡ –Šƒ– ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒŽ‘‡ ‹‰Š– ‘– ‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡ ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ™‘‡
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ


Š‡ƒ‡†‡–™ƒ•ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–•–‡’–‘™ƒ”†•™‘‡̵•‡’‘™‡”‡–‹ †‹ƒǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ†‡„ƒ–‡• ‘–‹—‡‘–Š‡

‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”„”‘ƒ†‡”•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡•–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–”—‡‰‡†‡”‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‹’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ
BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE CONSTITUTION
• Š‡ƒ•‹ –”— –—”‡‘ –”‹‡‹•ƒ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†„›–Š‡ †‹ƒ —†‹ ‹ƒ”›–Šƒ– ‡”–ƒ‹ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆ
–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ”‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽƒ†—ƒŽ–‡”ƒ„Ž‡ǡ‡˜‡–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–̵•ƒ‡†‡–’‘™‡”—†‡””–‹ Ž‡͵͸ͺǤ
• Š‡ ‘ ‡’–†‹†̵–‡š‹•–‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›‹–Š‡™”‹––‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ –‡‡”‰‡†–Š”‘—‰Šƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆŽƒ†ƒ” ‘—”– ƒ•‡•
‹–Š‡ͳͻ͸Ͳ•ƒ†ͳͻ͹Ͳ•ǡ —Ž‹ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡Žƒ†ƒ”Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) ƒ•‡Ǥ
• The Supreme Court has yet to define or clarify what constitutes the ‘basic structure’ of the Constitution.



Kesavananda Bharati Judgement

• Š‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– ”—Ž‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‡•ƒ˜ƒƒ†ƒ Šƒ”ƒ–‹ •Ǥ –ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ‡”ƒŽƒ ƒ•‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ „ƒ•‹  •–”— –—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘•–‹–—–‹‘‹•‹˜‹‘Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ† ƒ‘–„‡ƒ‡†‡†„›ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ
• Š‹•™ƒ•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–Ǧ‡˜‡”„‡ Š‹–Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–ǡ ‘’‘•‡†‘ˆͳ͵‡„‡”•Ǥ
• ‡•ƒ˜ƒƒ†ƒ Šƒ”ƒ–‹ǡ –Š‡ ’‡–‹–‹‘‡” ‹ –Š‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– ƒ•‡ –Šƒ– ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ†ƒ” ˜‡”†‹ – ‘ˆ ͳͻ͹͵
‘—–Ž‹‹‰–Š‡„ƒ•‹ •–”— –—”‡†‘ –”‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ’ƒ••‡†ƒ™ƒ›‹ʹͲʹͲǤ

ELEMENTS OF BASIC STRUCTURE

• ˜‡” –Š‡ ›‡ƒ”•ǡ –Š‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– Šƒ• –Š”‘—‰Š ˜ƒ”‹‘—•
Œ—†‰‡–• ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡† ƒ› ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘•–‹–—–‹‘̵•„ƒ•‹ •–”— –—”‡Ǥ
• ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•‹ Ž—†‡ǣ
o Š‡—’”‡ƒ ›‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǣ
o ‡ —Žƒ”ƒ†ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǣ
o Š‡‘˜‡”‡‹‰–›‘ˆ †‹ƒǢ
o Š‡‹–›ƒ† –‡‰”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘
o —†‹ ‹ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™Ǣ
o ƒŽƒ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ‹‰Š–• ƒ† ‹”‡ –‹˜‡ Fig: ƒ•‹ –”— –—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒ
”‹ ‹’Ž‡‡–  

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
SIGNIFICANCE OF BASIC STRUCTURE
• Protects the Core Identity:Š‡„ƒ•‹ •–”— –—”‡†‘ –”‹‡•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†•–Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‡˜‹•‹‘‡†„›–Š‡
‘•–‹–—–‹‘̵•ˆ”ƒ‡”•ǡ‡•—”‹‰ †‹ƒ”‡ƒ‹•ƒ†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–ǡ•‡ —Žƒ”ǡƒ†”‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Limits Arbitrary Amendments: –’”‡˜‡–•–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ˆ”‘ƒ‹‰”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡•–Šƒ– ‘—Ž††‡•–”‘›–Š‡
‘•–‹–—–‹‘̵•‡••‡ ‡Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ƒ̵–ƒ„‘Ž‹•ŠŒ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™’‘™‡”‘”‹–”‘†— ‡ƒ–Š‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ •–ƒ–‡Ǥ
• Maintains Supremacy of the Constitution:›’Žƒ ‹‰Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•‘ƒ‡†‡–•ǡ–Š‡„ƒ•‹ •–”— –—”‡†‘ –”‹‡
—’Š‘Ž†•–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ•–Š‡•—’”‡‡Žƒ™ǡ’”‡˜‡–‹‰‹–•‡”‘•‹‘„›ƒ–‡’‘”ƒ”›ƒŒ‘”‹–›‹ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ
• Promotes Judicial Review: –‡’‘™‡”•–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›–‘”‡˜‹‡™ƒ‡†‡–•ƒ†•–”‹‡†‘™–Š‘•‡˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡
„ƒ•‹ •–”— –—”‡ǤŠ‹•™ƒ• ”— ‹ƒŽ‹–Š‡ Kesavananda Bharati case (1973)™Š‡”‡–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–’”‘–‡ –‡†
ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•ˆ”‘ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”› ‘–”‘ŽǤ
• Independence of Judiciary: ƒ•‹  •–”— –—”‡ †‘ –”‹‡ ‡•—”‡• ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ ‘ˆ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”› „› ’”‡˜‡–‹‰
‡ ”‘ƒ Š‡–‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–‹–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ•’Š‡”‡Ǥ
o For instance, the 99th Constitutional Amendment Act 2014, which proposed the National Judicial
Appointments Commission (NJAC)ǡ™ƒ••–”— †‘™†—‡–‘˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡„ƒ•‹ •–”— –—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
CRITICISM OF BASIC STRUCTURE
• Judicial Activism:”‹–‹ •ƒ”‰—‡‹–‰”ƒ–•‡š ‡••‹˜‡’‘™‡”–‘–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›ǡƒŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡–‘•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›†‡ˆ‹‡–Š‡
̶„ƒ•‹ •–”— –—”‡̶ƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›‘˜‡”•–‡’–Š‡‹””‘Ž‡Ǥ
• Vagueness: Š‡ ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ ̶„ƒ•‹  •–”— –—”‡̶ ‹• ‹–•‡Žˆ — Ž‡ƒ”ǡ Žƒ ‹‰ Ž‡ƒ” †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ ƒ† ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘
‹ ‘•‹•–‡–ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Legislative Supremacy Challenged:Š‡†‘ –”‹‡™‡ƒ‡•–Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–̵••—’”‡ƒ ›‹Žƒ™Ǧƒ‹‰Ǥ
• Amending Power Curtailed: ”‹–‹ • ƒ”‰—‡ ‹– ”‡•–”‹ –• ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–̵• ’‘™‡” –‘ ƒ‡† –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ ‡˜‡ ˆ‘”
’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›„‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ
• No Textual Basis: Š‡ †‘ –”‹‡ ‹•̵– ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› ‡–‹‘‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ ”ƒ‹•‹‰ “—‡•–‹‘• ƒ„‘—– ‹–• Ž‡‰ƒŽ
Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›Ǥ
Š‡•‡‹••—‡••—””‘—†‹‰–Š‡†‘ –”‹‡̵••—„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›—•–„‡ƒ††”‡••‡†ǡ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›–Š”‘—‰Š ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ„ƒ•‹ 
ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• „› Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”› ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‡•—”‡ –Šƒ– †‘ –”‹‡ –”—Ž› ƒ –• ƒ• ƒ •ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”† ƒ‰ƒ‹•–
ƒŒ‘”‹–ƒ”‹ƒ‹•ƒ†ƒ—–Š‘”‹–ƒ”‹ƒ‹•ǡ–Š—•’”‘–‡ –‹‰–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ††‡‘ ”ƒ ›‹ †‹ƒǤ

I.R. Coelho Case: Strengthening the Basic Structure Doctrine

Š‡ ǤǤ‘‡ŽŠ‘ ƒ•‡‹•ƒŽƒ†ƒ”Œ—†‰‡––Šƒ–ˆ—”–Š‡” ‡‡–‡†–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•‹ –”— –—”‡†‘ –”‹‡‹

†‹ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ™ǤThe main aspects of the case are as follows:
• Ninth Schedule Limited:Š‡‘—”–”—Ž‡†–Šƒ–Žƒ™•ƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡‹–Š Š‡†—Ž‡ȋ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰‡š–”ƒ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ˆ”‘
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡Ȍƒˆ–‡”ͳͻ͹͵ ƒ„‡•–”— †‘™‹ˆ–Š‡›˜‹‘Žƒ–‡–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘̵•„ƒ•‹ •–”— –—”‡Ǥ
• Judicial Review Upheld: Š‡ ƒ•‡ ”‡ƒˆˆ‹”‡† Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ ”‡˜‹‡™ ƒ• ƒ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ƒ•’‡ – ‘ˆ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹  •–”— –—”‡ǡ
‡•—”‹‰ƒŽŽŽƒ™•ǡ‡˜‡–Š‘•‡‹–Š‡‹–Š Š‡†—Ž‡ǡ ƒ„‡”‡˜‹‡™‡†ˆ‘” ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ

• Safeguard Against Overreach: Š‹• Œ—†‰‡– •‘Ž‹†‹ˆ‹‡† –Š‡ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ –Šƒ– ‘ ’‘™‡”ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ƒ‡†‡–
’‘™‡”ǡ‹•ƒ„‘˜‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™ǤŠ‹•’”‘–‡ –•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›ƒ –‹‘•„›–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡‘”‡š‡ —–‹˜‡Ǥ
• Preserving Core Values: Š‡ ‘—”– ”‡‹–‡”ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– ƒ‡†‡–• „”‡ƒ Š‹‰ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘̵• ‘”‡ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•
™‘—Ž†„‡˜‘‹†ǡ•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†‹‰‹–•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ

KEY WORDSǣ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ Š‹‡”›Ǣ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›Ǣ ƒŒ‘”‹–ƒ”‹ƒ‹•Ǣ —–Š‘”‹–ƒ”‹ƒ‹•Ǣ Š‹”† Šƒ„‡”Ǣ

—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‘˜‡””‡ƒ ŠǢƒŒ‘”‹–ƒ”‹ƒ‹•Ǣ—–Š‘”‹–ƒ”‹ƒ‹•Ǥ

Previous Year Questions

ͳǤ “Parliament’s power to amend the constitution is a limited power and it cannot be enlarged into ʹͲͳͻ
absolute power”. In the light of this statement explain whether parliament under article 368 of the
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ƒ†‡•–”‘›–Š‡ƒ•‹ •–”— –—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘„›‡š’ƒ†‹‰‹–•ƒ‡†‹‰’‘™‡”ǫ
ʹǤ Šƒ– ™ƒ• Š‡Ž† ‹ –Š‡ ‘‡ŽŠ‘ ƒ•‡ǫ  –Š‹• ‘–‡š–ǡ ƒ ›‘— •ƒ› –Šƒ– Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ ”‡˜‹‡™ ‹• ‘ˆ ‡› ʹͲͳ͸
‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ƒ‘‰•––Š‡„ƒ•‹ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǫ

7
PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

3 SIGNIFICANT PROVISIONS IN THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION

• †‹ƒǡ ƒŽ•‘ ‘™ ƒ• Šƒ”ƒ–ǡ ‹• ƒ •‘˜‡”‡‹‰ǡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–ǡ •‡ —Žƒ”ǡ †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ 
”‡’—„Ž‹ ™‹–Šƒ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›•›•–‡‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ –‹•ƒ‹‘‘ˆ–ƒ–‡•
–Šƒ–‹•‰‘˜‡”‡†ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ
• Significant Provisions of the Indian Constitution: Š‡ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘•
‡ ƒ’•—Žƒ–‡ –Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ‡Ž‡‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ –
”‡ƒ„Ž‡Ǣ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹‰Š–•Ǣ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ—–‹‡•Ǣ‹”‡ –‹˜‡”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ
–ƒ–‡ ‘Ž‹ ›Ǣ ‹˜‡”•ƒŽ †—Ž– ”ƒ Š‹•‡Ǣ ‹‰Ž‡ ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’Ǣ ‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
‘™‡”•Ǥ
SIGNIFICANT PROVISIONS: AN IN- DEPTH ANALYSIS
• Preamble
o Š‡ –‡” ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ –Š‡ ‹–”‘†— –‘”› ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ƒ †‘ —‡–Ǥ †‹ƒ̵• Features of Indian Constitution
‘•–‹–—–‹‘̵•”‡ƒ„Ž‡•—ƒ”‹œ‡•‹–• ‘”‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•Ǥ
o ƒ•‡†‘ƒ†‹–‡Š”—̵•̶„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ̶–Š‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡‘—–Ž‹‡•–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘̵•ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•–
’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǡ‘”ƒŽǡƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•Ǥ – ƒ’–—”‡•–Š‡˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—‡–••‡„Ž›ƒ†–Š‡ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵•
ˆ‘—†‡”•Ǥ
o – Šƒ• ‘‡ —†‡” • ”—–‹› ˆ”‘ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• “—ƒ”–‡”•ǡ ™‹–Š
†‡„ƒ–‡•‘™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡–‡”•̵•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–̵ƒ†̵•‡ —Žƒ”̵•Š‘—Ž†
„‡”‡‘˜‡†‘””‡–ƒ‹‡†Ǥ
• Universal Adult Franchise:
o – ‡„‘†‹‡• –Š‡ †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ̶‘‡ ’‡”•‘ǡ ‘‡
˜‘–‡ǡ̶‡•—”‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
• Single Citizenship:
o Š‹• —‹“—‡ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ ‰”ƒ–• ƒŽŽ ‹–‹œ‡• –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ”‹‰Š–• ƒ†
’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡•”‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡••‘ˆ–Š‡‹”•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ”‡•‹†‡ ‡Ǥ
o  –Š‡ ‘–‡š– ‘ˆ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ‹–‡”•–ƒ–‡ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†
†‹• —••‹‘• •—””‘—†‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡‰‹•–‡” ‘ˆ ‹–‹œ‡• Core Values of Preamble
ȋȌǡ–Š‹•’”‘˜‹•‹‘Š‘Ž†••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡Ǥ
• Fundamental Rights:
o Š‡ †‹ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ‡•Š”‹‡• ƒ •‡– ‘ˆ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–•ǡ Ž‡‰ƒŽŽ› ‡ˆ‘” ‡ƒ„Ž‡ „› ‘—”–•ǡ ‘˜‡”‹‰ ‹˜‹Ž
Ž‹„‡”–‹‡•ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•ǡƒ†ˆƒ‹”–”‹ƒŽ’”‘ ‡†—”‡•Ǥ
o Š‡•‡”‹‰Š–•ƒ –ƒ•ƒ•Š‹‡Ž†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›•–ƒ–‡’‘™‡”ǡ•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†‹‰ ‹–‹œ‡•ˆ”‘‰‘˜‡”‡–‘˜‡””‡ƒ ŠǤ
o Š‡”‡ ‡–‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’‡†‡– –ȋȌ•’ƒ”‡††‡„ƒ–‡•ƒ„‘—–Š‘™‹–‹‰Š–ƒˆˆ‡ ––Š‡”‹‰Š––‘‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†
–Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡‘ˆ•‡ —Žƒ”‹•Ǥ
• Directive Principles of State Policy:
o Š‡•‡ƒ”‡‘ǦŒ—•–‹ ‹ƒ„Ž‡‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡƒ‹‹‰–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•ŠƒŒ—•–ƒ†‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
o Š‹Ž‡‘–†‹”‡ –Ž›‡ˆ‘” ‡ƒ„Ž‡‹ ‘—”–ǡ–Š‡›‰—‹†‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‹ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‰Žƒ™•–Šƒ–’”‘‘–‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡Ǥ
o Š‡ ‘‰‘‹‰ †‹• ‘—”•‡ ƒ”‘—† ‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰ ƒ ‹ˆ‘” ‹˜‹Ž ‘†‡ǡ ‡˜‹•‹‘‡† ‹ ”–‹ Ž‡ ͶͶǡ ‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡• –Š‡
†›ƒ‹ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹”‡ –‹˜‡”‹ ‹’Ž‡•Ǥ
• Fundamental Duties:
o —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ—–‹‡•ǡƒ ‘ ‡’–‹•’‹”‡†„›–Š‡ǡƒ”‡ƒ‡••‡–‹ƒŽƒ•’‡ –‘ˆ †‹ƒ ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’Ǥ
o Š‡›‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡”‹‰Š–•ǡ’”‘‘–‹‰ ‹˜‹ ‘”ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘Š‡•‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡‹”
‘ǦŒ—•–‹ ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ–—”‡‡ƒ•‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–”‡Ž‹‡•‘‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‘• ‹‡ ‡Ǥ
o ‹• —••‹‘•ƒ„‘—–ƒ†ƒ–‘”›˜‘–‹‰‘ˆ–‡Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š––Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ ‹–‹œ‡•ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡‹”ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ†—–‹‡•Ǥ
• Separation of Powers
o Š‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”•‹•ƒˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡–Šƒ–†‹˜‹†‡•‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ƒ‘‰–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ǡ
‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ǡƒ†Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›Ǥ
o Š‹•†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”‡•—”‡•–Šƒ–‘•‹‰Ž‡„”ƒ Š„‡ ‘‡•–‘‘’‘™‡”ˆ—Žƒ†’”‡˜‡–•ƒ„—•‡‘ˆƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ
O Š‡ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›̵• ”‘Ž‡ ƒ• –Š‡ ‰—ƒ”†‹ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› †—”‹‰ †‡„ƒ–‡• ƒ„‘—– Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹•ǡ
‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡•–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‹•’”‹ ‹’Ž‡Ǥ

8
PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
PREAMBLE
Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘̵•”‡ƒ„Ž‡‘—–Ž‹‡•‹–• ‘”‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ƒ†’—”’‘•‡Ǥ”ƒˆ–‡†„›‡‰ƒŽ‹Ž”‹•Šƒ”‹•Šƒ‡‘ǡ
‹–‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡•–Š‡̶‡–Š‡‡‘’Ž‡̶•‘—” ‡‘ˆƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ƒ††‡ˆ‹‡• †‹ƒ̵• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘̵•
‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•Ǥ
Removal of Socialist and Secular Words from Preamble
• Context:The Supreme Court was hearing a pair of petitions that sought deletion of words “secular” and “socialist”
ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ
• Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) agreed to examine whether the words “socialist” and “secular” could have been
‹•‡”–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ‹ ͳͻ͹͸ ‡˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ †ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ†‘’–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘•–‹–—–‹‘”‡ƒ‹‡†—ƒŽ–‡”‡†‹Ǥ‡Ǥ‘˜‡„‡”ʹ͸ǡͳͻͶͻǤ
Arguments in Favor of Retaining "Socialist" and "Secular" in the Preamble:
• Reinforces Core Values: Š‡•‡ ™‘”†• ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡ –Š‡ ‘‹–‡– –‘ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† ‡ ‘‘‹  Œ—•–‹ ‡ǡ
”‡†— ‹‰‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡƒ†’”‘–‡ –‹‰–Š‡”‹‰Š–•‘ˆƒŽŽ ‹–‹œ‡•Ǥ
• Continuity and Stability:‡‘˜‹‰–Š‡ ‘—Ž†„‡•‡‡ƒ•–ƒ’‡”‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘̵•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‹–‡–ƒ†
’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ”‡ƒ–‹‰— ‡”–ƒ‹–›Ǥ
• Addresses Historical Context: Š‡•‡ ™‘”†• ™‡”‡ ƒ††‡† ’‘•–Ǧ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ –‘ ƒ††”‡•• ‘ ‡”• ƒ„‘—–
‹‘”‹–‹‡•ƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ †‹•’ƒ”‹–›ǡ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰ †‹ƒ̵•—‹“—‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Flexibility in Interpretation: Š‡ –‡”• ̶•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–̶ ƒ† ̶•‡ —Žƒ”̶ †‘̵– ’”‡• ”‹„‡ ƒ ”‹‰‹† ‡ ‘‘‹  ‘†‡Ž ‘”
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•’‘Ž‹ ›ǤŠ‡›ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘”ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘„ƒ•‡†‘‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰‡‡†•Ǥ
• Secular Identity:‡‘˜‹‰̶•‡ —Žƒ”̶‹‰Š–”ƒ‹•‡ ‘ ‡”•ƒ„‘—– †‹ƒ̵• ‘‹–‡––‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•–‘Ž‡”ƒ ‡ƒ†
‡“—ƒŽ –”‡ƒ–‡–ˆ‘”ƒŽŽˆƒ‹–Š•Ǥ Š‹• ‘—Ž†‡„‘Ž†‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡ƒš‹‡–‹‡•ƒ‘‰‹‘”‹–›
‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
Arguments Against Retaining "Socialist" and "Secular" in the Preamble:
• Historical Imposition: ”‹–‹ • ƒ”‰—‡ –Š‡•‡ ™‘”†• ™‡”‡ ‹•‡”–‡† †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‡”‰‡ › ȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǡ ƒ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ
ƒ—–Š‘”‹–ƒ”‹ƒ”—Ž‡ǡƒ††‘̵–”‡ˆŽ‡ ––Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ •’‹”‹–Ǥ
• Redundancy:Š‡ ‘”‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆŒ—•–‹ ‡ǡ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡƒ†Ž‹„‡”–›ƒ”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‡•Š”‹‡†‹–Š‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡ǤŠ‡•‡
™‘”†•‹‰Š–„‡•‡‡ƒ•—‡ ‡••ƒ”›”‡’‡–‹–‹‘Ǥ
• Economic Model Debate: Š‡ –‡” ̶•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–̶ ‘—Ž† „‡ •‡‡ ƒ• ‘—–†ƒ–‡† ‘” Š‹†‡”‹‰ ‡ ‘‘‹  ‰”‘™–Š ‹ ƒ
‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œ‡†™‘”Ž†Ǥ
• Secular Misinterpretation:‘‡ƒ”‰—‡‹– ”‡ƒ–‡•ƒˆƒŽ•‡•‡•‡‘ˆ•‡ —Žƒ”‹•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ †‹ƒ‹•‹Š‡”‡–Ž›ƒ—Ž–‹Ǧ
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—••‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
• Political AgendaǣŠ‡’—•Šˆ‘””‡‘˜ƒŽ‹‰Š–„‡†”‹˜‡„›ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ‰‡†ƒ–‘ Šƒ‰‡–Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ
•–ƒ–‡Ǥ
‡ —Žƒ”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒŽ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ•‘ ‹ƒŽ”†‡”–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡”—Ž‡‘ˆŽƒ™ǡƒ”‡’ƒ”–
‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•‹ –”— –—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ ‡ ‡ǡƒ••–ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡‡•ƒ˜ƒƒ†ƒŠƒ”–‹ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ƒ
ƒ‡† ƒ› ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ„Ž‡ ™‹–Š‘—– ‘’”‘‹•‹‰ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹  •–”— –—”‡ ƒ†
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ

SIGNIFICANCE OF PREAMBLE
• Source of Authority: –†‡ Žƒ”‡•–Š‡•‘—” ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘̵•ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ƒ•̶‡ǡ–Š‡‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ̶‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰
ƒ†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Defines the Nation: – †‡ˆ‹‡• †‹ƒ ƒ• ƒ ‘˜‡”‡‹‰ǡ ‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–ǡ ‡ —Žƒ”ǡ ‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ‡’—„Ž‹ ǡ ‘—–Ž‹‹‰ –Š‡ ‘”‡
’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Sets Goals: –Žƒ›•‘—––Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‰‘ƒŽ•‘ˆ•‡ —”‹‰Œ—•–‹ ‡ȋ•‘ ‹ƒŽǡ‡ ‘‘‹ ǡƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽȌǡŽ‹„‡”–›ǡƒ†‡“—ƒŽ‹–›
ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ ‹–‹œ‡•Ǥ
• Guiding Light for Interpretation:‘—”–•—•‡–Š‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘‹–‡”’”‡––Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘̵•’”‘˜‹•‹‘•†—”‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ
†‹•’—–‡•Ǥ
• Reflection of Ideals: –”‡ˆŽ‡ –•–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ‹•–‹ ˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘̵•ˆ”ƒ‡”•ˆ‘”ƒŒ—•–ƒ†‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
AMENDABILITY OF PREAMBLE
• Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ„‡ƒ‡†‡†Šƒ•„‡‡†‹• —••‡†‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽŽƒ†ƒ” ƒ•‡•Ǥ
• Limited Amendment View (Berubari Case, 1960): ‹–‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–ǡ‹–Š‡‡”—„ƒ”‹ƒ•‡ȋͳͻ͸ͲȌǡŠ‡Ž†
–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡™ƒ•̵–’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘—Ž†̵–„‡ƒ‡†‡†Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
• Preamble as Amendable (Kesavananda Bharati Case, 1973): ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ Žƒ†ƒ” •Š‹ˆ– ‘ —””‡† ‹ –Š‡
‡•ƒ˜ƒƒ†ƒ Šƒ”ƒ–‹ ƒ•‡ ȋͳͻ͹͵ȌǤ Š‡ ‘—”– ”‡˜‡”•‡† ‹–• ’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ †‡ Žƒ”‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ „‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†ƒ‡†ƒ„Ž‡ǡ’”‘˜‹†‡†–Š‡ƒ‡†‡–†‘‡•̵–˜‹‘Žƒ–‡–Š‡̶„ƒ•‹ •–”— –—”‡̶‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
• Recent Proposals:  Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‹•ǡ ”‡ ‡– ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ ‹ Ž—†‡† ‘‡ –‘ ”‡’Žƒ ‡ –Š‡ ™‘”† ̶•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–̶ ™‹–Š
̶‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡̶‹–Š‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡ǡ•’ƒ”‹‰†‡„ƒ–‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡š‡” ‹•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ‡†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ


Š‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡‡„‘†‹‡•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•–Šƒ–‰—‹†‡† †‹ƒ̵•ˆ”‡‡†‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡ƒ†•‡”˜‡•ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘—–”›̵•

†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ •–”— –—”‡ǤŠ‡•‡˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ”‡ ”— ‹ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ƒ–‹‘̵•’”‘‰”‡••ƒ†–Š‡’—”•—‹–‘ˆŒ—•–‹ ‡ǡŽ‹„‡”–›ǡ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡƒ†
ˆ”ƒ–‡”‹–›Ǥ

KEYWORDSǣ‘—” ‡‘ˆƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ǡ †‡–‹–› ƒ”†ǡ —‹†‹‰‹‰Š–ǡ‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ †‡ƒŽ•Ǥ

ISSUES IN NEWS
Laicite: French Principle of Secularism
Context
• ”ƒ ‡”‡ ‡–Ž›„ƒ‡†–Š‡™‡ƒ”‹‰‘ˆƒ„ƒ›ƒ•ȋ•‹‹Žƒ”–‘„—”“ƒ•Ȍ‹•–ƒ–‡• Š‘‘Ž•ǡ ‹–‹‰ƒ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ƒ‹ ‹–‡
’”‹ ‹’Ž‡Ǥ
• ”ƒ ‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–• •‡ —Žƒ”‹• ƒ• ̶ˆ”‡‡†‘ –‘ ‡ƒ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‘‡•‡Žˆ –Š”‘—‰Š • Š‘‘Žǡ̶ ™Š‡”‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ •Š‘—Ž†̵– „‡
‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ƒ„Ž‡•‘Ž‡Ž›„›ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡Ǥ
About Laicite
• •–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‹–Š‡ͳͻ–Š ‡–—”›ǡƒ‹ ‹–‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹‡•ƒ•–”‹ –•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡ƒ† Š—” ŠǤ
• –̵•‡•Š”‹‡†‹–Š‡ ”‡ Š ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ’”‘‘–‹‰ƒ’—„Ž‹ •’Š‡”‡ˆ”‡‡ˆ”‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ƒ†‡’Šƒ•‹œ‹‰
•‡ —Žƒ”˜ƒŽ—‡•Ž‹‡Ž‹„‡”–›ǡ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡƒ†ˆ”ƒ–‡”‹–›Ǥ
Differences between Indian and French Secularism
‘–Š †‹ƒƒ† ”ƒ ‡’”‘‘–‡ƒ•‡ —Žƒ”•–ƒ–‡™‹–Š•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‡›’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‹ ‘‘ǣ
• Religious Freedom:‹–‹œ‡•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘’”ƒ –‹ ‡–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹–Š™‹–Š‘—–†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Equality for All:‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ƒ‘–„‡ƒ„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”Ž‡‰ƒŽ†‹•–‹ –‹‘Ǥ
• State Neutrality:Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ˜‘‹†•ˆƒ˜‘”‹‰ƒ›’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ””‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ
• Minority Rights:‘–Šƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡ ‘‹––‡†–‘’”‘–‡ –‹‰–Š‡”‹‰Š–•‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‹‘”‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Freedom of Expression:”‹–‹ ‹•ƒ††‹• —••‹‘‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ƒ”‡’‡”‹––‡†Ǥ
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INDIAN AND FRENCH SECULARISM
Basis India France

Core Principle ̶ƒ”˜ƒ Šƒ”ƒ ƒƒ„Šƒ˜ƒ̶ Ǧ ‡“—ƒŽ ”‡•’‡ – ƒÃ ‹–± Ǧ ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡• ƒ •–”‹ – •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•ǤŠ‹•ˆ‘•–‡”•ƒ‘”‡‹ Ž—•‹˜‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ†’—„Ž‹ •’Š‡”‡Ǥ
ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘‹’—„Ž‹ Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ

Religious ‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ ’‡”‹–• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• •›„‘Ž• ‹ ƒ••–”‹ –‡”’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—••›„‘Ž•ǡ

Expression ’—„Ž‹ •’ƒ ‡•Ǥ‹Š•ǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡƒ”‡‡š‡’– •— Š ƒ• „ƒ‹‰ ‘•’‹ —‘—• ‘‡• ‹ ’—„Ž‹ 
ˆ”‘ ™‡ƒ”‹‰ Š‡Ž‡–• ™Š‹Ž‡ ”‹†‹‰ –™‘Ǧ • Š‘‘Ž•ǡ•’ƒ”‹‰ ‘–”‘˜‡”•›
™Š‡‡Ž‡”•†—‡–‘–Š‡‹”–—”„ƒ•Ǥ

State Funding ŽŽ‘™••–ƒ–‡ˆ—†‹‰ˆ‘””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ”‘Š‹„‹–••–ƒ–‡ˆ—†‹‰ˆ‘””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‹•–‹–—–‹‘•

ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆƒÃ ‹–±

Personal Laws ‡ ‘‰‹œ‡• •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ Žƒ™• ˆ‘” ƒ‹–ƒ‹•ƒ—‹ˆ‹‡† ‹˜‹Ž ‘†‡–Šƒ–ƒ’’Ž‹‡•–‘ƒŽŽ
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‘—‹–‹‡• ‰‘˜‡”‹‰ ‹–‹œ‡•”‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡••‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘
ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǡ †‹˜‘” ‡ǡ ƒ† ‹Š‡”‹–ƒ ‡ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ
‹†—— ‡••‹‘ –ȌǤ

State Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› ‹–‡”ƒ –• ™‹–Š ƒ† —„Ž‹ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•—•–”‡ƒ‹‡–‹”‡Ž›•‡ —Žƒ”ǡ
Involvement •—’’‘”–•˜ƒ”‹‘—•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰ ƒ› ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‡†‘”•‡‡– ‘”
–Š‡‹”‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–Ǥ


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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
–̵•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‘–‡–Šƒ–‡ƒ Š ‘—–”›̵••‡ —Žƒ”‹•‹••Šƒ’‡†„›‹–•—‹“—‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽǡ —Ž–—”ƒŽǡƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘–‡š–ǡƒ†
–Š‡”‡‹•‘‘‡Ǧ•‹œ‡Ǧˆ‹–•ǦƒŽŽƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤ ”ƒ ‡ ƒƒ†ƒ’–ƒ†‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡‡Ž‡‡–•ˆ”‘ †‹ƒ̵••‡ —Žƒ”‹•–Šƒ–ƒŽ‹‰
™‹–Š‹–•‘™˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ†‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•™Š‹Ž‡”‡•’‡ –‹‰‹–•Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽƒ†Ž‡‰ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘”Ǥ

Previous Year Questions

ͳǤ š’Žƒ‹ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡• ‘ˆ ‡†‡” —•–‹ ‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ Š‡Ž’ ‘ˆ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ʹͲʹ͵
”‘˜‹•‹‘•ƒ† ƒ•‡Žƒ™•Ǥ
ʹǤ What can France learn from the Indian Constitution’s approach to secularism? ʹͲͳͻ
͵Ǥ ‹• —••‡ƒ Šƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡attached to the word ‘Republic’ in the ‘Preamble’. Are they defendable in the ʹͲͳ͸
’”‡•‡– ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•ǫ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

4 FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS (PART III, ARTICLE 12-35)

Fundamental Rights are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12-35) of the Indian Constitution. These are basic human rights
guaranteed to all Indian citizens, essential for a life of dignity and freedom. They act as limitations on the power of the
government, ensuring it cannot arbitrarily deny these rights to individuals. These rights are guaranteed to all Indian
citizens, irrespective of caste, religion, gender, or social status.
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
• The Constitution of India provides six Fundamental Rights, which are:
Ǥ ‹‰Š––‘“—ƒŽ‹–›ȋ”–‹ Ž‡ͳͶ–ͳͺȌ
Ǥ ‹‰Š––‘ ”‡‡†‘ȋ”–‹ Ž‡ͳͻ–ʹʹȌ
Ǥ ‹‰Š–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ȋ”–‹ Ž‡ʹ͵–ʹͶȌ
Ǥ ‹‰Š––‘ ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ‡Ž‹‰‹‘ȋ”–‹ Ž‡ʹͷ–ʹͺȌ
Ǥ —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ††— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹‰Š–•ȋ”–‹ Ž‡ʹͻ–͵ͲȌ
 Ǥ ‹‰Š––‘‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‡‡†‹‡•ȋ”–‹ Ž‡͵ʹȌ
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
• Justiciable: Ž‹‡ ‹”‡ –‹˜‡ ”‹ ‹’Ž‡• ȋƒ”– Ȍǡ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ‹‰Š–• ƒ”‡ ‡ˆ‘” ‡ƒ„Ž‡ „› ‘—”–•Ǥ ‹–‹œ‡• ƒ
ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–‘” ‹‰Š‘—”–•–Š”‘—‰Š™”‹–•ȋŽ‡‰ƒŽ”‡‡†‹‡•Ȍ–‘’”‘–‡ ––Š‡‹”˜‹‘Žƒ–‡†”‹‰Š–•Ǥ
• Not Absolute:Š‡•‡”‹‰Š–• ƒ„‡”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž›”‡•–”‹ –‡†„›–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‹–Š‡‹–‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ–‡ǡ’—„Ž‹ ‘”†‡”ǡ
‘”ƒŽ‹–›ǡ‡– ǤŠ‹•„ƒŽƒ ‡‹•ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†–Š”‘—‰ŠŒ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™Ǥ
• Can be Expanded:Ž‹‡•‘‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘•™‹–Šƒˆ‹š‡†Ž‹•–‘ˆ”‹‰Š–•ǡ–Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽŽ‘™•–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›
–‘‡š’ƒ†–Š‡• ‘’‡‘ˆ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹‰Š–•–Š”‘—‰Š‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†’”‘‘— ‡‡–•ǤŠ‹•‡•—”‡•ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›
–‘‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰‡‡†•Ǥ
• Positive Rights: ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘ Žƒ••‹ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡”‹‰Š–•ȋˆ”‡‡†‘ˆ”‘•–ƒ–‡‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ȍǡ–Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘
‹ Ž—†‡••‘‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‹‰Š–•Ž‹‡–Š‡‹‰Š––‘†— ƒ–‹‘ȋ”–‹ Ž‡ʹͳȌǤ
• Suspension during Emergencies:—”‹‰ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡‡”‰‡ ›ǡ•‘‡”‹‰Š–• ƒ„‡•—•’‡†‡†„›–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–
ȋ‡š ‡’–”–‹ Ž‡•ʹͲƒ†ʹͳȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‹•’‘™‡”‹••—„Œ‡ ––‘Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™Ǥ
ARTICLE 12
• Definition of State: ”–‹ Ž‡ͳʹ†‡ˆ‹‡•̶–ƒ–‡̶„”‘ƒ†Ž›ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ǣ
o Š‡‡–”ƒŽ ‘˜‡”‡–ȋƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ†š‡ —–‹˜‡Ȍ
o –ƒ–‡ ‘˜‡”‡–•ȋ‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ƒ†š‡ —–‹˜‡Ȍ
o ŽŽ‘ ƒŽ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–‹‡•Ȍ
o ŽŽ–Š‡”—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ȋ„‘–Š‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†„›Žƒ™ƒ†–Š‘•‡‘–”‡“—‹”‹‰ƒˆ‘”ƒŽ•–ƒ–—–‡Ȍ
• Judiciary and Definition of State:Š‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‡š Ž—†‡•–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›™Š‡‹–ˆ— –‹‘•‹‹–•Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›
ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰Žƒ™•ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›̵•ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ –‹‘•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‡’Ž‘›‡‡Š‹”‹‰Ȍƒ”‡•—„Œ‡ ––‘Ž‡‰ƒŽ
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•–Š”‘—‰Š™”‹–•ȋ”–‹ Ž‡ʹʹ͸ȌǤ
• Exceptions: Š‹•†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡†‘‡•‘–ƒ’’Ž›–‘‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ
‹•‘– ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ̶–ƒ–‡̶—†‡””–‹ Ž‡ͳʹǤ –•ƒ –‹‘• ƒ‘–„‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†—•‹‰”–‹ Ž‡ʹʹ͸Ǥ
ARTICLE 13
• Article 13: ”–‹ Ž‡ ͳ͵ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡• –Šƒ– ƒ› Žƒ™ ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‹‰ ‘” ™‡ƒ‡‹‰ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ‹‰Š–• ‹• ‹˜ƒŽ‹†Ǥ Š‹•
‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›Žƒ›•–Š‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™Ǥ
• Power of Judicial Review:Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–ȋ”–‹ Ž‡͵ʹȌƒ† ‹‰Š‘—”–•ȋ”–‹ Ž‡ʹʹ͸ȌŠ‘Ž†–Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆŒ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ
”‡˜‹‡™ǤŠ‡› ƒ†‡ Žƒ”‡ƒ›Žƒ™— ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽƒ†˜‘‹†‹ˆ‹–˜‹‘Žƒ–‡• —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹‰Š–•Ǥ
• What Can Be Challenged?Š‡–‡”̶Žƒ™̶Šƒ•ƒ„”‘ƒ†‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡”‡̵•™Šƒ– ƒ„‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†‹ ‘—”–ˆ‘”
‹ˆ”‹‰‹‰—’‘ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹‰Š–•ƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›†‡ Žƒ”‡†—ŽŽƒ†˜‘‹†ǣ
o ‡”ƒ‡–Žƒ™•’ƒ••‡†„›ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–‘”•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡•Ǥ
o ‡’‘”ƒ”›Žƒ™•Ž‹‡‘”†‹ƒ ‡•‹••—‡†„›–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‘”•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‘”•Ǥ
o ‡ ‘†ƒ”› Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ ȋ†‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‡† Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘Ȍ „› –Š‡ ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘”†‡”•ǡ „›Žƒ™•ǡ ”—Ž‡•ǡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‘”
‘–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

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o ‘ǦŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡•‘—” ‡•‘ˆŽƒ™•— Šƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† —•–‘•‘”’”ƒ –‹ ‡•™‹–ŠŽ‡‰ƒŽˆ‘” ‡Ǥ
• Exceptions to Judicial Review: ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ‡†‡–• ƒ”‡ ‘– ‘•‹†‡”‡† ̶Žƒ™•̶ ƒ† ƒ‘– „‡ †‹”‡ –Ž›
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒŽƒ†ƒ”—’”‡‡‘—”–”—Ž‹‰‹–Š‡‡•ƒ˜ƒƒ†ƒŠƒ”ƒ–‹ ƒ•‡ȋͳͻ͹͵Ȍ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Šƒ–ƒ
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽƒ‡†‡– ƒ „‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†‹ˆ‹–˜‹‘Žƒ–‡•ƒˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–†‡‡‡†’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘̵•
̶„ƒ•‹ •–”— –—”‡Ǥ̶

Inclusion of Personal Laws under Article 13

Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽŽƒ™•ˆƒŽŽ—†‡”–Š‡ƒ„‹–‘ˆ”–‹ Ž‡ͳ͵ǡ™Š‹ Š’”‘Š‹„‹–•Žƒ™•‹ ‘•‹•–‡–™‹–Š

ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•ǡ‹•ƒ ‘’Ž‡šƒ††‡„ƒ–‡†‹••—‡‹ †‹ƒǤ ‡”‡ƒ”‡•‘‡‡›’‘‹–•‘—–Ž‹‹‰–Š‡ƒ”‰—‡–•ǣ
Arguments against inclusion:
• Not "Law in Force":Žƒ†ƒ”Œ—†‰‡‡–‹–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‘„ƒ›˜•ƒ”ƒ•—’’ƒƒŽ‹ȋͳͻͷʹȌŠ‡Ž†–Šƒ–’‡”•‘ƒŽ
Žƒ™•ǡ†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•–‡š–•ƒ† —•–‘•ǡƒ”‡‘–̶Žƒ™•‹ˆ‘” ‡̶ƒ•‡˜‹•ƒ‰‡†‹”–‹ Ž‡ͳ͵ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‰—‡†
–Š‡•‡™‡”‡̵–‡ƒ –‡†„›ƒŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ
• Preserving Religious Identity: —’’‘”–‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ˜‹‡™ ƒ”‰—‡ –Šƒ– ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ Žƒ™• —†‡” ”–‹ Ž‡ ͳ͵
™‘—Ž†‹ˆ”‹‰‡‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‡•Š”‹‡†‹”–‹ Ž‡•ʹͷƒ†ʹ͸Ǥ
Arguments for inclusion:
• Discrimination and Inequality:”‹–‹ •ƒ”‰—‡–Šƒ–’‡”•‘ƒŽŽƒ™•ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›–Š‘•‡’‡”–ƒ‹‹‰–‘‹Š‡”‹–ƒ ‡ǡ
ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǡƒ†ƒ†‘’–‹‘ǡ ƒ„‡†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‘”›ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–‘™ƒ”†•™‘‡Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ•‘‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•’‡”•‘ƒŽ
Žƒ™•ƒŽŽ‘™’‘Ž›‰ƒ›ˆ‘”‡‘Ž›ƒ†•‘‡ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘”™‘‡‘Ž›ǤŠ‹•ƒŽŽ‡‰‡†Ž›˜‹‘Žƒ–‡•–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘‡“—ƒŽ‹–›
ȋ”–‹ Ž‡ͳͶȌǤ
• Fundamental Rights Supremacy:”‘’‘‡–•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ–ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–••Š‘—Ž†„‡•—’”‡‡ǡƒ†’‡”•‘ƒŽ
Žƒ™•–Šƒ–˜‹‘Žƒ–‡–Š‡ǡŽ‹‡†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‘”›‹Š‡”‹–ƒ ‡”‹‰Š–•ǡ•Š‘—Ž†„‡‹˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡†Ǥ
Court Judgements:
• Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–Šƒ•”‡‹–‡”ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–’‡”•‘ƒŽŽƒ™•ƒ”‡‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡• ‘’‡‘ˆ”–‹ Ž‡ͳ͵Ǥ –‡’Šƒ•‹•‡†Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡
”‡ˆ‘”ȋ‹ˆ‘”‹˜‹Ž‘†‡Ȍƒ•–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
• ‘‡ ‹‰Š‘—”–Œ—†‰‡‡–•Šƒ˜‡–”‹‡†–‘„”‹‰’‡”•‘ƒŽŽƒ™•—†‡””–‹ Ž‡ͳ͵ǡ„—––Š‡•‡™‡”‡‘˜‡””—Ž‡†„›–Š‡
—’”‡‡‘—”–Ǥ
Š‡ †‹ƒƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– Šƒ•‘– ‡ƒ –‡†ƒ‹ˆ‘”‹˜‹Ž‘†‡ȋȌ –Šƒ–™‘—Ž†ƒ’’Ž›ƒ ‘‘•‡–‘ˆŽƒ™•–‘ƒŽŽ
‹–‹œ‡•ƒ ”‘••”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•ǤŠ‹•‹ƒ –‹‘‹••‡‡„›•‘‡ƒ•ƒ‹••‡†‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘‡•—”‡‡“—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ


KEYWORDS: ƒ‰ƒ ƒ”–ƒ ‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‡‘ ”ƒ ›ǡ ‹‹–‡† ‹‰Š–•ǡ ‘– „•‘Ž—–‡ „—– “—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡†ǡ ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡
”‡•–”‹ –‹‘•ǡ —•–‹ ‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡ‘ –”‹‡‘ˆŒ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™

RIGHT TO EQUALITY (ARTICLE 14 -18)

• ‹‰Š– –‘ “—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ ‡•Š”‹‡† ˆ”‘ ”–‹ Ž‡ ͳͶ –‘ ͳͺ ‹ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ ˆ‘”• –Š‡ ‘”‡”•–‘‡ ‘ˆ ‘—”
†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ Šƒ’‹‘‹‰–Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡‘ˆ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ‘‰ƒŽŽ ‹–‹œ‡•Ǥ
• Š‹•ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡•‡“—ƒŽ–”‡ƒ–‡–„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡Žƒ™ǡ’”‘Š‹„‹–•†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘„ƒ•‡†‘ˆƒ –‘”•Ž‹‡
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ ƒ•–‡ǡ‘”•‡šǡƒ†‡•—”‡•‡“—ƒŽƒ ‡••–‘’—„Ž‹ •’ƒ ‡•ƒ†‰‘˜‡”‡–Œ‘„•Ǥ
ARTICLE 14: EQUALITY BEFORE LAW
• ”–‹ Ž‡ ͳͶ ƒ••‡”–• –Šƒ– ‘ ’‡”•‘ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ †‡‹‡† “—ƒŽ‹–› „‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ™ ‘” “—ƒŽ ”‘–‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ™ ™‹–Š‹ †‹ƒ
–‡””‹–‘”›Ǥ
EQUALITY BEFORE LAW VS EQUAL PROTECTION OF LAWS
• Equality before law: ‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š‘”‹‰‹ǡ‹–‡‰ƒ–‡•ƒ›•’‡ ‹ƒŽ’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡•‹ˆƒ˜‘”‘ˆƒ›’‡”•‘ǡ•—„Œ‡ –•ƒŽŽ
’‡”•‘•–‘‘”†‹ƒ”›Žƒ™ǡƒ†ƒˆˆ‹”•–Šƒ–‘’‡”•‘‹•ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡Žƒ™Ǥ
o Example:  Žƒ™ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ˆ– ƒ’’Ž‹‡• –‘ ‡˜‡”›‘‡ǡ ”‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡•• ‘ˆ ™‡ƒŽ–Š ‘” •‘ ‹ƒŽ •–ƒ–—•Ǥ ˆ ƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ ƒ† ƒ
‘‘‡”ƒ”‡ ƒ—‰Š–•–‡ƒŽ‹‰ǡ„‘–Š‰‘–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•ƒ‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
• Equal protection of laws:  ‡”‹ ƒ ‘ ‡’–ǡ ‹– ƒŽŽ• ˆ‘” ‡“—ƒŽ –”‡ƒ–‡– —†‡” ‹†‡–‹ ƒŽ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡• ƒ†
‘•‹•–‡–ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡Žƒ™•–‘ƒŽŽ’‡”•‘•‹•‹‹Žƒ”•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
O Example:Žƒ™‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰–ƒš„‡‡ˆ‹–•–‘•ƒŽŽ„—•‹‡••‡•—•–„‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒŽŽ“—ƒŽ‹ˆ›‹‰„—•‹‡••‡•ǡ‘–Œ—•–
‘‡•‹ƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‹†—•–”›‘”Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡›‹‰–ƒš„‡‡ˆ‹–•–‘•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‰”‘—’•„ƒ•‡†‘‹””‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ˆƒ –‘”•™‘—Ž†
˜‹‘Žƒ–‡‡“—ƒŽ’”‘–‡ –‹‘Ǥ

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EXCEPTIONS UNDER ARTICLE 14
• Affirmative Action: Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽŽ‘™• –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ –‘ ƒ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘• ˆ‘” †‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡† ‰”‘—’• Ž‹‡
™‘‡ǡ Š‹Ž†”‡ǡ Š‡†—Ž‡†ƒ•–‡•ȋ•Ȍǡ Š‡†—Ž‡†”‹„‡•ȋ•Ȍǡƒ†‘ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ† ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ ™ƒ”†Žƒ••‡•
ȋ•Ȍ‹’—„Ž‹ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ȋͳ•–‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‡†‡– –ǡͳͻͷͳȌǤ
• Reservations in Education:Š‡•–ƒ–‡ ƒ”‡•‡”˜‡•‡ƒ–•‹‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰’”‹˜ƒ–‡‘‡•ȋ‡š ‡’–
ˆ‘” ‹‘”‹–› ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ȍǡ ˆ‘” „ƒ ™ƒ”† Žƒ••‡•ǡ •ǡ ƒ† • –‘ ’”‘‘–‡ –Š‡‹” ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡– ȋͻ͵”†
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‡†‡– –ǡʹͲͲͷȌǤ
• Economically Weaker Sections (EWS): Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ƒ ƒ‡ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘• ‹
‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡˆ‘” ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ›‡ƒ‡”‡ –‹‘•ȋȌ‘ˆ•‘ ‹‡–›–‘‡•—”‡‡“—ƒŽ‘’’‘”–—‹–›ȋͳͲ͵”†
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‡†‡– –ǡʹͲͳͻȌǤ
• Immunities of High Offices:”–‹ Ž‡͵͸ͳ‰”ƒ–• ‡”–ƒ‹‹—‹–‹‡•ˆ”‘Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•–‘–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ƒ†
‘˜‡”‘”•–‘‡•—”‡–Š‡› ƒ’‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”†—–‹‡•™‹–Š‘—–—†—‡’”‡••—”‡Ǥ
• Parliamentary Privileges:‡„‡”•‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ȋ•Ȍƒ†•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ••‡„Ž‹‡•‡Œ‘› ‡”–ƒ‹’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡•
ƒ†‹—‹–‹‡•ȋ”–‹ Ž‡•ͳͲͷƒ†ͳͻͶ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ȍ–‘ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘”ˆ”‡‡ƒ†‹†‡’‡†‡–†‹• Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡
”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ
ARTICLE 15: PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION
• Prohibition of Discrimination:”–‹ Ž‡ͳͷ’”‘Š‹„‹–•–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ȋ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ȍˆ”‘†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‰ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ› ‹–‹œ‡
‘‰”‘—†•‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ”ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ•–‡ǡ•‡šǡ‘”’Žƒ ‡‘ˆ„‹”–ŠǤ
• Access to Public Places and Amenities: –‡•—”‡• ‹–‹œ‡• ƒƒ ‡•••Š‘’•ǡ”‡•–ƒ—”ƒ–•ǡŠ‘–‡Ž•ǡ’Žƒ ‡•‘ˆ’—„Ž‹
‡–‡”–ƒ‹‡–ǡ™‡ŽŽ•ǡ–ƒ•ǡ„ƒ–Š‹‰‰Šƒ–•ǡ”‘ƒ†•ǡƒ†’Žƒ ‡•‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ”‡•‘”–™‹–Š‘—–†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Exception for Women and Children: Š‡ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ƒŽŽ‘™• –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ –‘ ƒ‡ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘• ˆ‘” ™‘‡ ƒ†
Š‹Ž†”‡–‘’”‘‘–‡–Š‡‹”™‡Žˆƒ”‡ƒ†—’Ž‹ˆ–‡–ǤŠ‹•‹•„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ƒ›ˆƒ ‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ †‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•”‡“—‹”‹‰
ƒˆˆ‹”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ –‹‘Ǥ
ARTICLE 16: EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY IN PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT
• Equality of Opportunity in Public Employment: –‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡•‡“—ƒŽ‘’’‘”–—‹–›ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ ‹–‹œ‡•‹ƒ––‡”•”‡Žƒ–‹‰
–‘‰‘˜‡”‡–Œ‘„•ƒ†ƒ’’‘‹–‡–•Ǥ
• Non-Discrimination:‘ ‹–‹œ‡ ƒ„‡†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–„ƒ•‡†‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ”ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ•–‡ǡ•‡šǡ†‡• ‡–ǡ’Žƒ ‡‘ˆ
„‹”–Šǡ”‡•‹†‡ ‡ǡ‘”ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”‰‘˜‡”‡–Œ‘„•Ǥ
• Exceptions:Š‡ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ƒŽŽ‘™••‘‡‡š ‡’–‹‘•ǣ
o Residential Requirements:ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ƒƒ‡Žƒ™•”‡“—‹”‹‰ ‹–‹œ‡•–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ”‡•‹†‡ ›’‡”‹‘†™‹–Š‹ƒ
•–ƒ–‡ˆ‘”‰‘˜‡”‡–Œ‘„•–Š‡”‡Ǥ
o Reservation Policy: Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ ”‡•‡”˜‡ ƒ’’‘‹–‡–• ˆ‘” „ƒ ™ƒ”† Žƒ••‡• ȋ Š‡†—Ž‡† ƒ•–‡•ǡ
 Š‡†—Ž‡†”‹„‡•Ȍƒ†–Š‡”ƒ ™ƒ”†Žƒ••‡•–‘’”‘‘–‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
o Reservation for Economically Weaker Sections:  ͳͲΨ ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ› ™‡ƒ‡” •‡ –‹‘• ‘ˆ
•‘ ‹‡–›Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ††‡†–Š”‘—‰Šƒ”‡ ‡–ƒ‡†‡–Ǥ
• Significance:”–‹ Ž‡ͳ͸’”‘‘–‡•‡”‹–‘ ”ƒ ›ƒ†ƒ‹•–‘‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‹‰‘˜‡”‡–‡’Ž‘›‡–Ǥ
• Challenges:‡•’‹–‡–Š‡ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ǡ‹••—‡•Ž‹‡ ƒ•–‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡††‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘‹”‡ ”—‹–‡–’‡”•‹•–Ǥ

Demand for Local Reservation in Private Sector Jobs

Š‡†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”Ž‘ ƒŽ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‹’”‹˜ƒ–‡Œ‘„•Šƒ••’ƒ”‡††‡„ƒ–‡‹ †‹ƒǤ”‘’‘‡–•ƒ”‰—‡‹–‡’‘™‡”•Ž‘ ƒŽ•
ƒ†ƒ††”‡••‡•—‡’Ž‘›‡–ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‘’’‘‡–•”ƒ‹•‡ ‘ ‡”•ƒ„‘—– ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†Š‹†‡”‹‰‡”‹–‘ ”ƒ ›Ǥ
In Favor:
• Empowering Locals:‘ ƒŽ›‘—–Š‘ˆ–‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ„‡––‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‰‹‘̵•‡‡†•ƒ† ƒ ‘–”‹„—–‡
‘”‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
• Addressing Unemployment:‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ ”‡ƒ–‡‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”Ž‘ ƒŽ•ˆƒ ‹‰Š‹‰Š—‡’Ž‘›‡–”ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Social Cohesion: – ƒˆ‘•–‡”ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ‘™‡”•Š‹’ƒ†”‡†— ‡”‡•‡–‡––‘™ƒ”†•‘—–•‹†‡”•Ǥ
Against:
• Constitutionality: ”–‹ Ž‡ ͳͻȋͳȌȋ‰Ȍ ‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡• –Š‡ ”‹‰Š– –‘ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ƒ› ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– †‹ƒǤ
‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•„ƒ•‡†•‘Ž‡Ž›‘”‡•‹†‡ ‡‹‰Š–˜‹‘Žƒ–‡–Š‹•Ǥ
• Meritocracy:‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ›•–”—‰‰Ž‡–‘ˆ‹†–Š‡‘•–“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•‹ˆ”‡•–”‹ –‡†–‘ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ’‘‘ŽǤ
• Investment Discouragement: –”‹ – ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ‘—Ž† †‡–‡” „—•‹‡••‡• ˆ”‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ ‹ ‡”–ƒ‹
”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

Examples:
• Haryana:Š‡•–ƒ–‡’ƒ••‡†ƒŽƒ™‹ʹͲʹͲ”‡•‡”˜‹‰͹ͷΨ‘ˆ’”‹˜ƒ–‡Œ‘„•ˆ‘”Ž‘ ƒŽ•ǡ„—–‹–™ƒ••–”— †‘™„›–Š‡
‹‰Š‘—”–†—‡–‘ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•Ǥ
• Maharashtra:”‘’‘•‡†ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”’‘Ž‹ ›”‡•‡”˜‹‰ͺͲΨ‘ˆ’”‹˜ƒ–‡Œ‘„•ǡ”ƒ‹•‹‰•‹‹Žƒ”Ž‡‰ƒŽ“—‡•–‹‘•Ǥ
‹†‹‰ƒ„ƒŽƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡Ž‘ ƒŽƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ ‘‘‹ ˆ”‡‡†‘‹• ”— ‹ƒŽǤ‹ŽŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‘‰”ƒ•
ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡”‡Žƒš‡†”‡•‹†‡ ›”‡“—‹”‡‡–• ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ‘”‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤ
ARTICLE 17: ABOLITION OF UNTOUCHABILITY
• Abolishes Untouchability:”–‹ Ž‡ͳ͹‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›‘—–Žƒ™•–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆ—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹ƒ›ˆ‘”Ǥ
• Discrimination Forbidden: – ’”‘Š‹„‹–• ƒ› †‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‹•‹‰ ˆ”‘ —–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ Š‹• ‹ Ž—†‡• †‡›‹‰
ƒ ‡••–‘’—„Ž‹ •’ƒ ‡•ǡ–‡’Ž‡•ǡ‘”’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘•„ƒ•‡†‘ ƒ•–‡Ǥ
• Punishable Offense:Š‡‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–‘ˆ—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹•ƒ ”‹‹ƒŽ‘ˆˆ‡•‡ǤŠ‡”‘–‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‹˜‹Ž‹‰Š–• –ǡ
ͳͻͷͷȋŽƒ–‡””‡ƒ‡†ȌŽƒ›•‘—–•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ’‡ƒŽ–‹‡•Ǥ
• Significanceǣ”–‹ Ž‡ͳ͹‹• ”— ‹ƒŽ‹’”‘‘–‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽŒ—•–‹ ‡ƒ†‡“—ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•‹ †‹ƒǤ
• Ongoing Challenge:‡•’‹–‡”–‹ Ž‡ͳ͹ǡ—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘–‹—‡•–‘„‡ƒ•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡˜‹Ž‹ †‹ƒǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒ”–‹ Ž‡
”‡ƒ‹•ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ–‘‘Ž–‘ ‘„ƒ––Š‹•’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ
ARTICLE 18: ABOLITION OF TITLES
• Š‡•–ƒ–‡‹•’”‘Š‹„‹–‡†ˆ”‘ ‘ˆ‡””‹‰ƒ›–‹–Ž‡•‡š ‡’–‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒ†ƒ ƒ†‡‹ †‹•–‹ –‹‘•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡƒ†ƒƒ™ƒ”†•ǡ
ƒ”ƒ‹”Šƒ”ƒȌǤŠ‹•ƒ‹‡†–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ•‘ ‹‡–›„ƒ•‡†‘‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†‡”‹–ǡ‘–‹Š‡”‹–‡†–‹–Ž‡•Ǥ
• „‘Ž‹–‹‘‘ˆŠ‡”‡†‹–ƒ”›–‹–Ž‡•‘ˆ‘„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ‡””‡†„› ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ–ƒ–‡•Ǥ


KEYWORDS:“—ƒŽ‹–›„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ™ƒ†‡“—ƒŽ’”‘–‡ –‹‘‘ˆŽƒ™ǡ’”‘Š‹„‹‘‘ˆ†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ‘’’‘”–—‹–›ǡ

—–‘— Šƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ‹˜‹Ž”‹‰Š–•
RIGHT TO FREEDOM (ARTILCE 19 – 22)
ARTICLE 19: PROTECTION OF CERTAIN RIGHTS REGARDING FREEDOM OF SPEECH, ETC.
• ”–‹ Ž‡ ͳͻ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡• six fundamental freedoms –‘ ƒŽŽ ‹–‹œ‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ˆ”‡‡†‘• ƒ”‡
”— ‹ƒŽˆ‘”ƒˆ— –‹‘‹‰†‡‘ ”ƒ ›Ǥ
• Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ ’”‘–‡ –‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹•– •–ƒ–‡ ƒ –‹‘ ƒ† ƒ”‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‹–‹œ‡• ƒ† •Šƒ”‡Š‘Ž†‡”• ‘ˆ ƒ ‘’ƒ› „—– ‘– –‘
ˆ‘”‡‹‰‡”•‘”Ž‡‰ƒŽ’‡”•‘••— Šƒ• ‘’ƒ‹‡•‘” ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Š‡•‡ ˆ”‡‡†‘• —†‡” ”–‹ Ž‡ ͳͻ ƒ”‡ not absolute. Reasonable restrictions ƒ „‡ ‹’‘•‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‹–‡”‡•– ‘ˆ
’—„Ž‹ ‘”†‡”ǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‡ —”‹–›ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡ ‘ ‡”•Ǥ
• Rights under Article 19(1):
o Freedom of Speech and Expressionǣ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š––‘ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‡‘‡̵•‘’‹‹‘•ƒ†‹†‡ƒ•™‹–Š‘—–ˆ‡ƒ”‘ˆ
”‡–ƒŽ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡•‘”•Š‹’ǡ‘”Ž‡‰ƒŽ•ƒ –‹‘Ǥ
o Right to Assemble Peaceably and without ArmsǣŠ‡”‹‰Š––‘ ‘‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”ƒ† ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›‡š’”‡••ǡ’”‘‘–‡ǡ
’—”•—‡ǡƒ††‡ˆ‡† ‘‘‹–‡”‡•–•Ǥ
o Right to Form Associations or Unions [or Co-operative Societies]ǣŠ‡”‹‰Š––‘Œ‘‹™‹–Š‘–Š‡”•–‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›
‡š’”‡••ǡ’”‘‘–‡ǡ’—”•—‡ǡƒ††‡ˆ‡† ‘‘‹–‡”‡•–•Ǥ
o Right to Move Freely throughout the Territory of IndiaǣŽŽ‘™• ‹–‹œ‡•–‘‘˜‡ˆ”‡‡Ž›™‹–Š‹–Š‡–‡””‹–‘”›‘ˆ
†‹ƒ––Š‘—‰Š–Š‹•”‹‰Š– ƒ„‡”‡•–”‹ –‡†‹–Š‡‹–‡”‡•–•‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ’—„Ž‹ ‘” Š‡†—Ž‡†”‹„‡•Ǥ
o Right to Reside and Settle in any Part of the Territory of IndiaǣŠ‡”‹‰Š––‘Ž‹˜‡ƒ†•‡––Ž‡‹ƒ›’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡
–‡””‹–‘”›‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ
o Right to Practice any Profession, or to Carry on any Occupation, Trade or BusinessǣŠ‡”‹‰Š––‘ ‘†— –
ƒ›Žƒ™ˆ—Ž’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ǡ‘”–‘ ƒ””›‘ƒ›‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ǡ–”ƒ†‡ǡ‘”„—•‹‡••Ǥ
• Article 19(2)’‡”‹–•–Š‡–ƒ–‡–‘‹’‘•‡‘reasonable restrictions’‘–Š‡•‡”‹‰Š–•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡‰”‘—†••— Šƒ•
‘˜‡”‡‹‰–›ǡ‹–‡‰”‹–›‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ’—„Ž‹ ‘”†‡”‘”‘”ƒŽ‹–›ǡ‡– Ǥƒ•‡–‹‘‡†‹–Š‡”–‹ Ž‡Ǥ
• ”–‹ Ž‡ͳͻ•–”‹˜‡•ˆ‘”ƒ„ƒŽƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽˆ”‡‡†‘•ƒ†–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”ƒ™‡ŽŽǦˆ— –‹‘‹‰•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ


Landmark Supreme Court Cases and Free Speech in India

• Shreya Singhal Case (2015):Š‹• ƒ•‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†‡ –‹‘͸͸‘ˆ–Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› –ǡʹͲͲͲǤŠ‹•
•‡ –‹‘’‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†•‡†‹‰̶‰”‘••Ž›‘ˆˆ‡•‹˜‡̶‘”̶‡ƒ ‹‰̶‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘Ž‹‡ǤŠ‡—’”‡‡‘—”–•–”— †‘™
‡ –‹‘͸͸ǡ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‹‰‹–ƒ•ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ˜‹ –‘”›ˆ‘”‘Ž‹‡ˆ”‡‡•’‡‡ Š‹ †‹ƒǤ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

• Kedar Nath Singh Case (1962): Š‹• ƒ•‡ ƒ††”‡••‡† –Š‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‡†‹–‹‘ —†‡” †‹ƒ Žƒ™Ǥ Š‡
—’”‡‡‘—”–—’Š‡Ž†–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡†‹–‹‘Žƒ™ǡ Žƒ”‹ˆ›‹‰–Šƒ– ”‹–‹ ‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–
†‘‡•‘– ‘•–‹–—–‡•‡†‹–‹‘—Ž‡••‹–‹ ‹–‡•‘”ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡•ˆ‘”˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡

ARTICLE 20 (PROTECTION IN RESPECT OF CONVICTION FOR OFFENCES)

”–‹ Ž‡ʹͲ‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘‹•ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›’—‹•Š‡–•ƒ†—ˆƒ‹”–”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ –‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡•
‡”–ƒ‹”‹‰Š–•–‘‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ —•‡†‘ˆ ”‹‡•Ǥ
• Protection from Retrospective Punishment:Š‹•’”‹ ‹’Ž‡‡•—”‡•ƒ’‡”•‘ ƒ‘–„‡ ‘˜‹ –‡†ˆ‘”ƒƒ ––Šƒ–
™ƒ•̵–‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ™Š‡Š‡ ‘‹––‡†‹–Ǥƒ™• ƒ‘–„‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†”‡–”‘ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
• Double Jeopardy Prohibition:‡”•‘ ƒ‘–„‡’”‘•‡ —–‡†ƒ†’—‹•Š‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡•ƒ‡‘ˆˆ‡•‡‘”‡–Šƒ‘ ‡Ǥ
• No Self-Incrimination:‘’‡”•‘ƒ —•‡†‘ˆƒ ”‹‡ ƒ„‡ˆ‘” ‡†–‘„‡ƒ™‹–‡••ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǤŠ‹•’”‘–‡ –•
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ˆ”‘„‡‹‰ ‘’‡ŽŽ‡†–‘’”‘˜‹†‡‡˜‹†‡ ‡–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†‹ ”‹‹ƒ–‡–Š‡Ǥ
”–‹ Ž‡ ʹͲ Žƒ›• –Š‡ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ˆƒ‹” –”‹ƒŽ• „› ‡•—”‹‰ –Š‡•‡ •ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†•Ǥ – ”‡•–”‹ –• –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–̵• ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘
ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”‹Ž› ‘˜‹ –‘”’—‹•Š ‹–‹œ‡•ǤŠ‡•‡”‹‰Š–•‡•—”‡ˆƒ‹”–”‡ƒ–‡–™‹–Š‹–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ•›•–‡ƒ†’”‘–‡ –‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•
ˆ”‘’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹•—•‡‘ˆ’‘™‡”
ARTICLE 21 (RIGHT TO LIFE AND PERSONAL LIBERTY)
• ”–‹ Ž‡ʹͳ‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†–Š‡ ‘”‡”•–‘‡‘ˆˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•Ǥ –‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡•–Š‡‘•–
„ƒ•‹ Š—ƒ”‹‰Š–Ǥ
• –ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡•–Šƒ– No person can be deprived of their life or personal liberty‡š ‡’–ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ’”‘ ‡†—”‡
‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†„›Žƒ™Ǥ
• –̵•–Š‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ„”‘ƒ†”ƒ‰‡‘ˆŠ—ƒ”‹‰Š–•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘’”‹˜ƒ ›ƒ†–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘Ž‹˜‡™‹–Š†‹‰‹–›Ǥ
Crucial cases:
• The A.K Gopalan Case (1950) ‹–‡”’”‡–‡†̵’”‘ ‡†—”‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†„›Žƒ™̵ƒ””‘™Ž›ǡ”—Ž‹‰–Šƒ–’”‘–‡ –‹‘—†‡”
”–‹ Ž‡ʹͳ‹•‘Ž›ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ –‹‘ǡ‘–ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ –‹‘Ǥ
• In Maneka Gandhi Case (1978), –Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–™‹†‡‡†–Š‡‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ̵’”‘ ‡†—”‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†„›Žƒ™̵
–‘‹ Ž—†‡’”‘–‡ –‹‘ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ –‹‘ƒ•™‡ŽŽǡ•‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡‡”‹ ƒ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ̵†—‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ
Žƒ™̵Ǥ
• In the Puttaswamy judgment (2017), ƒŽƒ†ƒ””—Ž‹‰ǡ–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–Š‡Ž†–Šƒ–’”‹˜ƒ ›™ƒ•‹–”‹•‹ –‘
ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ‡ ƒ† ’‡”•‘ƒŽ Ž‹„‡”–›Ǥ – ’Žƒ›‡† ƒ ’‹˜‘–ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ †‡ ”‹‹ƒŽ‹•‹‰ Š‘‘•‡š—ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† ƒ„‘Ž‹•Š‹‰
’”‘˜‹•‹‘•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ƒ†—Ž–‡”›Ǥ
Š‡•‡‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•‡•—”‡–Šƒ–”–‹ Ž‡ʹͳ’”‘–‡ –•‘–Œ—•–„ƒ•‹ •—”˜‹˜ƒŽ„—–ƒŽ•‘ƒŽ‹ˆ‡™‹–Š†‹‰‹–›ƒ†‡••‡–‹ƒŽ
Ž‹˜‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ

Article 21: Right to Privacy versus Right to be Forgotten

• A New Frontier in Data Privacy: Š‡”‹‰Š––‘„‡ˆ‘”‰‘––‡ǡƒŽŽ‘™‹‰‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•–‘ ‘–”‘Ž–Š‡‘Ž‹‡†‹• Ž‘•—”‡

‘ˆ–Š‡‹”’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ȋŽ‹‹–ǡ†‡ǦŽ‹ǡ†‡Ž‡–‡ǡ‘” ‘””‡ –Ȍǡ‹•ƒ”‡ ‡–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹ †‹ƒŽƒ™Ǥ
• Importance for Data Protection: Š‡”‹”‹•Šƒ‘‹––‡‡Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘„‡ˆ‘”‰‘––‡ƒ•ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ
ƒ•’‡ –‘ˆ†ƒ–ƒ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ƒ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ’”‹˜ƒ ›‹–Š‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽƒ‰‡Ǥ
• Balancing Act with Free Speech: ‡ ‘‰‹œ‹‰–Š‹•”‹‰Š–‡ ‡••‹–ƒ–‡•ƒ ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž„ƒŽƒ ‹‰ƒ ––‘‡•—”‡‹–†‘‡•̵–
”‡•–”‹ ––Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š––‘ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ•’‡‡ Šƒ†‡š’”‡••‹‘ǡ‘”–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘–Š‡” ‹–‹œ‡•Ǥ
• Challenges of the Digital Landscape: Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”‡–ƒ†–Š‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•‹Ž‡‰ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘”•
ƒ ”‘••†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘—–”‹‡•’‘•‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‹ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰–Š‹•„ƒŽƒ ‡Ǥ

ARTICLE 21A (RIGHT TO EDUCATION)

†— ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ƒ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ „—‹Ž†‹‰ „Ž‘  ˆ‘” ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‰”‘™–Š ƒ† •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ‡ ‘‰‹œ‹‰ –Š‹•
‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ǡ –Š‡ †‹ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ™ƒ• ƒ‡†‡† ‹ ʹͲͲʹȋͺ͸–Š ‡†‡–Ȍ –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ ”–‹ Ž‡ ʹͳ ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡
—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹‰Š–•Ǥ
Key Points of Article 21A:
• Free and Compulsory Education:Š‡–ƒ–‡ȋ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ȍ‹•‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‡†–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ˆ”‡‡ƒ† ‘’—Ž•‘”›‡†— ƒ–‹‘
–‘ƒŽŽ Š‹Ž†”‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ͸ƒ†ͳͶǤ
• Manner of Implementation:Š‘—‰Š–Š‡”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›Ž‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ƒŽŽ‘™•–Š‡–‘†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡
•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ™ƒ›–Š‹•”‹‰Š–™‹ŽŽ„‡’”‘˜‹†‡†ǡ‘ˆ–‡–Š”‘—‰ŠŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ

16
PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
• Right to Quality Education:Š‹Ž‡‘–‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›‡–‹‘‡†‹”–‹ Ž‡ʹͳǡ•—„•‡“—‡–Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘Ž‹‡–Š‡‹‰Š––‘
†— ƒ–‹‘ –ȋ –ȌʹͲͲͻ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•“—ƒŽ‹–›‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Impact: Š‹• ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ Šƒ• •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† • Š‘‘Ž ‡”‘ŽŽ‡– ”ƒ–‡• ‹ †‹ƒǡ ’”‘‘–‹‰ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ƒ ‡•• –‘
‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Recent Updations: The National Education Policy 2020 expanded the age bracket for compulsory education
to 3-18 years, ƒ††”‡••‹‰ –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” ‡ƒ”Ž› Š‹Ž†Š‘‘† ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‡š–‡†‹‰ –Š‡ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ –‹ŽŽ
Š‹‰Š‡”•‡ ‘†ƒ”›• Š‘‘ŽǤ
ARTICLE 22 (PROTECTION AGAINST ARREST AND DETENTION IN CERTAIN CASES)
”–‹ Ž‡ʹʹ‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘‹•ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›ƒ””‡•–ƒ††‡–‡–‹‘Ǥ –‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡• ‡”–ƒ‹
”‹‰Š–•–‘ƒ›’‡”•‘™Š‘‹•ƒ””‡•–‡†ǡ’”‘–‡ –‹‰–Š‡ˆ”‘‹•—•‡‘ˆ’‘™‡”„›–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Ordinary Law Conditions:
o Protection from Uninformed Detention: ‘ ’‡”•‘ ƒ „‡ ƒ””‡•–‡† ƒ† Š‡Ž† ‹ —•–‘†› ™‹–Š‘—– „‡‹‰
‹ˆ‘”‡†’”‘’–Ž›ƒ„‘—––Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ””‡•–Ǥ
o Right to Legal Counsel:Š‡ƒ””‡•–‡†’‡”•‘Šƒ•–Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š––‘ ‘•—Ž–ƒ†„‡†‡ˆ‡†‡†„›ƒŽƒ™›‡”
‘ˆ–Š‡‹” Š‘‹ ‡Ǥ
o Magisterial Production:Š‡ƒ””‡•–‡†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ—•–„‡’”‘†— ‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒƒ‰‹•–”ƒ–‡™‹–Š‹ʹͶŠ‘—”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”
ƒ””‡•–ȋ‡š Ž—†‹‰–”ƒ˜‡Ž–‹‡ȌǤ
o Right to be released after 24 hours unless authorised by a magistrateǣŠ‹• ‘–‹—‡•–Š‡’”‘–‡ –‹‘ƒ‰ƒ‹•–
ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›†‡–‡–‹‘Ǥ
• Preventive Detention Conditions:
o ‡–‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘ ƒ‘– ‡š ‡‡† –Š”‡‡ ‘–Š• ™‹–Š‘—– ƒ ƒ†˜‹•‘”› „‘ƒ”† ”‡’‘”–ǣ ”‡˜‡–• ’”‘Ž‘‰‡†
†‡–‡–‹‘™‹–Š‘—–ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o ”‘—†• ‘ˆ †‡–‡–‹‘ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ †‡–‡—ǣ •—”‡• –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ › ƒ† ‰‹˜‡• –Š‡ †‡–ƒ‹‡†
’‡”•‘ƒ‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘†‹•’—–‡–Š‡‰”‘—†•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”†‡–‡–‹‘Ǥ


KEYWORDS: ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ•’‡‡ Šǡ‡†‹–‹‘ǡ ”‘–‡ –‹‘‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ƒ†‡”•‘ƒŽŽ‹„‡”–›ǡ‹‰Š––‘”‹˜ƒ ›ǡ‹‰Š––‘„‡

ˆ‘”‰‘––‡Ǥ

RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (ARTICLE 23 -24)

ARTICLE 23 (PROHIBITION OF TRAFFIC IN HUMAN BEINGS AND FORCED LABOUR)
”–‹ Ž‡ ʹ͵ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ‹• ƒ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ”‹‰Š– –Šƒ– •ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†• ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ˆ”‘ –™‘ ‡› ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ
‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ǣ–”ƒˆˆ‹ ‹‰‹Š—ƒ„‡‹‰•ƒ†ˆ‘” ‡†Žƒ„‘”Ǥ
• Prohibition:Š‡ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ Ž‡ƒ”Ž›’”‘Š‹„‹–•’”ƒ –‹ ‡••— Šƒ•
o Trafficking in human beings:—›‹‰ƒ†•‡ŽŽ‹‰’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ• ‘‘†‹–‹‡•Ǥ
o Begar:’ƒ‹†ˆ‘” ‡†Žƒ„‘”ǡ‘ˆ–‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠŠ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ž‹‡„‘†‡†Žƒ„‘”ˆ‘”†‡„–”‡’ƒ›‡–Ǥ
o Other similar forms of forced labor:›•‹–—ƒ–‹‘™Š‡”‡ƒ’‡”•‘‹• ‘’‡ŽŽ‡†–‘™‘”ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‹”™‹ŽŽǡ™‹–Š
–Š”‡ƒ–•‘” ‘‡” ‹‘Ǥ
• Offense and Punishment:‹‘Žƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ƒ”‡’—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡„›Žƒ™ǡ‡•—”‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ”‡ ‘—”•‡ˆ‘”˜‹ –‹•Ǥ
• State's Power:Š‡ƒ”–‹ Ž‡†‘‡•̵–’”‡˜‡––Š‡•–ƒ–‡ˆ”‘‹’‘•‹‰ ‘’—Ž•‘”›•‡”˜‹ ‡ˆ‘”’—„Ž‹ ’—”’‘•‡•ȋŽ‹‡
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡‹•‘‡ ‘—–”‹‡•ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•— Š•‡”˜‹ ‡ ƒ‘–†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‡„ƒ•‡†‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ”ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ•–‡ǡ‘”
Žƒ••Ǥ
• PUDR vs. Union of IndiaǣŽƒ†ƒ”Œ—†‰‡‡–”‡‹ˆ‘” ‹‰–Š‡”‹‰Š–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ˆ‘” ‡†Žƒ„‘—”ǡ”—Ž‹‰–Šƒ–‡ ‘‘‹ 
‘’—Ž•‹‘–Šƒ–Ž‡ƒ˜‡•‘ Š‘‹ ‡ˆ‘”ƒ’‡”•‘ƒ† ‘’‡Ž•–Š‡–‘’”‘˜‹†‡Žƒ„‘—”‘”•‡”˜‹ ‡ƒŽ•‘ ‘•–‹–—–‡•ˆ‘” ‡†
Žƒ„‘—”Ǥ
Š‹•ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹• ”— ‹ƒŽ‹—’Š‘Ž†‹‰Š—ƒ†‹‰‹–›ƒ†’”‡˜‡–‹‰˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ˆ”‘„‡‹‰‡š’Ž‘‹–‡†Ǥ
ARTICLE 24 (PROHIBITION OF EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN IN FACTORIES, ETC.)
”–‹ Ž‡ʹͶ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†• Š‹Ž†”‡ˆ”‘Šƒœƒ”†‘—•™‘”Ǥ
• Prohibition on Child Labor: –’”‘Š‹„‹–•–Š‡‡’Ž‘›‡–‘ˆ Š‹Ž†”‡„‡Ž‘™ͳͶ›‡ƒ”•‘Ž†‹ˆƒ –‘”‹‡•ǡ‹‡•ǡ‘”ƒ›
‘–Š‡”Šƒœƒ”†‘—•™‘”Ǥ
• Doesn't Ban All Work: –̵•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‘–‡–Šƒ–”–‹ Ž‡ʹͶ†‘‡•̵–”‡•–”‹ – Š‹Ž†”‡ˆ”‘ƒŽŽ–›’‡•‘ˆ™‘”Ǥ‘Ǧ
Šƒœƒ”†‘—•‘”ƒ‰‡Ǧƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡™‘”‹‰Š–„‡’‡”‹••‹„Ž‡Ǥ
• Complementary Laws:‡˜‡”ƒŽŽƒ™•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‡ƒ –‡†„›–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡––‘‡ˆ‘” ‡–Š‹•’”‘˜‹•‹‘ǡ•— Šƒ•–Š‡
Š‹Ž†ƒ„‘—”ȋ”‘Š‹„‹–‹‘ƒ†‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘Ȍ –‘ˆͳͻͺ͸Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
”–‹ Ž‡ʹͶ‹•ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ•–‡’–‘™ƒ”†•‡•—”‹‰ƒ Š‹Ž†Š‘‘†ˆ”‡‡ˆ”‘‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”‘‘–‹‰‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ –‡’‘™‡”•
Š‹Ž†”‡–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’–Š‡‹”ˆ—ŽŽ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹ƒ•ƒˆ‡‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ
RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (ARTICLE 25 – 28)
ARTICLE 25:
”–‹ Ž‡ʹͷ‹•ƒ ‘”‡”•–‘‡‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵••‡ —Žƒ”†‡‘ ”ƒ ›ǡ‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡‹‰ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘–‘ƒŽŽ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•Ǥ
• Freedoms Guaranteed: –‡•Š”‹‡•ˆ‘—”ˆ”‡‡†‘•ǣ
o Freedom of conscience:Š‡”‹‰Š––‘Š‘Ž†›‘—”‘™„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•™‹–Š‘—–‡š–‡”ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡Ǥ
o Freedom to profess:Š‡”‹‰Š––‘‘’‡Ž›†‡ Žƒ”‡›‘—””‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ
o Freedom to practice:Š‡”‹‰Š––‘’‡”ˆ‘””‹–—ƒŽ•ƒ†‘„•‡”˜‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ
o Freedom to propagate:Š‡”‹‰Š––‘•Šƒ”‡›‘—””‡Ž‹‰‹‘™‹–Š‘–Š‡”•ǡ–Š‘—‰Š‘––‘ˆ‘” ‡ˆ—ŽŽ› ‘˜‡”––Š‡Ǥ
• Equality for All:Š‡•‡ˆ”‡‡†‘•ƒ’’Ž›‡“—ƒŽŽ›–‘ƒŽŽ’‡”•‘•‹ †‹ƒǡ”‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡••‘ˆ ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’Ǥ
• Reasonable Restrictions:Š‡•‡ˆ”‡‡†‘•ƒ”‡•—„Œ‡ ––‘̶’—„Ž‹ ‘”†‡”ǡ‘”ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Š̶ƒ†‘–Š‡”’”‘˜‹•‹‘•
‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǤŠ‹•ƒŽŽ‘™•–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡––‘‹’‘•‡•‘‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡‹–‡”‡•–‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽŠƒ”‘›ƒ†
™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰Ǥ
• State and Religion:Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ‘–’”‘‘–‡ƒ›’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ””‡Ž‹‰‹‘‘”†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‡‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‰”‘—†•Ǥ
• Significance:”–‹ Ž‡ʹͷ’”‘‘–‡•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•–‘Ž‡”ƒ ‡ǡ’Ž—”ƒŽ‹•ǡƒ†’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž ‘‡š‹•–‡ ‡‘ˆ†‹˜‡”•‡ˆƒ‹–Š•‹ †‹ƒǤ
ARTICLE 26:
• Rights Granted:Š‹•ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‘ˆ‡”•‘‡˜‡”›”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘–‘ƒƒ‰‡‹–•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒˆˆƒ‹”•ǡ
‘™ƒ†ƒ “—‹”‡‘˜ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‹‘˜ƒ„Ž‡’”‘’‡”–›ǡƒ†ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‹–ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘Žƒ™Ǥ
• Different from Article 25ǣ Š‡ ‘–”ƒ•– „‡–™‡‡ ”–‹ Ž‡• ʹͷ ƒ† ʹ͸ ‹• ‘–‡™‘”–Š›ǣ ™Š‹Ž‡ ”–‹ Ž‡ ʹͷ ’”‘–‡ –•
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•”‹‰Š–•ǡ”–‹ Ž‡ʹ͸•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†• ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ˆ”‡‡†‘•Ǥ
• Not Absolute: Š‡•‡”‹‰Š–•ƒ”‡•—„Œ‡ – –‘’—„Ž‹ ‘”†‡”ǡ‘”ƒŽ‹–›ǡƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǤŠ‡•–ƒ–‡ ƒ”‡‰—Žƒ–‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•–‘
‡•—”‡–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡‘– ‘’”‘‹•‡†Ǥ
• Significance:
o ”‘–‡ –•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘•ˆ”‘‰‘˜‡”‡–‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡‹–Š‡‹”‹–‡”ƒŽƒˆˆƒ‹”•Ǥ
o ŽŽ‘™•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‰”‘—’•–‘ƒƒ‰‡–Š‡‹”‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡˆ‹ƒ ‡•ǡƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ˆ”‡‡Ž›Ǥ
• Examples:Š‹•”‹‰Š–ƒŽŽ‘™•–‡’Ž‡•–‘ƒ’’‘‹–’”‹‡•–•ǡ Š—” Š‡•–‘ ‘†— –”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—••‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•–”—•–•
–‘ƒƒ‰‡–Š‡‹”’”‘’‡”–‹‡•Ǥ
ARTICLE 27:
• Rights Granted: ”–‹ Ž‡ ʹ͹ ’”‡˜‡–• ƒ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ˆ”‘ „‡‹‰ ‘’‡ŽŽ‡† –‘ ’ƒ› –ƒš‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’”‘‘–‹‘ ‘”
ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ””‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ
• No Bias: Š‹• ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ ‡•—”‡• –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ †‘‡•̵– ˆƒ˜‘” ‘” ’ƒ–”‘‹œ‡ ‘‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ‘˜‡” ƒ‘–Š‡”ǡ ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ ‹–•
•‡ —Žƒ” Šƒ”ƒ –‡”Ǥ
o Example: ˆ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–’”‘’‘•‡†ƒ–ƒš•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›–‘ˆ—†–Š‡”‡‘˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–‡’Ž‡•ǡ–Š‹•™‘—Ž†˜‹‘Žƒ–‡
”–‹ Ž‡ʹ͹ƒ•‹–•‹‰Ž‡•‘—–ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ””‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ
ARTICLE 28:
o Rights Granted: –’”‘Š‹„‹–•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‹•–”— –‹‘•‹ƒ›‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘–Šƒ–‹•™Š‘ŽŽ›ˆ—†‡†„›–Š‡
•–ƒ–‡Ǥ
o Exceptionǣ Š‹• †‘‡•̵– ƒ’’Ž› –‘ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡† „› –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ „—– ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† —†‡”
‡†‘™‡–•‘”–”—•–•”‡“—‹”‹‰”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‹•–”— –‹‘Ǥ
o Š‹• ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ •ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†• –Š‡ ”‹‰Š– –‘ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‡‡ ˆ”‘ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• „‹ƒ• ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ •‘‡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• –‘
ƒ‹–ƒ‹–Š‡‹””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”™‹–Š ‘’Ž‡–‡–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›ƒ†ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ Š‘‹ ‡ˆ‘”•–—†‡–•Ǥ
CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (ARTICLE 29 -30)
Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‰ †‹ƒ̵• ˜ƒ•– —Ž–—”ƒŽ †‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘–‡ –• —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ† ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–• —†‡”
”–‹ Ž‡•ʹͻƒ†͵Ͳǡ‡•—”‹‰–Šƒ–‘‹‘”‹–›‰”‘—’‹•ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‡†‘”ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹•‡†Ǥ
ARTICLE 29:
”–‹ Ž‡ʹͻ‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘‹•ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ–‹‘̵•”‹ Š†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ –‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡•–Š‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ†
‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•‘ˆ‹‘”‹–‹‡•ǡ‡•—”‹‰ †‹ƒ̵•—‹“—‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǡ• ”‹’–•ǡƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ƒˆŽ‘—”‹•ŠǤ
• Right to conserve culture:
o ›‰”‘—’‘ˆ ‹–‹œ‡•™‹–Šƒ†‹•–‹ –Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ• ”‹’–ǡ‘” —Ž–—”‡Šƒ•–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘’”‡•‡”˜‡ƒ†’”‘‘–‡‹–Ǥ
o Š‹•‡’‘™‡”•‹‘”‹–› ‘—‹–‹‡•–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹–Š‡‹”Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ƒ† —•–‘•Ǥ

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• Non-discriminatory education:
o ‘ ‹–‹œ‡ ƒ„‡†‡‹‡†ƒ†‹••‹‘–‘ƒ•–ƒ–‡Ǧ”—‘”•–ƒ–‡Ǧˆ—†‡†‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•‘Ž‡Ž›„ƒ•‡†‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ
”ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ•–‡ǡŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ‘”ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡Ǥ
o Š‹•‡•—”‡•‡“—ƒŽƒ ‡••–‘‡†— ƒ–‹‘”‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡••‘ˆ„ƒ ‰”‘—†ǡˆ‘•–‡”‹‰‹ Ž—•‹˜‹–›
”–‹ Ž‡ʹͻ’”‘‘–‡•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—‹–›„› ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‰†‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡‹‰ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘–‡ –‹‘•ˆ‘”‹‘”‹–›‰”‘—’•Ǥ
ARTICLE 30:
”–‹ Ž‡͵Ͳ‘ˆ•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†•–Š‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•‘ˆ‹‘”‹–‹‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰Ǥ
• Establishment and Administration: ‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ƒ†Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ‹‘”‹–‹‡•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡
‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‹” Š‘‹ ‡Ǥ
• Education in Mother Tongue:Š‹•”‹‰Š–‡š–‡†•–‘’”‘˜‹†‹‰‡†— ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‹” Š‹Ž†”‡‹–Š‡‹”‘™Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ
• Regulation for Quality:Š‹•”‹‰Š–‹•‘–—”‡•–”‹ –‡†ǤŠ‡‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ‹’Ž‡‡–”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•–‘‡•—”‡–Š‡
‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†ƒ ƒ†‡‹ ‡š ‡ŽŽ‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ
• Non-discrimination in Funding:Š‡•–ƒ–‡ ƒ‘–†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‹‘”‹–›Ǧ”—‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•™Š‡
‰”ƒ–‹‰ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽƒ‹†Ǥ
• Fair Acquisition of Property:”–‹ Ž‡͵ͲȋͳȌ‡•—”‡•ˆƒ‹” ‘’‡•ƒ–‹‘™Š‡ƒ “—‹”‹‰’”‘’‡”–›„‡Ž‘‰‹‰–‘ƒ
‹‘”‹–›‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ


KEYWORDS: ‡ —Žƒ”‹•ǡ–ƒ–‡‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ‹‘”‹–›‹‰Š–•ǡ‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ†Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ‹‘”‹–‹‡•

REMEDIES FOR ENFORCEMENT OF RIGHTS (ARTICLE 32)

”–‹ Ž‡͵ʹ‹•ƒ ‘”‡”•–‘‡‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵• —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹‰Š–•‡•Š”‹‡†‹ƒ”– ‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ –‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡•–Š‡
˜‹–ƒŽ”‹‰Š––‘•‡‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•Ǥ‡–̵•„”‡ƒ†‘™•‘‡‡›’‘‹–•ƒ„‘—–”–‹ Ž‡͵ʹǣ
• Empowering Individuals: –‡’‘™‡”•‡˜‡”› ‹–‹œ‡–‘†‹”‡ –Ž›ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–‘ˆ †‹ƒ‹ˆ–Š‡›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡
–Š‡‹”ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡˜‹‘Žƒ–‡†„›–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‘”ƒ›‘–Š‡”ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ
• Fundamental Rights Enforcement: –’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ‡ Šƒ‹•–‘‡•—”‡–Š‡•‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•ƒ”‡̵–Œ—•–™”‹––‡
™‘”†•ǡ„—–‡ˆ‘” ‡ƒ„Ž‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡•Ǥ
• Writs for Enforcement: Š‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– Šƒ• –Š‡ ’‘™‡” –‘ ‹••—‡ ™”‹–•ǡ •— Š ƒ• Šƒ„‡ƒ• ‘”’—•ǡ ƒ†ƒ—•
’”‘Š‹„‹–‹‘ǡ ‡”–‹‘”ƒ”‹ǡƒ†“—‘™ƒ””ƒ–‘–‘”‡ –‹ˆ›–Š‡˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Parliamentary Power:ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ƒƒ—–Š‘”‹œ‡‘–Š‡” ‘—”–•ȋŽ‹‡ ‹‰Š‘—”–•Ȍ–‘‹••—‡•‹‹Žƒ”™”‹–•—†‡””–‹ Ž‡
ʹʹ͸Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–̵•’‘™‡”–‘‹••—‡™”‹–•”‡ƒ‹••—’”‡‡Ǥ
• Significance: 
o Strengthens Rule of Law: – ‡•—”‡• –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ”‡•’‡ –• ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–• ƒ† ƒ –• ™‹–Š‹ ‹–• Ž‡‰ƒŽ
„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ
o Provides Legal Recourse: –‡’‘™‡”•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•–‘ˆ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”–Š‡‹””‹‰Š–•ƒ†•‡‡Œ—•–‹ ‡Ǥ
o Protects Vulnerable Citizens: –ƒ –•ƒ•ƒ•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›ƒ –‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ
Article 32 is a basic feature of the Constitution. ”„‡†ƒ” ƒŽŽ‡†”–‹ Ž‡͵ʹƒ•–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡
Constitution ‘an article without which this constitution would be a nullityǤ –‹•–Š‡˜‡”›•‘—Ž‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘
and the very heart of it’
WRITS
 ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–‘ˆ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹‰Š–•ǡ–Š‡Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–‹•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ„—–‘–‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ǥ –
‹• ‘ —””‡–™‹–Š–Š‡Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹‰Š ‘—”–—†‡””–‹ Ž‡ʹʹ͸Ǥ
• Habeas Corpus:
o –‹•ƒ‘”†‡”‹••—‡†„›–Š‡ ‘—”––‘ƒ’‡”•‘™Š‘Šƒ•†‡–ƒ‹‡†ƒ‘–Š‡”
’‡”•‘ǡ–‘’”‘†— ‡–Š‡„‘†›‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ––‡”„‡ˆ‘”‡‹–Ǥ
o Š‡ ‘—”––Š‡‡šƒ‹‡•–Š‡ ƒ—•‡ƒ†Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ†‡–‡–‹‘Ǥ
o – ƒ „‡ ‹••—‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹•– „‘–Š ’—„Ž‹  ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡• ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ’”‹˜ƒ–‡
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•Ǥ
• Mandamus:
o – ‹• ƒ ‘ƒ† ‹••—‡† „› –Š‡ ‘—”– –‘ ƒ ’—„Ž‹  ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ ƒ•‹‰ Š‹ –‘
’‡”ˆ‘”Š‹•‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ†—–‹‡•–Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ•ˆƒ‹Ž‡†‘””‡ˆ—•‡†–‘’‡”ˆ‘”Ǥ
o – ƒƒŽ•‘„‡‹••—‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ›’—„Ž‹ „‘†›ǡƒ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ‹ˆ‡”‹‘” ‘—”–ǡƒ–”‹„—ƒŽ‘”‰‘˜‡”‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡
•ƒ‡’—”’‘•‡Ǥ

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• Prohibition:
o –‹•‹••—‡†„›ƒŠ‹‰Š‡” ‘—”––‘ƒŽ‘™‡” ‘—”–‘”–”‹„—ƒŽ–‘’”‡˜‡––Š‡Žƒ––‡”ˆ”‘‡š ‡‡†‹‰‹–•Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘‘”
—•—”’‹‰ƒŒ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘–Šƒ–‹–†‘‡•‘–’‘••‡••Ǥ
• Certiorari:
o –‹•‹••—‡†„›ƒŠ‹‰Š‡” ‘—”––‘ƒŽ‘™‡” ‘—”–‘”–”‹„—ƒŽ‡‹–Š‡”–‘–”ƒ•ˆ‡”ƒ ƒ•‡’‡†‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡Žƒ––‡”–‘‹–•‡Žˆ
‘”–‘•“—ƒ•Š–Š‡‘”†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ––‡”‹ƒ ƒ•‡Ǥ
o –‹•‹••—‡†‘–Š‡‰”‘—†•‘ˆ‡š ‡••‘ˆŒ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘‘”Žƒ ‘ˆŒ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘‘”‡””‘”‘ˆŽƒ™Ǥ
• Quo-Warranto:
o –‹•‹••—‡†„›–Š‡ ‘—”––‘‡“—‹”‡‹–‘–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ Žƒ‹‘ˆƒ’‡”•‘–‘ƒ’—„Ž‹ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǥ
o ‡ ‡ǡ‹–’”‡˜‡–•‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ—•—”’ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡„›ƒ’‡”•‘Ǥ
SIGNIFICANCE OF WRITS
• Protection of Fundamental Rights:”‹–•’”‘˜‹†‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™‹–Šƒ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž–‘‘Ž–‘ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”
ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•‡•Š”‹‡†‹ƒ”– ‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
• Judicial Review:Š‡›‡’‘™‡”–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”––‘‡š‡” ‹•‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™ǡ‡•—”‹‰ƒ –‹‘•„›–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–
ƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡Žƒ™ˆ—Žƒ†™‹–Š‹ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ
• Speedy and Effective Remedy: ”‹–• ‘ˆˆ‡” ƒ •™‹ˆ– ƒ† ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ™ƒ› –‘ •‡‡ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘
Ž‡‰–Š› ‘—”–’”‘ ‡†—”‡•Ǥ
• Ensuring Accountability:Š‡–Š”‡ƒ–‘ˆ™”‹–•‡‡’•ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”ƒ –‹‘•ƒ†’”‡˜‡–•ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›
—•‡‘ˆ’‘™‡”Ǥ
• Maintaining Rule of Law: ”‹–• ƒ”‡ ”— ‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” —’Š‘Ž†‹‰ –Š‡ ”—Ž‡ ‘ˆ Žƒ™ „› ‡•—”‹‰ ‡˜‡”›‘‡ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡
‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ‘’‡”ƒ–‡•™‹–Š‹Ž‡‰ƒŽ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•Ǥ
ARMED FORCES AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
• Purpose: ”–‹ Ž‡ ͵͵ ‡’‘™‡”• –Š‡ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– –‘ ”‡•–”‹ – •‘‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–• ˆ‘” ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡†
‘” ‡•ǡ’ƒ”ƒ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ˆ‘” ‡•ǡƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ ‡ƒ‰‡ ‹‡•ȋ–Š‘—‰Š‘–‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›‡–‹‘‡†ȌǤ
• Justification:Š‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡‹–‡†‡†–‘‡•—”‡–Š‡’”‘’‡”†‹• Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ†—–‹‡•ƒ†ƒ‹–ƒ‹†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡™‹–Š‹
–Š‡•‡ˆ‘” ‡•Ǥ
• Rights Potentially Affected:Š‹Ž‡‘–‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›•–ƒ–‡†ǡƒ›ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š– ‘—Ž†„‡”‡•–”‹ –‡†—†‡””–‹ Ž‡
͵͵ǡ†‡’‡†‹‰‘–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‹•’‘™‡”‹•‘–ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡ƒ† ‘—”–•‹‰Š–‹–‡”˜‡‡‹ˆ–Š‡”‡•–”‹ –‹‘•
ƒ”‡†‡‡‡†‡š ‡••‹˜‡Ǥ
o Example:Š‡”‹‰Š––‘ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ•’‡‡ Šƒ†‡š’”‡••‹‘ȋ”–‹ Ž‡ͳͻȌ‹‰Š–„‡”‡•–”‹ –‡†ˆ‘”•‘Ž†‹‡”•–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹
‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‡ ”‡ ›‘”’”‡˜‡–‹•—„‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
MARTIAL LAWS AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
• Martial Law:”–‹ Ž‡͵Ͷƒ’’Ž‹‡•™Š‡ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽƒ™‹•‹’‘•‡†‹ƒ›’ƒ”–‘ˆ †‹ƒǤƒ”–‹ƒŽŽƒ™‹•ƒ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘™Š‡”‡
–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›–ƒ‡• ‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹‘”†‡”Ǥ
• Restriction on Rights: —”‹‰ ƒ”–‹ƒŽ Žƒ™ǡ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ƒ ’ƒ•• Žƒ™• –Šƒ– ”‡•–”‹ – –Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–•
‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡†„›ƒ”– ‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
• Protection for Actions:Š‡ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ƒŽ•‘ƒŽŽ‘™•ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡––‘‹†‡‹ˆ›ȋ’”‘–‡ –ˆ”‘Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ –‹‘Ȍ‰‘˜‡”‡–
‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•‘”ƒ›‘–Š‡”’‡”•‘™Š‘–ƒ‡•ƒ –‹‘•̶‹ ‘‡ –‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡‘””‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘”†‡”̶™Š‹Ž‡
ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽƒ™‹•‹ˆ‘” ‡Ǥ
• Significance:”–‹ Ž‡͵Ͷ ”‡ƒ–‡•ƒ„ƒŽƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‡ —”‹–›ƒ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•Ǥ ‡š–”‡‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ
•‘‡”‹‰Š–•‹‰Š–‡‡†Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•–‘”‡•–‘”‡‘”†‡”Ǥ
Significance of Above Provisions
• •—”‡•†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡†‹• Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”†—–‹‡•™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ ”— ‹ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‡ —”‹–›Ǥ
• ”‘–‡ –•‰‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•™Š‘–ƒ‡ƒ –‹‘•–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹‘”†‡”‹•— Š•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Š‡•‡ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Š‡‡‡†–‘–‡’‘”ƒ”‹Ž›Ž‹‹–•‘‡”‹‰Š–•ˆ‘”–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”‰‘‘†‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‡ —”‹–›ƒ†
’—„Ž‹ ‘”†‡”Ǥ
RIGHT TO PROPERTY
Š‡ͶͶ–Š‡†‡–ȋͳͻ͹ͺȌ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›ƒŽ–‡”‡†–Š‡•–ƒ–—•‘ˆ–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘’”‘’‡”–›‹ †‹ƒǤ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
• From Fundamental Right to Legal Right:”‹‘”–‘–Š‡ƒ‡†‡–ǡ–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘’”‘’‡”–›™ƒ•ƒˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–
—†‡””–‹ Ž‡͵ͳǤŠ‹•‡ƒ–‹–”‡ ‡‹˜‡†–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ›‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ “—‹•‹–‹‘”‡“—‹”‡†•–”‹ –
’”‘ ‡†—”‡•ƒ†ˆƒ‹” ‘’‡•ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ƒ‡†‡–†‘™‰”ƒ†‡†‹––‘ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ”‹‰Š–—†‡””–‹ Ž‡͵ͲͲǤ
• Easier Land Acquisition:Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‘™Šƒ•‰”‡ƒ–‡”ˆŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›‹ƒ “—‹”‹‰Žƒ†ˆ‘”’—„Ž‹ ’—”’‘•‡•ǤŠ‹•
ƒ‡š’‡†‹–‡‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥ
• Judicial Scrutiny Remains:Š‘—‰Š‘–ƒˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–ǡ”–‹ Ž‡͵ͲͲ•–‹ŽŽƒ†ƒ–‡•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰̶†—‡’”‘ ‡••̶
ƒ†ˆƒ‹”–”‡ƒ–‡–™Š‡ƒ “—‹”‹‰’”‘’‡”–›Ǥ‘—”–• ƒ‹–‡”˜‡‡‹ˆ–Š‡•‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ƒ”‡˜‹‘Žƒ–‡†Ǥ —”–Š‡”ǡ ‘—”–•
ƒ•–‹ŽŽ‹–‡”’”‡–̶ˆƒ‹”̶–”‡ƒ–‡–—†‡””–‹ Ž‡͵ͲͲ–‘‹ Ž—†‡”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡ ‘’‡•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Right to Compensationǣ –‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡†”‹‰Š––‘ ‘’‡•ƒ–‹‘Ǧ
o Š‡–Š‡–ƒ–‡ƒ “—‹”‡•–Š‡’”‘’‡”–›‘ˆƒ‹‘”‹–›‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ȋ”–‹ Ž‡͵ͲȌ
o Š‡ –Š‡ –ƒ–‡ ƒ “—‹”‡• –Š‡ Žƒ† Š‡Ž† „› ƒ ’‡”•‘ —†‡” Š‹• ’‡”•‘ƒŽ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ Žƒ† ‹• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡
•–ƒ–—–‘”› ‡‹Ž‹‰Ž‹‹–•ȋ”–‹ Ž‡͵ͳȌǤ
˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ–Š‡ͶͶ–Š‡†‡–ƒ‹‡†–‘„ƒŽƒ ‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–›”‹‰Š–•™‹–Š–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–̵•‡‡†ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
Š‹Ž‡‹–ƒŽŽ‘™•ˆ‘”ˆƒ•–‡”Žƒ†ƒ “—‹•‹–‹‘ǡ ‘ ‡”•ƒ„‘—–’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹•—•‡ƒ†‡•—”‹‰ˆƒ‹” ‘’‡•ƒ–‹‘”‡ƒ‹Ǥ


KEYWORDS: ”‹–•ǡ Šƒ„‡ƒ• ‘”’—•ǡ ƒ†ƒ—•ǡ ‡”–‹‘”ƒ”‹ǡ “—‘ ™ƒ””ƒ–‘ǡ ’”‘Š‹„‹–‹‘ǡ ƒ”–‹ƒŽ Žƒ™ǡ ”‹‰Š– –‘
‘’‡•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

EXCEPTIONS TO FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

• Article 31A: Š‹• ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ’”‘–‡ –• ˆ‹˜‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ Žƒ™• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ Žƒ† ”‡ˆ‘”• ƒ†
‹†—•–”›Ȁ ‘‡” ‡ˆ”‘„‡‹‰ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†ˆ‘”˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡”‹‰Š–•–‘‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ȋ”–‹ Ž‡ͳͶȌƒ†ˆ”‡‡†‘ȋ”–‹ Ž‡ͳͻȌǤ
• Article 31B:ƒ™•ƒ†”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•Ž‹•–‡†‹–Š‡‹–Š Š‡†—Ž‡ƒ”‡•Š‹‡Ž†‡†ˆ”‘ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•„ƒ•‡†‘ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ
”‹‰Š–•˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–̵•ʹͲͲ͹”—Ž‹‰‹–Š‡ ǤǤ‘‡ŽŠ‘ ƒ•‡ Žƒ”‹ˆ‹‡†–Šƒ––Š‹•‹—‹–›‹•̵–
ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ǥƒ™•ƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡‹–Š Š‡†—Ž‡ƒˆ–‡”’”‹ŽʹͶǡͳͻ͹͵ǡ ƒ„‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†‹ˆ–Š‡›˜‹‘Žƒ–‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•
‘” ‘”‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•Ǥ
• Article 31C (Introduced by 25th Amendment):Š‹•ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ƒ‹‡†–‘ǣ
ƒǤ ”‘–‡ – Žƒ™• ‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰ •‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•– †‹”‡ –‹˜‡ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡• ȋ”–‹ Ž‡ ͵ͻȋ„Ȍ ƒ† ȋ ȌȌ ˆ”‘ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• „ƒ•‡† ‘
”–‹ Ž‡•ͳͶȋ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›Ȍƒ†ͳͻȋˆ”‡‡†‘ȌǤ
„Ǥ ”‡˜‡– ‘—”–•ˆ”‘“—‡•–‹‘‹‰™Š‡–Š‡”ƒŽƒ™ Žƒ‹‹‰–‘‹’Ž‡‡–•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ƒ Š‹‡˜‡•–Šƒ–
‰‘ƒŽǤ
• Š‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”–̵• Žƒ†ƒ” ‡•ƒ˜ƒƒ†ƒ Šƒ”ƒ–‹ ƒ•‡ ȋͳͻ͹͵Ȍ †‡ Žƒ”‡† –Š‡ •‡ ‘† ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ”–‹ Ž‡ ͵ͳ
— ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽǤ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™‹•ƒˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽƒ•’‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ƒ‘––ƒ‡‹–ƒ™ƒ›Ǥ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’”‘˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ”–‹ Ž‡͵ͳ’”‘–‡ –‹‰Žƒ™•‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–†‹”‡ –‹˜‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•™ƒ•—’Š‡Ž†Ǥ
SIGNIFICANCE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
• Protection from Arbitrary State Power: •ƒ –ƒ•ƒ•Š‹‡Ž†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›ƒ –‹‘•„›–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ǤŠ‡›
‡•—”‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡”‡•’‡ –•„ƒ•‹ Š—ƒ”‹‰Š–•ƒ†ˆ”‡‡†‘•Ǥ
• Equality and Non-Discrimination: • ’”‘‘–‡ ƒ •‘ ‹‡–› „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‡“—ƒŽ‹–› „› ’”‘Š‹„‹–‹‰ †‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘
‰”‘—†•‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ”ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ•–‡ǡ•‡šǡ‘”’Žƒ ‡‘ˆ„‹”–ŠǤŠ‹•ˆ‘•–‡”••‘ ‹ƒŽ‹ Ž—•‹‘ƒ†Œ—•–‹ ‡Ǥ
• Dignity and Individual Liberty: • ‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡ „ƒ•‹  ˆ”‡‡†‘• Ž‹‡ •’‡‡ Šǡ ƒ••‡„Ž›ǡ ƒ† ‘˜‡‡–ǡ ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’–Š‡‹”’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ƒ†Ž‡ƒ†ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰Ž‹˜‡•™‹–Š†‹‰‹–›Ǥ
• Check on Majoritarian Rule: †‹ƒ̵• †‡‘ ”ƒ › ‹• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ”—Ž‡ǡ „—– • ’”‡˜‡– –Š‡ –›”ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒŒ‘”‹–›„›•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡”‹‰Š–•‘ˆ‹‘”‹–‹‡•ƒ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•Ǥ
• Mechanism for Judicial Review: •‡’‘™‡”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•–‘ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡Žƒ™•‘”‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ –‹‘•–Šƒ–˜‹‘Žƒ–‡
–Š‡‹””‹‰Š–•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›ǤŠ‹•‡•—”‡•–Š‡”—Ž‡‘ˆŽƒ™ƒ†ƒ Š‡ ‘–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ†Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES PERTAINING TO FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
• Implementation Gapǣ ‡•’‹–‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‹•–ƒ ‡• ™Š‡”‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–• ƒ”‡ ‘–
‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›‡ˆ‘” ‡†ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‹Œ—•–‹ ‡•Ǥ
• Discrimination and Inequality: ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‰”‘—’• ‘ˆ–‡ ˆƒ ‡ †‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ƒ ‡••‹‰ –Š‡‹” ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ
”‹‰Š–•ǡ•— Šƒ•–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†”‹‰Š–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘„ƒ•‡†‘ ƒ•–‡ǡ‰‡†‡”ǡ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ‘”‡–Š‹ ‹–›Ǥ
• Interpretation Challenges: Š‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–• „› –Š‡ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”› ƒ •‘‡–‹‡• „‡
‘–‡–‹‘—•ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘ƒ„‹‰—‹–›ƒ†‹ ‘•‹•–‡ ›‹–Š‡‹”ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

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• Violations During Emergencyǣ—”‹‰•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ‡‡”‰‡ ›ǡ–Š‡”‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹•–ƒ ‡•™Š‡”‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•ǡ
’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›–Š‘•‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘’‡”•‘ƒŽŽ‹„‡”–›ƒ†ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ•’‡‡ ŠǡŠƒ˜‡„‡‡ —”–ƒ‹Ž‡†ǡ”ƒ‹•‹‰ ‘ ‡”•ƒ„‘—–
‰‘˜‡”‡–‘˜‡””‡ƒ ŠǤ
• Online Privacy and Surveillanceǣ ‹–Š –Š‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ —•‡ ‘ˆ †‹‰‹–ƒŽ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ ‘ ‡”• Šƒ˜‡ ‡‡”‰‡†
”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡’”‘–‡ –‹‘‘ˆ’”‹˜ƒ ›”‹‰Š–•ƒ†–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”‰‘˜‡”‡–•—”˜‡‹ŽŽƒ ‡‹ˆ”‹‰‹‰—’‘‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ
ˆ”‡‡†‘•Ǥ
WAY FORWARD
• Awareness and Educationǣ ”‘‘–‡ ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ƒ’ƒ‹‰• ƒ† ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘‰”ƒ• –‘ ‹ˆ‘” ‹–‹œ‡• ƒ„‘—–
–Š‡‹”ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•ƒ†Š‘™–‘‡š‡” ‹•‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
• Legal Reforms: –”‘†— ‡ ”‡ˆ‘”• –‘ •–”‡ƒŽ‹‡ –Š‡ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡••ǡ ”‡†— ‡ „ƒ Ž‘‰ǡ ƒ† ‡•—”‡ –‹‡Ž›
ƒ†Œ—†‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ƒ•‡•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•Ǥ
• Safeguarding During Emergencies: –”‡‰–Š‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ •ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†• –‘ ’”‡˜‡– –Š‡ ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”› •—•’‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ
ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–• †—”‹‰ •–ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ ‡‡”‰‡ ›ǡ ‡•—”‹‰ –Šƒ– ƒ› Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘• ‹’‘•‡† ƒ”‡ ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒ–‡ ƒ†
‡ ‡••ƒ”›Ǥ
• Privacy Legislationǣƒ – ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘–‘•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†‘Ž‹‡’”‹˜ƒ ›”‹‰Š–•ƒ†”‡‰—Žƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–
•—”˜‡‹ŽŽƒ ‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ„ƒŽƒ ‹‰–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”•‡ —”‹–›™‹–Š‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽˆ”‡‡†‘•Ǥ
• Judicial Training and Capacity Buildingǣ”‘˜‹†‡–”ƒ‹‹‰ƒ† ƒ’ƒ ‹–›Ǧ„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ•ˆ‘”Œ—†‰‡•ƒ†Ž‡‰ƒŽ
’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•–‘‡Šƒ ‡–Š‡‹”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡ ‘•‹•–‡ ›‹–Š‡‹”‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘
ƒ†ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Community Engagementǣ ‘•–‡” †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ ƒ† ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ™‹–Š ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ ‹˜‹Ž •‘ ‹‡–› ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ†
•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•–‘ƒ††”‡•••’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’–ƒ‹Ž‘”‡†•‘Ž—–‹‘•–‘’”‘–‡ –ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•Ǥ

KEYWORDS: ”„‹–”ƒ”›–ƒ–‡‘™‡”ǡƒŒ‘”‹–ƒ”‹ƒ—Ž‡ǡ‘Ž‹‡’”‹˜ƒ ›, †‹‰‹–›ƒ† †‹˜‹†—ƒŽŽ‹„‡”–›

ISSUES IN NEWS
MAHARASHTRA'S MARATHA RESERVATION BILL
Context:Š‡ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡’ƒ••‡†ƒ„‹ŽŽ‰”ƒ–‹‰ͳͲΨ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ•‹‰‘˜‡”‡–Œ‘„•ƒ†
‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǤŠ‹•”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‹•‹–‡†‡†ˆ‘”‘ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ††— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ƒ ™ƒ”†Žƒ••‡•ȋ•Ȍ™‹–Š‹
–Š‡ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ ‘—‹–›ǡ‡š Ž—†‹‰–Š‘•‡†‡‡‡†‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ›™‡ŽŽǦ‘ˆˆȋ̶ ”‡ƒ›Žƒ›‡”̶ȌǤ
Reasons for Reservation Demands
• Structural Challenges:ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ•ˆƒ ‡†‡ Ž‹‹‰ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹ ‘‡ƒ†•–”—‰‰Ž‡–‘ƒ†ƒ’––‘–Š‡‡™Œ‘„ƒ”‡–Ǥ
• Job Market Discrepancies: ‘™‡” ™ƒ‰‡• ƒ† ‹•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‹ –Š‡ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ •‡ –‘” ƒ‡ ’—„Ž‹  •‡ –‘” Œ‘„• ™‹–Š
”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•‘”‡†‡•‹”ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ
• Political Mobilization:ƒ•–‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–•ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‹‰ˆ‘””‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ǡŽ‹‡ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ•ǡƒ”‡ƒ‰”‘™‹‰
–”‡†Ǥ
• Relative Deprivation:ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ•’‡” ‡‹˜‡‘–Š‡” ‘—‹–‹‡•”‡ ‡‹˜‹‰”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘„‡‡ˆ‹–•†‡•’‹–‡ˆƒ ‹‰•‹‹Žƒ”
‡ ‘‘‹ ”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Intra-community Disparity:Š‹Ž‡•‘‡ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ•ƒ”‡‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ›†‘‹ƒ–ǡ‘–Š‡”•ƒ”‡†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡†ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰
–‘†‡ƒ†•ˆ‘””‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Arguments for Caste-based Reservation
• Social Justice:‹•–‘ ‘””‡ –Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‹Œ—•–‹ ‡•ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž’Žƒ›‹‰ˆ‹‡Ž†ˆ‘”†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡† ƒ•–‡•Ǥ
• Representation:‹•–‘‡•—”‡ˆƒ‹””‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‘—‹–‹‡•‹‰‘˜‡”‡–Œ‘„•Ǥ
• Substantive Equality: ”‘‘–‡• –”—‡ ‡“—ƒŽ‹–› „› ƒ††”‡••‹‰ ‡–”‡ Š‡† •‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹  ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡• „ƒ•‡† ‘
ƒ•–‡Ǥ
Criticisms of Caste-based Reservation
• Overlooking Other Factors:ƒ ™ƒ”†‡••ƒ›‘–•‘Ž‡Ž›„‡ ƒ•–‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†Ǣˆƒ –‘”•Ž‹‡”‡•‹†‡ ‡ǡ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†
‡ ‘‘‹ •–ƒ–—••Š‘—Ž†„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†Ǥ
• Perpetuating Privilege: ‘ —•‹‰ •‘Ž‡Ž› ‘ ƒ•–‡ ƒ Ž‡ƒ† –‘ ‘–‹—‡† ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡• ˆ‘” –Š‘•‡ ™Š‘Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›
„‡‡ˆ‹–‡†Ǥ
• Hindering a Casteless Society:‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡• ƒ•‘Ž‹†‹ˆ›–Š‡ ƒ•–‡•›•–‡Ǥ
• Escalating Demands:‘‹ƒ– ƒ•–‡•ƒ›•‡‡”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘„‡‡ˆ‹–•ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ › Ž‡‘ˆ†‡ƒ†•Ǥ
• Ignoring Intra-caste Inequality: ‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ „ƒ•‡† •‘Ž‡Ž› ‘ ƒ•–‡ ‘˜‡”Ž‘‘• ‡ ‘‘‹  †‹•’ƒ”‹–‹‡• ™‹–Š‹
‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
The Way Forward
• Comprehensive Survey:  •‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹  •—”˜‡› ‹• ‡‡†‡† –‘ ƒ —”ƒ–‡Ž› ƒ••‡•• ™Š‘ “—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡• ˆ‘” ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘
„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
• Economic Growth:††”‡••‹‰”—”ƒŽ†‹•–”‡••ǡŒ‘„ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒƒŽŽ‡˜‹ƒ–‡–Š‡”‘‘– ƒ—•‡•
‘ˆ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘†‡ƒ†•Ǥ
• Creamy Layer Exclusion:ˆ‘” ‹‰–Š‡ ”‡ƒ›Žƒ›‡” ”‹–‡”‹‘‡•—”‡•–Š‘•‡‰‡—‹‡Ž›†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡†„‡‡ˆ‹–ˆ”‘
”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Š‡ƒ”ƒ–Šƒ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘„‹ŽŽŠ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–•–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š‹••—‡‘ˆ ƒ•–‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‹ †‹ƒǤŠ‹Ž‡ƒ‹‹‰ˆ‘”•‘ ‹ƒŽ
Œ—•–‹ ‡ǡ•— Š’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•”‡“—‹”‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–”—‡‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†‹ Ž—•‹˜‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
PERSONALITY RIGHTS
Context
• ”‡ ‡–‡ŽŠ‹ ‹‰Š‘—”–”—Ž‹‰‰”ƒ–‡†ƒ™‡ŽŽǦ‘™‘ŽŽ›™‘‘†ƒ –‘”’”‘–‡ –‹‘ˆ”‘—ƒ—–Š‘”‹œ‡†—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”
’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–›”‹‰Š–•„›–Š‹”†’ƒ”–‹‡•Ǥ
• Š‹•†‡ ‹•‹‘”‡ˆŽ‡ –•–Š‡‰”‘™‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†‹‰ƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ̵•’—„Ž‹ ‹ƒ‰‡
ƒ†‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ
What is Personality Rights?
• ‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–›”‹‰Š–••ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†ƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ̵• ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”–Š‡‹”‹†‡–‹–›ƒ†Š‘™‹–̵•’”‡•‡–‡†Ǥ
• Š‹•‹ Ž—†‡•–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘ ‘–”‘Ž –Š‡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ —•‡‘ˆ›‘—”ƒ‡ǡ‹ƒ‰‡ǡŽ‹‡‡••ǡ ‘”‘–Š‡”—‹“—‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡”•Ǥ
ȋšƒ’Ž‡ǣ ‡Ž‡„”‹–›•—‹‰ƒ ‘’ƒ›ˆ‘”—•‹‰–Š‡‹”‹ƒ‰‡™‹–Š‘—–’‡”‹••‹‘‹ƒƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡–ȌǤ
Significance of Personality Rights:
• Control over Identityǣ•—”‡•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•†‡ ‹†‡Š‘™–Š‡›̵”‡’‘”–”ƒ›‡†’—„Ž‹ Ž›Ǥ
• Protection from Exploitationǣ”‡˜‡–•—ƒ—–Š‘”‹œ‡† ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ—•‡‘ˆ‘‡̵•‹†‡–‹–›ˆ‘”’‡”•‘ƒŽ‰ƒ‹Ǥ
• Preserves ReputationǣŽŽ‘™•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•–‘ ‘–”‘Ž‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡Ǥ
• Incentivizes Achievementsǣ”‘–‡ –•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•„—‹Ž†ƒ”‘—†–Š‡‹”ƒ‡ƒ†‹ƒ‰‡Ǥ
Way Forward:
• Comprehensive Legislation:†‡†‹ ƒ–‡†Žƒ™–‘‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›†‡ˆ‹‡ƒ†’”‘–‡ –’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–›”‹‰Š–•Ǥ
• Balancing Interestsǣ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘•Š‘—Ž†•–”‹‡ƒ„ƒŽƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•ƒ†ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ‡š’”‡••‹‘Ǥ
• Public Awarenessǣ†— ƒ–‹‰‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‘–Š‡‹”’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–›”‹‰Š–•ƒ†ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡”‡‡†‹‡•Ǥ
• International Harmonizationǣ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‘–Š‡” ‘—–”‹‡•–‘ƒ††”‡••‘Ž‹‡‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‡‡’ˆƒ‡•Ǥ
›ƒ††”‡••‹‰–Š‡•‡‹••—‡•ǡ †‹ƒ ƒ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‘”‡”‘„—•–•›•–‡ˆ‘”’”‘–‡ –‹‰’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–›”‹‰Š–•‹–Š‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽƒ‰‡Ǥ


CONCLUSION
”—‡†‡‘ ”ƒ › ‘—Ž†‘–‡š‹•–™‹–Š‘—–‡•—”‹‰–Š‡†‹‰‹–›ƒ†‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•
ˆ”‘•‘ ‹ƒŽƒŒ‘”‹–‹‡•Ǥ –™ƒ•‘Ž›™‹–Šˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•–Šƒ–an individual can rise from the status of subject to
that of ‘citizen’Ǥ


Previous Year Questions

ͳǤ Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ‹• ƒ Ž‹˜‹‰ ‹•–”—‡– ™‹–Š ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ ‡‘”‘—• †›ƒ‹•Ǥ – ‹• ƒ ʹͲʹ͵
constitution made for a progressive society”. Illustrate with special reference to the expanding horizons
‘ˆ–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ†’‡”•‘ƒŽŽ‹„‡”–›Ǥͳͷƒ”•
ʹǤ “Right of movement and residence throughout the territory of India are freely available to the Indian ʹͲʹʹ
citizens, but these rights are not absolute. “Comment.
͵Ǥ šƒ‹‡–Š‡• ‘’‡‘ˆ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹‰Š–•‹–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ–‡•–Œ—†‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–‘ ʹͲͳ͹
‹‰Š––‘”‹˜ƒ ›Ǥ
ͶǤ ‘‡•–Š‡”‹‰Š– –‘ Ž‡ƒ –Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡– ‡–ƒ‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•‘ „—”‹‰ ”ƒ ‡”•†—”‹‰‹™ƒŽ‹ǫ ʹͲͳͷ
‹• —••‹–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ”–‹ Ž‡ʹͳ‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ† —†‰‡‡–ȋ•Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡’‡š‘—”–‹–Š‹•
”‡‰ƒ”†Ǥ
ͷǤ What do you understand by the concept “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech ʹͲͳͶ
ƒŽ•‘ǫ Š› †‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹Ž• ‹ †‹ƒ •–ƒ† ‘ ƒ •Ž‹‰Š–Ž› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ’Žƒ‡ ˆ”‘ ‘–Š‡” ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ǫ
‹• —••Ǥ
͸Ǥ ‹• —••‡ –‹‘͸͸‘ˆ  –ǡ™‹–Š”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘‹–•ƒŽŽ‡‰‡†˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”–‹ Ž‡ͳͻ‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ ʹͲͳ͵

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

5 DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY (DPSPs) (PART IV, ARTICLE 36-51)

Š‡ †‹ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘̵• Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs) ƒ”‡ ƒ set of guidelines –Šƒ– ‘—–Ž‹‡ –Š‡
‰‘˜‡”‡–̵• ˜‹•‹‘ ˆ‘” ’”‘‘–‹‰ social and economic justice ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ ‹–‹œ‡•Ǥ Š‡› ™‡”‡ ‹•’‹”‡† „› •‹‹Žƒ”
’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡Irish ConstitutionǤŽ‹‡ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹‰Š–•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡justiciableȋ‡ˆ‘” ‡ƒ„Ž‡„› ‘—”–•Ȍǡ
•ƒ”‡‘–Ž‡‰ƒŽŽ›‡ˆ‘” ‡ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡›’Žƒ›ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹•Šƒ’‹‰‰‘˜‡”‡–’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ƒ†Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
FEATURES/SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DPSPs:
• Social, Economic, and Political Justice:Š‡›ƒ‹–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ•‘ ‹ƒŽ‘”†‡”™Š‡”‡Œ—•–‹ ‡’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž•‹ƒŽŽ•’Š‡”‡•Ǧ
•‘ ‹ƒŽǡ‡ ‘‘‹ ǡƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǤ
• Non-Justiciable:Ž‹‡ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹‰Š–•ǡ–Š‡› ƒ‘–„‡†‹”‡ –Ž›‡ˆ‘” ‡†–Š”‘—‰Š ‘—”–•Ǥ
• Directive in Nature:Š‡›’”‘˜‹†‡†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒ†‰—‹†ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‹ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‰’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–Š‡
•–ƒ–‡†‰‘ƒŽ•Ǥ
• Grounded in Socialist Ideals:Š‡›’”‘‘–‡‹†‡ƒ•Ž‹‡‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ™‡ƒŽ–Šǡ•‡ —”‹‰ƒŒ—•–ƒ†Š—ƒ‡
™‘”‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡƒ†’”‘˜‹†‹‰‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”ƒŽŽǤ
• Framework for Governance: ’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒŽ‘‰Ǧ–‡”˜‹•‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ †‹ƒ ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ†‹”‡ –‹‰‹–•‡ˆˆ‘”–•
–‘™ƒ”†•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ƒ‡‰ƒŽ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
• Bridge the Gap:Š‡„”‹†‰‡•–Š‡‰ƒ’„‡–™‡‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•ƒ†–Š‡‹”’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ›‘—–Ž‹‹‰
–Š‡•–ƒ–‡̵•”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ–Š‡•‡”‹‰Š–•ǡ–Š‡›‘˜‡–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‘”‡‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
CONFLICT BETWEEN DPSP AND FR
Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ”‡ƒ–‡•ƒ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ Žƒ•Š„‡–™‡‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•ȋ •Ȍƒ†‹”‡ –‹˜‡”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ–ƒ–‡
‘Ž‹ ›ȋ•ȌǤ •ƒ”‡‡ˆ‘” ‡ƒ„Ž‡„› ‘—”–•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡•ƒ”‡‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǤŠ‹• ‘ˆŽ‹ – ƒ„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†
™‹–Š‡›—’”‡‡‘—”–Œ—†‰‡‡–•ǣ
Champakam • Court's Ruling: Š‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡† ”–‹ Ž‡ ͵͹ǡ ™Š‹ Š •–ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– ‹”‡ –‹˜‡
Dorairajan Case ”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ƒ”‡‘–‡ˆ‘” ‡ƒ„Ž‡„› ‘—”–•Ǥ
1951 • Fundamental Rights Take Priority:Š‡‘—”–†‡ Žƒ”‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ Šƒ’–‡”‘ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ
‹‰Š–•‹•’ƒ”ƒ‘—–Ǥ‹”‡ –‹˜‡”‹ ‹’Ž‡•—•–„‡ ‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡™‹–Šƒ†•—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡–‘–Š‡
—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹‰Š–•Ǥ
• Precedence Established: Š‹• Žƒ†ƒ” Œ—†‰‡– ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† –Š‡ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ –Šƒ–
—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ‹‰Š–• –ƒ‡ ’”‡ ‡†‡ ‡ ‘˜‡” ‹”‡ –‹˜‡ ”‹ ‹’Ž‡• ‘ˆ –ƒ–‡ ‘Ž‹ › ȋ•Ȍ ‹
ƒ•‡•‘ˆ ‘ˆŽ‹ –Ǥ
Golak Nath Case • Š‡ ‘—”–‹–Š‹• ƒ•‡Žƒ‹††‘™–Šƒ–Fundamental Rights cannot be abridged/ diluted –‘
1967 ‹’Ž‡‡––Š‡†‹”‡ –‹˜‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•.

Kesavananda • Basic Structure Doctrine: Š‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– ”—Ž‡† –Šƒ– ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ƒ ƒ‡† –Š‡
Bharati Case ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ȋ‹ Ž—†‹‰ •Ȍ –‘ ‹’Ž‡‡– •ǡ „—– –Š‡ ̶„ƒ•‹  •–”— –—”‡̶ ‘ˆ –Š‡
1973 ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ȋ‹ Ž—†‹‰ •Ȍ ƒ‘–„‡†‡•–”‘›‡†Ǥ
Minerva Mills • Balance Between FR and DPSP:Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–Š‡Ž†–Šƒ––Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘‡š‹•–•‘–Š‡
Case 1980 balance of Part III and Part IVǤ ‹˜‹‰ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡’”‹ƒ ›–‘‘‡‘˜‡”‘–Š‡”™‹ŽŽ†‹•–—”„–Š‡
Šƒ”‘›‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǤŠ‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘‡ ŠŠƒ†Š‡Ž†–Šƒ––Š‡ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹‰Š–•
ƒ†–Š‡‹”‡ –‹˜‡”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ƒ”‡–™‘™Š‡‡Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡ Šƒ”‹‘–‹‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰–Š‡‡‰ƒŽ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ•‘ ‹ƒŽ
‘”†‡”Ǥ
• After the Minerva Mills CaseǡŠ‡—’”‡‡‘—”–Š‡Ž†–Š‡˜‹‡™–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•‘ ‘ˆŽ‹ –„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ
‹‰Š–•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ†–Š‡›™‡”‡ ‘’Ž‹‡–ƒ”›‘ˆ‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‡”‡™ƒ•‘‡‡†–‘•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡‘‡ˆ‘”–Š‡•ƒ‡‘ˆ
–Š‡‘–Š‡”Ǥ
Š‡ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”› Šƒ• •–”‹˜‡† –‘ ƒ‹–ƒ‹ ƒ „ƒŽƒ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–• ƒ† –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡̵• ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‰‘ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ •
’”‡˜ƒ‹Žǡ • ƒ ‰—‹†‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ• Ž‘‰ ƒ• –Š‡› †‘̵– —”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž› ”‡•–”‹ – ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–•Ǥ Š‹• ‘‰‘‹‰
†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡‡•—”‡•–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘”‡ƒ‹•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ƒ†ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
UNIFORM CIVIL CODE: QUEST FOR A UNIFORM CIVIL CODE - A PATH TOWARDS A UNIFIED NATION
• Š‡  ‹• ƒ †‹”‡ –‹˜‡ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ †‹ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ common set of laws
governing personal mattersˆ‘”ƒŽŽ †‹ƒ ‹–‹œ‡•ǡ”‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡••‘ˆ–Š‡‹””‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ
• Š‡™‘—Ž†–›’‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ’’Ž›–‘ƒ––‡”•‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡•— Šƒ•ǣƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǡ‹˜‘” ‡ǡ Š‡”‹–ƒ ‡ǡ†‘’–‹‘
• ”‡•‡–Ž›ǡ˜ƒ”‹‘—•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‘—‹–‹‡•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‹”‘™’‡”•‘ƒŽŽƒ™•„ƒ•‡†‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•• ”‹’–—”‡•ƒ† —•–‘•Ǥ
™‹ŽŽ’”‘‘–‡‡“—ƒŽ‹–›„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡Žƒ™ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘„›”‡‘˜‹‰–Š‡•‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǧ„ƒ•‡††‹• ”‡’ƒ ‹‡•Ǥ
KEY DEVELOPMENTS AND LEGISLATION
Pre-Independence:
• Lex Loci Report (1840): ’Šƒ•‹œ‡†–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”—‹ˆ‘” ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽƒ™•ǡ„—–•—‰‰‡•–‡†‡š Ž—•‹‘‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽ
Žƒ™•Ǥ
• Queen's 1859 Proclamation: ”‘‹•‡†‘Ǧ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡‹”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ––‡”•Ǥ
• BN Rau Committee (1941): •–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–‘ ‘†‹ˆ› ‹†—Žƒ™†—‡–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘‘’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ––‡”•Ǥ
Post-Independence:
•  Ž—•‹‘‹ȋ‹”‡ –‹˜‡”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ–ƒ–‡‘Ž‹ ›Ȍǣ †‹ ƒ–‡†–Š‡ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”Ǥ
• ‹†—— ‡••‹‘ –ͳͻͷ͸ǣ‘†‹ˆ‹‡†Žƒ™ˆ‘”‹–‡•–ƒ–‡•— ‡••‹‘ƒ‘‰ ‹†—•ǡ—††Š‹•–•ǡ ƒ‹•ǡƒ†‹Š•Ǥ
• ’‡ ‹ƒŽƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ –ͳͻͷͶǣ”‘˜‹†‡†ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ˆ‘” ‹˜‹Žƒ””‹ƒ‰‡•‘—–•‹†‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•’‡”•‘ƒŽŽƒ™Ǥ
Supreme Court Verdicts:
• Shah Bano Case (1985): ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘”ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡––‘‘—–Ž‹‡–Š‡Ǥ
• Sarla Mudgal Case (1995): ††”‡••‡† –Š‡ ‹••—‡ ‘ˆ „‹‰ƒ› ƒ† ‘ˆŽ‹ – „‡–™‡‡ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ Žƒ™• ‘ ƒ––‡”• ‘ˆ
ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡Ǥ
• Shayara Bano Vs. Union of India Case (2017): ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡† –Š‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‘ˆ ”‹’Ž‡ ƒŽƒ“ ƒ† †‡ Žƒ”‡† ‹–
— ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽǤ


Uttarakhand Makes History with Uniform Civil Code

––ƒ”ƒŠƒ†„‡ ƒ‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•–ƒ–‡‹ †‹ƒ–‘’ƒ••ƒ‹ˆ‘”‹˜‹Ž‘†‡ȋȌ„‹ŽŽǤŠ‹•Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ƒ‹•–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š
ƒ ‘‘•‡–‘ˆŽƒ™•‰‘˜‡”‹‰’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ––‡”•Ž‹‡ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǡ‹Š‡”‹–ƒ ‡ǡƒ†’”‘’‡”–›”‹‰Š–•ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ”‡•‹†‡–•ǡ
‡š ‡’–ˆ‘”–”‹„ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
Key Provisions
• Applicability:’’Ž‹‡•–‘ƒŽŽ”‡•‹†‡–•‡š ‡’––Š‘•‡’”‘–‡ –‡†—†‡”–”‹„ƒŽŽƒ™•Ǥ
• Registration:‡“—‹”‡• ‘’—Ž•‘”›”‡‰‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ””‹ƒ‰‡•™‹–Š‹͸Ͳ†ƒ›•ƒ†Ž‹˜‡Ǧ‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•™‹–Š‹ƒ
‘–ŠǤȋExcludes LGBTQIA+ partnershipsȌ
• Marriage Practices:ƒ•’‘Ž›‰ƒ›ǡ‹ƒŠǦŠƒŽƒŽƒǡƒ†–”‹’Ž‡–ƒŽƒ“Ǥ
• Children's Rights: ”ƒ–•Ž‡‰ƒŽ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘–‘ Š‹Ž†”‡„‘”ˆ”‘˜‘‹†ƒ„Ž‡ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡•ƒ†Ž‹˜‡Ǧ‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•Ǥ
• Inheritance: •—”‡• ‡“—ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–› ”‹‰Š–• ˆ‘” •‘• ƒ† †ƒ—‰Š–‡”•ǡ ƒ„‘Ž‹•Š‹‰ –Š‡ ‘’ƒ” ‡ƒ”› •›•–‡ ƒ†
’”‘˜‹†‹‰‡“—ƒŽ‹Š‡”‹–ƒ ‡”‹‰Š–•Ǥ
The Need for Uniform Civil Code:
• Equality for All:™‘—Ž†‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‘”›’”ƒ –‹ ‡•„ƒ•‡†‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘‹’‡”•‘ƒŽŽƒ™•ǡ‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡‹‰
‡“—ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•ƒ†‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ ‹–‹œ‡•Ǥ
• Promoting Gender Equity: › ‘˜‡””‹†‹‰ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ Žƒ™•ǡ ƒ  ‘—Ž† ”‡‘˜‡ ‰‡†‡”Ǧ„ƒ•‡† „‹ƒ•‡•ǡ
’”‘‘–‹‰ƒ‘”‡Œ—•–•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
• Strengthening Secularism:   ƒŽ‹‰• ™‹–Š †‹ƒ̵• •‡ —Žƒ” ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡• „› ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ƒ ‘‘ •‡– ‘ˆ Žƒ™•
ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒŽŽ ‹–‹œ‡•ǡ”‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡••‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ
• Freedom of Choice:„ƒ•‡†‘ ‹˜‹ŽŽƒ™’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•™‘—Ž†’”‘˜‹†‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”ˆ”‡‡†‘ˆ‘”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•–‘ Š‘‘•‡
–Š‡‹”’ƒ”–‡”•™‹–Š‘—–”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‘” ƒ•–‡”‡•–”‹ –‹‘•Ǥ
• Protecting Vulnerable Groups:   ‘—Ž† ‘ˆˆ‡” •–”‘‰‡” •ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‹‰Š–• ‘ˆ ™‘‡ ƒ† ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
‹‘”‹–‹‡•™Š‘‹‰Š–„‡†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡†„›‡š‹•–‹‰’‡”•‘ƒŽŽƒ™•Ǥ
• Mark of Progressive Society: ’Ž‡‡–‹‰ƒ ƒ„‡•‡‡ƒ•ƒ•–‡’–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‘”‡’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡ƒ†‹ Ž—•‹˜‡
•‘ ‹‡–›ǡ‘˜‹‰„‡›‘†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ† ƒ•–‡†‹˜‹•‹‘•Ǥ
Challenges and Issues:
• Religious Interference: Š‡  ‹‰Š– „‡ •‡‡ ƒ• ƒ ‹ˆ”‹‰‡‡– ‘ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ˆ”‡‡†‘ǡ ”‡•–”‹ –‹‰ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ
ƒ––‡”•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‰‘˜‡”‡†„›”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‘†‡•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
• Minority Apprehensions:‹‘”‹–› ‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ›ˆ‡ƒ”–Š‡‹’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆƒƒŒ‘”‹–›Ǧ†”‹˜‡ ‘†‡ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘–Š‡
‡”‘•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹”—‹“—‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ†Ž‡‰ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•Ǥ
• Threat to Diversity: ˆ‘” ‹‰ —‹ˆ‘”‹–› –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ  ‘—Ž† ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› —†‡”‹‡ †‹ƒ̵• ”‹ Š –ƒ’‡•–”› ‘ˆ
—Ž–—”ƒŽƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ
• Drafting Difficulties:”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ—‹˜‡”•ƒŽŽ›ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒŽŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‘—‹–‹‡•’‘•‡•ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–†”ƒˆ–‹‰
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡Ǥ
• Law Commission's Stance: Š‡ ʹͲͳͺ ƒ™ ‘‹••‹‘ ‡’‘”– ”‡ ‘‡†‡† ‘†‹ˆ›‹‰ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ Žƒ™•
”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ǥ
• Potential Constitutional Conflict:‹‰Š–”ƒ‹•‡ ‘ ‡”•ƒ„‘—–„ƒŽƒ ‹‰–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ȋ”–‹ Ž‡ͳͶȌ
™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘–‘’”ƒ –‹ ‡ƒ†’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ȋ”–‹ Ž‡ʹͷȌǤ
WAY FORWARD
• Piecemeal Approach: ‘•‹†‡”ƒ‰”ƒ†—ƒŽ‹–”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹•–ƒ‰‡•–‘ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘”•‘‘–Š‡”ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†
‹‹‹œ‡†‹•”—’–‹‘Ǥ
• Equality at the Forefront:Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡ ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••ǡ’”‹‘”‹–‹œ‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰‡“—‹–›ƒ†‡“—ƒŽ–”‡ƒ–‡–ˆ‘”
ƒŽŽ ‹–‹œ‡•—†‡”–Š‡Žƒ™Ǥ
• Open Discussion:  ‘—”ƒ‰‡ ’—„Ž‹  †‡„ƒ–‡ ƒ† †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ ’”‘’‘•‡† ‘†‹ˆ‹‡† ’‡”•‘ƒŽ Žƒ™• –‘ ‡•—”‡
–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›ƒ†ƒ††”‡•• ‘ ‡”•Ǥ
• Involving Experts:•—”‡–Š‡†”ƒˆ–‹‰’”‘ ‡••‹ Ž—†‡• ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘•™‹–ŠŽ‡‰ƒŽƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡š’‡”–•–‘”‡’”‡•‡–
–Š‡†‹˜‡”•‡’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Establishing Universal Principles: ‡˜‡Ž‘’ –Š‡  „ƒ•‡† ‘ —‹˜‡”•ƒŽ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡• –Šƒ– ’”‘‘–‡ ˆƒ‹”‡•• ƒ†
‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•Ǥ
Š‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆƒ‹ˆ‘” ‹˜‹Ž‘†‡ȋȌ ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–•–‡’–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‘”‡‹ Ž—•‹˜‡ǡ‡“—ƒŽǡƒ†
•‡ —Žƒ” †‹ƒǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰–Š‹•‰‘ƒŽ”‡“—‹”‡•ƒ•‡•‹–‹˜‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤ‹†‡•’”‡ƒ† ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ ‘‹–‡–
–‘”‡•’‡ –‹‰ †‹ƒ̵•”‹ Š —Ž–—”ƒŽ†‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ”‡ ”— ‹ƒŽǤŠ‹Ž‡•–”‹˜‹‰ˆ‘”—‹ˆ‘”‹–›ǡ–Š‡’”‘ ‡••—•–•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†–Š‡
ƒ–‹‘̵•’Ž—”ƒŽ‹•ƒ†‡•—”‡–Šƒ–‡˜‡”› ‹–‹œ‡ˆ‡‡Ž•ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†ǡŠ‡ƒ”†ǡƒ†”‡•’‡ –‡†Ǥ

KEYWORDS: •–”—‡– ‘ˆ •–”— –‹‘•ǡ ‘ǦŒ—•–‹ ‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡ ”ƒ‡™‘” ˆ‘” ‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ǡ ‡Žˆƒ”‡ –ƒ–‡Ǣ  ‘‘‹ 
†‡‘ ”ƒ ›Ǣ‘ ‹ƒŽƒ† ‘‘‹ ǡ‡‘ ”ƒ ›Ǥ

RIGHT TO HEALTH
• ”–‹ Ž‡•͵ͺǡ͵ͻǡͶʹǡͶ͵ǡƬͶ͹’—––Š‡‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‹‘”†‡”–‘‡•—”‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘
Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ
Efforts towards right to health in recent times:
• ‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡Š‹‡ˆ‹‹•–‡”‘ˆƒŒƒ•–Šƒƒ‘— ‡†–Š‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŒƒ•–Šƒ‘†‡Ž‘ˆ—„Ž‹  ‡ƒŽ–Š
–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†‹ Ž—†‡ƒ‹‰Š––‘ ‡ƒŽ–Šƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‡ƒ•—”‡•ˆ‘”’”‡˜‡–‹˜‡ǡ’”‹ƒ”›ƒ† —”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ”‡ƒ•‡˜‹•‹‘‡†„›
–Š‡‘”Ž† ‡ƒŽ–Š”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ȋ ȌǤ
• Govt efforts to ensure Right to health:
o —†‰‡–ʹͲʹͳǦʹʹƒ‘— ‡†˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ–ƒ‹”„Šƒ”Šƒ”ƒ–„Š‹›ƒƒ’ƒ ƒ‰‡•„›–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ™Š‹ Š
ƒŽ•‘‹ Ž—†‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•Š‘”–Ǧ–‡”ƒ†Ž‘‰‡”Ǧ–‡”‡ƒ•—”‡•–‘•–”‡‰–Š‡–Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š•‡ –‘”Ǥ
o ”‘†— –‹‘Ǧ‹‡†  ‡–‹˜‡• Š‡‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ‘— ‡†–‘„‘‘•–†‘‡•–‹ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡‘ˆ’Šƒ”ƒ ‡—–‹ ƒŽ•
ƒ†‡†‹ ƒŽ†‡˜‹ ‡•Ǥ
o ‘ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ƒ ‡••–‘•—„•‹†‹•‡†‰”ƒ‹•ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǡ–Š‡‘One Nation One Ration Card’ • Š‡‡Šƒ•„‡‡
‡ƒ„Ž‡†‹͵ʹ–ƒ–‡•Ȁ‹‘‡””‹–‘”‹‡• ‘˜‡”‹‰͸ͻͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘„‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ
o Allocations for water, sanitation, nutrition and clean air: Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡ƒŽ–Š‘Ž‹ ›ȋ ȌǡʹͲͳ͹ǡŠ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–•
–Š‡ Ž‘•‡Ž‹•„‡–™‡‡Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ™ƒ–‡”ƒ†•ƒ‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Pneumococcal vaccine : Budget 2021 was the government’s decision to expand the coverage of the
’‡—‘ ‘ ƒŽ˜ƒ ‹‡ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ
o ‡—‘ ‘ ƒŽ ’‡—‘‹ƒ ‹• ƒ ƒŒ‘” ‹ŽŽ‡” ‘ˆ Š‹Ž†”‡ —†‡” –Š‡ ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‹˜‡ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ  ‡ —‹˜‡”•ƒŽ‹•‡†ǡ –Š‹•
‹†‹‰‡‘—•Ž›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†˜ƒ ‹‡ ‘—Ž†•ƒ˜‡—’–‘ͷͲǡͲͲͲŽ‹˜‡•ƒ—ƒŽŽ›Ǥ
Previous Year Question
ͳǤ ‹• —••–Š‡’‘••‹„Ž‡ˆƒ –‘”•–Šƒ–‹Š‹„‹– †‹ƒˆ”‘‡ƒ –‹‰ˆ‘”‹–• ‹–‹œ‡•ƒ—‹ˆ‘” ‹˜‹Ž ‘†‡ƒ• ʹͲͳͷ
’”‘˜‹†‡†ˆ‘”‹–Š‡‹”‡ –‹˜‡”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ–ƒ–‡‘Ž‹ ›Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

6 FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES (PART IV A, ARTICLE 51A)

The Indian Constitution, while outlining fundamental rights for citizens, also emphasizes their corresponding duties.
These duties, enshrined in Part IV-A (Article 51A), are not enforceable by law but serve as moral and ethical guidelines
for responsible citizenship.
Features of Fundamental Duties:
• Introduced in 1976:”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›‘–’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ–Š‡•‡†—–‹‡•™‡”‡ƒ††‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡Ͷʹ†‡†‡–
 –‹ͳͻ͹͸Ǥ
• Promoting Patriotism and Social Values: Š‡› ƒ‹ –‘ ˆ‘•–‡” ƒ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ ’ƒ–”‹‘–‹•ǡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —‹–›ǡ ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ
”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ƒ‘‰ ‹–‹œ‡•Ǥ
• Respecting Institutions:—–‹‡•‹ Ž—†‡—’Š‘Ž†‹‰–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹‰–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Žƒ‰ƒ†–Š‡ǡƒ†
˜ƒŽ—‹‰ †‹ƒ̵•”‹ Š ‘’‘•‹–‡ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ
• Social Harmony and Environmental Protection:”‘‘–‹‰Šƒ”‘›ƒ‘‰ƒŽŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ†’”‘–‡ –‹‰–Š‡
‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†Ǥ
• Individual and Collective Striving: —–‹‡• ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ ‹–‹œ‡• –‘ •–”‹˜‡ ˆ‘” ‡š ‡ŽŽ‡ ‡ ‹ –Š‡‹” ‡†‡ƒ˜‘”•ǡ
‘–”‹„—–‹‰–‘–Š‡ƒ–‹‘̵•’”‘‰”‡••Ǥ


Conflict between Fundamental Duties and Rights

• Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ—–‹‡•ƒ† —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹‰Š–•™ƒ•‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–

ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡Œ—†‰‡–‹–Š‡‡•ƒ˜ƒƒ†ƒŠƒ”ƒ–‹ ƒ•‡Ǥ
• Š‡ƒ’‡š ‘—”–‘’‹‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹‰Š–•ƒ†‹”‡ –‹˜‡”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ–ƒ–‡‘Ž‹ ›ƒ”‡ ‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›
–‘‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ǡ‡ƒ Š•—’’Ž‡‡–‹‰–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘–Š‡”‹‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ƒ™‡Žˆƒ”‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ

RIGHTS AND DUTIES

Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ‹–‡” ‘‡ –‡†”‹‰Š–•ƒ††—–‹‡•‹•ƒ ‘”‡”•–‘‡‘ˆƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Š›•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•›•–‡ǤŠ‹•’”‹ ‹’Ž‡
‹•‡•Š”‹‡†‹ †‹ƒ̵•‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Š‘—–Ž‹‡•„‘–Šˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•–™Šƒ– ‹–‹œ‡• ƒ‡š’‡ –ˆ”‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡–
ƒ†ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ†—–‹‡•––Š‡”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ‹–‹œ‡•‘™‡–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ†•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
Philosophical and Constitutional Underpinnings:
• Mahatma Gandhi's Vision: Š‹•™‘”̶ ‹†™ƒ”ƒŒǡ̶ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•–Šƒ–̶‡ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•ƒ”‡ƒ”‡•—Ž–
‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ †—–›Ǥ̶ Š‹• ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž •–ƒ–‡‡– —†‡”• ‘”‡• –Š‡ ‹Š‡”‡– ‘‡ –‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ”‹‰Š–• ƒ†
†—–‹‡•ǡ•—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Š‡›ƒ”‡–™‘•‹†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡ ‘‹Ǥ
• Harold Laski's Perspective:‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ–Š‡‘”‹•– ƒ”‘Ž†ƒ•‹‡ Š‘‡†–Š‹••‡–‹‡–ǡ’”‘’‘•‹‰–Šƒ–̶‘‡ƒ̵•”‹‰Š–
‹•ƒŽ•‘Š‹•†—–›Ǥ̶Š‹•‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•–Šƒ–‡˜‡”›”‹‰Š–™‡‡Œ‘› ‘‡•™‹–Šƒ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
Supreme Court Verdicts Related to Fundamental Duties
• The case of A.I.I.M.S. Student’s Union v. A.I.I.M.S ƒˆˆ‹”‡† –Šƒ– ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ †—–‹‡• ƒ”‡ ‡“—ƒŽŽ› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ƒ•
ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•Ǥ
• Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra v. State of Uttar Pradesh ‡š’ƒ†‡†–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ†—–‹‡•–‘‹ Ž—†‡
‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”„‘–Š–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•Ǥ
• The Supreme Court’s Ranganath Mishra judgement (2003) ƒ”‰—‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–‘ˆˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ†—–‹‡•
–Š”‘—‰Š„‘–ŠŽ‡‰ƒŽƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ•ƒ –‹‘•Ǥ
Benefits of Synchronizing Rights and Duties
Š‡ƒŽ–Š›•‘ ‹‡–›”‡Ž‹‡•‘ƒ•–”‘‰ ‘‡ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡”‹‰Š–•ƒ††—–‹‡•ǤŠ‡›ˆ— –‹‘ƒ• ‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ
ƒ„ƒŽƒ ‡†•‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘–”ƒ –Ǥ
• Duties as Responsibility Remindersǣ —–‹‡• •‡”˜‡ ƒ• ƒ ˜‹–ƒŽ ”‡‹†‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• –Šƒ– ‘‡ ™‹–Š
‡Œ‘›‹‰”‹‰Š–•ǤŠ‹•ˆ‘•–‡”•ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•–‘—•‡–Š‡‹””‹‰Š–• ‘•–”— –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
• Safeguarding Individual Liberties: —Žˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰ ‘‡̵• †—–‹‡• ƒ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› •–”‡‰–Š‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ Ž‹„‡”–‹‡•Ǥ ›
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰ ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž› ‹ •‘ ‹‡–›ǡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ ƒ ‡˜‹”‘‡– ™Š‡”‡ ‡˜‡”›‘‡̵• ”‹‰Š–• ƒ”‡
”‡•’‡ –‡†Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
• Promoting Social Capital:—–‹‡• ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘ƒ•–”‘‰•‘ ‹ƒŽˆƒ„”‹ ȋ•‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ’‹–ƒŽȌ„›‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰—–—ƒŽ”‡•’‡ –
ƒ† ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡‡˜‡”›‘‡ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ•–Š‡‹””‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡„‡‡ˆ‹–•Ǥ
• Supporting State Goals and Voluntary Service: —Žˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰†—–‹‡•Š‡Ž’•–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‹–•‰‘ƒŽ•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘‘
‰‘‘†Ǥ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ†—–‹‡• ƒ‹•’‹”‡˜‘Ž—–ƒ”›•‡”˜‹ ‡ǡ’”‘‘–‹‰ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ ‹˜‹ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ
• Ensuring Peace and Harmony:  •‘ ‹‡–› ™Š‡”‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ‡š‡” ‹•‡ –Š‡‹” ”‹‰Š–• ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž› ƒ† ‘–”‹„—–‡
–Š”‘—‰Š†—–‹‡•‹•‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Žƒ†Šƒ”‘‹‘—•Ǥ
Challenges in Balancing Rights and Duties
Š‹Ž‡–Š‡Ž‹„‡–™‡‡”‹‰Š–•ƒ††—–‹‡•‹• ”— ‹ƒŽǡƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –„ƒŽƒ ‡ ƒ„‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰ǣ
• Justiciability vs. Enforcementǣ‹‰Š–•ƒ”‡–›’‹ ƒŽŽ›‡ˆ‘” ‡ƒ„Ž‡‹ ‘—”–•ȋŒ—•–‹ ‹ƒ„Ž‡Ȍǡ™Š‹Ž‡†—–‹‡•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡‘–Ǥ
Š‹•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹Ž‡‰ƒŽ•–ƒ–—• ƒ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ’‡” ‡’–‹‘–Šƒ–”‹‰Š–•ƒ”‡‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǥ
• Nature of Rights and Duties:Š‡ƒ–—”‡ƒ†• ‘’‡‘ˆ”‹‰Š–•ƒ††—–‹‡• ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›Ǥ •‘‡ ƒ•‡•ǡ–Š‡›
‹‰Š–‡˜‡•‡‡–‘ ‘ˆŽ‹ –Ǥ
• Vagueness and Subjectivity:‘‡†—–‹‡• ƒ„‡˜ƒ‰—‡Ž›†‡ˆ‹‡†‘”•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘ Žƒ•Š‡•™‹–Š”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•‘”‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ‘”•Ǥ
• Rights as Preconditions: —Žˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰ ‡”–ƒ‹”‹‰Š–•‹‰Š–„‡ƒ’”‡”‡“—‹•‹–‡ˆ‘”ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰†—–‹‡•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‘‡̵•
”‹‰Š––‘‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‘™•–Š‡–‘ƒ “—‹”‡–Š‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†•‹ŽŽ•‡‡†‡†–‘ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ–Š‡‹” ‹˜‹ †—–‹‡•Ǥ
Criticisms of Fundamental Duties:
• Incomplete List:”‹–‹ •ƒ”‰—‡–Šƒ––Š‡Ž‹•–‘ˆˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ†—–‹‡•‹•‘–‡šŠƒ—•–‹˜‡Ǥ –ƒ›‘– ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ–
†—–‹‡•‡š’‡ –‡†‘ˆƒ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ‹–‹œ‡Ǥ
• Unclear Wording:‘‡†—–‹‡•ƒ”‡’Š”ƒ•‡†˜ƒ‰—‡Ž›ǡ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘ ‘ˆ—•‹‘‘”‹•‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Questionable Inclusion:‘‡ ”‹–‹ •“—‡•–‹‘–Š‡‡ ‡••‹–›‘ˆ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡•‡†—–‹‡•‹–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡƒ”‰—‹‰
–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘”ƒŽ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•—†‡”•–‘‘†„›‘•– ‹–‹œ‡•Ǥ
• Limited Weight:‹ ‡–Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ†—–‹‡•ƒ”‡’Žƒ ‡†ƒ•ƒƒ’’‡†‹š–‘ƒ”– ‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ–Š‡›Žƒ 
–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ‡ˆ‘” ‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•ǡ†‹‹‹•Š‹‰–Š‡‹”’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‹’‘”–ƒ ‡Ǥ
Enforcement through Legislations:
Š‡ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ—–‹‡•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‘–†‹”‡ –Ž›‡ˆ‘” ‡ƒ„Ž‡„›Žƒ™ǡˆ‹†‡ Š‘‡•‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•‡š‹•–‹‰Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‡”‡ƒ”‡
•‘‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•ǣ
• Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971: Š‹•Žƒ™ ƒŽ‹‰• ™‹–Š –Š‡ †—–› –‘ —’Š‘Ž† ƒ† ’”‘–‡ – –Š‡
•‘˜‡”‡‹‰–›ƒ†‹–‡‰”‹–›‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ
• The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955:Š‹•ƒ –’”‘Š‹„‹–•†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘„ƒ•‡†‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ”ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ•–‡ǡ•‡šǡ‘”
’Žƒ ‡‘ˆ„‹”–Šǡ—’Š‘Ž†‹‰–Š‡†—–›–‘’”‘‘–‡Šƒ”‘›ƒ†–Š‡•’‹”‹–‘ˆ ‘‘„”‘–Š‡”Š‘‘†ƒ‘‰•–ƒŽŽ †‹ƒ•Ǥ
• Indian Penal Code, 1860:‡˜‡”ƒŽ•‡ –‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ ǡŽ‹‡–Š‘•‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ˆ–‘”˜ƒ†ƒŽ‹•ǡ‹†‹”‡ –Ž›”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡–Š‡
†—–›–‘”‡•’‡ ––Š‡”‹‰Š–•‘ˆ‘–Š‡”•ƒ†–Š‡’”‘’‡”–›‘ˆ–Š‡’—„Ž‹ Ǥ
• Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972:Š‹•ƒ –’”‘–‡ –•™‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰–‘–Š‡†—–›–‘’”‘–‡ –ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡
‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†–‘Šƒ˜‡ ‘’ƒ••‹‘ˆ‘”ƒŽŽŽ‹˜‹‰ ”‡ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ
• Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980:Š‹•ƒ –•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†•ˆ‘”‡•–•ǡƒŽ‹‰‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡†—–›–‘’”‘–‡ –ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡
ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ

Š‡ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ—–‹‡•ǡ‡•Š”‹‡†‹–Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ•‡”˜‡ƒ•ƒ‘”ƒŽ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ ‹–‹œ‡•ǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š

–Š‡›Žƒ †‹”‡ –Ž‡‰ƒŽ‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–ǤŠ‡›”‡‹†—•–Šƒ––Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•™‡‡Œ‘› ‘‡™‹–Š ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰
”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ –Š‡ˆƒ ‡‘ˆˆ—–—”‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡••‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡ Ǧͳͻ’ƒ†‡‹ ǡ—’Š‘Ž†‹‰–Š‡•‡†—–‹‡•ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡
‘—””‹‰Š–•‹•‘”‡ ”— ‹ƒŽ–Šƒ‡˜‡”Ǥ

KEY WORDS: ‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡Ǣ ƒ”‘‹‘—••‘ ‹‡–›Ǣ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•Ǣ‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ •‘ ‹‡–›

Previous Year Question

ͳǤ †‹ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ‡šŠ‹„‹–• ‡–”ƒŽ‹•‹‰ –‡†‡ ‹‡• –‘ ƒ‹–ƒ‹ —‹–› ƒ† ‹–‡‰”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ʹͲʹͲ
Ž— ‹†ƒ–‡‹–Š‡’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‹†‡‹ ‹•‡ƒ•‡• –ǡͳͺͻ͹ǢŠ‡‹•ƒ•–‡”ƒƒ‰‡‡– –ǡʹͲͲͷ
ƒ†”‡ ‡–Ž›’ƒ••‡† ƒ” –•Ǥ

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7 CITIZENSHIP (PART II, ARTICLE 5-11)

Š‡ ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’ ˆ‘”• –Š‡ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ƒ–‹‘Ǥ – †‡ˆ‹‡• –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ ƒ
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǡ‘—–Ž‹‹‰–Š‡”‹‰Š–•ǡ’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡•ǡƒ††—–‹‡•–Šƒ–„‹†–Š‡ǤŠ‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘†‡†‹ ƒ–‡•ƒ
•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ’‘”–‹‘ –‘ –Š‹• –‘’‹ ǡ ™‹–Š ƒ”–  ƒ† ”–‹ Ž‡• ͷǦͳͳ ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† ’”‘˜‹•‹‘• ‘ ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’Ǥ Š‡•‡
’”‘˜‹•‹‘•‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹  ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’”‹‰Š–•ǡ‘—–Ž‹‡†‡–Š‘†•ˆ‘”ƒ “—‹”‹‰ƒ†”‡Ž‹“—‹•Š‹‰–Š‡ǡ
ƒ†‡’‘™‡”‡†–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡––‘Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‡ˆ—”–Š‡”‘–Š‹••—„Œ‡ –Ǥ
CITIZENSHIP ACT 1955
• Š‡ – ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡†–Š‡Žƒ™”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘ ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’‹ †‹ƒƒ†‘—–Ž‹‡†ˆ‹˜‡™ƒ›•ˆ‘”ƒ “—‹”‹‰ ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’ǣ‹”–Šǡ
‡• ‡–ǡ‡‰‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ–—”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†  ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–‡””‹–‘”›ǤŠ‹•ƒ –Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ‡†‡†‹ͳͻͺ͸ǡʹͲͲ͵ƒ†
”‡ ‡–Ž›‹ʹͲͳͻǤ
The Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI):
• –”‘†— ‡†„›Š‡‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’ȋ‡†‡–Ȍ –ǡʹͲͲͷǤ
• ŽŽ‘™• ˆ‘”‡‹‰‡”• ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ‘”‹‰‹ ƒ† •’‘—•‡• ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ‹–‹œ‡• ‘”   ƒ”†Š‘Ž†‡”• –‘ ™‘” ƒ† Ž‹˜‡ ‹ †‹ƒ
‹†‡ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›Ǥ
ISSUES IN NEWS
108 Migrants from Pakistan Granted Indian Citizenship in Gujarat
Context
•  2021 Ministry of Home Affairs Order ‡’‘™‡”• ‹•–”‹ – ‘ŽŽ‡ –‘”• ‹ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  †‹•–”‹ –• ƒ ”‘•• —Œƒ”ƒ–ǡ
ŠŠƒ––‹•‰ƒ”Šǡ ƒŒƒ•–Šƒǡ ƒ”›ƒƒǡ ƒ† —Œƒ„ –‘ Šƒ†Ž‡ ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ †‡” –Š‹•ǡ ˆ‡™ ‹‰”ƒ–• ˆ”‘
ƒ‹•–ƒ™‡”‡”‡ ‡–Ž›ƒ™ƒ”†‡† ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’Ǥ
• Š‹•”†‡”ƒ’’Ž‹‡•–‘ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ˆ”‘‹‘”‹–› ‘—‹–‹‡•‹ˆ‰Šƒ‹•–ƒǡƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Šǡƒ†ƒ‹•–ƒǤ
Acquisition of Indian Citizenship
Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ˆ‘—”ƒ‹™ƒ›•–‘ƒ “—‹”‡ †‹ƒ ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’ǣ
• By BirthǣŠ‹•ƒ’’Ž‹‡•‹ˆ ›‘— ™‡”‡„‘” ‹ †‹ƒƒˆ–‡” ƒ—ƒ”›ʹ͸ǡ ͳͻͷͲǡ™‹–Š•‘‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•†‡’‡†‹‰‘ –Š‡
•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ †ƒ–‡ƒ†›‘—”’ƒ”‡–•̵ ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’•–ƒ–—•Ǥ
• By DescentǣŠ‹•‹•ƒ‘’–‹‘‹ˆ›‘—™‡”‡„‘”‘—–•‹†‡ †‹ƒ‘‘”ƒˆ–‡” ƒ—ƒ”›ʹ͸ǡͳͻͷͲǡ–‘ƒ’ƒ”‡–™Š‘™ƒ•ƒ
†‹ƒ ‹–‹œ‡ƒ––Š‡–‹‡Ǥ
• By Registration:Š‹•’ƒ–Š‹•ˆ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ †‹ƒ‘”‹‰‹™Š‘Šƒ˜‡Ž‹˜‡†‹ †‹ƒˆ‘”•‡˜‡›‡ƒ”•‘”ƒ”‡ƒ””‹‡†–‘
ƒ †‹ƒ ‹–‹œ‡ƒ†Šƒ˜‡”‡•‹†‡†‹ †‹ƒˆ‘”•‡˜‡›‡ƒ”•„‡ˆ‘”‡ˆ‹Ž‹‰ƒƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• By NaturalisationǣŠ‹•‹•ƒ‘”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ ƒ–‡‰‘”›ˆ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘ƒ”‡̵– ‘˜‡”‡†„›–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡ƒ†™ƒ––‘„‡ ‘‡
†‹ƒ ‹–‹œ‡•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ˆ‘””‡•‹†‡ ›ǡ‰‘‘† Šƒ”ƒ –‡”ǡ‹–‡––‘”‡•‹†‡‹ †‹ƒ’‡”ƒ‡–Ž›‡– ƒ†
‘–Š‡”“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘—–Ž‹‡†‹–Š‡Š‹”† Š‡†—Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’ –ǡͳͻͷͷǤ
CITIZENSHIP (AMENDMENT) RULES, 2024
Context
• Š‡‹‹•–”›‘ˆ ‘‡ˆˆƒ‹”•ȋ ȌŠƒ•–ƒ‡ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–•–‡’–‘™ƒ”†•‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰–Š‡‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’‡†‡–
 –ȋȌ‘ˆʹͲͳͻǤ‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡›ƒ‡†‡†–Š‡‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’—Ž‡•ǡʹͲͲͻǡƒ†‘–‹ˆ‹‡†–Š‡‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’ȋ‡†‡–Ȍ
—Ž‡•ǡʹͲʹͶǤ
• Š‡™ƒ•’ƒ••‡†„›ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–‹‡ ‡„‡”ʹͲͳͻ—†‡””–‹ Ž‡ͳͳ‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ‰”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–̵•
ƒ••‡–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡Žƒ ‘ˆ‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰”—Ž‡•„›–Š‡ ’”‡˜‡–‡†–Š‡ –ˆ”‘„‡‹‰‡ˆ‘” ‡†Ǥ
Highlights of Rules 2024
• Who Can Apply?ǦŠ‡‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’ȋ‡†‡–Ȍ—Ž‡•ǡʹͲʹͶ‘ˆˆ‡”ƒ’ƒ–Š–‘ ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’ˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•‘ˆ
’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ǣ
o †‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™‹–Š †‹ƒŠ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡
o ’‘—•‡•‘ˆ †‹ƒ ‹–‹œ‡•
o Š‹Ž†”‡‘ˆ †‹ƒ ‹–‹œ‡•
o †‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™‹–ŠŠ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ–‹‡•–‘ †‹ƒ
• Additional Requirements: ’’Ž‹ ƒ–••‡‡‹‰ ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’„›ƒ–—”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ‡‡†–‘ǣ
o —„‹–•–ƒ–‡‡–•˜‡”‹ˆ›‹‰–Š‡‹”ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘†‡–ƒ‹Ž•ƒ† Šƒ”ƒ –‡””‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•

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o ‡‘•–”ƒ–‡’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‹ƒ †‹ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‡–‹‘‡†‹ͺ–Š Š‡†—Ž‡
• Simplified Proof: Š‡‡™”—Ž‡•‡ƒ•‡–Š‡„—”†‡‘ˆ’”‘˜‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ’’Ž‹ ƒ–• ƒ‘™—•‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•†‘ —‡–•
ƒ•‡–”›’”‘‘ˆǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰˜‹•ƒ•ǡ”‡•‹†‡ ‡’‡”‹–•ǡƒ†‡˜‡ƒ†Šƒƒ” ƒ”†•Ǥ
• Renouncing Prior Citizenship: ˆ‰”ƒ–‡† †‹ƒ ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’ǡƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–•—•–”‡‘— ‡ƒ›‡š‹•–‹‰ ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’Ǥ
• Application Process: ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ •—„‹––‡† ‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒŽŽ› –‘ ƒ ’‘™‡”‡† ‘‹––‡‡ ˜‹ƒ ƒ †‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†
‹•–”‹ –‡˜‡Ž‘‹––‡‡Ǥ
The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) of 2019:
• Objective:Š‡ƒ‡†• †‹ƒ̵•‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’ ––‘‘ˆˆ‡”ƒ’ƒ–Š–‘ ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’ˆ‘”•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‹‘”‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Beneficiary: Š‡Žƒ™‡š’‡†‹–‡† ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’ˆ‘” ‹†—•ǡ‹Š•ǡ—††Š‹•–•ǡ ƒ‹•ǡƒ”•‹•ǡƒ†Š”‹•–‹ƒ•™Š‘‡–‡”‡†
†‹ƒˆ”‘ƒ‹•–ƒǡƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Šǡ‘”ˆ‰Šƒ‹•–ƒ„‡ˆ‘”‡‡ ‡„‡”͵ͳǡʹͲͳͶǡ‹ˆ–Š‡›ˆƒ ‡†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•’‡”•‡ —–‹‘‹
–Š‡‹”Š‘‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ
• Exemptions:Š‡•‡‹‘”‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡‡š‡’–ˆ”‘ ‡”–ƒ‹’”‘˜‹•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”‡‹‰‡”• –ƒ†ƒ••’‘”– –‹ˆ–Š‡›
‡–‡”‡† †‹ƒ„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ —–Ǧ‘ˆˆ†ƒ–‡Ǥ
• Reduced Residency Requirements:Š‡”‡†— ‡•–Š‡”‡•‹†‡ ›”‡“—‹”‡‡–ˆ‘” ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’„›ƒ–—”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘
ˆ”‘ͳͳ›‡ƒ”•–‘ͷ›‡ƒ”•ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡‰”‘—’•Ǥ
Arguments In Favour of the Act:
• Humanitarian Reliefǣ Š‡  ‘ˆˆ‡”• ƒ ’ƒ–Š™ƒ› –‘ ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’ ˆ‘” ’‡”•‡ —–‡† ‹‘”‹–‹‡• ˆƒ ‹‰ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ‹•–ƒǡˆ‰Šƒ‹•–ƒǡƒ†ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•ŠǤ
• Distinguishing Immigrants:Š‡ –ƒ‹•–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›ƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ’ƒ–Šˆ‘””‡ˆ—‰‡‡•™Š‹Ž‡ƒƒ‰‹‰‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ
‹‹‰”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Concerns and Criticisms:
• Date of Entry:Š‡ —–Ǧ‘ˆˆ†ƒ–‡ˆ‘”‡Ž‹‰‹„‹Ž‹–›ȋ‡ ‡„‡”͵ͳǡʹͲͳͶȌ•‡‡•ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›Ǥ
• Potential Discrimination:Š‡ –̵•ˆ‘ —•‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘‹‰Š–˜‹‘Žƒ–‡ †‹ƒ̵• ‘‹–‡––‘‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†•‡ —Žƒ”‹•Ǥ
• Proof of Persecution:‘ ‡”•‡š‹•–”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡Žƒ ‘ˆƒ Ž‡ƒ”•›•–‡–‘˜‡”‹ˆ› Žƒ‹•‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•’‡”•‡ —–‹‘Ǥ
• Unequal Treatment:Š‡‡š Ž—•‹‘‘ˆ’‡”•‡ —–‡†‹‘”‹–‹‡•ˆ”‘‘–Š‡” ‘—–”‹‡•ƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•”ƒ‹•‡•“—‡•–‹‘•‘ˆ
ˆƒ‹”‡••Ǥ
• International Relations:Š‡ – ‘—Ž†•–”ƒ‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š‡‹‰Š„‘”‹‰ ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ
Way Forward:
Š‹Ž‡–Š‡ƒ‹•–‘Š‡Ž’”‡ˆ—‰‡‡•ǡƒ††”‡••‹‰–Š‡”ƒ‹•‡† ‘ ‡”•‹• ”— ‹ƒŽˆ‘”ƒŒ—•–ƒ†‹ Ž—•‹˜‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤ‹ ‡
–Š‡†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‡•„ƒ•‡†‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ‹–•–”‹‡•ƒ––Š‡”‘‘–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ•‡ —Žƒ”‹•ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡„ƒ•‹ •–”— –—”‡
‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡ ƒ„‡ƒ†‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǧ‡—–”ƒŽ„›‰”ƒ–‹‰ ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’–‘ƒŽŽ’‡”•‡ —–‡†’‡”•‘•Ǥ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ•— Š‹†— –‹‘•Š‘—Ž†„‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—Žƒ†‰”ƒ†—ƒŽǡ‡‡’‹‰‹‹†–Š‡ ‘ ‡”•‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ —”‹–›Ǥ

KEYWORDSǣ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’ǡ ”‹‡†Ž›ƒŽ‹‡•ǡ‡›ƒŽ‹‡•ǡ˜‡”•‡ƒ• ‹–‹œ‡ǡ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’„›ƒ–—”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ‹‰Ž‡

‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’Ǥ
 

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

8 SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS (PART X, ARTICLE 244 -244 A)

ƒ”–  ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ› ”–‹ Ž‡ ʹͶͶǡ ‘—–Ž‹‡• ƒ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ •›•–‡ ˆ‘” †‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†
”‡‰‹‘•‘™ ƒ•̶• Š‡†—Ž‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•̶ƒ† ̶–”‹„ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ̶ Š‡•‡ƒ”‡ƒ• ƒ”‡Š‘‡–‘ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– –”‹„ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†
”‡“—‹”‡ƒ—‹“—‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘–‘‡•—”‡–Š‡‹”™‡Žˆƒ”‡ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǣ
ͳǤ Scheduled AreasǣŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡”‡‰‹‘•™‹–Šƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ––”‹„ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽ’”‘˜‹•‹‘•ˆ‘”•‡ŽˆǦ
‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘–‡ –‹‘—†‡”–Š‡Fifth Schedule‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
ʹǤ Tribal AreasǣŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡŽ‘ ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ••ƒǡ‡‰ŠƒŽƒ›ƒǡ”‹’—”ƒǡƒ†‹œ‘”ƒǡƒ”‡ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡†„›
–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‘”•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–™‹–Šƒˆ‘ —•‘–”‹„ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǤŠ‡Sixth Schedule‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘†‡ƒŽ•™‹–Š
–Š‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡”‹„ƒŽ”‡ƒ•
FIFTH SCHEDULE
• †‹ƒ̵• ‹ˆ–Š• Š‡†—Ž‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•”‡ ‡‹˜‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽ–”‡ƒ–‡–†—‡–‘–Š‡—‹“—‡‡‡†•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡ƒ•ƒ”‡
Š‘‡–‘‹†‹‰‡‘—• ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ™Š‘‘ˆ–‡ˆƒ ‡•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘‘‹  ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ
• Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡•–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ•—’’‘”–‹–Š‡•‡”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡
•›•–‡‹•ƒ†ƒ’–‡†–‘’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡•‡ ‘—‹–‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡”‡•‘—” ‡•–Š‡›‡‡†–‘–Š”‹˜‡ǤŠ‹•‹ Ž—†‡•ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡””‘Ž‡
ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–‹‡•—”‹‰–Š‡‹”™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰Ǥ
KEY FEATURES OF SCHEDULED AREAS ADMINISTRATION
• Identifying Scheduled Areas: Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Šƒ•–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ”‡ƒ• ƒ•̶ Š‡†—Ž‡†”‡ƒ•̶
„ƒ•‡†‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽˆƒ –‘”•ǣ
o High Tribal Population:Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ•Š‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–”‹„ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
o Geographical Considerations:Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ•Š‘—Ž†„‡‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘’ƒ –ƒ†‘ˆƒ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡•‹œ‡Ǥ
o Administrative Unit:Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ˜‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡—‹–Ž‹‡ƒ†‹•–”‹ –ǡ„Ž‘ ǡ‘”ƒ•ƒŽŽ‡”–”‹„ƒŽ
—‹–Ǥ
o Economic Disparity:Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ•Š‘—Ž†„‡‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ›†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡† ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘•—””‘—†‹‰”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ
• Shared Governance:
o State Administration:–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–•Šƒ˜‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡’‘™‡”‘˜‡” Š‡†—Ž‡†”‡ƒ•™‹–Š‹–Š‡‹”„‘”†‡”•Ǥ
o Central Oversight:Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‹•ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†—•–
•—„‹–ƒ—ƒŽ”‡’‘”–•ǤŠ‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒƒŽ•‘‹••—‡†‹”‡ –‹˜‡•–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–
‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Tribal Advisory Council: –ƒ–‡•™‹–Š Š‡†—Ž‡†”‡ƒ•—•–‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ”‹„‡•†˜‹•‘”›‘— ‹ŽǤŠ‹• ‘— ‹Žǡ™‹–Š
ƒƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–”‹„ƒŽ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ǡƒ†˜‹•‡•–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”‘ƒ––‡”•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡™‡Žˆƒ”‡
ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ Š‡†—Ž‡†”‹„‡•Ǥ
• Legal Framework
o Adapting Existing Laws:Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘” ƒ‘†‹ˆ›‘”‡š Ž—†‡–Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‡–”ƒŽ‘”•–ƒ–‡Žƒ™•
™‹–Š‹ƒ Š‡†—Ž‡†”‡ƒǤ
o Creating Custom Regulations: Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”ǡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‹„‡• †˜‹•‘”› ‘— ‹Ž̵• ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ ƒ‡
”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰’‡ƒ ‡ƒ†‰‘‘†‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡ Š‡†—Ž‡†”‡ƒǤŠ‡•‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ›ǣ
▪ ‘–”‘ŽŽƒ†–”ƒ•ˆ‡”ƒ‘‰–”‹„ƒŽ‡„‡”•Ǣ‡‰—Žƒ–‡Žƒ†ƒŽŽ‘–‡––‘–”‹„ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǣ˜‡”•‡‡‘‡›
Ž‡†‹‰ „—•‹‡••‡• ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒǢ ˜‡””‹†‡ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ‡–”ƒŽ ‘” •–ƒ–‡ Žƒ™• ȋ•—„Œ‡ – –‘ ”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ
ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽȌ
• PESA, 1996ǣŠ‡”‘˜‹•‹‘•‘ˆƒ Šƒ›ƒ–ȋš–‡•‹‘–‘ Š‡†—Ž‡†”‡ƒ•Ȍ –ǡͳͻͻ͸‹•ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„Ž‡‹ ‹ˆ–Š Š‡†—Ž‡
”‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Appointment of commission: Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ƒ›ƒ–ƒ›–‹‡ƒ†•ŠƒŽŽǡ ƒ––Š‡‡š’‹”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–‡ ›‡ƒ”•ˆ”‘–Š‡
‘‡ ‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ „› ‘”†‡” appoint a Commission –‘ ”‡’‘”– ‘ –Š‡ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
 Š‡†—Ž‡†”‡ƒ•ƒ†–Š‡™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‹• Š‡†—Ž‡†”‹„‡•‹–Š‡–ƒ–‡•ȋArticle 339Ȍ
• Amendment to 5th & 6th scheduleǣ›ƒ‡†‡– ƒ„‡†‘‡™‹–Š‘—–‹˜‘‹‰”–‹ Ž‡͵͸ͺˆ‘”„‘–Šˆ‹ˆ–Šƒ†
‹š–Š Š‡†—Ž‡Ǥ
Challenges to PESA Implementation
• Limited Resources: Š‡ Žƒ  ‘ˆ ̶͵ •̶ ȋ —†•ǡ — –‹‘•ǡ ƒ† — –‹‘ƒ”‹‡•Ȍ Š‹†‡”• ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ 
‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

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• Bureaucratic Hurdles: ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•‘ˆ–‡Š‘Ž†ˆ‹ƒŽ•™ƒ›ǡ—†‡”‹‹‰ ”ƒƒ„Šƒ†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰Ǥ
• Public Awareness Gap: ‹‹–‡†‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ‘‰‘”†‹ƒ”›’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ„‘—–ƒ† ”ƒƒ„Šƒˆ— –‹‘•™‡ƒ‡•
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Ignoring Tribal Rights: ƒ†ƒ “—‹•‹–‹‘Šƒ’’‡•™‹–Š‘—– ”ƒƒ„Šƒ ‘•‡–ǡ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‰’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•Ǥ
• State Laws in Conflict: –ƒ–‡Žƒ™•ˆ‘” Š‡†—Ž‡†”‡ƒ•‘ˆ–‡ ‘–”ƒ†‹ ––Š‡•’‹”‹–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ –Ǥ
• Duplication of Efforts: —„•‡“—‡–Žƒ™•ǡŽ‹‡–Š‡ƒ† “—‹•‹–‹‘ –ʹͲͳ͵ǡ”‡‹–‡”ƒ–‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘•ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰
‘ˆ—•‹‘Ǥ
Way Forward
• Empowering Representativesǣ”ƒ‹‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡Ž‡ –‡†‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•™‹ŽŽ‡Šƒ ‡–Š‡‹” ƒ’ƒ ‹–›–‘‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›
Ž‡ƒ† ”ƒƒ„Šƒ•Ǥ
• Building Awareness: ‡‰ƒŽ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘—‹–›‡„‡”•ƒ†‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•ǡ‹• ”— ‹ƒŽ
ˆ‘”ƒ ”ƒƒ„Šƒ̵••‘‘–Š‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Supporting Tribal Rights: ‹˜‹Ž•‘ ‹‡–›•Š‘—Ž†ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›’”‘‘–‡ƒ”‹‰Š–•Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘’”‘–‡ ––Š‡”‹‰Š–•‘ˆ
–”‹„ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Implementing PESA: Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–•Š‘—Ž†—”‰‡•–ƒ–‡•–‘•™‹ˆ–Ž›ƒ‡†‡š‹•–‹‰Žƒ™•–‘ˆ—ŽŽ› ‘’Ž›
™‹–Š–Š‡”‘˜‹•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–•ȋš–‡•‹‘–‘ Š‡†—Ž‡†”‡ƒ•Ȍ –ȋȌǤ
• Resource Management: ‡†‡–• –‘ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ƒ –• Ž‹‡ –Š‡ †‹ƒ ‘”‡•–  – ƒ† ƒ†  “—‹•‹–‹‘  – ƒ”‡
‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‘™‡”•Š‹’‘ˆ‹‘”ˆ‘”‡•–’”‘†— ‡ǡ™ƒ–‡”„‘†‹‡•ǡƒ†Žƒ†”‡•‘—” ‡•–‘ ”ƒƒ„Šƒ•‹
ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
Government Initiatives
• Forest Rights Act, 2006ǣŠ‹• –ƒ‹•–‘”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡ƒ†˜‡•–ˆ‘”‡•–”‹‰Š–•‹ˆ‘”‡•–Ǧ†™‡ŽŽ‹‰ Š‡†—Ž‡†”‹„‡•Ǥ
• Vanbandhu Kalyan YojanaǣŠ‹•™‡Žˆƒ”‡ • Š‡‡ •‡‡• –‘ —’Ž‹ˆ– –”‹„ƒŽ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡ –Š‡ “—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ –”‹„ƒŽ
students’ education.

KEYWORDS:  Š‡†—Ž‡†”‡ƒ•ǡ”‹„‡•†˜‹•‘”›‘— ‹Žǡǡ•‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡”‹‰Š–•

SIXTH SCHEDULE
Š‡•‹š–Š• Š‡†—Ž‡ ‘–ƒ‹••’‡ ‹ƒŽ’”‘˜‹•‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–”‹„ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•‹–Š‡ˆ‘—”‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–‡”•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ
Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
Why Special Arrangements for Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura & Mizoram?
• Distinct Cultural Identity: Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ‰”ƒ–••’‡ ‹ƒŽ ƒ—–‘‘›–‘–Š‡•‡ˆ‘—”‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡”•–ƒ–‡• ȋ••ƒǡ
‡‰ŠƒŽƒ›ƒǡ”‹’—”ƒǡƒ†‹œ‘”ƒȌ†—‡–‘–Š‡‹”—‹“—‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ
• Different from Other Tribes: Ž‹‡ –”‹„ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡• ‹ ‘–Š‡” ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡
†‘‹ƒ– —Ž–—”‡ǡ –Š‡ –”‹„‡• ‹ –Š‡•‡ •–ƒ–‡• Šƒ˜‡ Žƒ”‰‡Ž› ’”‡•‡”˜‡† –Š‡‹” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ™ƒ› ‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ —•–‘•ǡ ƒ†
‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Protecting Cultural Roots: Š‹• †‹•–‹ – —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹†‡–‹–› ‡ ‡••‹–ƒ–‡• •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–• –‘ ‡•—”‡ •‡ŽˆǦ
‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ƒ†ƒ—–‘‘›ǡƒŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡•‡–”‹„‡•–‘’”‡•‡”˜‡–Š‡‹”Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡Ǥ
Features of administration in 6th schedule areas:
• Governor's Authority: Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘” Š‘Ž†• –Š‡ ’‘™‡” –‘ǣ ‡ˆ‹‡ ƒ† ‘†‹ˆ› –Š‡ „‘—†ƒ”‹‡• ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘‘—•
†‹•–”‹ –•ƒ†‹˜‹†‡†‹•–”‹ –•™‹–Š†‹˜‡”•‡–”‹„‡•‹–‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡”‡‰‹‘Ǥ
• Autonomous districtsǣ Š‡ –”‹„ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‹ –Š‡•‡ •–ƒ–‡• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‘•–‹–—–‡† ƒ• ƒ—–‘‘‘—• †‹•–”‹ –•ǡ ‡ƒ Š ‘ˆ
™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•ƒƒ—–‘‘‘—•†‹•–”‹ – ‘— ‹Žƒ†‡ƒ Šƒ—–‘‘‘—•”‡‰‹‘Šƒ•ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ ‘— ‹Ž ‘•‹•–‹‰
‘ˆ͵Ͳ‡„‡”•ȋʹ͸‡Ž‡ –‡†ˆ‘”ͷǦ›‡ƒ”–‡”ƒ†Ͷ‘‹ƒ–‡†„› ‘˜‡”‘”ȌǤŠ‡•‡†‹•–”‹ –•‡š‹•–™‹–Š‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•
„—–Šƒ˜‡•‘‡•‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”‹‰’‘™‡”•Ǥ
• District and Regional Councils:Ž‡ –‡†”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡ ‘— ‹Ž•–‘ƒƒ‰‡–Š‡‹””‡•’‡ –‹˜‡ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Legislative Powers:‘— ‹Ž• ƒƒ‡Žƒ™•‘•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ––‡”•Ž‹‡Žƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽ —•–‘•ǡƒ†˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡
ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡•‡Žƒ™•”‡“—‹”‡–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”̵•ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽǤ
• Judicial Powers:‘— ‹Ž• ƒ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ‘—”–•–‘Šƒ†Ž‡–”‹„ƒŽ†‹•’—–‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡‹”Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘ǡ™‹–ŠŽ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•
•‡–„›–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”‘ƒ’’‡ƒŽ•”‡ƒ Š‹‰–Š‡ ‹‰Š‘—”–Ǥ
• Development Initiatives: ‘— ‹Ž• ƒ —†‡”–ƒ‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• Ž‹‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ • Š‘‘Ž•ǡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ ƒ†
‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡‹”†‹•–”‹ –•ǤŠ‡› ƒƒŽ•‘”‡‰—Žƒ–‡„—•‹‡••ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•„›‘Ǧ–”‹„ƒŽ•Ǥ
• Financial Autonomy:‘— ‹Ž•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡’‘™‡”–‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ ––ƒš‡•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
• Limited Application of Laws:‡–”ƒŽƒ†•–ƒ–‡Žƒ™•ƒ›‘–ƒ’’Ž›ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›–‘ƒ—–‘‘‘—•†‹•–”‹ –•‘”ƒ›
”‡“—‹”‡‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Governor's Oversight: Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘” ƒ ƒ’’‘‹– ‘‹••‹‘• –‘ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† †‹••‘Ž˜‡
‘— ‹Ž•„ƒ•‡†‘”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•
Issues and Challenges in Sixth Schedule areas
• Limited Financial Autonomy:‘— ‹Ž•Žƒ –Š‡ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•–‘‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›‹’Ž‡‡––Š‡‹”Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’Žƒ•Ǥ
• Governor's Overshadowing Authority: š–‡•‹˜‡ ’‘™‡”• ˜‡•–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘” ƒ Š‹†‡” –Š‡ ƒ—–‘‘‘—•
ˆ— –‹‘‹‰‘ˆ—–‘‘‘—•‹•–”‹ –‘— ‹Ž•ȋ•ȌǤ
• Uneven Distribution of Power: ‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‡š‹•–• ‹ –Š‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ ’‘™‡” ƒ† †‡’ƒ”–‡–• ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‡† –‘
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘— ‹Ž•ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘†‹• ‘–‡–ƒ‘‰•‘‡Ǥ
• Uncertain Governance: ‘ •‡– –‹‡ˆ”ƒ‡ ˆ‘” ”‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‰ †‹••‘Ž˜‡† • ”‡ƒ–‡• — ‡”–ƒ‹–› ƒ† †‡Žƒ›•
‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
• Departmental Handover Issues:‡Žƒ›•‘””‡•‹•–ƒ ‡‹–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‹‰”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–†‡’ƒ”–‡–•–‘–Š‡ ‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ•Ǥ
• Underrepresentation: Š‡ •–”— –—”‡ Žƒ • ’”‘˜‹•‹‘• –‘ ‡•—”‡ ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™‘‡ ƒ† •ƒŽŽ‡”
–”‹„ƒŽ‰”‘—’•™‹–Š‹–Š‡‘— ‹Ž•Ǥ
Way Forward
• Funding: —–‘‘‘—•‹•–”‹ –‘— ‹Ž•ȋ•Ȍ‡‡†‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡† ˆ—†‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡–ƒ–‡ ‹ƒ ‡‘‹••‹‘–‘
‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡†‡’‡†‡ ‡‘ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–†‡ ‹•‹‘•Ǥ
• Timely Elections:•—”‡–‹‡Ž›”‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘‘ˆ•™‹–Š‹•‹š‘–Š•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”†‹••‘Ž—–‹‘–‘ƒ˜‘‹†‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡
‰ƒ’•Ǥ
• Traditional Institutions: ‘”ƒŽŽ› ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ƒ† ŠƒŽ‡–ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž –”‹„ƒŽ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ •–”— –—”‡• ˆ‘” ‹ Ž—•‹˜‡
†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰Ǥ
• Women's Empowerment: ƒ†ƒ–‡ ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‡ƒ–• ˆ‘” ™‘‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ‹ • –‘ „”‡ƒ ‰‡†‡”
„ƒ””‹‡”•‹–”‹„ƒŽ’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ
• Representation for All:ŽŽ‘ ƒ–‡•‡ƒ–• ‹•ƒ†‘–Š‡”„‘†‹‡•ˆ‘”•ƒŽŽ‡”–”‹„ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•–‘‡•—”‡–Š‡‹”
˜‘‹ ‡•ƒ”‡Š‡ƒ”†Ǥ
Š‡•‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡• ƒ”‡ ”— ‹ƒŽ –‘ ƒ††”‡•• –Š‡ ‰ƒ’ „‡–™‡‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘–‡ –‹‘• ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‹˜‡† ”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ –”‹„ƒŽ
‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ Š‡› ™‹ŽŽ •–”‡‰–Š‡ –”‹„ƒŽ •‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ǡ ’”‡•‡”˜‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹†‡–‹–›ǡ ƒ† ‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ †‹ƒ̵• ”‹ Š
‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ

KEYWORDSǣ”‹„ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ”‹„ƒŽ‹‰Š–•ǡ—–‘‘‘—•‹•–”‹ –•ǡ‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ†‹•–”‹ –‘— ‹Ž•

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

9 EXPLORING ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN INDIA’S FEDERAL STRUCTURE

†‹ƒ ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•‹•‘ˆ–‡†‡• ”‹„‡†ƒ•cooperative federalism‘”quasi-federalismǤŠ‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘†‹˜‹†‡•’‘™‡”

„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•ǡ„—––Š‡ ‡–‡”Š‘Ž†••‘‡•–”‘‰‡” ƒ”†•ǤŠ‹•—‹“—‡•›•–‡„ƒŽƒ ‡•
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —‹–› ™‹–Š ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ †‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ š’Ž‘”‹‰ ‹••—‡• ƒ† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‹ †‹ƒ̵• ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ •–”— –—”‡ ‡–ƒ‹Ž• ƒ †‡‡’
‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•ǡ ‹–• ‘’ƒ”‹•‘ ™‹–Š ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž•ǡ ƒ† ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹–• ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ƒ†
‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
INDIAN FEDERALISM: A UNIQUE MODEL
• Federalism Defined: ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•‹•ƒ•›•–‡‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–™Š‡”‡’‘™‡”‹••Šƒ”‡†„‡–™‡‡ƒ ‡–”ƒŽƒ—–Š‘”‹–›
ƒ†‹–• ‘•–‹–—‡–’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ—‹–•ǡ•— Šƒ••–ƒ–‡•‘”’”‘˜‹ ‡•Ǥ †‹ƒ̵•ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ•›•–‡‹•—‹“—‡ǡ‘ˆ–‡†‡• ”‹„‡†ƒ•
̶“—ƒ•‹Ǧˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ̶‘”̶ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘•—‹‰‡‡”‹•̶ȋ‡ƒ‹‰̶ƒˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹–•‘™‹†̶ȌǤ
• Indian vs. American Federalism:‡›†‹•–‹ –‹‘‡š‹•–•„‡–™‡‡ †‹ƒƒ†‡”‹ ƒˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•Ǥ –Š‡‹–‡†
–ƒ–‡•ǡ–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ”‘•‡ˆ”‘ƒƒ‰”‡‡‡–ƒ‘‰‹†‡’‡†‡–•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ  ‘–”ƒ•–ǡ †‹ƒ̵••–ƒ–‡•™‡”‡
”‡ƒ–‡† ˆ”‘ ƒ —‹ˆ‹‡† –‡””‹–‘”›ǡ ™‹–Š ’‘™‡”• •—„•‡“—‡–Ž› †‹•–”‹„—–‡† –‘ ‡•—”‡ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†
‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Ǥ
FEATURES OF INDIAN FEDERALISM
†‹ƒ̵•ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ•›•–‡‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡••‡˜‡”ƒŽ‡›ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ǣ
• Dual Government: Š‡ •›•–‡ ‘’”‹•‡• –™‘ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǣ –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ† –ƒ–‡
‰‘˜‡”‡–•Ǥ
• Division of Powers:Š‡‡˜‡–Š Š‡†—Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ Ž‡ƒ”Ž›†‹˜‹†‡•Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡’‘™‡”•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‡–”‡
ƒ†–Š‡–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Written Constitution:™”‹––‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘•‡”˜‡•ƒ•–Š‡•—’”‡‡Žƒ™ǡ‘—–Ž‹‹‰–Š‡•–”— –—”‡ƒ†’‘™‡”•‘ˆ„‘–Š
Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Supremacy of the Constitution: Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ‹• –Š‡ —Ž–‹ƒ–‡ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ǡ ƒ† ƒŽŽ Žƒ™• ƒ† ƒ –‹‘• —•– „‡
‘•‹•–‡–™‹–Š‹–•’”‘˜‹•‹‘•Ǥ 
• Rigid Constitution:Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ƒ„‡ƒ‡†‡†ǡ„—––Š‡’”‘ ‡••‹•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ‘’Ž‡šǡ‡•—”‹‰‹–••–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
• Independent Judiciary:‹†‡’‡†‡–Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›‹–‡”’”‡–•–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†”‡•‘Ž˜‡•†‹•’—–‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡
‡–”‡ƒ†–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Bicameralism:Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ‘•‹•–•‘ˆ–™‘Š‘—•‡•Ǧ–Š‡‘ƒ„ŠƒȋŽ‘™‡”Š‘—•‡Ȍƒ†–Š‡ƒŒ›ƒƒ„Šƒȋ—’’‡”
Š‘—•‡ȌǦ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰„‘–Šƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†•–ƒ–‡‹–‡”‡•–•Ǥ
UNITARY FEATURES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION
• Single Constitution:•‹‰Ž‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ’’Ž‹‡•–‘„‘–Š–Š‡‹‘ƒ†ƒŽŽ–ƒ–‡•ǡ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
—‹–›Ǥ
• Single Citizenship:Š‡”‡‹•‘Ž›‘‡ †‹ƒ ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’ǡ’”‘‘–‹‰ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ
• Integrated Judiciary: Š‘—‰Š ™‹–Š •‘‡ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ ‡Ž‡‡–•ǡ –Š‡ †‹ƒ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”› ˆ— –‹‘• ƒ• ƒ •‹‰Ž‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†
•›•–‡
• Division of Powers:Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘†‹•–”‹„—–‡•’‘™‡”„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ†•–ƒ–‡•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š”‡‡
Ž‹•–•ǣ‹‘‹•–ȋƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ––‡”•Ȍǡ–ƒ–‡‹•–ȋŽ‘ ƒŽƒ––‡”•Ȍǡƒ†‘ —””‡–‹•–ȋ•Šƒ”‡†ƒ––‡”•ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡
‡–”‡Šƒ•‘”‡ ‘–”‘Ž‹ ƒ•‡‘ˆ ‘ˆŽ‹ –•Ǥ
• Emergency Powers: —”‹‰ ‡‡”‰‡ ‹‡•ǡ –Š‡ ‡–”‡ ‰ƒ‹• •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ’‘™‡”ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ƒ‹‰ Žƒ™• ‘ •–ƒ–‡
•—„Œ‡ –•ƒ†–ƒ‹‰‘˜‡”•–ƒ–‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• All-India Services:Š‡ ǡ ǡ‡– Ǥǡƒ”‡”‡ ”—‹–‡†„›–Š‡‡–”‡„—–•‡”˜‡‹•–ƒ–‡•ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰—‹ˆ‘”‹–›ƒ† ‡–”ƒŽ
‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡Ǥ
• Role of the Governor:’’‘‹–‡†„›–Š‡‡–”‡ǡ–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘” ƒŠ‘Ž† ‡”–ƒ‹•–ƒ–‡„‹ŽŽ•ǡ”ƒ‹•‹‰ ‘ ‡”•ƒ„‘—–
‡–”ƒŽ„‹ƒ•Ǥ
• Parliament's Power over State Territories:Š‡‡–”‡ ƒƒŽ–‡”•–ƒ–‡„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•‘” ”‡ƒ–‡‡™•–ƒ–‡•™‹–Š‘—–
•–ƒ–‡ ‘•‡–Ǥ
• Centralized Fiscal Architecture: ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ”‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž› ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†„›–Š‡‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ™‹–Š•‘‡
†‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘–‘–ƒ–‡•Ǥ 

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

While these features lean towards a strong Centre, it is also true that the Indian Constitution provides for
cooperative federalism, ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰ –Š‡ ‡–”‡ ƒ† –ƒ–‡• –‘ ™‘” –‘‰‡–Š‡” ˆ‘” ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘‰”‡••Ǥ The GST
Council, an example of cooperative federalism, ‹•ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ„‘†›–Šƒ–ƒ‡•”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•‘ 
”ƒ–‡•ƒ†‹ Ž—†‡•”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡‡–”‡ƒ†ƒŽŽ–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
CHALLENGES TO INDIAN FEDERALISM
• New State Formation:‡–”ƒŽ’‘™‡”–‘ƒŽ–‡”•–ƒ–‡„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ƒ†ƒ‡•”ƒ‹•‡• ‘ ‡”•ƒ„‘—–•–ƒ–‡ƒ—–‘‘›Ǥ
• Governor's Role:Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–̵•”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”ǡ ƒƒ –ƒ‰ƒ‹•–•–ƒ–‡‹–‡”‡•–•Ǥ
• Rajya Sabha Representation:‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǧ„ƒ•‡†”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ƒŒ›ƒƒ„Šƒ ”‡ƒ–‡•ƒ‹„ƒŽƒ ‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†
–‘‡“—ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ–”—‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• All India Services:Š‹Ž‡–Š‡•‡•‡”˜‹ ‡•’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡—‹ˆ‘”‹–›ǡ–Š‡› ƒŽ‹‹–•–ƒ–‡ ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”–Š‡‹”
‘™‡š‡ —–‹˜‡•ȋ ǡ ‡– ǤȌǤ
• Emergency Powers:Š‡‡–”‡̵•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘‹’‘•‡‡‡”‰‡ ‹‡•—†‡”‹‡••–ƒ–‡ƒ—–‘‘›†—”‹‰–Š‘•‡’‡”‹‘†•Ǥ
• Central Control Mechanisms: –‡‰”ƒ–‡† ‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡƒ—†‹–‹‰ǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘˜‡–‘•–ƒ–‡„‹ŽŽ•”‡•–”‹ –•
•–ƒ–‡ƒ—–‘‘›Ǥ
Drawbacks in the existing structure:
’ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ ‡”–ƒ‹Ž‘‘’Š‘Ž‡•‹–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡Ǥ
• Inefficient Coordinationǣ‘‘” ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ ‡–”ƒŽƒ†•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–•Ž‡ƒ†•–‘†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡ˆˆ‘”–•
ƒ†™ƒ•–‡†”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ
• Conflicting Jurisdictions:˜‡”Žƒ’‹ƒ”‡ƒ•Ž‹‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ˆ‘”‡•–”›Ž‡ƒ†•–‘†‹•’—–‡•„‡–™‡‡ ‡–”ƒŽƒ†•–ƒ–‡
‰‘˜‡”‡–•Ǥ
• Centralized Planning:ƒ•–’Žƒ‹‰‡–Š‘†•Šƒ˜‡‡‰Ž‡ –‡†•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‡‡†•‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡•ǡŠ‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡‹”‰”‘™–ŠǤ
• Financial Imbalance:Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‘–”‘Ž•‘•–ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰†‡’‡†‡ ‡‘‰”ƒ–•
ƒ†—‡˜‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ ”‘•••–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Political Gridlock:‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ƒ•–ƒŽŽ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Š‹†‡”‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡’‘Ž‹ ›‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ


†‹ƒ̵• ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ •–”— –—”‡ǡ „ƒŽƒ ‹‰ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ ƒ† —‹–ƒ”› ‡Ž‡‡–•ǡ †‡•’‹–‡ ‹••—‡• Ž‹‡ —‡“—ƒŽ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†
Ž‹‹–‡†ƒ—–‘‘›ǡŠƒ•’”‘˜‡ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ—””‡––”‡†••—‰‰‡•–ƒ•Š‹ˆ––‘™ƒ”†• ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•ǡ‡ ‡••‹–ƒ–‹‰
‡–”‡Ǧ–ƒ–‡ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘ƒ‡–Š‹•–”—Ž›‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ǡƒ††”‡••‹‰’‘™‡”‹„ƒŽƒ ‡•ƒ†•‡‡‹‰‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡’‘™‡”
†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‹• ”‹–‹ ƒŽǤ•–”‘‰ǡ”‡•’‘•‹˜‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ•›•–‡‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†˜‹„”ƒ–
†‡‘ ”ƒ ›Ǥ

KEY WORDSǣ ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘ •—‹ ‰‡‡”‹•Ǣ †‹ƒ ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ˜•Ǥ ‡”‹ ƒ ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǣ ‡˜‡–Š  Š‡†—Ž‡Ǣ ‹˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ
‘™‡”•Ǣ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•Ǣ‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‹ƒŒ›ƒƒ„ŠƒǢ–ƒ–‡—–‘‘›Ǣ ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ǣ –‡”Ǧ–ƒ–‡
‹•’—–‡•Ǥ

ASYMMETRIC FEDERALISM IN INDIA

–Š‡ ‘–‡š–‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵•˜ƒ•–ƒ††‹˜‡”•‡•‘ ‹‡–›ǡƒ•›‡–”‹ 
ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•‡‡”‰‡•ƒ•ƒ ‘ ‡’––Šƒ–ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡•–Š‡‡‡†
ˆ‘” —‡“—ƒŽ ’‘™‡”Ǧ•Šƒ”‹‰ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‡–‡” ƒ† •–ƒ–‡•ǡ
ƒ†‡˜‡ƒ‘‰†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•–ƒ–‡•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǤŠ‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š
†‡˜‹ƒ–‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž ‘ˆ —‹ˆ‘”‹–›ǡ
”‡ ‘‰‹œ‹‰–Š‡†‹•–‹ –‡‡†•ƒ†Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ„ƒ ‰”‘—†•‘ˆ
˜ƒ”‹‘—•”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ 
Why India Needs Asymmetric Federalism
• Strengthens Unity: —–‘‘› ˆ‘•–‡”• ƒ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ
‘™‡”•Š‹’ ƒ† ”‡†— ‡• •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹•– ‘˜‡‡–•ǡ Fig.:‡–”ƒŽ‹•‹‰ ‡ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘
’”‘‘–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—‹–›Ǥ
• Celebrates Diversity: –—’Š‘Ž†•̶‹–›‹‹˜‡”•‹–›̶„›’”‘–‡ –‹‰˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡‰”‘—’•™‹–Š•’‡ ‹ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•Ǥ
• Promotes Social Justice:’‡ ‹ƒŽ’”‘˜‹•‹‘•Š‡Ž’ƒ Š‹‡˜‡•‘ ‹ƒŽŒ—•–‹ ‡„›ƒ††”‡••‹‰Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•Ǥ
• Strengthening Democracy and Representation: •›‡–”‹  ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹• ‡•—”‡• ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹‘”‹–›
ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ–Š‡”‡„›”‡‹ˆ‘” ‹‰†‡‘ ”ƒ ›Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
• Preserves Culture: ”‘˜‹•‹‘• Ž‹‡ ”–‹ Ž‡ ͵͹ͳ ‡’‘™‡” ‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡” •–ƒ–‡• –‘ ƒ‹–ƒ‹ –Š‡‹” —‹“—‡ —•–‘•ǡ
Žƒ™•ǡƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•Ǥ
• Empowers Minorities: •›‡–”‹ ƒŽ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹• ‡•—”‡• ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” †‹˜‡”•‡ ”‡‰‹‘•ǡ •–”‡‰–Š‡‹‰
†‡‘ ”ƒ ›Ǥ
• Counters Radicalization:  ”‡ƒ•‡†”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ ‘–”‘ŽŠ‡Ž’• ‘—–‡””ƒ†‹ ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡ ‘—‹–‹‡•‹–‘
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ


•›‡–”‹  ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹• ‹• ƒ ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵• ‘’Ž‡š ƒ† Žƒ›‡”‡† ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ •–”— –—”‡Ǥ – ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ —‹“—‡
ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š †‹ƒ̵•‹ ”‡†‹„Ž‡†‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†˜ƒ”‹‡†”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–̵• ”— ‹ƒŽ–‘ƒ††”‡••
–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‹–’‘•‡•ƒ†•–”‹˜‡ˆ‘”ƒ‘”‡–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡–ƒ†”—Ž‡•Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ƒ•›‡–”›Ǥ

KEY WORDS:•›‡–”‹  ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•Ǣ‘•–‹–—‡–‹–•Ǣ‡ —”‹‰‹‰Š–•Ǣ–Š‹ ‹–›ƒ†—Ž–—”‡”‘–‡ –‹‘Ǣ‘ ‹ƒŽ

ƒ„”‹ Ǣ‡‘ ”ƒ ›ƒ†‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǣ‹–›‹‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǣ‘ ‹ƒŽ —•–‹ ‡Ǣ‡–”‡Ǧ–ƒ–‡‘ˆŽ‹ –•Ǣ–‹Ǧ‰ƒŽ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ
ƒ–—”‡Ǣ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ”‘˜‹•‹‘•Ǥ

CENTRE- STATE RELATIONSHIP

†‹ƒǡ„‡‹‰ƒˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ—‹‘‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡•ǡ‘’‡”ƒ–‡•‘–Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡‘ˆ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‡–”‡ƒ†
–ƒ–‡•ǤŠ‹•”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’‹•‡•Š”‹‡†‹–Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†”‡’”‡•‡–•ƒ—Ž–‹ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ǡ
‡••‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘” †‹ƒ̵••–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ•‡ —”‹–›ǡƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ

Key Supreme Court Cases

• ‘ƒ‹•‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒȋͳͻͻͶȌǢ‹‰ŠƒŽ•‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒȋʹͲͳͲȌǢ—Ž†‹’ƒ‹”•‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍ

Current Tensions in Centre-State Relations
• Central Overreach Concerns:
o Misuse of Article 356ǣ‘ ‡”•‡š‹•–”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–̵•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹•—•‡‘ˆ”–‹ Ž‡͵ͷ͸ǡ™Š‹ Š
ƒŽŽ‘™•–Š‡–‘‹’‘•‡”‡•‹†‡–̵•—Ž‡‹•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
o Governor's Appointment and Removal:‹• ‘–‡–•—””‘—†•–Š‡’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‹
ƒ’’‘‹–‹‰ƒ†”‡‘˜‹‰‰‘˜‡”‘”•ǡ‹’ƒ –‹‰–Š‡‹”‡—–”ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
o Encroachment on State Subjectsǣ–ƒ–‡•”ƒ‹•‡ ‘ ‡”•ƒ„‘—––Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–̵•‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡‹ƒ”‡ƒ•
Ž‹•–‡†—†‡”–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‹•–‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
• Resource Sharing and Power Dynamics:
o Unequal Financial Allocationǣ‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–•ƒ”‹•‡”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡
‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ†•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
o Management of All India Services: ••—‡•’‡”•‹•–‹–Š‡™ƒ›ŽŽ †‹ƒ‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡ ”— ‹ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ”‡
ƒƒ‰‡†Œ‘‹–Ž›„›–Š‡ ‡–‡”ƒ†•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
o Asymmetrical FederalismǣŠ‡’‡” ‡’–‹‘‘ˆƒƒ•›‡–”‹ ƒŽˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–
Š‘Ž†•‘”‡’‘™‡”ǡ ”‡ƒ–‡•–‡•‹‘Ǥ
• Policy Implementation Challenges:
o Disagreements on National Education Policyǣ‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•‡š‹•–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ ‡–‡”ƒ†•–ƒ–‡•
”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†— ƒ–‹‘‘Ž‹ ›ʹͲʹͲǤ
o Implementing Central Lawsǣ –ƒ–‡• ƒ› ˆ‹† ‹– ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰ –‘ ‹’Ž‡‡– ‡”–ƒ‹ ‡–”ƒŽ Žƒ™•ǡ Ž‹‡ –Š‡
‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’‡†‡– –ǡ†—‡–‘’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘ˆŽ‹ –•™‹–ŠŽ‘ ƒŽ ‘–‡š–•‘”’”‹‘”‹–‹‡•


†‹ƒ̵•ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡ǡ–Š‘—‰Š‘–™‹–Š‘—–‹–•Š—”†Ž‡•ǡ‹• ‘•–ƒ–Ž›ƒ†ƒ’–‹‰ƒ†’”‘‰”‡••‹‰Ǥ ––Š”‹˜‡•‘‘‰‘‹‰

†‹• —••‹‘•ǡƒ†Š‡”‡ ‡–‘–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘‘ˆ ‘‘‰‘ƒŽ•ǤŽ–‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‹•–‘—”–—”‡ƒ
”‘„—•–ǡ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ǡƒ†‡˜‡‹Ž†Ž› ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ•›•–‡–Šƒ–‡„‘†‹‡•–Š‡‡••‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†
ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ•–Š‡†‡•‹”‡•‘ˆ‹–• ‹–‹œ‡•Ǥ


KEYWORDSǣ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ǣ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•Ǣ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡ ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•Ǣ•›‡–”‹  ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•Ǣ

ŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ‡•‘—” ‡•

WAYS AND MEANS TO BETTER MANAGE CENTRE-STATE RELATIONSHIP

• †‹ƒ̵•ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ•›•–‡ǡ‡•Š”‹‡†‹–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ„ƒŽƒ ‡•’‘™‡”„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ†•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
• Š‹Ž‡ †‹ƒŽ‡ƒ•–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ—‹–ƒ”›•›•–‡ǡ‡–”‡Ǧ–ƒ–‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†‘˜‡”–‹‡ǡ•Šƒ’‡†„›•‘ ‹ƒŽǡ
’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǡƒ†‡ ‘‘‹  Šƒ‰‡•ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–
‘ˆ–Š‹•†›ƒ‹ ‹• ”— ‹ƒŽˆ‘”‰‘‘†‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Ǥ
• —‡”‘—• ‘‹••‹‘• Šƒ˜‡ ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† recommendations –‘ ‹’”‘˜‡ ‡–”‡Ǧ–ƒ–‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ‹ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ –Š‡
‘—–”›̵•‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰‡‡†•Ǥ
Important Commissions and their Recommendations:
• First Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC):
o •–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ –‡”Ǧ–ƒ–‡‘— ‹Žȋ”–‹ Ž‡ʹ͸͵ȌǤ
o ’’‘‹– ‘˜‡”‘”•™‹–Š•–”‘‰’—„Ž‹ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Ǥ
o ƒš‹‹œ‡†‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”–‘•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
o  ”‡ƒ•‡ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•ˆ‘”•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Sarkaria Commission:
o ƒ‡–Š‡ –‡”Ǧ–ƒ–‡‘— ‹Ž’‡”ƒ‡–Ǥ
o ‹‹–—•‡‘ˆ”‡•‹†‡–̵•”—Ž‡ȋ”–‹ Ž‡͵ͷ͸ȌǤ
o –”‡‰–Š‡ŽŽǦ †‹ƒ‡”˜‹ ‡•ƒ† ‘•‹†‡” ”‡ƒ–‹‰‘”‡Ǥ
o ’”‘˜‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘‘™‹–ŠŠ‡Ž†ƒ••‡––‘•–ƒ–‡„‹ŽŽ•Ǥ
o ‡˜‹˜‡‘ƒŽ‘— ‹Ž•Ǥ
o ‘•—Ž–•–ƒ–‡•‘•‡ —”‹–›†‡’Ž‘›‡–ǡ ‘ —””‡–Ž‹•–•—„Œ‡ –•ǡƒ† ‘˜‡”‘”ƒ’’‘‹–‡–•Ǥ
• M.M. Punchhi Commission:
o ’”‘˜‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡”‡•‹†‡–ƒ†•–ƒ–‡•‘’‡†‹‰„‹ŽŽ•Ǥ
o ”ƒ–•–ƒ–‡•‰”‡ƒ–‡”ˆŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›‘•–ƒ–‡Ž‹•–•—„Œ‡ –•ƒ† ‘ —””‡–Ž‹•–‹–‡•Ǥ
o ‹‹–†‹• ”‡–‹‘ƒ”›’‘™‡”•‘ˆ ‘˜‡”‘”•—†‡””–‹ Ž‡ͳ͸͵Ǥ
o •–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ˆ‘”Š‹‡ˆ‹‹•–‡”ƒ’’‘‹–‡–•‹Š—‰ƒ••‡„Ž‹‡•Ǥ
o ƒ‡–Š‡ ‹ƒ ‡‘‹••‹‘’‡”ƒ‡–™‹–Š”‘–ƒ–‹‰‡„‡”•Š‹’Ǥ
o ”‡ƒ–‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ ‘— ‹Ž•ˆ‘”„—†‰‡–’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•Šƒ”‹‰Ǥ
o ”‘˜‹†‡‡“—ƒŽ•‡ƒ–•‹–Š‡ƒŒ›ƒƒ„Šƒˆ‘”ƒŽŽ•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (NCRWC):
o •–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ –‡”Ǧ–ƒ–‡”ƒ†‡ƒ†‘‡” ‡‘‹••‹‘ȋ”–‹ Ž‡͵Ͳ͹ȌǤ
o ˆˆ‡”•–ƒ–‡•ƒ Šƒ ‡–‘ƒ††”‡••’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ„”‡ƒ†‘™•„‡ˆ‘”‡‹˜‘‹‰”–‹ Ž‡͵ͷ͸Ǥ
In conclusionǡ „‡––‡” ƒƒ‰‹‰ –Š‡ ‡–”‡Ǧ–ƒ–‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ‹• ‡› –‘ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ† ’”‘‰”‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒ–‹‘Ǥ•”ǤǤǤ„‡†ƒ””‹‰Š–Ž›‘–‡†ǡ̶Š‘—‰Š–Š‡ ‘—–”›ƒ†–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ›„‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•–ƒ–‡•ˆ‘”
‘˜‡‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‘—–”› ‹• ‘‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ ™Š‘Ž‡ǡ ‹–• ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ •‹‰Ž‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ —†‡” ƒ •‹‰Ž‡
‹’‡”‹—†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘ƒ•‹‰Ž‡•‘—” ‡Ǥ̶
NITI AAYOG - A TOOL TO PROMOTE COOPERATIVE FEDERALISM
Established in 2015, the National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog) plays a critical role in India's
development. –ˆ‘•–‡”• ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•ǡ‡•—”‹‰•–ƒ–‡•Šƒ˜‡ƒ˜‘‹ ‡‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’‘Ž‹ ›Ǧƒ‹‰ǤŠ‹•’”‘‘–‡•
„ƒŽƒ ‡†‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ’”‘‰”‡••ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Note:Š‹•–‘’‹ ‹• ‘˜‡”‡†‹Prahaar Governance bookletǤ‹†Ž›”‡ˆ‡”‹–Ǥ
INTER- STATE RIVER WATER DISPUTE
Ž‘™‹‰ƒ ”‘•• †‹ƒ̵•˜ƒ”‹‡†Žƒ†• ƒ’‡•ǡ—‡”‘—•”‹˜‡”•ƒ –ƒ•˜‹–ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•ˆ‘”‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ
–Š‡•‡•Šƒ”‡†™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•ǡ‘ˆ–‡ ”‘••‹‰•–ƒ–‡„‘”†‡”•ǡŠƒ˜‡„‡ ‘‡ƒ‰”‘™‹‰•‘—” ‡‘ˆ–‡•‹‘Ǥ‡˜‡”ƒŽ†‹•’—–‡•
Šƒ˜‡‡‡”‰‡†ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‘•‡ ‘ ‡”‹‰–Š‡ƒ—˜‡”›ǡƒŠƒƒ†‹ǡƒŠƒ†ƒ›‹ǡ”‹•Šƒǡ ‘†ƒ˜ƒ”‹ǡƒ˜‹Ǧ‡ƒ•”‹˜‡”•ǡ
ƒ†–Š‡ƒ•ƒ†Šƒ”ƒˆ—”–Š‡”‹ˆŽƒ–‹‰–Š‡ –‡”•–ƒ–‡–‡•‹‘•Ǥ
Constitutional and statutory provisions related to Inter-state water disputes.
• Article 262(1)ǣŠ‹•ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡’‘™‡”•–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡––‘‡ƒ –Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ†Œ—†‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹–‡”Ǧ•–ƒ–‡”‹˜‡”
™ƒ–‡”•†‹•’—–‡Ǥ
• Article 262(2)ǣŠ‹• Žƒ—•‡‰”ƒ–•ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡––Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘‡š Ž—†‡–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–‘”ƒ›‘–Š‡” ‘—”–ˆ”‘
‡š‡” ‹•‹‰Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘‘˜‡”‹–‡”Ǧ•–ƒ–‡”‹˜‡”™ƒ–‡”•†‹•’—–‡•Ǥ
• River Board Act, 1956ǣ Š‹•  – ™ƒ• ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹–‡– –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡–”‡ ™‘—Ž† ”‡‰—Žƒ–‡ ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’
‹–‡”•–ƒ–‡”‹˜‡”•ƒ†˜ƒŽŽ‡›•‹–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ‹–‡”‡•–Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
• Inter-state River Water Disputes Act, 1956ǣŠ‹• –ƒŽŽ‘™•ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡––‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ–”‹„—ƒŽ–‘•‡––Ž‡‹–‡”•–ƒ–‡
”‹˜‡”™ƒ–‡”†‹•’—–‡•Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘‡š Ž—†‡•–Š‡—’”‡‡ ‘—”–ˆ”‘Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘‘˜‡”•— Š ƒ•‡•Ǥ
Reasons behind rising inter-state river water disputes.
• Political Interference:‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ••‘‡–‹‡•‡š’Ž‘‹–’—„Ž‹ ‡‘–‹‘•†—”‹‰”‹˜‡”†‹•’—–‡•ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰‘„•–ƒ Ž‡•–‘
”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡƒ—˜‡”›™ƒ–‡”†‹•’—–‡ȌǤ
• State Bifurcation:‹˜‹†‹‰•–ƒ–‡•ǡŽ‹‡†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•Šƒ†‡Žƒ‰ƒƒǡŽ‡ƒ†•–‘‡™™ƒ–‡”Ǧ•Šƒ”‹‰†‹•’—–‡•‘˜‡”
”‹˜‡”•Ž‹‡–Š‡ ‘†ƒ˜ƒ”‹Ǥ
• Water Scarcity: †‹ƒˆƒ ‡•ƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ™ƒ–‡”•Š‘”–ƒ‰‡ǡ™‹–ŠŒ—•–ͶΨ‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ™ƒ–‡””‡•‘—” ‡•†‡•’‹–‡Š‘—•‹‰ͳͺΨ
‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†̵•’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Competing Interests:‹•’—–‡•‡”—’–™Š‡‘‡•–ƒ–‡̵•ƒ –‹‘•ǡ•— Šƒ•™ƒ–‡”—•ƒ‰‡ǡ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‹’ƒ –ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ
• Deteriorating Quality: ‹–Š ‰”‘™‹‰ †‡ƒ† ƒ† ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ǡ ™ƒ–‡” •Šƒ”‹‰ †‹•’—–‡• ƒ”‡ Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ ‹–‡•‹ˆ› ƒ•
‘’‡–‹–‹‘ˆ‘” Ž‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ
Challenges in Resolving Inter-state water disputes.
• Historical and Geographic Confusion: ‡†”ƒ™ •–ƒ–‡ „‘—†ƒ”‹‡• ‘ˆ–‡ †‹•”‡‰ƒ”† ƒ–—”ƒŽ ™ƒ–‡” ˆŽ‘™ ’ƒ––‡”•ǡ
Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘†‹•’—–‡•ƒ„‘—–™ƒ–‡””‹‰Š–•„ƒ•‡†‘Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ—•ƒ‰‡‘”‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›Ǥ
• Constitutional-Legal Ambiguityǣ Š‡ †‹˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‘™‡” ”‡ƒ–‡• ƒ„‹‰—‹–›Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ •–ƒ–‡• ƒƒ‰‡ ™ƒ–‡” —•‡ǡ –Š‡
‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–”‡‰—Žƒ–‡•‹–‡”•–ƒ–‡”‹˜‡”™ƒ–‡”•ǤŠ‹•‘˜‡”Žƒ’’‹‰ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡•†‹•’—–‡”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
• Institutional Uncertainty:”–‹ Ž‡ʹ͸ʹ”‡•–”‹ –•–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–̵•‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‹™ƒ–‡”†‹•’—–‡•ǡ„—–”–‹ Ž‡ͳ͵͸
ƒŽŽ‘™•–Š‡–‘”‡˜‹‡™–”‹„—ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘•ǤŠ‹•‹ ‘•‹•–‡ › ”‡ƒ–‡•— ‡”–ƒ‹–›ƒ„‘—––Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽŽ‡‰ƒŽƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ
• Implementation Hurdles: ƒ‹Ž—”‡–‘‹’Ž‡‡––”‹„—ƒŽƒ™ƒ”†•„›–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡„”ƒ Š•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›Š‹†‡”•–Š‡
”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ†‹•’—–‡•ǡŽ‡ƒ˜‹‰ ‘ˆŽ‹ –•—”‡•‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ
• Outdated Approach: ˜‡” ”‡Ž‹ƒ ‡ ‘ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ •‘Ž—–‹‘• ™‹–Š‘—– ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ
ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–•ǡ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǡƒ†‘–Š‡”ˆƒ –‘”•Š‹†‡”•‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡””‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ
• Challenges with the Interstate Water Disputes Act, 1956
o Inefficient Dispute Resolutionǣ‡™–”‹„—ƒŽ•ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š†‹•’—–‡ ”‡ƒ–‡”‡†—†ƒ ›ƒ†—†‡ˆ‹‡†–‹‡ˆ”ƒ‡•
Ž‡ƒ†–‘†‡Žƒ›•Ǥ
o Weak Enforcementǣ”‹„—ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘•Žƒ ƒ‡ Šƒ‹•ˆ‘”‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Protracted Appealsǣ’’‡ƒŽ•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–†‡ ‹•‹‘• ƒˆ—”–Š‡”•–ƒŽŽ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ
Way Forward
• Robust Mechanismǣ•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ•–”‘‰‡ Šƒ‹•–‘‡ˆ‘” ‡–”‹„—ƒŽƒ™ƒ”†•Ǥ
• Legal Clarity:Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–•Š‘—Ž†’”‘˜‹†‡ Ž‡ƒ”Ž‡‰ƒŽ‰—‹†ƒ ‡‘‡ Šƒ‹••ˆ‘”‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰–”‹„—ƒŽ
ƒ™ƒ”†•Ǥ
• Holistic Basin Management: ‡˜‡Ž‘’ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ˆ‘” ”‹˜‡” „ƒ•‹ ‹••—‡•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”
•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
• Sharing During Scarcity:Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–•Š‘—Ž†‰—‹†‡•–ƒ–‡•–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ™‘”ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”—Žƒˆ‘”•Šƒ”‹‰™ƒ–‡”‹
–‹‡•‘ˆ•Š‘”–ƒ‰‡Ǥ
• Moving Beyond Politics: ‹†ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡–‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒŽƒ•–‹‰•‘Ž—–‹‘–‘™ƒ–‡” ‘ˆŽ‹ –•Ǥ
• Balancing Needs: –‡‰”ƒ–‡ ‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ“—ƒ–‹  „‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–› ’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ™ƒ–‡”
ƒƒ‰‡‡–’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‹–‘„ƒ•‹’Žƒ•Ǥ
• Enactment of the pending Bill:Š‡ –‡”Ǧ–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”ƒ–‡”‹•’—–‡•ȋ‡†‡–Ȍ‹ŽŽǡʹͲͳͻ•‡‡•–‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‡
‹••—‡•‘ˆ‡š‹•–‹‰Žƒ™•ƒ†”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ –•‡ƒ –‡–™‹ŽŽ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ”‘„—•–‡ Šƒ‹•–‘ƒ††”‡••”‹˜‡”™ƒ–‡”†‹•’—–‡•
‹ †‹ƒǤ


ƒ–‡” ‹• ƒ ˜‹–ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡ǡ ƒ† ‹–‡”Ǧ•–ƒ–‡ †‹•’—–‡• ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› ‹’ƒ – Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•Ǥ  —Ž–‹ˆƒ ‡–‡† ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‹•
‡‡†‡† –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ  Ž—†‹‰ ™ƒ–‡” ‹ –Š‡ ‘ —””‡– Ž‹•– ƒ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” Žƒ”‹–›ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡
‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰‹˜‡”ƒ•‹”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒ‹’”‘˜‡”‹˜‡”ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǤŽ–‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǡƒ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘™ƒ–‡”
‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽǤ
DEMAND FOR SMALLER STATES
 †‹ƒǡ†‹• —••‹‘•ƒ„‘—–ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•‘ˆ–‡™‡‹‰Š–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”‹†‡’‡†‡–•–ƒ–‡’‘™‡”ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ƒ—‹ˆ‹‡†
ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•Šƒ•Ž‡†–‘‰”‘™‹‰ ƒŽŽ•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•ƒŽŽ‡”•–ƒ–‡•ǡŽ‹‡‹†ƒ”„Šƒƒ†—”˜ƒ ŠƒŽǤŠ‡•‡†‡ƒ†•
ƒ”‡†”‹˜‡„›ƒ†‡•‹”‡ˆ‘”‰”‡ƒ–‡” ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡””‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒˆˆƒ‹”•ǡ’”‡•‡”˜‹‰ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹†‡–‹–‹‡•ǡ‹’”‘˜‹‰ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡
‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••ǡƒ†ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰ˆƒ‹”‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
Why Smaller States are Demanded
• Underrepresented Regions:‡‰‹‘•Žƒ ‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ–‡•‡‡•–ƒ–‡Š‘‘†ˆ‘”‰”‡ƒ–‡””‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Cultural Identity: ”‡ƒ• ™‹–Š †‹•–‹ – —Ž–—”ƒŽ –”ƒ‹–• ƒ› •‡‡ ƒ—–‘‘› –‘ ’”‡•‡”˜‡ –Š‡‹” Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ
‘”ŠƒŽƒ†ȌǤ
• Administrative Neglect: ˆƒ”‡‰‹‘ˆ‡‡Ž•‹‰‘”‡†„›–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ›
ƒ”‹•‡Ǥ
• Political Manipulation:‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ•‹‰Š–‡š’Ž‘‹–”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ•‡–‹‡–•ˆ‘”‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ‰ƒ‹•Ǥ
• Unequal Development: ‘‘‹ †‹•’ƒ”‹–›™‹–Š‹ƒ•–ƒ–‡ ƒˆ—‡Ž†‡ƒ†•ˆ‘”•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡•–ƒ–‡•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ—†‡ŽŠƒ†ǡ
—”˜ƒ ŠƒŽȌǤ
Potential Benefits of Smaller States
• Efficient AdministrationǣƒŽŽ‡”•‹œ‡ ƒ•–”‡ƒŽ‹‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡•‘—” ‡ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Stronger Fiscal Management: ‘ —•‡†‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ƒŽ‡ƒ†–‘„‡––‡”ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ
• Addressing Regional Needs:ƒŽŽ‡”•–ƒ–‡• ƒ–ƒ‹Ž‘”’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•–‘ƒ††”‡•••’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ‹••—‡•Ǥ
• Optimal Resource Use:‡†— ‡†ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘•–• ƒˆ”‡‡—’”‡•‘—” ‡•ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥ
• Inclusive Growth:ƒŽŽ‡”•–ƒ–‡•ƒ›’”‘‘–‡„ƒŽƒ ‡††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ ”‘••”‡‰‹‘•ƒ†‡’‘™‡”‹‘”‹–‹‡•ȋƒ•
‡˜‹•‹‘‡†„›”ǤǤǤ„‡†ƒ”ȌǤ
Challenges of Creating Smaller States
• Mixed Performanceǣ‘‡‡™Ž›ˆ‘”‡†•–ƒ–‡•Šƒ˜‡̵–•Š‘™•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹’”‘˜‡‡–‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
• Leadership Issues:ƒ ‘ˆ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ƒŠ‹†‡”‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡‹‡™•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Financial Strain:‡––‹‰—’‡™ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡•–”— –—”‡• ƒ•–”ƒ‹ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ
• Central Dependence:ƒŽŽ‡”•–ƒ–‡•ƒ›”‡Ž›Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž›‘ ‡–”ƒŽˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡Ǥ
• Infrastructure Gap:‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰‡ ‡••ƒ”›‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡‹‡™•–ƒ–‡• ƒ„‡–‹‡Ǧ ‘•—‹‰ƒ†‡š’‡•‹˜‡Ǥ
Way Forward
• Objective Criteria: •–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ƒ Ž‡ƒ” •‡– ‘ˆ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ”‹–‡”‹ƒǡ •— Š ƒ• ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ •‹œ‡ǡ ‡ ‘‘‹  ˜‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ƒ†
ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ǡ –‘ ‰—‹†‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘• ‘ •–ƒ–‡Š‘‘† †‡ƒ†•Ǥ Š‹• ‘—Ž† Š‡Ž’ ’”‡˜‡– ’—”‡Ž› ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ
‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•ˆ”‘†”‹˜‹‰–Š‡’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
• Comprehensive Needs Assessment:‘†— ––Š‘”‘—‰Š‡‡†•ƒ••‡••‡–•–Šƒ– ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ
—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹†‡–‹–›ǡƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‰‹‘•‡‡‹‰•–ƒ–‡Š‘‘†Ǥ
• Focus on Decentralization:š’Ž‘”‡ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ž‹‡•–”‡‰–Š‡‹‰‡š‹•–‹‰Ž‘ ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡•–”— –—”‡•
–Š”‘—‰Š†‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹• ‘—Ž†‡’‘™‡””‡‰‹‘•™‹–Š‘—–”‡•‘”–‹‰–‘ˆ—ŽŽ•–ƒ–‡Š‘‘†Ǥ
• Fiscal Responsibility: •—”‡ ƒ› ‡™ •–ƒ–‡ Šƒ• ƒ •‘—† ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ’Žƒ –Šƒ– †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡• ‹–• ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ „‡ •‡ŽˆǦ
•—•–ƒ‹‹‰ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‹–•”‡•‘—” ‡•‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
• Inter-State Cooperation: ‘—”ƒ‰‡ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ‘‰•–ƒ–‡•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›™Š‡†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š•Šƒ”‡†”‡•‘—” ‡•‘”

”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ
• †‹ƒ̵•ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ•›•–‡ƒ†Œ—•–•–‘‡™ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•ǡ‹–—•–ˆ‹†™ƒ›•–‘ƒ††”‡••”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ†‡•‹”‡•ƒ†•–”‡ƒŽ‹‡
ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒŽŽ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‡‡’‹‰ ‡ ‘‘‹  Š‡ƒŽ–Š ‹ ‹†Ǥ Š‡ ‰”‘™‹‰ ƒŽŽ• ˆ‘” ”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡™ǡ •ƒŽŽ‡” •–ƒ–‡•
Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š––Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”ƒˆ”‡•ŠŽ‘‘ƒ– †‹ƒ̵•ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡Ǥ
Issues in News
ARTICLE 370
ContextǣŠ‡—’”‡‡‘—”–̵•Š‹‰Š‡•–’ƒ‡Ž”‡ ‡–Ž›ƒˆˆ‹”‡†–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–̵•ʹͲͳͻƒ –‹‘–‘”‡˜‘‡
ƒ—ƒ†ƒ•Š‹”̵••’‡ ‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•—†‡””–‹ Ž‡͵͹Ͳ‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
Key Observations and Directions by SC
• No Internal Sovereignty: Ƭ™ƒ•”—Ž‡†‘––‘’‘••‡••ƒ›‹–‡”ƒŽ•‘˜‡”‡‹‰–›ƒˆ–‡”‹–•ƒ ‡••‹‘–‘ †‹ƒ‹ͳͻͶ͹Ǥ
Š‹• ‘ Ž—•‹‘™ƒ•„ƒ•‡†‘Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ†‘ —‡–•ƒ†–Š‡ Ƭ‘•–‹–—–‹‘‹–•‡ŽˆǤ
• Temporary Provision: ”–‹ Ž‡ ͵͹Ͳ ™ƒ• †‡‡‡† ƒ –‡’‘”ƒ”› ƒ† –”ƒ•‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‹–• Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ
‘–‡š–ƒ†’Žƒ ‡‡–™‹–Š‹–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
• Presidential Authority Upheld: Š‡‘—”–˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡†–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–̵•ʹͲͳͻ’”‘ Žƒƒ–‹‘•‘†‹ˆ›‹‰”–‹ Ž‡͵͹Ͳ
ƒ† †‹••‘Ž˜‹‰ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡̵• ‘•–‹–—‡– ƒ••‡„Ž›Ǥ ‘–ƒ„Ž›ǡ ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ™ƒ• †‡‡‡†
—‡ ‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡ƒ –‹‘•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
• Elections:Š‡‘—”–ƒ†ƒ–‡†–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘–‘ ‘†— –‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡ Ƭ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡••‡„Ž›„›
‡’–‡„‡”͵Ͳ–ŠǡʹͲʹͶǤ
• Statehood Restoration:Š‡‘—”–—”‰‡†–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡––‘‡š’‡†‹–‡–Š‡”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡Š‘‘†–‘ ƬǤ
• Truth and Reconciliation:Š‡‘—”–”‡ ‘‡†‡†–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆƒ–”—–Šƒ†”‡ ‘ ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘–‘
‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡Š—ƒ”‹‰Š–•˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘•‹ Ƭƒ†’”‘‘–‡”‡ ‘ ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Abrogation of Article 370
†‹ƒ̵•‘•–‹–—–‹‘’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›‰”ƒ–‡† ƒ—ƒ†ƒ•Š‹”•’‡ ‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•–Š”‘—‰Š”–‹ Ž‡͵͹ͲǤŠ‹•‹ Ž—†‡††‹•–‹ –
Žƒ™•ǡƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ˆŽƒ‰ǡ ƒ†„”‘ƒ†‡” ƒ—–‘‘› ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‘–Š‡” †‹ƒ –‡””‹–‘”‹‡•Ǥ —‰—•–ͷ–Šǡ ʹͲͳͻǡ–Š‡ †‹ƒ
‰‘˜‡”‡–”‡˜‘‡†”–‹ Ž‡͵͹Ͳǡ†‹••‘Ž˜‹‰ ƒ—ƒ†ƒ•Š‹”̵••–ƒ–‡Š‘‘†ǤŠ‡”‡‰‹‘™ƒ••—„•‡“—‡–Ž›†‹˜‹†‡†
‹–‘–™‘ ‡–”ƒŽŽ›ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡†‹‘‡””‹–‘”‹‡•ǣ ƒ—ƒ†ƒ•Š‹”ǡƒ†ƒ†ƒŠǤ
Changes in Governance:
• Representation: Ƭ‰ƒ‹•ˆ‹˜‡‘ƒ„Šƒ•‡ƒ–•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ†ƒŠ‰‡–•‘‡Ǥ
• Administration: Ƭ–”ƒ•‹–‹‘•ˆ”‘ƒ ‘˜‡”‘”–‘ƒ‹‡—–‡ƒ– ‘˜‡”‘”Ǥ
• Legislative Power: Ƭ”‡–ƒ‹•ƒŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ••‡„Ž›™‹–ŠŽ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•‘Žƒ™ƒ‹‰Ǥ
Š‡”‡˜‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”–‹ Ž‡͵͹Ͳƒ”•ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–•Š‹ˆ–ˆ‘” ƒ—Ƭƒ•Š‹”ƒ†ƒ†ƒŠǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡‘˜‡’”‘‹•‡•
‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡƒ††”‡••‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•ƒ†Ž‘ ƒŽƒš‹‡–‹‡•”‡ƒ‹• ”— ‹ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ•–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†’”‘•’‡”‘—•
ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ ’Š‘Ž†‹‰ †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ǡ ”‡•’‡ –‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘̵• —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹†‡–‹–›ǡ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‰ †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡• ™‹–Š
•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ǡ ƒ† †”‹˜‹‰ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ ‡ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ ’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž ƒ† ’”‘•’‡”‘—• ƒ— ƒ† ƒ•Š‹”ǡ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰ –ƒŽ
‹Šƒ”‹ƒŒ’ƒ›‡‡̵•‹†‡ƒŽ•‘ˆ̵ƒ•Š‹”‹›ƒ–ǡ •ƒ‹›ƒ–ǡƒ† ƒŠ‘‘”‹›ƒ–̵Ǥ
GOVERNMENT OF NATIONAL CAPITAL TERRITORY OF DELHI (AMENDMENT) ACT 2023
Contextǣ †‹ƒƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–”‡ ‡–Ž›’ƒ••‡† ȋ‡†‡–Ȍ –ʹͲʹ͵Ǥ –Šƒ•”ƒ‹•‡†ƒŽ‘‰Ǧ•–ƒ†‹‰†‡„ƒ–‡
ƒ„‘—–‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡‹‡ŽŠ‹Ǥ
• Unique Status: ‡ŽŠ‹ ‹• ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‡””‹–‘”› ȋȌ ™‹–Š ƒ ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ••‡„Ž› „—– Ž‹‹–‡† ’‘™‡”•
‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ˆ—ŽŽǦˆŽ‡†‰‡†•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Supreme Court's View:ʹͲʹ͵ —’”‡‡‘—”–Œ—†‰‡‡– ‰”ƒ–‡†‡ŽŠ‹ ‘–”‘Ž ‘˜‡”‘•–•‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡ‡š ‡’–ˆ‘”
’‘Ž‹ ‡ǡŽƒ†ǡƒ†’—„Ž‹ ‘”†‡”Ǥ
Key Provisions of the Act
• National Capital Civil Services Authority (NCCSA):Š‹•„‘†›ǡƒ’’‘‹–‡†„›–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡƒ†˜‹•‡•–Š‡
 ‘•‡”˜‹ ‡ƒ––‡”•Ǥ
• LG's Discretion: Š‡  – ‡š’ƒ†• –Š‡  ̵• ’‘™‡” –‘ ƒ’’”‘˜‡ ‘” ”‡Œ‡ –  ”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† ƒ –
‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž›‘ ‡”–ƒ‹‹••—‡•Ǥ
• Increased Central Control:Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–‰ƒ‹• ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”–”ƒ•ˆ‡”•ƒ†’‘•–‹‰•ǡ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›
‹’ƒ –‹‰–Š‡̶–”‹’Ž‡ Šƒ‹‘ˆƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›̶ȋ‹‹•–‡”•ǦŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǧ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡ȌǤ
• Reporting Requirements:‡”–ƒ‹ƒ––‡”•—•–„‡”‘—–‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡†‡ ‹•‹‘•ƒ”‡ƒ†‡Ǥ
Issues Raised
• Central Government Overreach: ”‹–‹ • ƒ”‰—‡ –Š‡  – —†‡”‹‡• –Š‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”–̵• Œ—†‰‡‡– ƒ† ‰‹˜‡•
‡š ‡••‹˜‡ ‘–”‘Ž–‘–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Weakened Accountability:Š‡ –’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›™‡ƒ‡•–Š‡̶–”‹’Ž‡ Šƒ‹‘ˆƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›̶‹‡ŽŠ‹̵•‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Ǥ
• Unclear Definitions:Š‡ –†‘‡•̵–†‡ˆ‹‡̶ ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽƒ––‡”•̶–Šƒ–”‡“—‹”‡–Š‡ ̵•‘–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Looking Ahead
• Learning from Others:–—†›‹‰‘†‡Ž•‘ˆ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‹–›‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡‹‘–Š‡” ‘—–”‹‡•ȋˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ†‹•–”‹ –ǡ ‹–›Ǧ•–ƒ–‡ǡ
‡– ǤȌ ‘—Ž†‘ˆˆ‡”•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ
• Decentralization:  –™‘Ǧ–‹‡” •›•–‡ ™‹–Š ‡Ž‡ –‡† —‹ ‹’ƒŽ ‘— ‹Ž• ƒ† ƒ ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‘—Ž†‹’”‘˜‡
Ž‘ ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰Ǥ
• Domain Demarcation:‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘—Ž†„‡—†‡” ‡–”ƒŽƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡”‡•–ˆ— –‹‘•
ƒ•ƒ•–ƒ–‡Ǥ
• Enforcement Powers: —‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ‘—Ž† Šƒ†Ž‡ ‹˜‹Ž ‘’Ž‹ƒ ‡ ™‹–Š ‘—‹–› ’‘Ž‹ ‡ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‡ŽŠ‹ ‘Ž‹ ‡
ˆ‘ —•‡•‘ ”‹‹ƒŽƒ––‡”•Ǥ

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Š‡  –Šƒ••’ƒ”‡††‡„ƒ–‡ƒ„‘—–„ƒŽƒ ‹‰–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”ƒ•–”‘‰ ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–‹–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ
™‹–Š‰”ƒ–‹‰‡ŽŠ‹‰”‡ƒ–‡”ƒ—–‘‘›Ǥš’Ž‘”‹‰ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡‘†‡Ž•ƒ†ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘‹‰Š–’ƒ˜‡
–Š‡™ƒ›ˆ‘”ƒ‘”‡•–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡•›•–‡‹‡ŽŠ‹Ǥ

KEYWORDS: ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•ǡ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•ǡ ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ‡‰‹‘ƒŽ

—–‘‘›

Previous Years Question
ͳǤ š’Žƒ‹–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͲͳ•–‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‡†‡– –Ǥ‘™Šƒ–‡š–‡–†‘‡•‹–”‡ˆŽ‡ – ʹͲʹ͵
–Š‡ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹˜‡•’‹”‹–‘ˆˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•ǫ
ʹǤ Š‹Ž‡–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•‹ †‹ƒˆƒ˜‘—” ‡–”ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ”‡‹ˆƒ˜‘—” ʹͲʹʹ
of State autonomy.” Comment.
͵Ǥ ‘™ ˆƒ” †‘ ›‘— –Š‹ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ ƒ† ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ˜‡ •Šƒ’‡† –Š‡ ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ʹͲʹͲ
ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘‹ †‹ƒǫ‹–‡•‘‡”‡ ‡–‡šƒ’Ž‡•–‘˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡›‘—”ƒ•™‡”Ǥ
ͶǤ ”‘ –Š‡ ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘–‡–‹‘—• ‹••—‡• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ’‘™‡”• „› –Š‡ ʹͲͳͻ
‘—”–•ǡ‘Principle of Federal Supremacy’ and ‘Harmonious Construction’ have emerged. Explain.
ͷǤ Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•Šƒ•„‡‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†‹”‡ ‡–›‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š– ʹͲͳͷ
–Š‡ †”ƒ™„ƒ • ‹ –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‹‰ •–”— –—”‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡š–‡– –‘ ™Š‹ Š ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹• ™‘—Ž†
ƒ•™‡”–Š‡•Š‘”– ‘‹‰•Ǥ
͸Ǥ Š‘—‰Š–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡‹•†‘‹ƒ–‹‘—”‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†–Šƒ–’”‹ ‹’Ž‡‹•‘‡‘ˆ‹–•„ƒ•‹  ʹͲͳͶ
ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ǡ„—–‹–‹•‡“—ƒŽŽ›–”—‡–Šƒ–ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•—†‡”–Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ž‡ƒ•‹ˆƒ˜‘—”‘ˆƒ
•–”‘‰‡–”‡ǡƒˆ‡ƒ–—”‡–Šƒ–‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ•–”‘‰ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•Ǥ‹• —••
͹Ǥ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ‡ Šƒ‹••–‘”‡•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡‹–‡”Ǧ•–ƒ–‡™ƒ–‡”†‹•’—–‡•Šƒ˜‡ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘ƒ††”‡••ƒ† ʹͲͳ͵
•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ •–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡†—‡–‘•–”— –—”ƒŽ‘”’”‘ ‡••‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ ›‘”„‘–Šǫ‹• —••Ǥ

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41
PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

10 SEPARATION OF POWER AND FUNCTIONAL OVERLAPPING

†‹ƒ̵• †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  •›•–‡ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –• –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘™‡”•ǡ ‡˜‡ ™‹–Š‘—– ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› ‡–‹‘‹‰ ‹–Ǥ Š‹•
’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ǡ Šƒ’‹‘‡†„›‘–‡•“—‹‡—ǡ†‹˜‹†‡•‰‘˜‡”‡–‹–‘Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ǡ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ǡƒ†Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ„”ƒ Š‡•–‘’”‡˜‡–
ƒ› •‹‰Ž‡ ‰”‘—’ ˆ”‘ Š‘Ž†‹‰ –‘‘ — Š ’‘™‡”Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ †‹ƒ̵• ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ƒŽŽ‘™• •‘‡ ‘˜‡”Žƒ’ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡•‡
„”ƒ Š‡•ǡ‹–ƒŽ•‘‡•—”‡•ƒ ‘’Ž‡š‹–‡”’Žƒ›™‹–Š Š‡ •ƒ†„ƒŽƒ ‡•Ǥ
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AND THE SEPARATION OF POWERS
• Inherent Doctrine: Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘‹’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡•–Š‡†‘ –”‹‡‘ˆ‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘™‡”•Ǥ”–‹ Ž‡•Ž‹‡
ͷͲǡͳʹʹǡƒ†ʹͳʹƒŽŽ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ƒ†‡Ž‹ ƒ–‡„ƒŽƒ ‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡–Š”‡‡„”ƒ Š‡•Ǥ
• Article 50: Š‹•—”‰‡•–Š‡•–ƒ–‡–‘•–”‹˜‡ˆ‘”ƒ†‹•–‹ –•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›ƒ†–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡Ǥ
• Articles 122 and 212: Š‡•‡”–‹ Ž‡•’”‡˜‡– ‘—”–•ˆ”‘“—‡•–‹‘‹‰’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›ƒ†Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•ǡ
‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽƒ†Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡†‘ƒ‹•Ǥ
DIFFERENT MODELS OF SEPARATION OF POWERS
Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡‘ˆ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”•ǡ†‹˜‹†‹‰‰‘˜‡”‡–ˆ— –‹‘•
ƒ‘‰†‹•–‹ –„”ƒ Š‡•ǡ‹•‹’Ž‡‡–‡††‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›ƒ ”‘•• ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ 
• Strict SeparationǣŠ‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡•ƒ”‹‰‹†‘†‡Ž™‹–Š Ž‡ƒ”
Ž‹‡••‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ǡ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ǡƒ†Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ„”ƒ Š‡•Ǥ
• Flexible Model:  ‘—–”‹‡•Ž‹‡–Š‡ƒ† †‹ƒǡ–Š‡„”ƒ Š‡•‡šŠ‹„‹–
‘”‡‘˜‡”Žƒ’‹ˆ— –‹‘•ƒ†’‡”•‘‡Žǡˆ‘•–‡”‹‰ƒ‘”‡ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡
ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤ
FUNCTIONAL OVERLAP BETWEEN EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATURE
• †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘†‘‡•̵–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–”‹ –•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”•ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡
ƒ›‹•–ƒ ‡•™Š‡”‡ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡”Žƒ’„‡–™‡‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ†
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡‘ —”•Ǥ
• Role of Presidentǣ”‡•‹†‡–ƒ –•ƒ•–Š‡Š‡ƒ†‘ˆ„‘–Š–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ† &ŝŐ͗͘^ŝŐŶŝĨŝĐĂŶĐĞŽĨ^ĞƉĂƌĂƚŝŽŶŽĨWŽǁĞƌƐ
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ
• Ordinance Promulgation: Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡–̵• ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› –‘ ’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‡ ‘”†‹ƒ ‡•ǡ †‡•’‹–‡ ‹– „‡‹‰ ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› ƒ
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘ǡ‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡”Žƒ’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡„”ƒ Š‡•Ǥ
• Council of Ministers:‹‹•–‡”•ƒ”‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‘”•™Š‘ƒŽ•‘Š‡ƒ†‡š‡ —–‹˜‡†‡’ƒ”–‡–•ǡ„Ž—””‹‰–Š‡Ž‹‡•Ǥ
• Delegated Legislation:‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡‡’‘™‡”•–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡–‘ƒ‡”—Ž‡•ˆ‘”‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽƒ™•Ǥ
• Party System: Šƒ”‡† ’ƒ”–› ƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‘”• ƒ† –Š‡ ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ ƒ Ž‡ƒ† –‘ –Š‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ ”—„„‡”Ǧ
•–ƒ’‹‰‡š‡ —–‹˜‡†‡ ‹•‹‘•Ǥ
• No-confidence Motion:’ƒ”–›‹’‘™‡”ƒ›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡–‘ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ‘Ǧ ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡‘–‹‘Ǥ
• Whip System:‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡• ƒ—•‡’ƒ”–›™Š‹’•–‘‡ˆ‘” ‡†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡ƒ‘‰Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‘”•ǡ”‡†— ‹‰‹†‡’‡†‡–
˜‘–‹‰Ǥ
Way Forward
Š‹Ž‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”•‹•̵–’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‹ †‹ƒ̵••›•–‡ǡ•–‡’• ƒ„‡–ƒ‡–‘‹‹‹œ‡‘˜‡”Žƒ’ƒ†
‡•—”‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǣ
• Strengthening Independent Institutionsǣ ’‘™‡”‹‰ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ‘ ƒ„Šƒ ‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹ƒ– ƒ†
‘’–”‘ŽŽ‡”ƒ†—†‹–‘” ‡‡”ƒŽȋ Ȍ ƒ’”‘˜‹†‡‹†‡’‡†‡–• ”—–‹›‘ˆ–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡Ǥ
• Parliamentary Committees: ‡˜‹–ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”› ‘‹––‡‡• ™‹–Š ‘”‡ –‡‡–Š ˆ‘” ‹Ǧ†‡’–Š • ”—–‹› ‘ˆ
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ –‹‘•Ǥ
• Reduced Reliance on Delegated Legislation: Š‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ •Š‘—Ž† Ž‡ƒ”Ž› †‡ˆ‹‡ –Š‡ • ‘’‡ ‘ˆ †‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‡†
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ‹–ƒ‹‘˜‡”•‹‰Š–‘ˆ‹–•‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Electoral Reforms: ”‘‘–‹‰ ‹‡”Ǧ’ƒ”–› †‡‘ ”ƒ › ƒ† ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰ ‹†‡’‡†‡– ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡• ƒ ”‡†— ‡ –Š‡
‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ’ƒ”–›™Š‹’•‘˜‘–‹‰„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ
• Public Interest Groups (PIGs): ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰–Š‡‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ•–”‘‰ •–Šƒ–Š‘Ž†–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†
’”‘˜‹†‡ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡˜‹‡™’‘‹–•–‘–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ

42
PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
• Judicial Review: ’Š‘Ž†‹‰ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ –‘ ‡•—”‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ Š‡ • ‘ „‘–Š –Š‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ ƒ† –Š‡
‡š‡ —–‹˜‡Ǥ
• Principle of Constitutional Objectivity:   ˜•  ƒ•‡ǡ Justice Chandrachud emphasized “constitutional
objectivity” as the core principle to balance legislature and executive interactions. It helps ensure that each branch
‘’‡”ƒ–‡•™‹–Š‹‹–•†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†•’Š‡”‡ǡ–Š‡”‡„›’”‡˜‡–‹‰ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡’‘™‡”ƒ ——Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
FUNCTIONAL OVERLAP BETWEEN JUDICIARY AND LEGISLATURE
Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ‹•ˆ‘”ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”•ǡ„—–•‘‡ƒ”‡ƒ••Š‘™‘˜‡”Žƒ’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›ƒ†–Š‡
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ ‡”‡ƒ”‡•‘‡‹•–ƒ ‡•‘ˆ•— Š‘˜‡”Žƒ’ǣ
• Judicial Review vs. Legislative PowerǣŠ‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”› ƒ•–”‹‡†‘™Žƒ™•†‡‡‡†— ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽǡ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›
Ž‹‹–‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡̵• ’‘™‡” –‘ ƒ‡ Žƒ™•Ǥ ȋšƒ’Ž‡ǣ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– •–”‹‹‰ †‘™ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ
’’‘‹–‡–•‘‹••‹‘ –‹ʹͲͳͷȌ
• Public Interest Litigation (PIL): •ƒŽŽ‘™–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›–‘–ƒ‡‘‹••—‡•‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽŒ—•–‹ ‡ǡ•‘‡–‹‡•˜‡–—”‹‰
‹–‘’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ”‡ƒ•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›”‡•‡”˜‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥȋšƒ’Ž‡ǣ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘–Š‡‹‰Š––‘†— ƒ–‹‘ –Ȍ
• Legislative Overreach: Š‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ ƒ› ’ƒ•• Žƒ™• ƒ‹‡† ƒ– —”„‹‰ ̶Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹•̶ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ƒ•
‘˜‡”•–‡’’‹‰Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•Ǥȋšƒ’Ž‡ǣ––‡’–•–‘”‡•–”‹ – •‘”Ž‹‹––Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›̵•’‘™‡”–‘”‡˜‹‡™Žƒ™•Ȍ
• Judicial overreach: ‡”–ƒ‹Žƒ†ƒ” ƒ•‡•Šƒ˜‡•‡‡–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›•–‡’’‹‰‹–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•‹–Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡
‘ˆ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–Žƒ™•ǡˆ—”–Š‡”„Ž—””‹‰–Š‡Ž‹‡•„‡–™‡‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽˆ— –‹‘•Ǥ
o Example: Š‡ ʹ  •’‡ –”— ƒ•‡ǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›̵• ƒ ‡ŽŽƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ž‹ ‡•‡• Ž‡† –‘ ’‘Ž‹ › Šƒ‰‡• „› –Š‡
‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ǡ‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡•–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š‹–‡”’Žƒ›„‡–™‡‡–Š‡„”ƒ Š‡•Ǥ
• Parliamentary Privileges:Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Šƒ•–Š‡’‘™‡”–‘’—‹•Šˆ‘” ‘–‡’–ǡ™Š‹ Š ƒ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ ‘ˆŽ‹ –™‹–Š
–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›̵•ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ
Minimizing Overlap Between Judiciary and Legislature
Š‹Ž‡•‘‡‘˜‡”Žƒ’ˆ‘•–‡”• Š‡ •ƒ†„ƒŽƒ ‡•ǡ‡š ‡••‹˜‡‘˜‡”Žƒ’ ƒŽ‡ƒ†–‘ ‘ˆ—•‹‘ƒ†—†‡”‹‡–Š‡
‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡‘ˆ„‘–Š„”ƒ Š‡•Ǥ ‡”‡ƒ”‡™ƒ›•–‘‹‹‹œ‡‹–ǣ
• Judicial Deferenceǣ Š‡ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”› •Š‘—Ž† ‡š‡” ‹•‡ ”‡•–”ƒ‹– ‹ •–”‹‹‰ †‘™ Žƒ™•ǡ ‰‹˜‹‰ †—‡ ”‡•’‡ – –‘ –Š‡
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡̵•Žƒ™Ǧƒ‹‰’‘™‡”Ǥ
• Evolving Standards for PILs:Ž‡ƒ”‡”‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡• ƒ„‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ˆ‘” •ǡ‡•—”‹‰–Š‡›ƒ††”‡••‰‡—‹‡’—„Ž‹ 
‹–‡”‡•–™‹–Š‘—–‡ ”‘ƒ Š‹‰‘Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘•Ǥ
• Independent Judicial Appointments:  ‘”‡ –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡– ƒ† ‹†‡’‡†‡– ’”‘ ‡•• ˆ‘” ƒ’’‘‹–‹‰ Œ—†‰‡• ƒ
•–”‡‰–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›Ǥ
• Respect for Judicial Review:Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡•Š‘—Ž†ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›̵•”‘Ž‡‹—’Š‘Ž†‹‰–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘
ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ––‡’–•–‘—†‡”‹‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™Ǥ
• Defining Parliamentary Privileges:Ž‡ƒ”‡”†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘•‘ˆ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡• ƒ‹‹‹œ‡ ‘ˆŽ‹ –™‹–Š–Š‡
Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›̵•ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ


›‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰–Š‡•‡‡ƒ•—”‡•ǡ †‹ƒ ƒ•–”‹˜‡ˆ‘”ƒ‘”‡„ƒŽƒ ‡†ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡•›•–‡‘ˆ Š‡ •ƒ†„ƒŽƒ ‡•

„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›ƒ†–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ǤŠ‹•™‹ŽŽ‡•—”‡ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Š›†‡‘ ”ƒ ›™‹–Š Ž‡ƒ”„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ƒ†”‡•’‡ –ˆ‘”
‡ƒ Š„”ƒ Š̵•”‘Ž‡Ǥ
FUNCTIONAL OVERLAP BETWEEN JUDICIARY AND EXECUTIVE
Š‹Ž‡–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›‹–‡”’”‡–•Žƒ™•ƒ†–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡‹’Ž‡‡–•–Š‡ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ”‡ƒ•™Š‡”‡–Š‡‹”ˆ— –‹‘•
‘˜‡”Žƒ’ǡ”ƒ‹•‹‰ ‘ ‡”•ƒ„‘—–’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡Ǥ ‡”‡ƒ”‡ˆ‹˜‡‹•–ƒ ‡•ǣ
• Appointment of Judges: Š‡ ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ ’Žƒ›• ƒ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ƒ’’‘‹–‹‰ Œ—†‰‡• –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‹— •›•–‡ǡ ”ƒ‹•‹‰
“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ„‘—–’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ„‹ƒ•Ǥ
• Tribunals: Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– •‡–• —’ –”‹„—ƒŽ• ™‹–Š “—ƒ•‹ǦŒ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ ’‘™‡”•ǡ „Ž—””‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‹‡• „‡–™‡‡ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ
‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ –‹‘Ǥ
• Presidential/Gubernatorial Immunity:Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ƒ† ‘˜‡”‘”•‡Œ‘›‹—‹–›ˆ”‘ ‘—”–’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•ˆ‘”
‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽƒ –‹‘•ǡŽ‹‹–‹‰Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‘˜‡”•‹‰Š–Ǥ
• Mercy Powers: Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ƒ† ‘˜‡”‘”•ǡƒ•‡š‡ —–‹˜‡‡„‡”•ǡ™‹‡Ž†–Š‡’‘™‡”–‘‰”ƒ–‡” ›ǡƒ–›’‹ ƒŽŽ›
Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽˆ— –‹‘ǡ—†‡”Ž‹‹‰–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡”Žƒ’Ǥ
• Contempt of Court:Š‡’‘™‡”˜‡•–‡†‹ ‘—”–•–‘’—‹•Šˆ‘” ‘–‡’– ƒ„‡‹•—•‡†–‘•–‹ˆŽ‡ ”‹–‹ ‹•‘”†‹••‡–Ǥ
Minimizing Overlap Between Judiciary and Executive
‘‡•—”‡ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Š›„ƒŽƒ ‡ǡŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡•‘‡™ƒ›•–‘‹‹‹œ‡‘˜‡”Žƒ’ǣ

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• Independent Judiciary Appointments: š’Ž‘”‹‰ ƒ ‘”‡ –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡– ƒ† ‹†‡’‡†‡– ’”‘ ‡•• ˆ‘” ƒ’’‘‹–‹‰
Œ—†‰‡•ǡ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ƒ ‹–‹œ‡̵•’ƒ‡ŽǤ
• Specialization of Tribunals:Ž‡ƒ”Ž›†‡ˆ‹‡–Š‡• ‘’‡‘ˆ–”‹„—ƒŽ•ƒ†‡•—”‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡•–ƒˆˆ‡†„›“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡†Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ
‡„‡”•Ǥ
• Judicial Deference:Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›•Š‘—Ž†‡š‡” ‹•‡”‡•–”ƒ‹–‹‹–‡”˜‡‹‰‹’‘Ž‹ ›†‡ ‹•‹‘•ǡ—Ž‡••–Š‡”‡̵•ƒ Ž‡ƒ”
˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•Ǥ
• Review of Immunity Provisions: ‡˜‹•‹– –Š‡ ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ ’”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽȀ‰—„‡”ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ ‹—‹–› –‘ ‡•—”‡
ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”ƒ –‹‘•‹’ƒ –‹‰ ‹–‹œ‡•̵”‹‰Š–•Ǥ
• Clear Contempt Guidelines:•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š Ž‡ƒ”ƒ†‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ˆ‘” ‘–‡’–‘ˆ ‘—”––‘’”‡˜‡–‹–•‹•—•‡Ǥ


›‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰–Š‡•‡‡ƒ•—”‡•ǡ †‹ƒ ƒ•–”‹˜‡ˆ‘”ƒ‘”‡„ƒŽƒ ‡†•›•–‡™Š‡”‡„‘–Š–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›ƒ†–Š‡

‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›™‹–Š‹–Š‡‹”†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†”‘Ž‡•ǡ—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›•–”‡‰–Š‡‹‰†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•Ǥ
WHY COORDINATION BETWEEN LEGISLATURE, EXECUTIVE, AND JUDICIARY IS NECESSARY?
Š‹Ž‡–Š‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”•‡•—”‡• Š‡ •ƒ†„ƒŽƒ ‡•ǡ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡”‡“—‹”‡•ƒ†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘
„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ǡ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ǡƒ†Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›Ǥ ‡”‡̵•™Š›ǣ
• Effective Lawmaking:Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›̵•‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡š‹•–‹‰Žƒ™• ƒ‹ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡™Š‡ ”ƒˆ–‹‰‡™
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ††”‡••ƒ„‹‰—‹–‹‡•‘”—ˆ‘”‡•‡‡ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•Ǥȋšƒ’Ž‡ǣƒ†ƒ”—’”‡‡‘—”–Œ—†‰‡‡–•‘
’”‹˜ƒ ›”‹‰Š–• ƒ‰—‹†‡–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡‹ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‰ƒ”‘„—•–†ƒ–ƒ’”‘–‡ –‹‘Žƒ™Ȍ
• Smooth Implementation:Ž‡ƒ” ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›ƒ†–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡‘Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•
‡•—”‡••‘‘–Š‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽƒ™•ƒ†‹‹‹œ‡•†‹•’—–‡•Ǥȋšƒ’Ž‡ǣ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡™‘”•Š‘’•ˆ‘”Œ—†‰‡•ƒ†
„—”‡ƒ— ”ƒ–•‘‡™Ž›‡ƒ –‡†Žƒ„‘”Žƒ™• ƒˆ‘•–‡”ƒ ‘‘—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ˆ‘”„‡––‡”‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–Ȍ
• Swift Action on Critical Issues: –‹‡•‘ˆ ”‹•‹•‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡‡”‰‡ ‹‡•ǡ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡†ƒ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡ƒŽŽ„”ƒ Š‡•
‹• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” ƒ •™‹ˆ– ƒ† ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ”‡•’‘•‡Ǥ ȋšƒ’Ž‡ǣ —”‹‰ ƒ ’ƒ†‡‹ ǡ –Š‡ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”› ƒ ‡š’‡†‹–‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•–‘Ž‘ †‘™‡ƒ•—”‡•™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡‡ˆ‘” ‡•–Š‡ǡ‡•—”‹‰„‘–Š’—„Ž‹ Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ††—‡’”‘ ‡••Ȍ
• Maintaining Public Trust:™‡ŽŽǦ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡†‰‘˜‡”‡–™Š‡”‡‡ƒ Š„”ƒ Š”‡•’‡ –•–Š‡‘–Š‡”̵•†‘ƒ‹ˆ‘•–‡”•
’—„Ž‹ –”—•–‹–Š‡•›•–‡ƒ†–Š‡”—Ž‡‘ˆŽƒ™Ǥȋšƒ’Ž‡ǣ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘ƒ††”‡••Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ˜ƒ ƒ ‹‡•‘”–ƒ Ž‡
‘””—’–‹‘ ƒ‡Šƒ ‡’—„Ž‹  ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡‹–Š‡Œ—•–‹ ‡•›•–‡Ȍ
• Globalized World: ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›‹–‡” ‘‡ –‡†™‘”Ž†ǡ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡†ƒ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡„”ƒ Š‡•‹•‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘
ƒ††”‡••–”ƒ•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹••—‡•Ž‹‡ ›„‡” ”‹‡‘”‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘Ǥȋšƒ’Ž‡ǣ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ǡ ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ǡ ƒ† Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”› ‹• ”— ‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” ˆ”ƒ‹‰ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ‡š–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ –”‡ƒ–‹‡• ƒ† ‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰
‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽƒ‰”‡‡‡–•Ȍ


Š‡•‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š––Šƒ–™Š‹Ž‡ Š‡ •ƒ†„ƒŽƒ ‡•ƒ”‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽǡ ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Š› Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ –Š‡

„”ƒ Š‡•‹•˜‹–ƒŽˆ‘”‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡‹ƒ ‘’Ž‡š™‘”Ž†Ǥ
FOSTERING COORDINATION BETWEEN LEGISLATURE, EXECUTIVE, AND JUDICIARY
Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘‡„‘†‹‡•–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”•ǡ„—–‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡‡ ‡••‹–ƒ–‡•ƒ†‡‰”‡‡
‘ˆ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡„”ƒ Š‡•Ǥ ‡”‡ƒ”‡•‘‡™ƒ›•–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–Š‹•ǣ
• Inter-Branch Communication Channels: •–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ˆ‘”ƒŽ Šƒ‡Ž• ˆ‘” ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ Ž‹‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ”
‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹˜‡‡‡–‹‰•„‡–™‡‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•‘ˆ‡ƒ Š„”ƒ Šǡ ƒˆ‘•–‡”„‡––‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ† ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Secondment Programs:‡’‘”ƒ”›‡š Šƒ‰‡•‘ˆ’‡”•‘‡Ž„‡–™‡‡„”ƒ Š‡• ƒ’”‘˜‹†‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡‹•‹‰Š–•‹–‘
‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”̵•ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ƒ† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ
• Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs):‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰‘•‘—–Ž‹‹‰’”‘–‘ ‘Ž•ˆ‘” ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‘•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‹••—‡•
ƒ’”‘‘–‡ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡†ƒ –‹‘‹ƒ”‡ƒ•Ž‹‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ–”ƒ‹‹‰ˆ‘” ‹˜‹Ž•‡”˜ƒ–•‘”ˆƒ•–Ǧ–”ƒ  ‘—”–•ˆ‘”•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ –›’‡•
‘ˆ ƒ•‡•Ǥ
• Joint Conferences:”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰’‡”‹‘†‹ Œ‘‹– ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡•‘ƒ––‡”•‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ƒ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‘’‡
†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ƒ† ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡’”‘„Ž‡Ǧ•‘Ž˜‹‰Ǥ
• Strengthening Parliamentary Committees: ’‘™‡”‹‰ ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”› ‘‹––‡‡• ™‹–Š ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ‘˜‡”•‹‰Š–
ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ƒ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ˆ‘” ‘•–”— –‹˜‡• ”—–‹›ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡Ǥ
• Respect for Judicial Review:Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡•Š‘—Ž†”‡•’‡ –Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ’”‘‘— ‡‡–•ƒ†ƒ‡„‘ƒˆ‹†‡‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘
‹’Ž‡‡––Š‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘”Ǥ
›‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰–Š‡•‡‡ƒ•—”‡•ǡ †‹ƒ ƒ—”–—”‡ƒ —Ž–—”‡‘ˆ—–—ƒŽ”‡•’‡ –ƒ†—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰„‡–™‡‡–Š‡
„”ƒ Š‡•ǤŠ‹•ˆ‘•–‡”•ƒ‘”‡ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ǡ—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›„‡‡ˆ‹–‹‰–Š‡ƒ–‹‘̵•’”‘‰”‡••ƒ†
‹–• ‹–‹œ‡•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
DOCTRINE OF CHECKS AND BALANCES
Š‡†‘ –”‹‡‘ˆ Š‡ •ƒ†„ƒŽƒ ‡•ƒ‹•–‘’”‡˜‡–ƒ›‘‡„”ƒ Š‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–ˆ”‘„‡ ‘‹‰–‘‘’‘™‡”ˆ—ŽǤŠ‹•
•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†• ‹–‹œ‡•ˆ”‘ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›‘”–›”ƒ‹ ƒŽ—•‡‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡’‘™‡”Ǥ
Indian Constitutional Provisions:
Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘‡„‘†‹‡•–Š‹•’”‹ ‹’Ž‡–Š”‘—‰Š˜ƒ”‹‘—•’”‘˜‹•‹‘•ǤŠ‡•‡‹ Ž—†‡ǣ
• Judicial Review (Article 13):Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”› ƒ”‡˜‹‡™Žƒ™•’ƒ••‡†„›–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ƒ†•–”‹‡–Š‡†‘™‹ˆˆ‘—†
— ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽǤ
• Judicial Limitations (Article 21):Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›‹–•‡Žˆ‹•„‘—†„›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”‘ ‡†—”‡•Ǥ
• Executive Appointments:Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ’’‘‹–•Œ—†‰‡•ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–’Žƒ›‹‰ƒ”‘Ž‡Ǥ
• Parliamentary System: †‹ƒˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ƒ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›ˆ‘”‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡‹•†”ƒ™ˆ”‘–Š‡
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ
Examples of Checks and Balances:
• Legislative vs. ExecutiveǣŠ‡”‡•‹†‡– ƒ•—‘ǡ’”‘”‘‰—‡ȋƒ†Œ‘—”ˆ‘”ƒ„”‹‡ˆ’‡”‹‘†Ȍǡ‘”†‹••‘Ž˜‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–
ȋ”–‹ Ž‡ͺͷȌǤ‘˜‡”•‡Ž›ǡƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ƒ‹’‡ƒ Š–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ˆ‘”˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ȋ”–‹ Ž‡͸ͳȌǤ
• Executive vs. Judiciary:Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ’’‘‹–•Œ—†‰‡•ǡ„—––Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”› ƒ”‡˜‹‡™–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡̵•ƒ –‹‘•–Š”‘—‰Š
Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‡•ƒ˜ƒƒ†ƒŠƒ”ƒ–‹˜Ǥ–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡”ƒŽƒƬ‹‡”˜ƒ‹ŽŽ•˜Ǥ‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒȌǤ
• Legislative vs. Judiciary:ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ƒ”‡‘˜‡Œ—†‰‡•–Š”‘—‰Š‹’‡ƒ Š‡–ǡ„—––Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”› ƒ ‹˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡
Žƒ™•–Š‡›†‡‡— ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‡•ƒ˜ƒƒ†ƒŠƒ”ƒ–‹ ƒ•‡ȌǤ
Examples in Action:
• Golaknath Case (1967):Š‡ ‘—”–†‡ Žƒ”‡†ƒƒ‡†‡–Ž‹‹–‹‰ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹‰Š–•ƒ•— ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽǤ
• Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973):Š‡ ‘—”–‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡̶ƒ•‹  –”— –—”‡‘ –”‹‡ǡ̶Ž‹‹–‹‰ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–̵•
ƒ‡†‡–’‘™‡”Ǥ
• Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain Case (1975):ƒ‡†‡–’”‘–‡ –‹‰–Š‡”‹‡‹‹•–‡”ˆ”‘‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•
™ƒ••–”— †‘™Ǥ
Š‡ • ƒ† „ƒŽƒ ‡• ‰‘ „‡›‘† Ž‡ƒ” •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ƒ Š „”ƒ Š ’Žƒ›• ƒ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ”‘Ž‡ǡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰ –‘ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–
‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ǤŠ‹••›•–‡‹•˜‹–ƒŽ–‘ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Š›†‡‘ ”ƒ ›ǡ‡•—”‹‰‘•‹‰Ž‡‡–‹–›Š‘Ž†•ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡’‘™‡”ƒ† ‹–‹œ‡•̵
”‹‰Š–•ƒ”‡’”‘–‡ –‡†Ǥ


KEYWORDS: Š‡ •ƒ†ƒŽƒ ‡•Ǣ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›Ǣš‡ —–‹˜‡ǡ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ǡƒ† —†‹ ‹ƒŽ˜‡”Žƒ’Ǣ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ
˜‡””‡ƒ ŠǢ ƒ”‘‹‘—•‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘Ǣ‘ –”‹‡‘ˆ”‘•’‡ –‹˜‡˜‡””—Ž‹‰ǢŽ–”ƒ˜‹”‡•̵ȋ‡›‘†–Š‡’‘™‡”•ȌǢ—Ž‡
‘ˆƒ™ƒ†“—ƒŽ‹–›

Previous Year Question
ͳǤ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ–‹–Š‡–‹ ƒŽ–‘–Š‡†‘ –”‹‡‘ˆ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”•ƒ•‡˜‹•ƒ‰‡†‹–Š‡ †‹ƒ ʹͲʹͲ
‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ –Š‹• ‘–‡š–Œ—•–‹ˆ›–Š‡ˆ‹Ž‹‰‘ˆƒŽƒ”‰‡—„‡”‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ‹–‡”‡•–’‡–‹–‹‘•’”ƒ›‹‰ˆ‘”
‹••—‹‰‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•Ǥ
ʹǤ ‘ ›‘— –Š‹ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ †‘‡• ‘– ƒ ‡’– –Š‡ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ ‘ˆ •–”‹ – •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‘™‡”• ʹͲͳͻ
”ƒ–Š‡”‹–‹•based on the principle of ‘checks and balance’? Explain
͵Ǥ ‡•‘”–‹‰–‘‘”†‹ƒ ‡•Šƒ•ƒŽ™ƒ›•”ƒ‹•‡† ‘ ‡”‘˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•’‹”‹–‘ˆ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”• ʹͲͳͷ
†‘ –”‹‡ǤŠ‹Ž‡‘–‹‰–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡•Œ—•–‹ˆ›‹‰–Š‡’‘™‡”–‘’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‡‘”†‹ƒ ‡•ǡƒƒŽ›œ‡™Š‡–Š‡”
–Š‡†‡ ‹•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–‘–Š‡‹••—‡Šƒ˜‡ˆ—”–Š‡”ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡†”‡•‘”–‹‰–‘–Š‹•’‘™‡”ǤŠ‘—Ž†
–Š‡’‘™‡”–‘’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‡‘”†‹ƒ ‡•„‡”‡’‡ƒŽ‡†ǫ
ͶǤ Starting from inventing the ‘basic structure’ doctrine, the judiciary has played a highly proactive role ʹͲͳͶ
‹‡•—”‹‰–Šƒ– †‹ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’•‹–‘ƒ–Š”‹˜‹‰†‡‘ ”ƒ ›Ǥ Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‡–ǡ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡–Š‡”‘Ž‡
’Žƒ›‡†„›Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹•‹ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ•‘ˆ†‡‘ ”ƒ ›Ǥ
ͷǤ Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–‘ˆ †‹ƒ‡‡’•ƒ Š‡ ‘–Š‡ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–‹ƒ‡†‹‰–Š‡ ʹͲͳ͵
‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ‹• —•• ”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

11 PARLIAMENT AND STATE LEGISLATURES - STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONING, CONDUCT OF

BUSINESS, POWERS & PRIVILEGES, AND ISSUES ARISING OUT OF THESE

Š‡ •–”‡‰–Š ƒ† ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ› †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ •›•–‡ Žƒ”‰‡Ž› ”‡•– ‘ ‹–• Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ „‘†‹‡•̵ ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ
‡ˆˆ‹ ƒ ›Ǥ  †‹ƒǡ–Š‡‡••‡ ‡‘ˆ†‡‘ ”ƒ ›‹• —’Š‡Ž†„›‘—”ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ƒ†–ƒ–‡‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡•Ǥ•–Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ
’‹ŽŽƒ”•‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†̵•Žƒ”‰‡•–†‡‘ ”ƒ ›ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ‹—’Š‘Ž†‹‰ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǡŽƒ™Ǧƒ‹‰ǡŠ‘Ž†‹‰–Š‡
‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡ǡƒ†”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰–Š‡™‹ŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
FEATURES OF PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
• Nominal and Real Executives: Š‡”‡•‹†‡–•‡”˜‡•ƒ•–Š‡†‡Œ—”‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡”‹‡‹‹•–‡”ˆ— –‹‘•ƒ•
–Š‡†‡ˆƒ –‘‡š‡ —–‹˜‡Ǥ
• Collective Responsibility: Š‡ ‹‹•–‡”• ƒ”‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ǡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ› –‘ –Š‡ ‘
ƒ„Šƒȋ”–‹ Ž‡͹ͷȌǤ
• Majority Party Rule: Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–›™‹–ŠƒƒŒ‘”‹–›‹‘ƒ„Šƒˆ‘”•–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Double Membership:Š‡‹‹•–‡”•ƒ”‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ„‘–Š–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡Ǥ
• Leadership of the Prime Minister: Š‡”‹‡‹‹•–‡”‹•–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽˆ‹‰—”‡‹–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›•›•–‡Ǥ
• Political Homogeneity: Š‡ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž ‘ˆ ‹‹•–‡”• –›’‹ ƒŽŽ› „‡Ž‘‰ –‘ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–›ǡ
‡•—”‹‰‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘•‹•–‡ ›Ǥ
• Dissolution of Lower House: Š‡ ‘ ƒ„Šƒ ƒ „‡ †‹••‘Ž˜‡† „› –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡– —’‘ –Š‡ ”‹‡ ‹‹•–‡”̵•
”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Secrecy: ‹‹•–‡”•ƒ”‡„‘—†„›–Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡‘ˆ•‡ ”‡ ›‘ˆ’”‘ ‡†—”‡ǡƒ† ƒ‘–†‹˜—Ž‰‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹”
’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•ǡ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡƒ††‡ ‹•‹‘•Ǥ
Reasons for Adoption
• Avoidance of Legislative-Executive Conflicts: ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›•›•–‡”‡†— ‡• ‘ˆŽ‹ –•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡
ƒ†Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡„”ƒ Š‡•Ǥ
• Familiarity with the System: Š‡ †‹ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘Šƒ†„‡‡ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›•›•–‡†—‡
–‘–Š‡”‹–‹•Š‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡Ǥ
• Representation: ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›•›•–‡ƒŽŽ‘™•”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—••‡ –‹‘•ǡ‹–‡”‡•–•ǡƒ†”‡‰‹‘•‹–Š‡
‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Preference for Responsibility: ”ǤǤǤ„‡†ƒ”Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”ƒ†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡–‘‡šŠ‹„‹–„‘–Š
•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
FUNCTIONS OF THE PARLIAMENT
• Law-makingǣ Š‡ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ‹• ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ƒ‹‰ ‡™ Žƒ™•ǡ ƒ‡†‹‰ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ‘‡•ǡ ƒ† ‡˜‡ ƒ‹‰
Šƒ‰‡•–‘–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
• Control over executiveǣŠ‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Š‘Ž†•–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡—•‹‰˜ƒ”‹‘—•‡ Šƒ‹•••— Šƒ•–Š‡‘Ǧ
‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡‘–‹‘ǡ ‡•—”‡‘–‹‘ǡƒ†“—‡•–‹‘Š‘—”Ǥ
• Election functionǣŠ‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡•‹–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ƒ†‹ ‡”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ –‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹–ƒŽ•‘
‡Ž‡ –•–Š‡Šƒ‹”’‡”•‘‘ˆ‡ƒ Š ‘—•‡ƒ†Š‡ƒ†•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”› ‘‹––‡‡•Ǥ
• Management of financesǣ Š‡ ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ ƒ‘– ™‹–Š†”ƒ™ ‘” —•‡ ˆ—†• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡† —† ‘ˆ †‹ƒ
™‹–Š‘—– –Š‡ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–̵• ƒ—–Š‘”‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ „—†‰‡– ‹• ’”‡•‡–‡† „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ƒ† • ”—–‹‹œ‡† „›
‘‹––‡‡•Ž‹‡–Š‡—„Ž‹  ‘—–•‘‹––‡‡ƒ†•–‹ƒ–‡•‘‹––‡‡Ǥ
• Quasi-Judicial functionsǣŠ‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–‡š‡” ‹•‡•“—ƒ•‹ǦŒ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ’‘™‡”•ǤŠ‹•‹ Ž—†‡•–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹“—‹”›
‘‹––‡‡•ǡ–Š‡‹’‡ƒ Š‡–’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ǡ–Š‡”‡‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆŒ—†‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹‰Š‘—”–ƒ†—’”‡‡‘—”–ǡ
ƒ†—’Š‘Ž†‹‰’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡•Ǥ
ISSUES FACED BY INDIAN LEGISLATURE
• Decline in the number of sittingsǣŠ‡ͳ͹–Š‘ƒ„Šƒ•ƒ–ˆ‘”ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆͳǡ͵ͷͶŠ‘—”•ǡ™Š‹ Š‹••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›Ž‡••–Šƒ
–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”ƒŽŽˆ—ŽŽǦ–‡”‘ƒ„ŠƒǤ
• Discipline and decorumǣŠ‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Šƒ•„‡‡Ž‘•‹‰˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡–‹‡†—‡–‘†‹•”—’–‹‘•ƒ†‹†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡ƒ‘‰
‡„‡”•Ǥ
• Low representation of womenǣ‡•’‹–‡ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ™‘‡‹–Š‡‘ƒ„Šƒ‘˜‡”–Š‡›‡ƒ”•ǡ
‹–•–‹ŽŽ”‡ƒ‹•Ž‘™ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‘–Š‡”†‡‘ ”ƒ ‹‡•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
• Resort to Money Bill routeǣ‡˜‡”ƒŽ„‹ŽŽ•–Šƒ–†‘‘–•–”‹ –Ž›ˆ‹–‹–‘–Š‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”›‘ˆ‘‡›‹ŽŽ•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’ƒ••‡†
ƒ••— Šǡƒ˜‘‹†‹‰• ”—–‹›ƒ††‡„ƒ–‡‹–Š‡ƒŒ›ƒƒ„ŠƒǤ
• Inadequate Discussionǣ‹ŽŽ•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡’ƒ••‡†™‹–Š‹‹ƒŽ†‹• —••‹‘ƒ†‘ˆ–‡„›˜‘‹ ‡˜‘–‡ǡ™Š‹ ŠŽ‡ƒ†•–‘ƒ
Žƒ ‘ˆ–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›ƒ††‡„ƒ–‡Ǥ
• Reduced Scrutiny by Parliamentary Committeesǣ ‡™‡”„‹ŽŽ•ƒ”‡„‡‹‰”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›‘‹––‡‡•
ˆ‘”†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹Ž‡͸ͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ•‹–Š‡ͳͶ–Š‘ƒ„Šƒƒ†͹ͳΨ‹–Š‡ͳͷ–Š‘ƒ„Šƒ™‡”‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†
–‘• ‘ ‡”‡†ǡ–Š‹•’”‘’‘”–‹‘ ƒ‡†‘™–‘ʹͷΨ‹–Š‡ͳ͸–Š‘ƒ„ŠƒǤ
• Uncodified Parliamentary PrivilegesǣŠ‡Žƒ ‘ˆ ‘†‹ˆ‹‡†”—Ž‡•‘’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡•Šƒ•Ž‡†–‘ ‘ ‡”•
‘˜‡”–Š‡‹”‹•—•‡Ǥ
• Legislation through Ordinancesǣ Š‡”‡ Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ Žƒ™• „‡‹‰ ’ƒ••‡† –Š”‘—‰Š
‘”†‹ƒ ‡•ǡ„›’ƒ••‹‰–Š‡—•—ƒŽŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
PRODUCTIVITY IN THE PARLIAMENT
ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– •‡”˜‡• ƒ• –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ‘—– †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ˆ‘”— ‹ ƒ ‘—–”›ǡ •Šƒ’‹‰ ‹–• †‡•–‹› –Š”‘—‰Š †‡„ƒ–‡ǡ
†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ††‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡†‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ǡ‡˜‹†‡–‹”‡ ‡–
•‡••‹‘•ǡ”ƒ‹•‡• ‘ ‡”•ƒ„‘—––Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ–Š‹• ”— ‹ƒŽ†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
‡ƒ•‘•ˆ‘”‘™”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ǣ
• Institutional decline: ‡›’‘•‹–‹‘••— Šƒ•‡’—–›’‡ƒ‡”‘ˆ‘ƒ„Šƒƒ†‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ’’‘•‹–‹‘Šƒ˜‡‘–„‡‡
ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†ǡ†‡•’‹–‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•Ǥ
• Increasing disruptions: ‘–‡–‹‘—• ‹••—‡• •— Š ƒ• –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ•—• ‘–”‘˜‡”•›ǡ ˆƒ” „‹ŽŽ•ǡ‹ˆŽƒ–‹‘ ‘ ‡”•ǡ ƒ†
†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–•‘˜‡”˜ƒ”‹‘—•„‹ŽŽ•Šƒ˜‡†‹•”—’–‡†”‡ ‡–•‡••‹‘•Ǥ
• Inadequate time for Opposition: ’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‡„‡”• ‡š’”‡•• †‹••ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ ‘˜‡” ‹•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– –‹‡ –‘ ƒ‹”
‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡•Ǥ
• Violation of parliamentary norms: †‹• ‹’Ž‹‡ ƒ‘‰ ‡„‡”•ǡ •— Š ƒ• –Š‡ —”—Ž› „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” †—”‹‰ –Š‡
„‹ˆ—” ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ‹•ƒ ‘ ‡”Ǥ
• Insufficient time for unlisted discussion: ‹‹–‡† –‹‡ ˆ‘” —Ž‹•–‡† “—‡•–‹‘• ƒ† ‘„Œ‡ –‹‘• ƒŽ•‘ –”‹‰‰‡”•
†‹•”—’–‹‘•Ǥ
• Unresponsive government attitude: •–ƒ ‡•Ž‹‡”‡ˆ—•ƒŽ –‘ˆ‘”ƒ ‘‹– ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›‘‹––‡‡‘ –Š‡ʹ 
• ƒŠƒ˜‡–”‹‰‰‡”‡††‹•”—’–‹‘•Ǥ
• Absence of prompt disciplinary action: ƒ ‘ˆ Ž‡ƒ””—Ž‡•ƒ†ƒ –‹‘ƒ‰ƒ‹•–†‹•”—’–‘”•‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡•†‹•‘”†‡”Ž›
‘†— –Ǥ
Vital Stats on Functioning of the 17th Lok Sabha
‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡‡•‡ƒ” Š”‡’‘”–ˆ‹†‹‰ǣ
Š‡ͳ͹–Š‘ƒ„ŠƒȋȌŠ‡Ž†‹–••‡••‹‘•„‡–™‡‡ —‡ʹͲͳͻƒ† ‡„”—ƒ”›ʹͲʹͶǤ—”‹‰–Š‹•’‡”‹‘†ǡ
• –Š‡Ž†ʹ͹Ͷ•‹––‹‰•ƒ†’ƒ••‡†ͳ͹ͻ‹ŽŽ•ȋ‡š Ž—†‹‰ ‹ƒ ‡ƒ†’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‹‘‹ŽŽ•ȌǤ
• —‡•–‹‘ ‘—”ˆ— –‹‘‡†ˆ‘”͸ͲΨ‘ˆ• Š‡†—Ž‡†–‹‡‹ƒ†ͷʹΨ‹ƒŒ›ƒƒ„ŠƒǤ
• ‡™‡•–•‹––‹‰•ƒ‘‰•–ƒŽŽˆ—ŽŽǦ–‡”‘ƒ„Šƒ•™‹–ŠʹͲ͸‹•–ƒ ‡•‘ˆ•—•’‡•‹‘‘ˆ‡„‡”•‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ
o ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ƒ—ƒŽ•‹––‹‰†ƒ›•†‘™–‘ͷͷˆ”‘ͳ͵ͷ‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Ǥ
• ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡ǡ†‹†‘–‡Ž‡ –ƒ‡’—–›’‡ƒ‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡‡–‹”‡†—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Article 93 of the Constitution requires that LS elect a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker ‘as soon as may be’.
• ‹‡•’‡–‘„—†‰‡–†‹• —••‹‘•Šƒ•”‡†— ‡†™‹–Šƒ„‘—–ͺͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡„—†‰‡–˜‘–‡†™‹–Š‘—–†‹• —••‹‘Ǥ

SUGGESTED PARLIAMENTARY REFORMS

• Fix a minimum number of sittingsǣ•—”‹‰ƒ‹‹——„‡”‘ˆ•‡••‹‘•ǡ•— Šƒ•ͳʹͲˆ‘”–Š‡‘ƒ„Šƒƒ†
ͳͲͲˆ‘”–Š‡ƒŒ›ƒƒ„Šƒǡ ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–̵•’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ƒ†ˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ǥ
• Codify Parliamentary Privilegesǣ Ž‡ƒ” ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”› ’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡• ƒ ’”‡˜‡– –Š‡‹” ‹•—•‡ ƒ†
ƒ„‹‰—‹–›Ǥ
• Review of Anti-Defection law: ‘”†‡”–‘”‡˜‹˜‡†‡„ƒ–‡ƒ††‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ǡ–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ™Š‹’ ƒ
„‡”‡•–”‹ –‡†–‘‘Ǧ ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡‘–‹‘‘Ž›Ǥ
• Strengthen Departmental Committees and Accountabilityǣ ’”‘˜‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ †‡’ƒ”–‡–ƒŽ
‘‹––‡‡•Ž‹‡Ž‘‰‡”–‡—”‡ȋ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡•‡–‘‡›‡ƒ”Ȍǡ’”‘‘–‹‰•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ
• Improve the quality of Legislationǣ –”‡ƒŽ‹‹‰ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ— –‹‘•ǡ ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š „‡––‡” —–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ™
‘‹••‹‘ǡ ƒ‡Šƒ ‡–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ

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• Enhance information supply for Membersǣ‡‡’‹‰‡„‡”•‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–—’†ƒ–‡†™‹–Š†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‹ƒ”‡ƒ•
‘ˆ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”› ‘ ‡” ƒ‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ†‡„ƒ–‡•ƒ††‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰Ǥ
• Curbing Criminalization of Politics and •–”‹ – ‘†‡‘ˆ ‘†— –™‹ŽŽ Improve the quality of MembersǤ
• Improve the public image of Parliamentǣ ‡••–‘’—„Ž‹ ‘’‹‹‘ƒ†ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰ƒ„‡––‡””‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’™‹–Š–Š‡
’—„Ž‹  ƒ‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–̵•‹ƒ‰‡Ǥ
• Use of technology for virtual meetingsǣ‡˜‡”ƒ‰‹‰–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ˆ‘”˜‹”–—ƒŽ‡‡–‹‰• ƒ‡•—”‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡™‘”
‘–‹—‡•†—”‹‰ ”‹•‡•ǡŽ‹‡–Š‡ Ǧͳͻ’ƒ†‡‹ Ǥ
• Introduction of Legislative Impact Assessment: –”‘†— ‹‰ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ‹’ƒ – ƒ••‡••‡–• ƒ ‹’”‘˜‡
ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ†Ž‡‰ƒŽ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’”‘’‘•‡†Žƒ™•Ǥ

Keywords:—„Ž‹  ‘—–•‘‹––‡‡ǡ•–‹ƒ–‡•‘‹––‡‡ǡQuasi-Judicial, —‡•–‹‘ ‘—”ǡAnti-Defection law,

™Š‹’‘”†‡”ǡ Criminalization of Politics, Legislative Impact Assessment,

PARLIAMENTARY PRIVILEGES
‹–ƒ‘”‡˜Ǥ‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒȋʹͲʹͶȌǡƒ•‡˜‡ǦŒ—†‰‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘„‡ Š‘ˆ–Š‡‘˜‡””—Ž‡†‹–•ͳͻͻͺŒ—†‰‡–‹–Š‡
ƒ”ƒ•‹Šƒƒ‘ ƒ•‡Ǥ  —””‡–Œ—†‰‡‡––Š‡•ƒ‹†–Šƒ–‡‰‹•Žƒ–‘”• ƒ‘– Žƒ‹‹—‹–›ˆ”‘’”‘•‡ —–‹‘ˆ‘”
–ƒ‹‰„”‹„‡•ˆ‘”•’‡‡ ŠȀ˜‘–‡‹–Š‡Š‘—•‡ǣ
Key highlights of Judgement:
• Bribery is not immuneǣ•Ȁ•ƒ —•‡†‘ˆ–ƒ‹‰„”‹„‡• ƒ‘– Žƒ‹ƒ›‹—‹–›ˆ”‘’”‘•‡ —–‹‘—†‡”
”–‹ Ž‡•ͳͲͷƒ†ͳͻͶ‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
• Two-fold tes–ǣ••‡”–‹‘‘ˆƒ’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡„›ƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽȀ™‘—Ž†„‡‰‘˜‡”‡†„›ƒ™‘ˆ‘Ž†–‡•–ǣ
ƒǤ ”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡ Žƒ‹‡†Šƒ•–‘„‡ ‘‡ –‡†–‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—•‡ǡƒ†
„Ǥ –•‡ ‡••‹–›—•–„‡ƒ”ƒˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’–‘–Š‡†‹• Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ†—–‹‡•‘ˆƒŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‘”Ǥ
• Jurisdiction of criminal court: ”‹‹ƒŽ ‘—”–• ƒ”‡ ‘– ‡š Ž—†‡† ˆ”‘ Š‡ƒ”‹‰„”‹„‡”› ƒ•‡• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‘”•
‡”‡Ž›„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–ƒ›ƒŽ•‘„‡–”‡ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡ ‘—•‡ƒ• ‘–‡’–‘”ƒ„”‡ƒ Š‘ˆ‹–•’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡Ǥ
• Scope of parliamentary privileges: Purpose of parliamentary privilege to provide legislators platform to “speak”
and “vote” without fear is equally applicable to:
ƒǤ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•–‘–Š‡ƒŒ›ƒƒ„Šƒƒ†
„Ǥ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ƒ†‹ ‡”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ
Parliamentary Privileges and Their Evolution:
• ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ‹—‹–›‡Œ‘›‡†„›‡„‡”•‘ˆŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡•ǡ‹™Š‹ ŠŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‘”•ƒ”‡‰”ƒ–‡†
’”‘–‡ –‹‘ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‹˜‹Ž ‘” ”‹‹ƒŽ Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ˆ‘” ‡”–ƒ‹ ƒ –‹‘• †‘‡ ‘” •–ƒ–‡‡–• ƒ†‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘—”•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹”
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡†—–‹‡•Ǥ
• Origin at British Parliament: –”‘†— ‡†–‘’”‘–‡ –Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‘”•‹–Š‡
‘—•‡‘ˆ‘‘•ˆ”‘ƒ””‡•–ƒ†Šƒ”ƒ••‡–™Š‡–Š‡› ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡† Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡•ƒ”‡„ƒ•‡†
–Š‡‘ƒ” Š›Ǥ ‘ˆ‹˜‡•‘—” ‡•ǡƒ‡Ž›ǡ
• Adoption in Indian context: †‹ƒ̵• ˆ‘—†‹‰ ˆƒ–Š‡”• ’”‘˜‹†‡† ͳǤ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘˜‹•‹‘•ǡ
ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‘ˆ •’‡‡ Š –‘ ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”‹ƒ• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ Š‘—•‡ǡ ʹǤ ƒ”‹‘—•Žƒ™•ƒ†‡„›ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ǡ
‡˜‡ ƒ• ‹–‹œ‡•̵ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ”‡ƒ‹‡† ”‡•–”‹ –‡†Ǥ Š‹• †‡ ‹•‹‘ ™ƒ• ͵Ǥ —Ž‡•‘ˆ„‘–Š–Š‡ ‘—•‡•ǡ
—’Š‡Ž†„›–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–Ǥ ͶǤ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”› ‘˜‡–‹‘•ǡ
• Power to Codify: Š‡ ˆ‘—†‹‰ ˆƒ–Š‡”• ˜‡•–‡† –Š‡ ’‘™‡” –‘ ‘†‹ˆ› ͷǤ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•
’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡• ™‹–Š ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘ ˆƒ”ǡ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ”‡•‹•–
‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ˆ‡ƒ”‹‰ƒŽ‘••‘ˆ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›•‘˜‡”‡‹‰–›ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†‹–Š‡ǤǤƒ”•‹Šƒƒ‘ƒ•‡Ǥ
Importance of Parliamentary Privileges:
• Ensuring Functionality: ”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡••— Šƒ•ˆ”‡‡†‘ˆ”‘ƒ””‡•–ƒ†ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ•’‡‡ Š’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›‡š‹•––‘‡•—”‡
–Š‡ ‘—•‡ ƒ’‡”ˆ‘”‹–•ˆ— –‹‘•™‹–Š‘—–Š‹†”ƒ ‡Ǥ
• •—”‡ƒ––‡†ƒ ‡‘ˆ‹’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›•‡••‹‘Ǥ
• Protection of Members: Š‡ ’‘™‡” –‘ ’—‹•Š ˆ‘” ‘–‡’– ƒ† –‘ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‡ ‹–• ‘™ „—•‹‡•• ‡š‹•–• ˆ‘” –Š‡
’”‘–‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‡„‡”•ǡˆ‘”ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—•‡̵•ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ƒ††‹‰‹–›Ǥ
• Preventing External Interference: ”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡•ƒ”‡‰”ƒ–‡†–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‘”•–‘ ƒ””›‘—––Š‡‹”†—–‹‡•™‹–Š‘—–
ˆ‡ƒ”‘”ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ†–‘’”‡˜‡–‡š–‡”ƒŽ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥ

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Provisions that grant legislators immunity from prosecution
• Article 105†‡ƒŽ•™‹–Š–Š‡’‘™‡”•ƒ†’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡•‘ˆ„‘–Š ‘—•‡•‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ†‹–•‡„‡”•ƒ† ‘‹––‡‡•Ǥ
ȋ”–‹ Ž‡ͳͻͶǦˆ‘”•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ȍ
• Right to Prohibit Publication of Proceedingsǣ”–‹ Ž‡ͳͲͷȋʹȌ•–‹’—Žƒ–‡•–Šƒ–‘’‡”•‘•ŠƒŽŽ„‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡‹”‡•’‡ –‘ˆ
–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘„›‘”—†‡”–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‘ˆ‡‹–Š‡” ‘—•‡‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–‘ˆƒ›”‡’‘”–ǡ’ƒ’‡”ǡ˜‘–‡•‘”’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•Ǥ
ȋ”–‹ Ž‡ͳͻͶȋʹȌǦˆ‘”•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ȍ
• Freedom from Arrest:‘†‡‘ˆ‹˜‹Ž”‘ ‡†—”‡ǡͳͻͲͺ’”‘˜‹†‡•–Šƒ–‡„‡”• ƒ‡Œ‘›ˆ”‡‡†‘ˆ”‘ƒ””‡•–‹ƒ›
‹˜‹Ž ƒ•‡ͶͲ†ƒ›•„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ†ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ƒ†Œ‘—”‡–‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘—•‡ƒ†ƒŽ•‘™Š‡–Š‡Š‘—•‡‹•‹•‡••‹‘Ǥ
o However, this privilege is limited to civil cases. An MP doesn’t enjoy any immunity against action in a criminal
ƒ•‡ǡ†—”‹‰–Š‡•‡••‹‘‘”‘–Š‡”™‹•‡Ǥ
• Freedom of Speech in Parliament:Article 105(2) states that “No member is liable to any proceedings in any court
for anything said or any vote given by him in Parliament or its committees”. This freedom is subject to the provisions
‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†–‘–Š‡”—Ž‡•ƒ†’”‘ ‡†—”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ǡƒ••–ƒ–‡†—†‡””–‹ Ž‡ͳͳͺ‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
o  ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ”–‹ Ž‡ͳʹͳ”‡•–”‹ –•‡„‡”•ˆ”‘†‹• —••‹‰–Š‡ ‘†— –‘ˆŒ—†‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–ƒ† ‹‰Š
‘—”–Ǥ
• ”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡• „ƒ•‡† ‘ —Ž‡• ‘ˆ ”‘ ‡†—”‡ ƒ† ’”‡ ‡†‡–•ǣ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ”‡•‡”˜‡• –Š‡ ”‹‰Š– –‘ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡ ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ””‡•–ǡ†‡–‡–‹‘ǡ ‘˜‹ –‹‘ǡ‹’”‹•‘‡–ǡƒ†”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡‘ˆƒ‡„‡”‘ƒ ”‹‹ƒŽ Šƒ”‰‡‘”ˆ‘”
ƒ ”‹‹ƒŽ‘ˆˆ‡ ‡Ǥ
• ‹‰Š– –‘ š Ž—†‡ –”ƒ‰‡”•ǣ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‘—•‡ Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ’‘™‡” ƒ† ”‹‰Š– –‘ ‡š Ž—†‡ •–”ƒ‰‡”• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ‘–
‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘—•‡ˆ”‘–Š‡’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•ǤŠ‹•”‹‰Š–‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”•‡ —”‹‰ˆ”‡‡ƒ†ˆƒ‹”†‹• —••‹‘‹–Š‡Š‘—•‡Ǥ
• Also, as per the provisions of Article 122, the validity of any proceeding of Parliament can’t be inquired into by a
‘—”–‘–Š‡‰”‘—†•‘ˆƒŽŽ‡‰‡†‹””‡‰—Žƒ”‹–›‘ˆ’”‘ ‡†—”‡Ǥ
ROLE OF OPPOSITION
Š‡‡••‡ ‡‘ˆƒ˜‹„”ƒ–†‡‘ ”ƒ ›Ž‹‡•‹–Š‡ ‘•–ƒ– Š—”‹‰‘ˆ†‹˜‡”•‡˜‹‡™’‘‹–•ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡’’‘•‹–‹‘’Žƒ›‹‰ƒ
’‹˜‘–ƒŽ”‘Ž‡Ǥ•–”‘‰’’‘•‹–‹‘•–ƒ†•ƒ•ƒ‡ ‡••ƒ”› ‘—–‡”„ƒŽƒ ‡–‘–Š‡”—Ž‹‰’ƒ”–›ǡ‡•—”‹‰–Š‡’Ž—”ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ
˜‘‹ ‡•ǡƒ†—’Š‘Ž†‹‰†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•Ǥ
Role of Opposition in Indian Democracy:
• Act as the Voice of the Voicelessǣ ’Š‘Ž†‹‰ –Š‡ ˜‹‡™• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ ’’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ –• ƒ• –Š‡ ˜‘‹ ‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡
—Š‡ƒ”†ǡƒ••‡‡†—”‹‰–Š‡‡š–‡•‹‘‘ˆǦ ƒ”‹„ƒŽ›ƒ‘Œƒƒ†—”‹‰–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‘ †‘™Ǥ
• Ensuring AccountabilityǣŠ‡’’‘•‹–‹‘Š‘Ž†•–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”‹–•ƒ –‹‘•ƒ†ƒ†Š‡”‡ ‡–‘‹–•
ƒ‹ˆ‡•–‘ǡŽ‹‡–Š‡ ‘„‹‡†‡ˆˆ‘”–‘ˆ’’‘•‹–‹‘’ƒ”–‹‡•‹ʹͲͳʹƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‘””—’–‹‘Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‹‰‘ˆ‘’ƒŽǤ
Issues with the Opposition in India:
• Electoral Strengthǣ ’’‘•‹–‹‘ ’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ †‹ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘‰”‡•• ȋ Ȍǡ ‘ˆ–‡ Žƒ  –Š‡ —‡”‹ ƒŽ
•–”‡‰–Š–‘ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–Š‡”—Ž‹‰’ƒ”–›‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
• United EffortsǣŠ‡’’‘•‹–‹‘ –‡†•–‘„‡†‹˜‹†‡†„‡–™‡‡ ’ƒ”–› ƒ†”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ‹–‡”‡•–•ǡ ™‹–Šƒ›”‡ƒ‹‹‰
•‹Ž‡–‘‹••—‡•‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡‹”ˆ‘”–‡Ǥ
• Defectionǣ ”‹‘”‹–‹œ‹‰ •‡ŽˆǦ‹–‡”‡•– ‘˜‡” ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹–‡”‡•– Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ †‡ˆ‡ –‹‘•ǡ ™‡ƒ‡‹‰ –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ
’’‘•‹–‹‘ǡƒ•™‹–‡••‡†‹–Š‡ʹͲͳͻƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
Needed Reforms:
• Legal Reformǣ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•™Š‡”‡‘’ƒ”–›‹’’‘•‹–‹‘•‡ —”‡•ͷͷ‘”‘”‡•‡ƒ–•ǡ–Š‡—‡”‹ ƒŽŽ›Žƒ”‰‡•–’ƒ”–›
‹–Š‡’’‘•‹–‹‘•Š‘—Ž†„‡”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†ƒ•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡’’‘•‹–‹‘„›–Š‡’‡ƒ‡”Ǥ
• Reforms in StatusǣŠ‡ͳͲΨˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘‹•‹ ‘•‹•–‡–™‹–Š̵–Š‡•ƒŽƒ”›ƒ†ƒŽŽ‘™ƒ ‡•‘ˆŽ‡ƒ†‡”•‘ˆ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘‹
ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– –ǡͳͻ͹͹̵ǡ™Š‹ Š•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’’‘•‹–‹‘’ƒ”–›•Š‘—Ž†‰‡––Š‡’‘•–Ǥ
• National Interestǣ Š‡ ’’‘•‹–‹‘ •Š‘—Ž† —‹–‡ ƒ ”‘•• ’ƒ”–› Ž‹‡• ‘ ‹••—‡• ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘” ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ
‹’‘”–ƒ ‡Ǥ
• Strengthening Anti-Defection Lawǣ ‡˜‹•‹–‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ–‹Ǧ†‡ˆ‡ –‹‘ Žƒ™• ƒ Š‡Ž’ —”„ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ †‡ˆ‡ –‹‘• ƒ†
•–”‡‰–Š‡–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ’’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ


KEY TERMS: ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›‹•”—’–‹‘ †‡šǡ š’—Ž•‹‘ǡ—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ‹–›ǡ‡ˆƒƒ–‹‘ǡ‡ƒ†‡”•‘ˆ’’‘•‹–‹‘

LOW PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN POLITICS

Status of Women Participation and Relevant Data

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• India's ranking is a concerning 141st among 185 countries according to the Inter-Parliamentary Union
(IPU),™‹–Š™‘‡ƒ‹‰—’‘Ž›ͳͷǤʹΨ‘ˆ–Š‡‘™‡” ‘—•‡‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ
• State legislatures present an equally bleak picture, with an average of only 8% women representation.
Bihar and Rajasthan•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›‘—–’‡”ˆ‘”‘–Š‡”•–ƒ–‡•™‹–Šƒƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͳͳΨ–‘ͳʹΨ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Challenges Hindering Women's Participation in Parliament
• Patriarchal Influence: Š‡’‡”˜ƒ•‹˜‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆƒŽ‡‡„‡”•‹†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰‘˜‡”•Šƒ†‘™•–Š‡’‘™‡”Š‡Ž†
„›™‘‡ǡ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›˜‹•‹„Ž‡‹–Š‡ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–‹ƒŒ•›•–‡–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡’Š‡‘‡‘‘ˆ̵ƒ”’ƒ Šƒ–‹̵Ǥ
• Work-Life Balance: ‘‡•–‹ ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ†•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ™‘‡‘ˆ–‡‹–‡””—’––Š‡‹”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ
ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Financial Constraints:  ‘‘‹ †‡’‡†‡ ›ƒ†Ž‹‹–‡†ƒ ‡••–‘”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ –ƒ••—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ‹’‡†‹‡–•–‘
™‘‡̵•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–Ǥ
• Identity Masking: ‘‡ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ–‡ ™‹ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘• „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡‹” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–› ƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘” ˆƒ‹Ž›
„ƒ ‰”‘—†ǡ‘„• —”‹‰–Š‡‹”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹†‡–‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Attitudinal Barriers: ”‡˜ƒŽ‡– •‡š‹•– „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• —†‡”‹‡ ™‘‡̵• ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡† „› ‹•–ƒ ‡• ™Š‡”‡
™‘‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‘”•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†‹•’ƒ”ƒ‰‡†ˆ‘”ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡‹”†—–‹‡•Ǥ
Significance of Women in Decision-Making Bodies
• Gender-sensitive Approach: ‡ƒŽ‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‘”•‘ˆ–‡ˆ‘ —•‘”‡‘™‘‡Ǧ ‡–”‹ ‹••—‡•ǡ‡˜‹†‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”
‘ˆˆ‡ƒŽ‡”ƒ†Šƒ•‹ †‹ƒƒ††”‡••‹‰ƒ––‡”•Ž‹‡•ƒ‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ•‡ŽˆǦŠ‡Ž’‰”‘—’•ǡ‡– Ǥ
• Efficiency in Governance: ‘—–”‹‡• Ž‡† „› ™‘‡ǡ •— Š ƒ• ‡”ƒ› ƒ† ‡™ ‡ƒŽƒ†ǡ Šƒ˜‡ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡†
‘‡†ƒ„Ž‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡’ƒ†‡‹ ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ
• Diversity of perspectives: •™‘‡‘ˆ–‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ‘”•‘ˆ†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ–Š‡‹”
’”‡•‡ ‡ ƒ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘„‡––‡”•‡•‹–‹˜‹–›–‘™ƒ”†•‰‡†‡”Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†ƒ––‡”•ƒ†ƒ„”‘ƒ†‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ
‹••—‡•Ǥ
• Enhanced Responsiveness: ‡ƒŽ‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• Šƒ˜‡ ’”‘˜‡ –‘ „‡ ‘”‡ ”‡•’‘•‹˜‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‡‡†• ‘ˆ †‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡†
‰”‘—’•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰’”‘’–ƒ –‹‘‘ ”‹‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–™‘‡Ǥ
• International commitments and best practices:  Š‹‡˜‹‰ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™‘‡ ƒŽ‹‰• ™‹–Š
‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘‹–‡–•ǡ •— Š ƒ• –Š‡ ‹–‡† ƒ–‹‘• —•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ƒŽ ͷǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ‹• –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡
‰‡†‡”‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†‡’‘™‡”ƒŽŽ™‘‡ƒ†‰‹”Ž•Ǥ
Suggested Measures for Improvement
• Implement Zipper System: ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›™ƒ†ƒ™Š‡”‡‡˜‡”›–Š‹”†•‡ƒ–‹ƒ’ƒ”–›‹•”‡•‡”˜‡†ˆ‘”™‘‡Ǥ
• Challenge Stereotypes:  ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰™‘‡–‘•–‡’‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‘Ž‡•ƒ†–ƒ‡—’Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’’‘•‹–‹‘•Ǥ
• Promote Inner Party Democracy:  ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰‹–‡”ƒŽ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ˆ‘”˜ƒ”‹‘—•’‘•‹–‹‘•™‹–Š‹’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•Ǥ
• Elevate Women in Local Bodies: ”‘˜‹†‹‰‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”™‘‡‹Ž‘ ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡–‘•‡”˜‡ƒ–Š‹‰Š‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•
‹•–ƒ–‡ƒ••‡„Ž‹‡•ƒ†ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ
The reservation of seats for women in the institutions of local self-government has had a positive impact in
several ways:
• Increased representation: Š‡ ’‘Ž‹ › Šƒ• •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ™‘‡ ‹ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ǡ
ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰‰‡†‡”†‹˜‡”•‹–›‹†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰Ǥ
• Empowerment: ‘‡™Š‘Šƒ˜‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†‹Ž‘ ƒŽ•‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”‡–‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡‰ƒ‹‡† ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡ƒ†
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’•‹ŽŽ•Ǥ
• Decision-making: Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ™‘‡‹Ž‘ ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Šƒ•Ž‡†–‘ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡”ˆ‘ —•‘™‘‡Ǧ ‡–”‹ ‹••—‡•ǡ
•— Šƒ•Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†•ƒ‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• UN Women (2012) report: Š‹• ”‡’‘”– Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–• –Š‡ •— ‡•• •–‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ ™‘‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‹ ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–‹ ƒŒ
•–‹–—–‹‘•ƒ ”‘•• †‹ƒǤ –•Š‘™ ƒ•‡•Š‘™–Š‡”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘’‘Ž‹ ›Šƒ•‡’‘™‡”‡†™‘‡–‘–ƒ‡—’Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’
”‘Ž‡•ƒ†’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž›‹’ƒ ––Š‡‹” ‘—‹–‹‡•„›ˆ‘ —•‹‰‘‹••—‡••— Šƒ•‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Šǡƒ†™‘‡̵••ƒˆ‡–›Ǥ
However, the reservation policy has faced limitations in addressing the patriarchal character of the Indian
political process:
• Proxy candidates:  •‘‡ ƒ•‡•ǡ ™‘‡ ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ‡Ž‡ –‡† •‡”˜‡ ƒ• ’”‘š› ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ƒŽ‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡•ǡ
—†‡”‹‹‰–Š‡–”—‡‹–‡–‘ˆ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Ǥ
• Lack of resources and training: ƒ›‡Ž‡ –‡†™‘‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•Žƒ –Š‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ–”ƒ‹‹‰ǡƒ†
•—’’‘”––‘‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••ǡŽ‹‹–‹‰–Š‡‹”‹’ƒ –‘‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Ǥ

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• Entrenched gender stereotypes: ƒ–”‹ƒ” ŠƒŽ ‘”• ƒ† ‰‡†‡” •–‡”‡‘–›’‡• ‘–‹—‡ –‘ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ

ƒ––‹–—†‡•–‘™ƒ”†•™‘‡‹’‘Ž‹–‹ •ǡ‘ˆ–‡—†‡”‹‹‰–Š‡‹”ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••ƒ•Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ
–‹•™‘”–Š‘–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡ͳ͹–Š‘ƒ„ŠƒŠƒ†–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ™‘‡Žƒ™ƒ‡”•ƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘’”‡˜‹‘—•Ǥ
Ž•‘ǡ ˆ‡™ ‘–Š• „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ Ž‡ –‹‘• ‘ˆ ʹͲʹͶǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡– ‰ƒ˜‡ Š‹• ƒ••‡– –‘ ͳͲ͸–Š ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ
‡†‡– –ǡ’ƒ˜‹‰™ƒ›ˆ‘””‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‡ƒ–•ˆ‘”™‘‡‹ ‡–”ƒŽƒ†•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ‘‘‡”‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™‹•‡‡†–‘Ž‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡–Š‡—‹“—‡’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•ƒ†Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’™‘‡„”‹‰–‘–Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ


KEYWORDS: –ƒ–‡ ˆ—†‹‰ ‘ˆ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ –‡”Ǧƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”› ‹‘ ȋ Ȍ, ƒ”’ƒ Š ƒ–‹ǡ ‡†‡”Ǧ•‡•‹–‹˜‡
’’”‘ƒ Šǡ‘‡ǡ”‘š› ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•

ANTI-DEFECTION LAW
• The 52nd amendment 1985 –‘–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ††‡†–Š‡‡–Š Š‡†—Ž‡™Š‹ ŠŽƒ‹††‘™–Š‡’”‘ ‡••„›™Š‹ Š
legislators may be disqualified on grounds of defection. The main intent of the law was to combat “the evil of political
defections”
• Š‡‡–Š Š‡†—Ž‡ ‘–ƒ‹•–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰’”‘˜‹•‹‘•ǣ


Members of Political Parties ˆŠ‡˜‘Ž—–ƒ”‹Ž›‰‹˜‡•—’Š‹•‡„‡”•Š‹’‘ˆ•— Š’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–›

„•–ƒ‹•ˆ”‘˜‘–‹‰‹•— Š ‘—•‡ ‘–”ƒ”›–‘ƒ›†‹”‡ –‹‘‹••—‡†„›Š‹•

’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–›™‹–Š‘—–‘„–ƒ‹‹‰’”‹‘”’‡”‹••‹‘‘ˆ•— Š’ƒ”–›Ǥ

Independent Members ˆ•Š‡ȀŠ‡Œ‘‹•ƒ›’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–›ƒˆ–‡”•— Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘Ǥ

Nominated Members ˆŠ‡Œ‘‹•ƒ›’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–›ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‡š’‹”›‘ˆ•‹š‘–Š•ˆ”‘–Š‡†ƒ–‡‘

™Š‹ ŠŠ‡–ƒ‡•Š‹••‡ƒ–‹–Š‡ ‘—•‡Ǥ

Importance of Anti defection law:

• –™ƒ•‹–”‘†— ‡†–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹”—Ž‡‘ˆŽƒ™ǡ”‡†— ‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘””—’–‹‘ǡƒ†„”‹„‡”›Ǥ
• Increases faith: –‹Ǧ†‡ˆ‡ –‹‘ •—”‡• –Šƒ– ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡• ‡Ž‡ –‡† ™‹–Š ’ƒ”–› •—’’‘”– ƒ† ‘ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–›
ƒ‹ˆ‡•–‘•”‡ƒ‹Ž‘›ƒŽ–‘–Š‡’ƒ”–›’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Ǥ
• Reduced horse-trading: –‹Ǧ†‡ˆ‡ –‹‘ Žƒ™ ™ƒ• „”‘—‰Š– –‘ —”„ –Š‡ ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ ‘‡› ƒˆ–‡” ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡
Š‘—•‡ǤŠ‡Š‘”•‡Ǧ–”ƒ†‹‰ƒ†—•–ƒ„Ž‡‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ—•‡†„›‘‡›’‘™‡”ƒ†„”‹„‡”›™ƒ••ƒ‹†–‘„‡”ƒ’ƒ–‹
–Š‡ ”‘••Ǧ˜‘–‹‰
• Reduce money power: –Šƒ••— ‡‡†‡†‹”‡†— ‹‰–Š‡‘‡›’‘™‡”™‹–Š‹Š‘—•‡˜‘–‹‰ˆ‘”’ƒ••‹‰Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘
ƒ†–Š‡•—”˜‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Ensure Stability: –‹Ǧ†‡ˆ‡ –‹‘”‘˜‹†‡••–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–„›’”‡˜‡–‹‰•Š‹ˆ–•‘ˆ’ƒ”–›ƒŽŽ‡‰‹ƒ ‡Ǥ
• Party Discipline: –‹Ǧ†‡ˆ‡ –‹‘’”‘‘–‡•’ƒ”–›†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡Ǥ
Issues with Anti defection law:
• Affects the independence of the MPsǣ –˜‹‘Žƒ–‡•–Š‡‹”ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ•’‡‡ Šƒ†–Š‡› ƒ̵––ƒ‡ƒ›‹†‡’‡†‡–
•–ƒ†‘˜‡”‹••—‡Ǥ
• Injustice to the Constituencies: Those have elected them in the elections. Being the people’s representatives they
should be allowed to boldly air their grievances and speak up for their constituencies’ requirements.
• Accountability vs efficiency: Dr. B R Ambedkar ™Š‹Ž‡ †”ƒˆ–‹‰ ˆƒ˜‘—”‡† •–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘˜‡”
‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›–Š—•ƒ†‘’–‹‰’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›ˆ‘”‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǤŠ‡™‡ƒ‡‹‰‘ˆƒ–‹Ǧ†‡ˆ‡ –‹‘Žƒ™‡‹–Š‡”’”‘˜‹†‡•
‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‘”•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
• Limited deliberations: Š‡›Šƒ˜‡‹†‡‡†”‡†— ‡†–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›†‡„ƒ–‡•Ȁ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ – ‘—Ž†‹
–Š‡ Ž‘‰ ”— ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ ˆƒ—Ž–› Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š ˜ƒ”‹‘—• Ž‘‘’Š‘Ž‡•Ǥ – ‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ ’ƒ˜‡ ™ƒ› ˆ‘” †‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‡† Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘
”‡†‡”‹‰ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–‹‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‹–Š‡Ž‘‰”—Ǥ
• Misuse of law by the speaker: ƒŽ•‡†‹••‡–„›–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”‘•ƒ••‡‡‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡•‘ˆ”—ƒ ŠƒŽ”ƒ†‡•Šƒ†
––ƒ”ƒŠƒ†Ǥ
• Role of MP’s and MLA’s are undermined: Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‘”•ƒ”‡tasked with twin of acting as agent of people and
participate in important legislationsǤ—–™Š‡–Š‡›˜‘–‡‘Ž›‘’ƒ”–›Ž‹‡•‹–Š‹†‡”•–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›‰‘ƒŽ•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
• No barrier for Wholesale DefectionǣŠ‡Žƒ™’”‘Š‹„‹–•”‡–ƒ‹Ž†‡ˆ‡ –‹‘„—–‘–•‘‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆŠ‘Ž‡•ƒŽ‡
†‡ˆ‡ –‹‘‘ˆŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡•Ǥ
• Issues with merger provisionsǣŠ‡ˆŽƒ™•‡‡•–‘„‡–Šƒ––Š‡‡š ‡’–‹‘‹•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‡„‡”•ȋ‹ˆƒ–
Ž‡ƒ•––™‘Ǧ–Š‹”†‘ˆ–Š‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡’ƒ”–› ‘ ‡”‡†Šƒ˜‡ƒ‰”‡‡†Ȍ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘„‡Š‹†–Š‡
†‡ˆ‡ –‹‘Ǥ
Way forward:
• Š‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– Šƒ• •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– •Š‘—Ž† •‡– —’ ƒ independent tribunal Š‡ƒ†‡† „› ƒ ”‡–‹”‡†
Œ—†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡”Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›–‘†‡ ‹†‡†‡ˆ‡ –‹‘ ƒ•‡••™‹ˆ–Ž›ƒ†‹’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›Ǥ
• Time line –‘„‡ˆ‹š‡†ˆ‘”•’‡ƒ‡”•–‘–ƒ‡–Š‡†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǥ
• ‡ ‹•‹‘• —†‡” –Š‡ ‡–Š  Š‡†—Ž‡ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ†‡ „› –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡–Ȁ ‘˜‡”‘” ‘ –Š‡ „‹†‹‰ ƒ†˜‹ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘Ǥ
• Šƒ‰‡•Ž‹‡„ƒ””‹‰–Š‡†‡ˆ‡ –‘”•‘”Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‘”•™Š‘”‡•‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”•‡ƒ–ǡˆ”‘ ‘–‡•–‹‰‡Ž‡ –‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–
–‹‡Ǥ
• Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ‘‡› ƒƒŽ•‘„‡ —”„‡†„›”‡˜‹•‹–‹‰–Š‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘•‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ„‘†Ǥ


DINESH GOSWAMI COMMITTEE REPORTS ON DEFECTION

• ‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•Š‘—Ž†„‡Ž‹‹–‡†–‘ ƒ•‡•™Š‡”‡ƒ‡„‡”˜‘Ž—–ƒ”‹Ž›‰‹˜‡•—’–Š‡‡„‡”•Š‹’‘ˆŠ‹•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ

’ƒ”–›ǡ
• Š‡ ‹••—‡ ‘ˆ †‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ †‡ ‹†‡† „› –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡–Ȁ ‘˜‡”‘” ‘ –Š‡ ƒ†˜‹ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‡ –‹‘
‘‹••‹‘‡”Ǥ
International Practice:
• ”–‹ Ž‡͹Ͳ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Š‘•–‹–—–‹‘•ƒ›•ƒ‡„‡”•ŠƒŽŽ˜ƒ ƒ–‡Š‹••‡ƒ–‹ˆŠ‡”‡•‹‰•ˆ”‘‘”˜‘–‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡
†‹”‡ –‹‘•‰‹˜‡„›Š‹•’ƒ”–›ǤŠ‡†‹•’—–‡‹•”‡ˆ‡””‡†„›–Š‡’‡ƒ‡”–‘–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘Ǥ
• ”–‹ Ž‡Ͷ͸‘ˆ–Š‡‹‰ƒ’‘”‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘•ƒ›•ƒ‡„‡”—•–˜ƒ ƒ–‡Š‹••‡ƒ–‹ˆŠ‡”‡•‹‰•ǡ‘”‹•‡š’‡ŽŽ‡†ˆ”‘Š‹•
’ƒ”–›Ǥ”–‹ Ž‡Ͷͺ•–ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–†‡ ‹†‡•‘ƒ›“—‡•–‹‘”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘–Š‡†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‡„‡”•

Keywords: ‡–Š  Š‡†—Ž‡ǡ Nominated Members, Independent Members, horse-trading, Electoral

Democracy, DINESH GOSWAMI COMMITTEE, Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘Ǥ

ROLE OF THE PRESIDING OFFICER

• Š‡’‡ƒ‡”‘ˆ‘ƒ„Šƒ‘”–ƒ–‡‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡••‡„Ž›‹•‡Ž‡ –‡†ˆ”‘ƒ‘‰•–‹–•‡„‡”•ƒ†‹•‡–‹‘‡†‹
”–‹ Ž‡ͻͶƒ†”–‹ Ž‡ͳ͹ͻ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ ‡‹•–Š‡‰—ƒ”†‹ƒ‘ˆ’‘™‡”•ƒ†’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡„‡”•ǡ–Š‡ ‘—•‡
ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡ǡƒ†‹–• ‘‹––‡‡•Ǥ
• Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘•‘ˆ’‡ƒ‡”‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡†‹ †‹ƒ‹ͳͻʹͳ—†‡”–Š‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘•‘ˆthe Government of India Act of
1919 (Montague-Chelmsford Reforms) ƒ†ƒ––Šƒ––‹‡ǡ–Š‡’‡ƒ‡”™ƒ• ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ǤŠ‡ ‘˜‡”‡–
‘ˆ †‹ƒ –‘ˆͳͻ͵ͷ Šƒ‰‡†–Š‡‘‡ Žƒ–—”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡–”ƒŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡••‡„Ž›–‘–Š‡’‡ƒ‡”Ǥ
Functions performed by presiding officer.
• Maintains order and decorum ‹–Š‡ ‘—•‡ˆ‘” ‘†— –‹‰‹–•„—•‹‡••ƒ†”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰‹–•’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•Ǥƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰
‹’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡŠ‡‡•—”‡•–Šƒ–ƒ’Ž‡–‹‡‹•‰‹˜‡–‘ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡ƒ†‘’’‘•‹–‹‘‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”
–‘‡•—”‡ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
• Presides over the Joint sittingǣ ‡’”‡•‹†‡•‘˜‡”Œ‘‹–•‹––‹‰‘ˆ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ‘˜‡‡†–‘”‡•‘Ž˜‡†‡ƒ†Ž‘ •„‡–™‡‡
–™‘Š‘—•‡•Ǥ ‡ ƒƒŽ•‘ ‘˜‡‡ƒ•‡ ”‡–•‹––‹‰‘ˆƒŠ‘—•‡™Š‡”‡‘‡ ƒ„‡’”‡•‡–‹Š‘—•‡‰ƒŽŽ‡”‹‡•™‹–Š‘—–
speaker’s permission.
• Adjourns the House ƒ†•—•’‡†•–Š‡‡‡–‹‰‹ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆƒ“—‘”—Ǥ
• Decides whether a bill is a money bill ‘”‘–ƒ†Š‹•†‡ ‹•‹‘‘–Š‹•‹•ˆ‹ƒŽǤ
• ‡ ‹†‡•‘–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‡„‡”ƒ”‹•‹‰‘–Š‡‰”‘—†‘ˆ†‡ˆ‡ –‹‘ȋƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š‘–‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡
’—”˜‹‡™‘ˆ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™–‹Š‘–‘ ‘ŽŽ‘Šƒƒ•‡ͳͻͻʹȌǤ
• Appoints the chairman of all Parliamentary Committees of Lok Sabha ƒ†•—’‡”˜‹•‡•–Š‡‹”ˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ǥ ‡‹•
–Š‡ Šƒ‹”ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡—•‹‡••†˜‹•‘”›‘‹––‡‡ǡ–Š‡—Ž‡•‘‹––‡‡ǡƒ†–Š‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ—”’‘•‡‘‹––‡‡Ǥ
• Š‡”‡•‹†‹‰‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”‰—ƒ”†•–Š‡Rights and privileges ‘ˆ–Š‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘ ‘—•‡•Ǥ

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• Fix the Agenda of the HouseǣŠ‡’‡ƒ‡”ǡ‹ ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‘–Š‡”‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡„—•‹‡•• ‘‹––‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡
‘—•‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‹‡ ‹‹•–‡”ǡ ˆ‹š‡• –Š‡ ƒ‰‡†ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‡–‹‰• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—•‡Ǥ Š‹• ‡•—”‡• –‹‡Ž› †‡„ƒ–‡• ƒ†
†‹• —••‹‘‘‹’‘”–ƒ–‹••—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ
• Interpretation of Rules of Procedure: Š‡„—•‹‡••‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—•‡‹• ‘†— –‡†ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘†‡ˆ‹‹–‡ƒ†•‡––Ž‡†
”—Ž‡•‘ˆ’”‘ ‡†—”‡Ǥ  ƒ•‡‘ˆƒ›†‹•’—–‡”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡”—Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—•‡ǡ–Š‡’‡ƒ‡”‹–‡”’”‡–•ƒ†ƒ’’Ž‹‡•–Š‡•‡
”—Ž‡•ǤŠ‡‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”—Ž‡•ƒ†‡„›–Š‡’‡ƒ‡”‹•ˆ‹ƒŽƒ† ƒ‘–„‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†Ǥ
Concerns relating to presiding officer.
• Non adherence to Standard Operating Procedure (SOP): Š‡’‡ƒ‡”‘ˆ––ƒ”ƒŠƒ†••‡„Ž›†‡ ‹†‡†‘ƒ
case of defection ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ‘–‹ ‡‘ˆ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ˆ‘”Š‹•”‡‘˜ƒŽˆ”‘–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‹•’‡†‹‰ǤŠ‡—’”‡‡‘—”–Šƒ†–‘
‹–‡”˜‡‡ƒ†‘„•‡”˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‡’‡ƒ‡”•Š‘—Ž†”‡ˆ”ƒ‹‹•— Š ƒ•‡•Ǥ
• In-appropriate use of money bill provisions: The Supreme Court has accepted a plea with respect to the Speaker’s
ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ†Šƒƒ”‹ŽŽǡʹͲͳ͸ƒ•ƒ‘‡›‹ŽŽǤ –‹•ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–†‡ Žƒ”‹‰ƒ„‹ŽŽ–Šƒ–‹ Ž—†‡•Žƒ”‰‡” ‘ ‡”•Ž‹‡
’”‹˜ƒ ›ǡ†ƒ–ƒ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ǡ‡– Ǥ•Š‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘‹˜‘Ž˜‡ƒŒ›ƒƒ„Šƒ–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž†‡„ƒ–‡Ǥ
• Failure to maintain decorum: Š‡’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›Ž‘‰ŒƒŠƒ• „‡‡ƒ ‘•‹•–‡–• ‡‡‘–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘”‘ˆ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–
™Š‡”‡„›•’‡ƒ‡”•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡—ƒ„Ž‡–‘ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡•‘‘–Šˆ— –‹‘‹‰ƒ†ƒ —•‡†‘ˆ„‹ƒ•Ǥ
• Review of the Speaker’s Decisions: †‡”–Š‡—Ž‡•ǡ–Š‡’‡ƒ‡”‹•‘–ƒ•™‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ›’‡”•‘‹’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰
–Š‡”‘Ž‡•ƒ••‹‰‡†–‘Š‹Ǥ‡ ‹•‹‘•‘ˆ’”‡•‹†‹‰‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•ƒ”‡ˆ‹ƒŽƒ†ƒ”‡‘–‘’‡–‘ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‘”•—„Œ‡ ––‘”‡˜‹‡™Ǥ
• Impartiality:  ƒ ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”› †‡‘ ”ƒ › ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ‘ˆ •’‡ƒ‡” •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ˆƒ‹” ƒ† ‹’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ „—– –Š‡› ƒ”‡ —•—ƒŽŽ›

elected to the House on a political party’s ticket. In Britain, the Speaker is strictly a nonǦ’ƒ”–›ƒǤ
—” ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽƒ‡”‡˜‹•ƒ‰‡†‹–‡‰”‹–›ƒ†‹’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ‹–›ˆ”‘–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǥ—–‹–Šƒ•„‡‡’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž›‡ Ž‹’•‡†
„›’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹–‡”‡•–•ƒ†ƒ†‡•—„•‡”˜‹‡––‘–Š‡‡‡†•‘ˆ–Š‡”—Ž‹‰’ƒ”–›Ǥ


Keisham Meghachandra Singh V. Union of India

• Legal statusǣ‡ ‹•‹‘‘–‹Ǧ†‡ˆ‡ –‹‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡•‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž›ƒ†‘–•—„Œ‡ ––‘–Š‡ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ‘”

• Powers of speakerǣŠ‡†‡ ‹•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‡ƒ‡”‘ƒ–‹Ǧ†‡ˆ‡ –‹‘ ƒ„‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽŽ›”‡˜‹‡™‡†ƒ†–Š‡‹—‹–›
‹•‘Ž›‘’”‘ ‡†—”‡•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†Ǥ
• Provisionsǣ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ‡˜‹‡™‹•ƒŽŽ‘™‡†‘‰”‘—†•‘ˆ‹ˆ‹”‹–‹‡•„ƒ•‡†‘˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽƒ†ƒ–‡•ǡ
ƒŽƒˆ‹†‡•ǡ‘Ǧ ‘’Ž‹ƒ ‡™‹–Š—Ž‡•‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ —•–‹ ‡ǡƒ†’‡”˜‡”•‹–›
• Rolesǣ ’‡ƒ‡”ȀŠƒ‹”ƒ ƒ –• ƒ• —ƒ•‹Ǧ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ —–Š‘”‹–› ™Š‹Ž‡ †‡ ‹†‹‰ ƒ•‡• ‘ˆ –‹Ǧ†‡ˆ‡ –‹‘ —†‡” –Š
 Š‡†—Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
• Time periodǣŠ‡†‡ ‹•‹‘–‘„‡–ƒ‡™‹–Š‹‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡‹‡‡”‹‘†–™‹–Š‹͵‘–Š•ƒ•’‡”‹Š‘–‘ ‘ŽŽ‘Šƒ
Œ—†‰‡–Ǥ
• Implementation of the verdictǣ — Š ’‡”•‘• ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ ‹ —””‡† †‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ †‘ ‘– †‡•‡”˜‡ –‘ „‡
•Ȁ•‡˜‡ˆ‘”ƒ•‹‰Ž‡†ƒ›ȋƒ•‘„•‡”˜‡†‹ƒŒ‡†”ƒ‹‰Šƒƒ ƒ•‡Ȍ

Kihoto Hollohan vs Zachillhu and others

• Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› Œ—†‰‡– ȋ͵ǣʹȌ Š‡Ž† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’‡ƒ‡”•ȀŠƒ‹”‡ Š‘Ž† ƒ ’‹˜‘–ƒŽ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ • Š‡‡ ‘ˆ
ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›†‡‘ ”ƒ ›ƒ†ƒ”‡‰—ƒ”†‹ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡”‹‰Š–•ƒ†’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—•‡Ǥ
• Š‡‘—”–”—Ž‡†–Šƒ–’‡ƒ‡”ȀŠƒ‹”ƒ™Š‹Ž‡†‡ ‹†‹‰ ƒ•‡•‘ˆƒ–‹Ǧ†‡ˆ‡ –‹‘ƒ –•ƒ•ƒ”‹„—ƒŽƒ†ƒ ‘”†‹‰Ž›
–Š‡†‡ ‹•‹‘‘ˆ’‡ƒ‡”ȀŠƒ‹”ƒ‹••—„Œ‡ ––‘Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™
Recommendations of various committees on Role of presiding officer and Anti-defection law
• Dinesh Goswami Committee on electoral reforms (1990): Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆ†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•Š‘—Ž†„‡†‡ ‹†‡†„›–Š‡
”‡•‹†‡–Ȁ ‘˜‡”‘”‘–Š‡ƒ†˜‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘
• Law Commission (170th Report, 1999): ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡••Š‘—Ž†Ž‹‹––Š‡‹••—ƒ ‡‘ˆ™Š‹’•–‘‹•–ƒ ‡•‘Ž›™Š‡
–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‹•‹†ƒ‰‡”Ǥ
• Election Commission Constitution Review Commission (2002): ‡ ‹•‹‘•—†‡”–Š‡‡–Š Š‡†—Ž‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡
ƒ†‡„›–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Ȁ ‘˜‡”‘”‘–Š‡„‹†‹‰ƒ†˜‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘Ǥ
• NCRWC: Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‘”•‘‰”‘—†‘ˆ†‡ˆ‡ –‹‘•Š‘—Ž†Ž‹‡™‹–ŠŽ‡ –‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘
ƒ†‘–•’‡ƒ‡”Ǥ
Way Forward
• —†‹ ‹ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™‹•ƒŽ•‘—•‡†‹‡š ‡’–‹‘ƒŽ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•Ǥ‡‡‡†ƒ’‡”ƒ‡–‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ

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o Best practicesǣUK’s model of appointing a committee ‘ˆ–™‘•‡‹‘”Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‘”•–‘ƒ••‹•––Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”‘˜‡”–Š‡
“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆƒ‘‡›„‹ŽŽ‹•ƒ ƒ•‡–‘ ‘•‹†‡”Ǥ –Š‡ǡƒ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”› ‘˜‡–‹‘Šƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ
‡Ž‡ –‡†ƒ•’‡ƒ‡”ǡ”‡•‹‰•ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡’ƒ”–›ǤŠ‹•Ž‡†• ”‡†‡ ‡–‘Š‹•‹’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
• Cooperation among govt and opposition: ‘–Šǡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ† –Š‡ ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‡‡† –‘ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡ •‘ –Šƒ–
’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ƒˆ— –‹‘•‘‘–ŠŽ›ƒ†–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”‹•‘–’—–‹–‘†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•–‘‘‘ˆ–‡Ǥ
• Democratic ethos: Ž•‘ǡ’‡ƒ‡”‡‡†•–‘‡‡’‹‹†–Š‡democratic ethos ™Š‹Ž‡’”‡•‹†‹‰‘˜‡”–Š‡‡•–‡‡‡†
office and his actions must appear to be objective and neutral as “Justice should not only be done, it must also be
seen to be done”
• Question of disqualificationǣ‘™‡”–‘†‡ ‹†‡—’‘–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡–ƒ‡ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡
’‡ƒ‡”ƒ†‡–”—•–‡†–‘•‘‡‹†‡’‡†‡– ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ž‹‡the Election commission of India.
• Need amendmentǣŠ‡”‡‹•ƒ‡‡†ˆ‘”ƒ‡†‡–‹–Š‡Žƒ™–‘•› ‹–™‹–Š”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡†‡‘ ”ƒ ›ƒ†‘–
„‡ ‘‡ ƒ •›•–‡ ‘ˆ „Ž‹†Ž› ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ ‹•–”— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–› Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ Š—• ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‘”• –Š‡ ”‹‰Š– –‘
†‹••‡–ƒ†’”‘‘–‡‹†‡’‡†‡––Š‹‹‰ƒ•ƒŽŽ‘™‡† ‹other democracies of the world such as the US, UK,
Australia, etc.


Case studies of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana

• ”‡ ‡–›‡ƒ”•ǡ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘•‹•‘‡•–ƒ–‡•ǡ•— Šƒ•Andhra Pradesh and TelanganaǡŠƒ˜‡„”‘‡ƒ™ƒ›‹

•ƒŽŽ‰”‘—’•‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›–‘Œ‘‹–Š‡”—Ž‹‰’ƒ”–›Ǥ •‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ƒ•‡•ǡmore than 2/3rd of the opposition has
defected to the ruling partyǤ
• –Š‡•‡• ‡ƒ”‹‘•ǡ–Š‡•™‡”‡•—„Œ‡ ––‘†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘™Š‹Ž‡†‡ˆ‡ –‹‰–‘–Š‡”—Ž‹‰’ƒ”–›‹•ƒŽŽ‡”‰”‘—’•Ǥ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡit is not clear if they will still face disqualification ‹ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹†‹‰ˆˆ‹ ‡”ƒ‡•ƒ†‡ ‹•‹‘ƒˆ–‡”
‘”‡–ŠƒʹȀ͵”†‘ˆ–Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‹‘Šƒ•†‡ˆ‡ –‡†–‘–Š‡”—Ž‹‰’ƒ”–›Ǥ

PARLIAMENTARY SCRUTINY
ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›• ”—–‹›‹•–Š‡ Ž‘•‡‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡƒ –‹‘•ƒ†•’‡†‹‰–Šƒ–‹•
ƒ””‹‡†‘—–„›–Š‡Ž‘™‡”ƒ†—’’‡”Š‘—•‡•‘ˆ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ†–Š‡‹” ‘‹––‡‡•Ǥ
Various methods of Parliamentary scrutiny of the government
• Discussion/debate: —”‹‰†‹• —••‹‘•Ȁ†‡„ƒ–‡•‘‹ŽŽ•ǡƒ––‡”•‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–‡”‡•–‘‹ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡• ‘—Ž†’‘‹–‘—–
• Question Hour: —”‹‰–Š‡—‡•–‹‘ ‘—”–Š‡‡„‡”• ƒƒ•“—‡•–‹‘•‘‡˜‡”›ƒ•’‡ –‘ˆƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†
‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ
• Parliamentary committees: ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– Šƒ• ’—– ‹ ’Žƒ ‡ Žƒ”‰‡ ƒ Š‹‡”› ‘ˆ ‘‹––‡‡• –‘ • ”—–‹‹œ‡ –Š‡ ‹ŽŽ•
™Š‹ Šƒ”‡„”‘—‰Š–„‡ˆ‘”‡‹–„›–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Finance Committees: Š‡‘‹––‡‡‘•–‹ƒ–‡•”‡˜‹‡™•„—†‰‡–ƒ”›‡•–‹ƒ–‡•‘ˆ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”•ǤŠ‡ƒ—ƒŽƒ—†‹–
”‡’‘”–• ‘ –Š‡ ƒ ‘—–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”• ƒ”‡ –ƒ„Ž‡† „‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ƒ† ”‡˜‹‡™‡† „› –Š‡ —„Ž‹   ‘—–•
Committee (PAC). The PAC may require the regulator’s officers –‘†‡’‘•‡„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‘‹––‡‡Ǥ
• Ad-hoc Committees: ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ†ǦŠ‘  ‘‹––‡‡•™Š‹ Šƒ›‡šƒ‹‡–Š‡™‘”‹‰‘ˆ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”•Ǥ
Reasons For Ineffective Parliamentary Scrutiny:
• Not referring bills to the Parliament committees: Š‹Ž‡͸ͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ•‹–Š‡ͳͶ–Š‘ƒ„Šƒƒ†͹ͳΨ‹–Š‡
ͳͷ–Š‘ƒ„Šƒ™‡”‡˜‡––‡†„›–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”› ‘‹––‡‡•ǡ–Š‹•’”‘’‘”–‹‘ ƒ‡†‘™–‘ʹ͸Ψ‹–Š‡ͳ͸–Š‘
ƒ„ŠƒǤ
• Decline in the number of sittingsǣŠ‡ͳ͹–Š‘ƒ„Šƒ•ƒ–ˆ‘”ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆͳǡ͵ͷͶŠ‘—”•Š‘—”•ǡ™Š‹ Š‹••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›
Ž‡••–Šƒ–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”ƒŽŽˆ—ŽŽǦ–‡”‘ƒ„ŠƒǤ
• Disruptions during Question Hour: –Š‡ͳ͸–Š‘ƒ„Šƒǡ“—‡•–‹‘Š‘—”Šƒ•ˆ— –‹‘‡†‹‘ƒ„Šƒˆ‘”͹͹Ψ‘ˆ
–Š‡• Š‡†—Ž‡†–‹‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‹ƒŒ›ƒƒ„Šƒ‹–Šƒ•ˆ— –‹‘‡†ˆ‘”Ͷ͹Ψ
• ‘‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‹‘
Importance Of Question Hour
Š‡ˆ‹”•–Š‘—”‘ˆ‡˜‡”›’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›•‹––‹‰‹•”‡•‡”˜‡†ˆ‘”–Š‹•Ǥ—”‹‰–Š‡–‹‡ǡ–Š‡‡„‡”•ƒ•“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ†–Š‡
‹‹•–‡”•—•—ƒŽŽ›‰‹˜‡ƒ•™‡”•ǤŠ‡“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š”‡‡‹†•ǡƒ‡Ž›ǡ•–ƒ””‡†ǡ—•–ƒ””‡†ƒ†•Š‘”–‘–‹ ‡Ǥ
• Ensures Accountability & Transparency: —‡•–‹‘Š‘—”ƒ‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡––”ƒ•’ƒ”‡–ƒ†ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡•‹ ‡‹–
‘˜‡”•‡˜‡”›ƒ•’‡ –‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ –‹˜‹–›ǡ†‘‡•–‹ ƒ†ˆ‘”‡‹‰Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
• Makes Government Accountable: Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ›‰‡–•–‘‘™–Š‡’—Ž•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‰‹˜‡•–Š‡
’—„Ž‹ ƒ˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡Ǥ
• Addressing of Questions: Š‡”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•™‡”•‰‹˜‡ƒ”‡ƒ––‡”•‘ˆ—–‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ƒ†”—Ž‡•ƒŽŽ‘™
‘””‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‹•–ƒ‡•„›–Š‡‹‹•–‡” ‘ ‡”‡†
• Extract Wider Debates: —‡•–‹‘•ƒ•‡††—”‹‰—‡•–‹‘ ‘—”ƒ”‡‹‰‡‡”ƒŽ–‘–Š‡’‘‹–ƒ†˜‡”›’”‡ ‹•‡–‘–Š‡
issue. Answers provided at times have extracted wider debates and inquiries on the government’s performance
• Helps Government to Define their Stand: —‡•–‹‘ ‘—”ƒŽ•‘Š‡Ž’•–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡––‘–‡ŽŽ–Š‡‹”’‘•‹–‹‘‘ƒ›
‹••—‡„‘–Š–‘–Š‡‡„‡” ‘ ‡”‡†ƒ†ƒŽ•‘–‘–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǤ
Way forward:
• Š‡—‡•–‹‘ ‘—”ƒ†‡”‘ ‘—”—•–„‡”‡–—”‡†‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›™Š‡–Š‡ƒ†‡‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹’”‘˜‡•Ǥ
• 2nd ARC ƒŽ•‘ ”‡ ‘‡†• –Šƒ– ƒ—ƒŽ ”‡’‘”–• •—„‹––‡† „› –Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”• –‘ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– •Š‘—Ž† ‹ Ž—†‡ –Š‡
’”‘‰”‡••‘’”‡Ǧƒ‰”‡‡†‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•ƒ†•Š‘—Ž†„‡†‹• —••‡†‹–Š‡’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”› ‘‹––‡‡
• Periodically examined:  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘‹••‹‘ –‘ ‡˜‹‡™ –Š‡ ‘”‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘
ȋȌǡ••Š‘—Ž†„‡’‡”‹‘†‹ ƒŽŽ›‡šƒ‹‡†•‘–Šƒ––Š‡ ‘‹––‡‡•™Š‹ ŠŠƒ˜‡‘—–Žƒ•–‡†–Š‡‹”—–‹Ž‹–› ƒ„‡
”‡’Žƒ ‡†™‹–Šˆ”‡•Š‘‡•Ǥ
• Š‡opposition should be proactive ‹ƒ•‹‰–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘–‘–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–
• New parliamentary committees: • –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ‘’Ž‡š‹–› ‹ ƒ––‡”• ‘ˆ ‡ ‘‘› ƒ† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ
’”‘‰”‡••ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‡‡†ˆ‘”•‡––‹‰—’‡™’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”› ‘‹––‡‡•Ǥ
• ƒŒ‘””‡’‘”–•‘ˆƒŽŽ‘‹––‡‡••Š‘—Ž†„‡†‹• —••‡†‹ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹ ƒ•‡•™Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–
„‡–™‡‡ƒ‘‹––‡‡ƒ†–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–
• Expert support •Š‘—Ž†„‡’”‘˜‹†‡†–‘•ƒ•‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡• ”—–‹›†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡‹”•‹ŽŽƒ†”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ


KEYWORDS: ‡ –‹‘ͳʹͶǡFree speech, Flirting with fascism, Vibrant Democracy, Ad-hoc Committees, ‡”‘
‘—”ǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‹••‹‘–‘‡˜‹‡™–Š‡‘”‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ

Previous Year Questions
ͳǤ ‹• —••–Š‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”‡š‡” ‹•‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡’‘™‡”•„›–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”Ǥ‹• —••–Š‡ ʹͲʹʹ
Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ ”‡Ǧ ’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘”†‹ƒ ‡• „› –Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘” ™‹–Š‘—– ’Žƒ ‹‰ –Š‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡
‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ
ʹǤ ‹• —••–Š‡†‡•‹”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‰”‡ƒ–‡””‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘–‘™‘‡‹–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡”Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›–‘‡•—”‡†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ ʹͲʹͳ
‡“—‹–›ƒ†‹ Ž—•‹˜‡‡••Ǥ
͵Ǥ Rajya Sabha has been transformed from a ‘useless Stepney tyre’ to the most useful supporting organ ʹͲʹͲ
‹–Š‡’ƒ•–ˆ‡™†‡ ƒ†‡•Ǥ ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š––Š‡ˆƒ –‘”•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‹•–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘—Ž†
„‡˜‹•‹„Ž‡Ǥ
ͶǤ ̶Š‡ ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‡ƒ–• ˆ‘” ™‘‡ ‹ –Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽ•‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”‡– Šƒ• Šƒ†ƒ Ž‹‹–‡† ʹͲͳͻ
‹’ƒ –‘–Š‡’ƒ–”‹ƒ” ŠƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ”‘ ‡••Ǥ̶‘‡–Ǥ
ͷǤ Individual Parliamentarian’s role as the national lawmaker is on a decline, which in turn, has ʹͲͳͻ
ƒ†˜‡”•‡Ž›‹’ƒ –‡†–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ†‡„ƒ–‡•ƒ†–Š‡‹”‘—– ‘‡Ǥ‹• —••Ǥ
͸Ǥ Šƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡ƒŒ‘” Šƒ‰‡•„”‘—‰Š–‹–Š‡”„‹–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘ ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ –ǡͳͻͻ͸–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡”‡ ‡– ʹͲͳͷ
Ordinance promulgated by the President? How far will it improve India’s dispute resolution
‡ Šƒ‹•ǫ‹• —••Ǥ
͹Ǥ The ‘Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its members’ as envisaged in Article 105 of ʹͲͳͶ
–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ Ž‡ƒ˜‡ ”‘‘ ˆ‘” ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ —Ǧ ‘†‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ† —‡—‡”ƒ–‡† ’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡• –‘
continue’. Assess the reasons for the absence of the legal cod‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡•Ǥ ‘™
ƒ–Š‹•’”‘„Ž‡„‡ƒ††”‡••‡†ǫ
ͺǤ ‹• —••–Š‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”‡š‡” ‹•‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡’‘™‡”•„›–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”Ǥ‹• —••–Š‡ ʹͲʹʹ
Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ ”‡Ǧ ’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘”†‹ƒ ‡• „› –Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘” ™‹–Š‘—– ’Žƒ ‹‰ –Š‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡
‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

12 JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN INDIA

Š‡ —†‹ ‹ƒ”›ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–‘”‰ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–’‡”ˆ‘”•–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ‹†‡’‡†‡–†‹•’—–‡”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ

†‹ƒŒ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›ǡ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡˜‡”›’‘™‡”ˆ—ŽŒ—†‹ ‹ƒ”‹‡•in the world has been the nation’s moral conscience, speaking
–”—–Š–‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’‘™‡”ǡ—’Š‘Ž†‹‰–Š‡”‹‰Š–•‘ˆ ‹–‹œ‡•ǡ‡†‹ƒ–‹‰‡–”‡Ǧ•–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆŽ‹ –•ǡ’”‘˜‹†‹‰Œ—•–‹ ‡–‘–Š‡”‹ Š
ƒ†’‘‘”ƒŽ‹‡ǡƒ†‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘‡–‘—•‘ ƒ•‹‘•ǡ•ƒ˜‹‰†‡‘ ”ƒ ›‹–•‡ŽˆǤ
COMPARISON OF INDIAN AND OTHER JUDICIAL SYSTEMS
INDIA-USA
Judiciary of India America
–‡‰”ƒ–‡† •›•–‡ǣ ‹‡”ƒ” Š› ‘ˆ ‘—„Ž‡ •›•–‡ ‘ˆ ‘—”–•ǣ ‡†‡”ƒŽ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›
‘—”–• ‹Ǥ‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”–•ǡ ˆ‘”ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽŽƒ™•ƒ†•–ƒ–‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›ˆ‘”•–ƒ–‡
Judicial system
‹‰Š ‘—”–•ǡ ƒ† •—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡ Žƒ™•Ǥ
‘—”–•Ǥ
Jury system ‘‡•‘–‡š‹•–Ǥ ŽŽ‘™‡†Ǥ
‘ŽŽ‡‰‹— •›•–‡Ǥ Š‡ —†‹ ‹ƒ”› —•–‹ ‡•ƒ”‡‘‹ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ƒ†
Appointment of judges Šƒ• ƒ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ”‘Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘ˆ‹”‡†„›–Š‡‡ƒ–‡‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ‰”‡ƒ–‡””‘Ž‡–‘
ƒ’’‘‹–‡–Ǥ ‡Ž‡ –‡†”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ
—’”‡‡ ‘—”–ǣ ͸ͷ ›‡ƒ”• ‹‰Š —†‰‡••‡”˜‡ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹ˆ‡–‹‡
Retirement age for ‘—”– ƒ† ‘–Š‡” •—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡
judges ‘—”–•ǣ͸ʹ›‡ƒ”•

‘ˆ‹‡†–‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ ƒ•‡• ‡†‡”ƒŽ ƒ•‡• Ϊ ƒ•‡• ”‡Žƒ–‹‰ –‘ ƒ˜ƒŽ

Original Jurisdiction
ˆ‘” ‡•ǡ ƒ”‹–‹‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ ƒ„ƒ••ƒ†‘”•ǡ ǡ
of the supreme court
‡– Ǥ
Appellate Jurisdiction of ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽǡ ‹˜‹Žǡ ƒ† ”‹‹ƒŽ Ž› ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ•‡•
the supreme court ƒ•‡•Ǥ
†‹ƒ —†‰‡• •‹– ‘ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ŽŽ‡”‹ ƒŒ—†‰‡••‹––‘‰‡–Š‡”ˆ‘”†‡ ‹•‹‘
„‡ Š‡• ‘ˆ ͵ –‘ ͷ Œ—†‰‡• ƒ† ‹ˆ ƒ‹‰
Deciding of cases
‡ ‡••ƒ”› –Š‡ ‘”‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ
Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ
‡• ‘
Advisory Jurisdiction of
supreme court
ƒ„‡‡Žƒ”‰‡†„›ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ ‘™‡”•ƒ”‡Ž‹‹–‡†–‘–Šƒ– ‘ˆ‡””‡†„›–Š‡
Change in Jurisdiction
‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
–‡‰”ƒ–‡† Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ •›•–‡ǣ ‘™‡” ‘ˆ ‘—„Ž‡ ȋ‘” •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†Ȍ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ •›•–‡Ǧε ‘
Control over Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ•—’‡”‹–‡†‡ ‡‘˜‡” •Ǥ •— Š’‘™‡”Ǥ
subordinate courts

INDIA-UK
Divergence India UK
Jury system ‘–”‡•‡– ”‡•‡–
Judicial ”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›”‘ ‡†—”‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†„›Žƒ™Ǥ‘•– Due process of lawǦε ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ‹• •—’”‡‡
review Maneka Gandhi case: ‘Due Process of law’. ƒ†–Š‡ ‘—”–†‘‡•‘– Š‡ –Š‡ˆƒ‹”‡••‘ˆ–Š‡
Š—•ǡ ‹–• • ‘’‡ ‘ˆ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ ”‡˜‹‡™ Šƒ• „‡‡ Žƒ™Ǥ
™‹†‡‡†Ǥ
Judicial Collegium systemǣ ”‡ƒ–‡” ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Judicial appointment ‘‹••‹‘Ǧε ”‹ƒ ›
appointment Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›™Š‹ Š”‡•—Ž–•‹Ž‡••–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›Ǥ –‘’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǧε ”‡ƒ–‡”–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
Convergence:
• Independence of judiciaryǣ•—”‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡†‘ –”‹‡‘ˆ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”‹„‘–Š ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ
o Eg. –Š‡”‡‘˜‡†–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽˆ— –‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆŽ‘”† Šƒ ‡ŽŽ‘”•‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡‡•Šƒ˜ƒƒ†Šƒ”ƒ–‹
ƒ•‡‘ˆͳͻ͹͵Ǥ
• Alternate dispute resolutionǣ‘–Š ‘—–”‹‡•ƒ”‡‡š’Ž‘”‹‰‡ Šƒ‹••–‘‹’”‘˜‡Œ—•–‹ ‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”›Ǥ
o E.g. Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡‹‹•–”›‘ˆ —•–‹ ‡‹ʹͲͲ͹Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ †‹ƒŠƒ••–ƒ”–‡†ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹••‹‘ˆ‘”Œ—•–‹ ‡
†‡Ž‹˜‡”›ƒ†Ž‡‰ƒŽ”‡ˆ‘”Ǥ
• Accountability: †‹ƒ‹•‡š’Ž‘”‹‰™ƒ›•–‘‡•—”‡–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›‹Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽƒ’’‘‹–‡–•–Š”‘—‰Š•–‡’•Ž‹‡ Ǥ

KEYWORDS: ‡†‹ƒ–‹‰ ‡–”‡Ǧ•–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆŽ‹ –•ǡ Independence of judiciary, ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘ǡ ’‡ ‹ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ˜‡ǡ
–‡‰”ƒ–‡†Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ•›•–‡ǡ‘ŽŽ‡‰‹—•›•–‡ǡDue process of law.

75 YEARS OF THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡”‹‡‹‹•–‡”‹ƒ—‰—”ƒ–‡†–Š‡‹ƒ‘† —„‹Ž‡‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡—’”‡‡
‘—”–‘ˆ †‹ƒ‘ʹͺ–Š ƒ—ƒ”›ʹͲʹͶƒ––Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–ƒ—†‹–‘”‹—‹‡ŽŠ‹Ǥ
About Supreme Court
•  ‘”†‹‰–‘”–‹ Ž‡ͳʹͶȋͳȌ‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–‘ˆ †‹ƒ—•–
Šƒ˜‡ ƒ Š‹‡ˆ —•–‹ ‡ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ȋ Ȍ ƒ† ƒ ƒš‹—‘ˆ •‡˜‡ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ Œ—•–‹ ‡• —Ž‡••
ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡•ƒŠ‹‰Š‡”—„‡”–Š”‘—‰Šƒ•–ƒ–—–‡Ǥ
o —””‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”– ‘’”‹•‡•–Š‡Š‹‡ˆ —•–‹ ‡ƒ†͵͵‘–Š‡” —†‰‡•Ǥ
• ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ”‘˜‹•‹‘•ǣ‘—–Ž‹‡†‹”–‹ Ž‡•ͳʹͶ–‘ͳͶ͹‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
Key Features of the Supreme Court of India
• Highest Court of AppealǣŠ‡—’”‡‡‘—”–‹•–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–ƒ’’‡ƒŽ ‘—”–‹•ƒŽ•‘‘™
ƒ•–Š‡ƒ’‡š ‘—”–‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ†‡˜‡–Š‡Žƒ•–”‡•‘”–ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡ ‹–‹œ‡•‘ˆ †‹ƒ ƒ•‡‡
Œ—•–‹ ‡‹ˆ–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†™‹–Š–Š‡Œ—†‰‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹‰Š‘—”–Ǥ
• Advisory Jurisdictionǣ•’‡””–‹ Ž‡ͳͶ͵‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ ƒƒ†˜‹•‡–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒ–Šƒ–‹•”‡Žƒ–‡†
–‘–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆŽƒ™ǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ––‡”‹•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š’—„Ž‹ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡Ǥ
• Adjudicate Federal DisputesǣŠ‡‘—”–”‡•‘Ž˜‡•†‹•’—–‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‹‘ƒ†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•ƒ†„‡–™‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
•–ƒ–‡•ȋ”–‹ Ž‡ͳ͵ͳȌǤ
• Judicial Reviewǣ Š‡—’”‡‡ ‘—”– ”‡˜‹‡™• Žƒ™•ƒ† ƒ –‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ –‘ ‡•—”‡–Š‡› ‘’Ž›™‹–Š –Š‡
‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
• Protection of Fundamental Rightsǣ Š‡ ‘—”– ’”‘–‡ –• –Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–• ‘ˆ ‹–‹œ‡• „› ‹••—‹‰™”‹–• ƒ†
‘”†‡”•ȋ”–‹ Ž‡͵ʹȌǤ
Challenges Faced by Supreme Court
• Massive Case Backlog:•‘ˆʹͲʹ͵ǡ–Š‡”‡™‡”‡‘˜‡”ͺͲǡͶ͵ͻ ƒ•‡•’‡†‹‰‹–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ
• Judicial Activism vs. Judicial Restraint: Š‹• †‡„ƒ–‡ ”‡˜‘Ž˜‡• ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”› ‹
’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ‹‰ƒ†‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Ǥ
• Uncle Judge Syndrome:Š‡ ƒ™ ‘‹••‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵• ʹ͵Ͳ–Š ‡’‘”– Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡† ƒ ‘ ‡” ƒ„‘—– ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ
ˆƒ˜‘—”‹–‹• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ’’‘‹–‡– ‘ˆ Œ—†‰‡• –‘ –Š‡ ‹‰Š ‘—”– ƒ† —’”‡‡ ‘—”–ǡ ‹’ƒ –‹‰ –Š‡ ‹’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ‹–› ƒ†
ˆƒ‹”‡••‘ˆ–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ•›•–‡Ǥ
• Judicial-Executive Conflict:Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›ƒ†‡š‡ —–‹˜‡Šƒ˜‡ˆƒ ‡†”‹•‹‰ ‘ˆŽ‹ –•ǡƒ”‡†„›†‡Žƒ›•‹Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ
ƒ’’‘‹–‡–•ǡ–Š‡”‹„—ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŒ—•–‹ ‡ǡƒ†’—„Ž‹  ”‹–‹ ‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡†—”‹‰ ǦͳͻǤ
Way Forward
• Case Management and Technologyǣ ’Ž‡‡–‹‰ ƒ•‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–•›•–‡•ƒ†Ž‡˜‡”ƒ‰‹‰–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ˆ‘”‡Ǧ
ˆ‹Ž‹‰ǡ˜‹†‡‘ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‹‰ǡƒ†˜‹”–—ƒŽŠ‡ƒ”‹‰• ƒŠ‡Ž’”‡†— ‡ ƒ•‡„ƒ Ž‘‰ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›Ǥ
• Enhancing Transparency and Accountabilityǣ”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›‹–Š‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡–‘ˆŒ—†‰‡•ƒ†ƒ‹‰Œ—†‰‡–•
‘”‡ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡–‘–Š‡’—„Ž‹  ƒŠ‡Ž’‹’”‘˜‡’—„Ž‹ –”—•–‹–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›
• Strengthening Judicial Independenceǣ•—”‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›‹•ˆ”‡‡ˆ”‘—†—‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ƒ†‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡
ˆ”‘–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡‘”‘–Š‡”„”ƒ Š‡•‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒŠ‡Ž’ƒ‹–ƒ‹–Š‡‹–‡‰”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ•›•–‡Ǥ

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VARIOUS SIGNIFICANT ROLES THAT JUDICIARY PLAYS

Judiciary as protector of Fundamental rights:
• —†‹ ‹ƒ”›‹•‡–”—•–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡–ƒ•‘ˆ’”‘–‡ –‹‰–Š‡”‹‰Š–•‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘’”‘˜‹†‡•–™‘™ƒ›•‹
™Š‹ Š–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”– ƒ”‡‡†›–Š‡˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‹‰Š–•Ǥ
o First, ‹– ƒ”‡•–‘”‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–•„›‹••—‹‰™”‹–•‘ˆ ƒ„‡ƒ•‘”’—•ǡ ƒ†ƒ—•ǡ ‡– ȋ”–Ǧ͵ʹȌǤ Š‡ ‹‰Š
‘—”–•ƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡–Š‡’‘™‡”–‘‹••—‡•— Š™”‹–•ȋƒ”–‹ Ž‡ʹʹ͸ȌǤ
o Secondly, –Š‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– ƒ †‡ Žƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‘ ‡”‡† Žƒ™ ƒ• — ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ȋƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ͳ͵ȌǤȋ — –‹‘ ƒ•
‹–‡”’”‡–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ȍ
Judiciary as protector constitution and saviour from the arbitrariness of government/state:

Judicial review Review ‘ˆ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽƒ‡†‡–•ǡŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ†–ƒ–‡‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡•ǡ

•—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹‘ƒ†–ƒ–‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•Ǥ

Article 142 ŽŽ‘™•–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–‹–Š‡‡š‡” ‹•‡‘ˆ‹–•Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘–‘’ƒ•••— Š†‡ ”‡‡‘”ƒ‡

•— Š‘”†‡”ƒ•‹•‡ ‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘”†‘‹‰ ‘’Ž‡–‡Œ—•–‹ ‡ǤǤ‰ǤŠ‘’ƒŽ‰ƒ•–”ƒ‰‡†› ƒ•‡–Š‡ ‘—”–
Šƒ†ƒ™ƒ”†‡† ‘’‡•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ̈́Ͷ͹Ͳ‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘–Š‡˜‹ –‹•ǡto do “complete justice”.

Interpretation †‡”‹–•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŒ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘ǡ–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–‡‡’•–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–™‹–Š‹–Š‡‹”Ž‹‹–•

of constitution „›Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

Therefore, the founding fathers incorporated in the Constitution itself the provisions of judicial review. This enables
the judiciary to maintain the balance of federalism, to protect the Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of
citizens. 
IMPORTANT JUDICIAL CONCEPTS
Procedure established by Law Due process of Law
Borrowed British USA
from
• Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡”‡‡š‹•–•ƒŽƒ™–Šƒ–ƒ—–Š‘”‹œ‡• Ž‘‰ ™‹–Š ”‘ ‡†—”‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† „› ƒ™ ƒŽ•‘
–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ –‹‘Ǣ ‡šƒ‹‡•–Š‡‹Š‡”‡–‰‘‘†‡••‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™—•‹‰
Test to check
• Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ Šƒ† –Š‡ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽŒ—•–‹ ‡Ǥ
the validity of
‘’‡–‡ ‡–‘’ƒ••–Šƒ–Žƒ™Ǣ
a law
• Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† –Š‡
‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†’”‘ ‡†—”‡–‘‡ƒ ––Šƒ–Žƒ™Ǥ
‘‘†•‡•‡‘ˆŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡•–”‡‰–Š Ž•‘ǡ—’‘ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ ‘• ‹‡ ‡Ǥ
Relies upon
‘ˆ–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ‘’‹‹‘Ǥ
‹‹–‡†Ǥ ƒ †‡ Žƒ”‡ Žƒ™• ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ ƒ†‡ Žƒ”‡Žƒ™•˜‹‘Žƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ”‹‰Š–•‘ˆ ‹–‹œ‡•‘
Judicial power ”‹‰Š–• ‘ˆ ‹–‹œ‡• ‘Ž› ‘ ’”‘ ‡†—”ƒŽ „‘–Š•—„•–ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†’”‘ ‡†—”ƒŽ‰”‘—†•Ǥ
‰”‘—†•Ǥ
Protection Š‡ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž›‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ Š‡ ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”› ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ „‘–Š –Š‡ ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ ƒ†
against ƒ†‘–Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ –Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ
PRINCIPLE OF NATURAL JUSTICE
ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›•ŠƒŽŽƒ –„‘ƒˆ‹†‡ȋ‹‰‘‘†ˆƒ‹–ŠȌ™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›„‹ƒ•Ǥ
‘ƒ•Š‘—Ž†„‡’—‹•Š‡†™‹–Š‘—–„‡‹‰Š‡ƒ”†Ǥ
‘ƒ•ŠƒŽŽ„‡–Š‡Œ—†‰‡‘ˆŠ‹•‘™ ƒ•‡Ǥ
Maneka Gandhi vs. GOI, 1978ǣ”–‹ Ž‡ʹͳ‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽŒ—•–‹ ‡Ǥ
Central Inland Water Transport Corporation Ltd. vs. Brojo Nath Ganguly, 1986:  ƒ”‡‹’Ž‹ ‹––‘–Š‡”‹‰Š–
‘ˆ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›—†‡””–‹ Ž‡ͳͶǤ

KEYWORDS: ‹‰Š‡•– ‘—”– ‘ˆ ’’‡ƒŽǡ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ  –‹˜‹•ǡ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ ‡•–”ƒ‹–ǡ  Ž‡ —†‰‡ ›†”‘‡ǡ protector of
Fundamental rights, ƒ„‡ƒ•‘”’—•ǡ ƒ†ƒ—•ǡ Judicial review, Interpretation of constitution, doctrine of
separation of powers, —†‹ ‹ƒŽ ‘• ‹‡ ‡ǡ

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JUDICIAL PENDENCY
Average disposal time (Compared to Europe): ͶǤͶ–‹‡•‹ ‹˜‹Ž ƒ•‡•ƒ†͸–‹‡•‹ ”‹‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡•Ǥ
Law commissionǣ –™‹ŽŽ–ƒ‡Ͷ͸Ͷ›‡ƒ”•–‘ Ž‡ƒ”’‡†‡ ›™‹–Š’”‡•‡–Œ—†‰‡•̵•–”‡‰–ŠǤ

Courts Pendency of cases (As of December 2022)

—’”‡‡‘—”– ͸ͻǡͷͻͺ

‹‰Š‘—”–• ͷͻǡ͹ͺǡ͹ͳͶ

‘™‡” ‘—”–• ͶǤͶ ”‘”‡

Reasons:
Personnel • ͵ʹ͹‘—–‘ˆͳͳͳͶƒ –‹‘‡†Œ—†‰‡•’‘•–•‹–Š‡ʹͷ ‹‰Š‘—”–•ƒ”‡˜ƒ ƒ–‘’”‹Žͳ
ȋʹͲʹͶȌ
• ͳͲǤͷŒ—†‰‡•Ȁ‹ŽŽ‹‘’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ȋƒ™ ‘‹••‹‘”‡ ‘‡†ͷͲȀ‹ŽŽ‹‘Ȍ

Administrative • ‘”‡–ŠƒͷͲΨ‘ˆ ƒ•‡•˜‹‘Žƒ–‡–Š‡”—Ž‡‘ˆ͵ƒ†Œ‘—”‡–•’‡” ƒ•‡Ǥ

• —’”‡‡ ‘—”–™‘”•‘ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ʹʹʹ†ƒ›•†‡•’‹–‡–Š‡”—Ž‡ƒ†ƒ–‹‰ƒ‹‹—‘ˆ
ʹʹͷ†ƒ›•Ǥ—‡”˜ƒ ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”Œ—†‰‡•”‡ˆŽ‡ –• ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽŠƒ‰‘˜‡”Ǥ
• Special leave petition (Article136) comprises 40% of the court’s pendency.
• ƒ™›‡”• ‘ŽŽ—•‹˜‡ ‘””—’–‹‘‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ–•—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•‹‘”†‡”–‘†”ƒ‰–Š‡ ƒ•‡Ǥ

Infrastructure • š‹•–‹‰ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ ‘—Ž† ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‡ ‘Ž› ͳͷǡͷͶͲ ‘—– ‘ˆ •ƒ –‹‘‡† ʹͲǡͷͷͺ
Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•Ǥ
• ͲǤͲͻΨ‘ˆ •’‡–‘ ‘—”–‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡Ǥ
• Ž†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•—•‡†‹ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•–‹‡‘ˆŽ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

other • Delayed Investigations: ƒ  ‘ˆ ‘†‡” ƒ† • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  –‘‘Ž• Šƒ• ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ ƒ
Šƒ†‹ ƒ’’‡†’‘Ž‹ ‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• ‡–”‡ƒ†–Š‡–ƒ–‡•™‡”‡”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”‘˜‡”Ͷ͸Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡’‡†‹‰ ƒ•‡•Ǥ

Steps to reduce pendency

• 120th Law commission: ƒ’’‘‹–‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†Œ—†‰‡•ƒ•†ǦŠ‘ Œ—†‰‡•ȋ”–‹ Ž‡ͳʹͺƒ†”–‹ Ž‡ʹʹͶȌ
• Law Commission and Supreme court in Vasantha Case: ‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ •—’”‡‡ ‘—”–• ˆ— –‹‘ ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‘—”– ‘ˆ
ƒ’’‡ƒŽƒ† ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”–Ǥ
• Judges allocations considering the need and factors like:
o ”‹‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡•Šƒ˜‡ƒʹǤͷ–‹‡•Š‹‰Š‡”„ƒ Ž‘‰Ǥ
o ‹ˆ‡ › Ž‡ ƒŽ›•‹• –‘ †‡–‹ˆ› •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  •–ƒ‰‡ ˆ‘” ƒ—•‹‰ †‡Žƒ› ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ’”‘ ‡†—”ƒŽ ‹‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ȀŠ—ƒ ”‡•‘—” ‡
•Š‘”–ƒ‰‡ǤǤ‰Ǥ‡”‘’‡†‡ › ƒ•‡‘ˆ‡ŽŠ‹ 
o –ƒ–‡Ǧ™‹•‡ ƒ•‡ Ž‡ƒ”ƒ ‡”ƒ–‡ǣ —Œƒ”ƒ–Šƒ•ͳͲͲΨƒ†‹Šƒ”Šƒ•ͷͷǤͺΨ
• Increasing court productivity:
o  ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ™‘”‹‰†ƒ›•Ǥ
o –”‹ – ‘†‡•‘ˆ ‘†— –ˆ‘”Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•–‘‡•—”‡–Š‡ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡‘ˆ†—–‹‡•Ǥ
o —•‹‡••’”‘ ‡••”‡‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰Ǥ
o ‡’Ž‘›‡–‘ˆ‘†‡”–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǣ  —†‡”‡Ǧ ‘—”–Ǣ‹‰†ƒ–ƒƒƒŽ›–‹ •‘ˆ ƒ•‡•Ǥ
o Ž‹‡ˆ‹Ž‹‰‘ˆ ƒ•‡•Ǥ
• Three-pronged approach ƒ•”‡ ‘‡†‡†„› —•–‹ ‡ƒƒƒǣ
o ’”‘˜‹‰Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ‡Ǧ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•ƒ†•‡––‹‰—’‘ˆ‘”‡ ‘—”–•
o ‹•’—–‡••‡––Ž‡‡–ƒ––Š‡’”‡ǦŽ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•–ƒ‰‡–Š”‘—‰Š ‘—•‡ŽŽ‹‰Ǥ
o –”‡‰–Š‡‹‰–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰Ž–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‹•’—–‡‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ȋȌ‡ Šƒ‹•Ǥ
• Grouping of cases: ƒ•‡•‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ –›’‡•Šƒ˜‹‰Š‹‰Š’‡†‡ ›•ŠƒŽŽ„‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ†ƒ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ ‘‹––‡‡•ŠƒŽŽ
„‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡•ƒ‡ǤǤ‰Ǥ‡ ‡–Ž› ‘—”–”‡ ‘‡†‡†’ƒ‡Ž–‘ Ž‡ƒ” Š‡“—‡„‘— ‡ ƒ•‡•™Š‹ Š ‘•–‹–—–‡•
ƒŽ‘•–͵ͲΨ–‘ͶͲΨ‘ˆ ƒ•‡•‹–”‹ƒŽ ‘—”–•Ǥ

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• Legal Information Management and Briefing System (LIMBSȌ ‹• ƒ ™‡„Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ”‡ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡
‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽˆˆƒ‹”•—†‡”–Š‡‹‹•–”›‘ˆƒ™ƒ† —•–‹ ‡ǡ–‘ƒ‡–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–‘‡•‹‰Ž‡
’‘‹–ƒ†•–”‡ƒŽ‹‡–Š‡’”‘ ‡†—”‡‘ˆŽ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ––‡”• ‘†— –‡†‘„‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ
• Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms Ž‹‡”„‹–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘ ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘†ƒŽƒ–•‡– Ǥ•Š‘—Ž†„‡’”‘‘–‡†
„›Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ —”–Š‡”ǡŽ‡‰ƒŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡•ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ǡ•— Šƒ•ǡǡǡƒ†ǡ ƒ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••Ǥ
• Role of Mediaǣ Š‡ ‡†‹ƒ ƒ• –Š‡ Ͷ–Š ’‹ŽŽƒ” ‘ˆ †‡‘ ”ƒ › •Š‘—Ž† †‘ ’‡”‹‘†‹  ƒ† ‘•–”— –‹˜‡ ”‡’‘”–‹‰ ‘ –Š‡
’‡†‡ ›‘ˆ ƒ•‡•ǤŠ‹•™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ƒ†—ƒŽ„‡‡ˆ‹–ǤŽƒ ‹‰„‡––‡”ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘Œ—†‰‡•”‹‰‹‰–Š‡’‡†‡ ›–‘
–Š‡’—„Ž‹ †‘ƒ‹Ǥ


Š‡ —Ž–—”‡‘ˆ”—Ž‡‘ˆŽƒ™—•–’”‡˜ƒ‹Žƒ•–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ‘–„‡‹’”‘˜‡†‹•‹Ž‘•Ǥ‡ŽŽǦˆ— –‹‘‡†ǡƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡ǡ

ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡ǡƒ†•’‡‡†›Œ—•–‹ ‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”›ƒ –ƒ•ƒ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ—Ž–‹’Ž‹‡”ǤŠ‡”‹‰Š––‘ˆƒ‹”ƒ†•’‡‡†›–”‹ƒŽ—•–
„‡ —’Š‡Ž† ‹ ƒŽŽ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡• ƒ• ‹– ‹• ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‘’‘‡– ‘ˆ †‹‰‹ˆ‹‡† Ž‹ˆ‡ —†‡” ”–‹ Ž‡ ʹͳ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ
‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
KEYWORDS: —•‹‡••’”‘ ‡••”‡‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡLIMBS, ‘†ƒŽƒ–•ǡ

JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS
‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ”‡•‹†‡–ƒ’’‘‹–‡†ͷ‡™ —†‰‡•–‘ȋ™‘”‹‰•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ”‹•‡–‘͵ʹƒ‰ƒ‹•–•ƒ –‹‘‡†•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ͵ͶȌǡ
„›ƒ ‡’–‹‰–Š‡”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‡„›—’”‡‡‘—”– ‘ŽŽ‡‰‹—Ǥ
Constitutional provision related to appointment:
• Article 124 (2): Appointment of SC judges
o CJI- ›”‡•‹†‡–ƒˆ–‡” ‘•—Ž–‹‰•— ŠŒ—†‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ† ƒ•–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–†‡‡•‡ ‡••ƒ”›Ǥ
o Other JudgesǦ›”‡•‹†‡–ƒˆ–‡” ‘•—Ž–‹‰ ƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒ† Œ—†‰‡•ƒ•Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”•‡ ‡••ƒ”›Ǥ
• Article 217: Appointment of HC judges
o Chief justice of HC: ”‡•‹†‡–ƒˆ–‡” ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š ƒ†‰‘˜‡”‘”‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ ‘ ‡”‡†Ǥ
o Other Judges: ›”‡•‹†‡–ƒˆ–‡” ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š ƒ†‰‘˜‡”‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘ ‡”‡†•–ƒ–‡ƒ† Š‹‡ˆŒ—•–‹ ‡‘ˆ
‘ ‡”‡† Ǥ
Collegium System:
 ‘‹––‡‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ —•–‹ ‡ ‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ ˆ‘—” •‡‹‘” Œ—†‰‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– –ƒ‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘
ƒ’’‘‹–‡–•ƒ†–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‘ˆŒ—†‰‡•‹–Š‡ƒ† Ǥ
Three-Judge Cases

First Judges Case (  —’–ƒ Consultation with CJI doesn’t mean concurrence and it only implies exchange of
ƒ•‡Ȍͳͻͺͳ ˜‹‡™•Ǥ ”‡ƒ–‡”•ƒ›–‘–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡Ǥ

Second Judges Case, 1993ǣ ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š ‡ƒ• ‘ —””‡ ‡‹Ǥ‡Ǥƒ†˜‹ ‡–‡†‡”‡†„› ‹•„‹†‹‰
‘–Š‡’”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‡‡†•–‘ ‘•—Ž––™‘•‡‹‘”Ǧ‘•–Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ

Third Judges Case, 1998  •Š‘—Ž† ‘•—Ž–™‹–Šˆ‘—”•‡‹‘”Ǧ‘•–Œ—†‰‡•–‘ˆ‘”Š‹•‘’‹‹‘Ǥ

Lacuna in Collegium System:
• Autocratic: It isn’t a constitutional body. The constitution of ‘ŽŽ‡‰‹— ƒ„‡’‡” ‡‹˜‡†ƒ•ƒƒ –‘ˆ–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›–‘
‘–”‘Ž–Š‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡–•ƒ†–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‹–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›
• Opaqueness: ƒ ‘ˆ–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›‹ˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ǧ吆‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ Ǥ
• ƒ™‘‹••‹‘ȋʹ͵Ͳ–Š”‡’‘”–Ȍǣ
o ‡’‘–‹•ǡ ‘””—’–‹‘ǡƒ†’‡”•‘ƒŽ’ƒ–”‘ƒ‰‡ƒ”‡’”‡˜ƒŽ‡–‹–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‹—•›•–‡ȋ Ž‡
—†‰‡•›†”‘‡Ȍ.
• Violation of Article 74ǣ”‡•‹†‡––‘ƒ –‘–Š‡ƒ‹†ƒ†ƒ†˜‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•
• Merit vs Seniority: —‡–‘–Š‡•‡‹‘”‹–›”—Ž‡’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š„‡––‡”“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†„‡––‡”–”ƒ ”‡ ‘”†•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡
•‹†‡Ž‹‡†–‘ƒ‡™ƒ›ˆ‘”•‘‡‘‡‹ ‘’‡–‡–Ǥ
• Appointments failure: Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‹—•Šƒ•ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘ƒ’’‘‹–Œ—†‰‡•ƒ•’‡”–Š‡˜ƒ ƒ ‹‡•
• No system of checks and balances: ‡ ‘† —†‰‡• ƒ•‡ƒ†‡ ”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘„‹†‹‰‘”‡•‹†‡–ǡ˜‹”–—ƒŽŽ›
‘•ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡Ǥ
Way Forward:
• Early Finalisation of Memorandum of Procedure (MoP).

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• Permanent independent body: Adequate safeguards to preserve the judiciary’s independence, judicial primacy
„—–‘–Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‡š Ž—•‹˜‹–›Ǥ
• Collaborative process: ‹ŽŽ‹‰—’˜ƒ ƒ ‹‡•‹•ƒ ‘–‹—‘—•’”‘ ‡••‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ†–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›•‘
†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ–‹‡ˆ”ƒ‡ǤŠ‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰—’˜ƒ ƒ ‹‡••Š‘—Ž†‡•—”‡‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ǡ†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ
‘’‡–‡ ‡ǡƒ†‹–‡‰”‹–›Ǥ
• Objective eligibility criteria: ‘—†‡”•–ƒ†”‡ƒ•‘•ˆ‘”ƒƒ’’‘‹–‡–‘”‘Ǧƒ’’‘‹–‡–Ǥ
o ‡ ‡–Ž›‘ŽŽ‡‰‹—Šƒ•†‡ ‹†‡†–‘’—–ƒŽŽ‹–•”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•‹—„Ž‹ ‘ƒ‹‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•‹•ƒ
’‘•‹–‹˜‡•–‡’Ǥ
• Collegium must provide a panel of possible names to the President–‘ƒ’’‘‹–‹‘”†‡”‘ˆ’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ƒ†‘–Š‡”
˜ƒŽ‹† ”‹–‡”‹ƒǤ
• Law Commission: ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– –‘ ’ƒ•• ƒ Žƒ™ ”‡•–‘”‹‰ –Š‡ ’”‹ƒ › ‘ˆ –Š‡  ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‡•—”‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡
’Žƒ›‡†ƒ”‘Ž‡‹ƒ‹‰Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽƒ’’‘‹–‡–•Ǧ吕—”‡•’‘™‡”„ƒŽƒ ‡Ǥ
REMOVAL OF JUDGES

‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ˆ‘””‡‘˜ƒŽǣ
• Article 124(4)ǣ —†‰‡‘ˆ ƒ„‡”‡‘˜‡†‘Ž›„›–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ
• Ground: ‘proved misbehavior’ or ‘incapacity’ only after a motion to this effect is passed by both the Houses of
ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–„›ƒ•’‡ ‹ƒŽƒŒ‘”‹–›Ǥ

Concern in removal procedure:

• Vagueness: ƒ ‘ˆ Žƒ”‹–›ƒ•–‡”•Ž‹‡‹•„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‹•—†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ†‘’‡–‘‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Lengthy process: —„‡”•‘‡ƒ†–‡†‹‘—• ’‡ƒ Š‡–’”‘ ‡••Ǧε˜‹”–—ƒŽŽ›‘ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆŒ—†‰‡•Ǥ
• Against separation of power: Š”‡‡‡„‡”• ‘‹––‡‡–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡‹•Š‡ƒ†‡†„› ‘”–Š‡Œ—†‰‡ǤŠ‹•Ž‡ƒ†•
–‘Œ—†‰‡•”‡‘˜‹‰–Š‡Œ—†‰‡•̵•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Lack of Transparencyǣ‡ ”‡ ›‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡†—”‡‘ˆ ‘‹––‡‡Ǥ
• The judge continues to hold the post.
o ‘–Š–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡ —†‰‡•ȋ “—‹”›Ȍ –‘ˆͳͻ͸ͺƒ”‡•‹Ž‡–‘™Š‡–Š‡”ƒŒ—†‰‡ˆƒ ‹‰ƒ‹’‡ƒ Š‡–
‘–‹‘•Š‘—Ž†”‡ —•‡ˆ”‘Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ™‘”‘”‘–Ǥ
o Š‡ —†‰‡†—”‹‰ƒ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‹•‘–’”‘Š‹„‹–‡†ˆ”‘†‹• Šƒ”‰‹‰†—–‹‡•‹ ‘—”–Ǥ
• Politicization: ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ‘‰”‡••ƒ„•–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘˜‘–‹‰‘–Š‡‘–‹‘ˆ‘””‡‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ —•–‹ ‡Ǥƒƒ•™ƒ‹”‡•—Ž–‡†‹
ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
Way forward:
• Transparency in Appointment- •Ž‹•–‡†‹‘‹–‡‰”‹–›•ŠƒŽŽ„‡–Š‡’”‹ƒ”› ”‹–‡”‹ƒǤŽ›Œ—†‰‡•‘ˆŠ‹‰Š ƒŽ‹„”‡
ƒ†‹’‡ ƒ„Ž‡‹–‡‰”‹–›ƒ”‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡†–‘–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡” ‘—”–•Ǥ
• The Judges (Inquiry) Bill, 2006ǣ’”‘’‘•‡†–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ‘— ‹Žȋ Ȍ–‘ ‘†— –‹“—‹”‹‡•‹–‘ƒŽŽ‡‰ƒ–‹‘•
‘ˆ‹ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘”‹•Ǧ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”„› ‹‰Š‘—”–ƒ†—’”‡‡‘—”–Œ—†‰‡•„›’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
• Greater Internal regulation: ”‘’–†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”›ƒ –‹‘•‘‹• ‘†— –Ǣƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ˜‡”•‹‰Š–‘‹––‡‡
•Š‘—Ž†„‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†„›’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡––‘• ”—–‹‹œ‡–Š‡ ‘’Žƒ‹–•ƒ†‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ


KEYWORDS: Three-Judge Cases, Memorandum of Procedure, ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ ’’‘‹–‡–• ‘‹••‹‘ǡ
—†‰‡•ȋ “—‹”›Ȍ –‘ˆͳͻ͸ͺǡ

JUDICIAL ACCOUNTABILITY
—†‹ ‹ƒŽƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›†‡• ”‹„‡•–Š‡˜‹‡™–Šƒ–Œ—†‰‡••Š‘—Ž†„‡Š‡Ž†ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡‹•‘‡™ƒ›ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”™‘”ǤŠ‹•
‘—Ž†„‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹Ǥ‡Ǥ‰‡––‹‰ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽˆ”‘˜‘–‡”•‹‡Ž‡ –‹‘•‘”ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ƒ‘–Š‡”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ
„‘†›Ž‹‡ƒ‰‘˜‡”‘”‘”Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ
Need of judicial accountability:
• To uphold public trust: ‡ ‡– ”‡ƒ”• Ž‹‡ ƒ•‹‰ ƒ ”ƒ’‡ ˜‹ –‹ –‘ ƒ””› ƒ ”ƒ’‹•–ǡ ’”‹‘”‹–‹œ‹‰ ƒ•‡• ‘ˆ •‘‡
’‡‘’Ž‡ˆ‘”Š‡ƒ”‹‰ǡƒ††‡Žƒ›‹‰‘–Š‡”•‡”‘†‡•–”—•–‹–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›Ǥ
• Judicial AppointmentǣŠ‡ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‹—•›•–‡”‡•—Ž–•‹Œ—†‰‡•ƒ’’‘‹–‹‰Œ—†‰‡•™‹–Š˜‹”–—ƒŽŽ›‘”‘Ž‡‘ˆ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡
ƒ†Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ

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• Conflict of Interest :  †‡ ‹†‡•ƒ•–‡”‘ˆ”‘ŽŽ•†‡•’‹–‡Š‹•‡Žˆ„‡‹‰ƒ’ƒ”–›‹ƒ ƒ•‡ǤE.gǤ‡ ‡–’”‡•• ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡
„›ˆ‘—”•‡‹‘”Ǧ‘•–Œ—†‰‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ǤǤ
• Conduct of judges: ‡ ‡– ƒŽŽ‡‰ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‘””—’–‹‘ ‘ —•–‹ ‡ ƒƒ•™ƒ‹ǡ ŽŽ‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‡š—ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ••‡– ‘
—•–‹ ‡ƒŒƒ ‘‰‘‹”ƒ‹•‡•ƒ“—‡•–‹‘‘–Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ Ǥ
• Opacity in operation: †‡”–Š‡„Žƒ‡–‘ˆjudicial independence judiciary restricts outside body’s involvement in
–Š‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‘””—’–‹‘ ƒ•‡•ƒ†•‡–•—’‹ǦŠ‘—•‡‡ Šƒ‹••Ǥ
• Information asymmetryǣ—’”‡‡ ‘—”–”—Ž‡•†‘‘–’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ‹‡ˆ”ƒ‡ǡƒ’’‡ƒŽ‡ Šƒ‹•ǡ’‡ƒŽ–›ˆ‘”–Š‡
†‡Žƒ›–‘‰‹˜‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Contempt of court:‡‹‰—–‹Ž‹œ‡†ˆ‘””‹‰Š–ˆ—Ž ”‹–‹ •ƒŽ•‘ǤE.g. ‡ ‡– ‘–‡’–’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–—ƒŽƒ”ƒ
ƒ†”ƒ•Šƒ–Š—•ŠƒǤ
• Judicial overreach: –‹˜‹•–‘™ƒ”†• ‹–‹œ‡‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡•Šƒ•‡ ”‘ƒ Š‡†‘ƒŽ‹‡‘ˆ‘˜‡””‡ƒ ŠǤǤ‰ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ–Š‡
ƒ•‡ǡ ‹‰Š™ƒ›Ž‹“—‘”„ƒǤ
• Judicial Independence: ‹–Š‘—– ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ ƒ „‡ —•‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ „‡‡ˆ‹– ‘ˆ
Œ—†‰‡•ǡƒ†‘–ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘–‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”—Ž‡‘ˆŽƒ™ǡƒ†–Š‡”‹‰Š–•‘ˆ ‹–‹œ‡•Ǥ
Steps taken to ensure judicial accountability:
• †‘’–‹‘‘ˆƒ Šƒ”–‡”‘Restatement of Values of Judicial Life’ „›—’”‡‡ ‘—”–‹ͳͻͻ͹ƒ† Bangalore Principles
of Judicial Conduct in 2002.
• Judicial Standards and Accountability Bill, 2010 Ǧ•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡•–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ˜‡”•‹‰Š–‘‹––‡‡™Š‹ Š
ƒ›‹••—‡ƒ†˜‹•‘”‹‡•‘”™ƒ”‹‰•–‘Œ—†‰‡•ǡƒ†ƒŽ•‘”‡ ‘‡†–Š‡‹””‡‘˜ƒŽ–‘–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ
• Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–ȋȌƒ’’”‘˜‡•Ž‹˜‡Ǧ•–”‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ ‘—”–’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•Ǥ
• Draft Memorandum of Procedure, 2016:
o Include “merit and integrity” as “prime criteria” for the appointment of judges.
o ‡”ƒ‡–•‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹ƒ–‹—’”‡‡‘—”–ˆ‘”ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰”‡ ‘”†•‘ˆŠ‹‰Š ‘—”–Œ—†‰‡•
• SC vs Subhash Chandra Agrawal caseǣ ‹•†‡ Žƒ”‡†ƒ•ƒ’—„Ž‹ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›—†‡”–Š‡ ƒ –Ǥ
Steps required:
• Š‡‡†‹ƒ•ŠƒŽŽ•–—†›–Š‡Œ—†‰‡–Ǥ‘‡–‘‹–ƒ ƒ†‡‹ ƒŽŽ›•‘–Šƒ–Œ—†‰‡•‘™–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡„‡‹‰™ƒ– Š‡†Ǥ
Šƒ–‹•–Š‡™ƒ›–‘‡•—”‡ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǦArun Shourie
• Independent judicial Lokapal ˆ‘” ‘’Žƒ‹–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ
• Comprehensive code ‘ˆ ‘†— –ˆ‘”Œ—†‰‡•
• Two-level judicial discipline model Ǧͳ•–Ž‡˜‡Žǣ ‹‡Ȁ•—•’‡†Ǣʹ†Ž‡˜‡Žǣ‡‘˜ƒŽǤ
• Awareness and sensitivity of the appointees to the country’s diversity Ǧ”‹–‡”‹ƒ‹–Š‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡–Ǥ

JUDICIAL ACTIVISM AND JUDICIAL OVERREACH

Judicial activismǣ Judicial Overreach

–‹•’”‘ƒ –‹˜‡ƒ†ƒ••‡”–‹˜‡”‘Ž‡’Žƒ›‡†„›–Š‡ š–”‡‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹• ™Š‡”‡ ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”› ƒ†
Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›–‘ˆ‘” ‡–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ†Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ —”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘•ƒ”‡ƒ†‡„›–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›‹–‘
–‘ †‹• Šƒ”‰‡ –Š‡‹” ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ †—–‹‡• –‘ –Š‡†‘ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡‘”‡š‡ —–‹˜‡Ǥ
—’Š‘Ž†–Š‡”‹‰Š–•‘ˆ ‹–‹œ‡•Ǥ

Ǥ‰Ǥ‹”‡ –‹‰–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‡™’‘Ž‹ ›–‘Šƒ†Ž‡ Ǥ‰Ǥ—’”‡‡‘—”–ǡ”—Ž‹‰‘ƒ ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•ƒ„‘—–”‘ƒ†

†”‘—‰Š–ǡ•‡––‹‰—’ƒ„ƒ†Ž‘ƒ•’ƒ‡Žǡ‘”†‡”‹‰ •ƒˆ‡–›ǡŠƒ•„ƒ‡†–Š‡•ƒŽ‡‘ˆŽ‹“—‘”ƒ–”‡–ƒ‹Ž‘—–Ž‡–•ǡƒ•ƒŽ•‘
–‘”‡•–‘”‡–Š‡ –‡”‡–‹ƒ•Š‹”ǡ‡– Ǥ ‹Š‘–‡Ž•ǡ”‡•–ƒ—”ƒ–•ǡƒ†„ƒ”•ǡ–Šƒ–ƒ”‡™‹–Š‹ͷͲͲ‘ˆƒ›
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘”•–ƒ–‡Š‹‰Š™ƒ›Ǥ

Methods of Judicial Activism

• ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘

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• Judicial reviewǣ’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›–‘‹–‡”’”‡––Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†–‘†‡ Žƒ”‡ƒ›•— ŠŽƒ™‘” ‘”†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ƒ†‡š‡ —–‹˜‡˜‘‹†ǡ‹ˆ‹–ˆ‹†•–Š‡‹ ‘ˆŽ‹ –™‹–Š–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘
• PILǣŠ‡’‡”•‘ˆ‹Ž‹‰–Š‡’‡–‹–‹‘—•–‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒ›’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–‡”‡•–‹–Š‡Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‹•’‡–‹–‹‘‹•ƒ ‡’–‡†„›
–Š‡ ‘—”–‘Ž›‹ˆ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‹–‡”‡•–‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡’—„Ž‹ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ
• —’‡”˜‹•‘”›’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡” ‘—”–•‘–Š‡Ž‘™‡” ‘—”–•
•  ‡••‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ–—–‡ˆ‘”‡•—”‹‰ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•
Benefits of Judicial activism:
• Checks and balance: ”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–›–‘„”‹‰‘—–‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ‹˜‹‰–Š‡‘”†‡”–‘„ƒ–Š‡
’‘ŽŽ—–‹‰‹†—•–”›‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒƒ”‘—†ƒŒƒŠƒŽ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•”‡•—Ž–‡†‹–Š‡”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡Ǥ
• Judges wisdom: E.gǤ‹•Šƒƒ‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•–‘’”‡˜‡–•‡š—ƒŽŠƒ”ƒ••‡–ƒ–™‘”’Žƒ ‡ǤǤ
• Š‡ •Š‹ˆ– ˆ”‘ locus standi to public interest litigation ƒ†‡ –Š‡ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘”‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‘”› ƒ†
†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ Ǥ
• Complete delivery of justice: ˜‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”–‹ Ž‡ͳͶʹ–‘”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡—†‡”–”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†ˆ‘”‰”ƒ–‹‰Ͷ͹Ͳ‹ŽŽ‹‘
‘’‡•ƒ–‹‘–‘˜‹ –‹•‘ˆŠ‘’ƒŽ‰ƒ•–”ƒ‰‡†›Ǥ
• Speedy solution: ‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡‰‡–••–— ‹–Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆƒŒ‘”‹–›ǤE.g Banning of old vehicles in Delhi.
Issues with Judicial Activism:
• Exceeding Power: —†‰‡•ƒ”‡•—’’‘•‡†–‘‡š‡” ‹•‡Œ—†‰‡‡–‹‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰–Š‡Žƒ™ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
—–•‘‡–‹‡•–Š‡›ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘‡š ‡‡†–Š‡‹”’‘™‡”‹†‡ ‹†‹‰ ƒ•‡•„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‘—”–Ǥ
• Hampering Spirit of Constitutionǣ –†‡•–”‘›•–Š‡•’‹”‹–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ•†‡‘ ”ƒ ›•–ƒ†•‘–Š‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ’‘™‡”•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‘”‰ƒ•Ǥ
• Tyranny of Unelectedǣ‡•—Ž–•‹–›”ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡—‡Ž‡ –‡†ƒ• —†‰‡•ƒ••—‡• ‡–”ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹†ƒ›–‘†ƒ›†‡ ‹•‹‘
ƒ‹‰Ǥ
• Personal Agendaǣ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹• †‡• ”‹„‡• Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ ”—Ž‹‰• •—•’‡ –‡† ‘ˆ „‡‹‰ „ƒ•‡† ‘ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‘” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ
‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‘‡š‹•–‹‰Žƒ™Ǥ
• Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‘’‹‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡Œ—†‰‡•‘ ‡–ƒ‡ˆ‘”ƒ› ƒ•‡„‡ ‘‡•–Š‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†ˆ‘””—Ž‹‰‘–Š‡” ƒ•‡•Ǥ
• Lack of expertise: —†‹ ‹ƒ”›Žƒ •„‘–Š–‹‡ƒ†”‡•‘—” ‡•–‘‡ƒ –Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘‡–‹‡•’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‹‡•‘ˆ
•— Š‡ƒ –‡–•ƒ”‡‘–‘™–‘–Š‡ ‘—”–•Ǥšǣƒ‘Ǧ ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡•ˆ”‘’”‹ŽʹͲʹͲ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†–‘„‡‡š–‡†‡†
ƒ›–‹‡•Ǥ
Concerns over Judicial overreach:
• Undermining the doctrine of SOP: Š‡’‘™‡”˜‡•–‡†‹‹”–‹ Ž‡ͳͶʹ‹•‡š–”ƒ‘”†‹ƒ”›Ǥ ”‡“—‡–—•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•
’‘™‡”ǡ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†‘ –”‹‡‘ˆ‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘™‡”Ǥ
• Negligence of the challenges faced by legislature and Executive: Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ƒ†š‡ —–‹˜‡™‘”•†‡’‡†
‘Ͷ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ —†ǡˆ— –‹‘ǡˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ǡƒ†ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”›Ǥ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ‘”†‡”™‹–Š‘—– ‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹ ‹’ƒ –‘–Š‡•‡
Ͷ  ƒ ƒ—•‡Šƒ”–‘–Š‡‡ ‘‘›‡Ǥ‰Ǥƒ ‡ŽŽ‹‰‘ˆ ‘ƒŽ„Ž‘ •ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†•’‡ –”—ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘•”‡•—Ž–‡†‹
’‘‘”Š‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•
• Lack of accountability of the judiciary: Judiciary is not accountable to the people. Power of ‘Contempt of court’
‘—Ž†„‡‹•—•‡†–‘‡˜ƒ†‡’—„Ž‹  ”‹–‹ ‹•ˆ‘”ƒ›‘ˆ‹–•ƒ –‹‘•Ǥ
• Selfish motives ‘ˆŒ—†‰‡•™Š‹ Š ƒŠƒ”–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ‹–‡”‡•–ǤǤ‰Ǥ”‘ƒ –‹˜‡ ‡•‘”•Š‹’‹ ‘ŽŽ›
• Uncertainty in laws - Ǥ‰Ǥƒ ‡ŽŽƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–‡Ž‡ ‘Ž‹ ‡•‡
• Knee jerk reaction: ‡ ‹•‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ ƒš‹‡–› ‘ˆ †‘‹‰ ‘’Ž‡–‡ Œ—•–‹ ‡ „—– ™‹–Š‘—– ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‘
™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ† ‘•‡“—‡ ‡• ƒ—•‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” Šƒ”Ǥ Ǥ‰Ǥ ‹‰Š™ƒ›• Ž‹“—‘” „ƒ ‹ ͷͲͲ ‡–‡”• ˆ”‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† •–ƒ–‡
Š‹‰Š™ƒ›•”‡•—Ž–‡†‹–‘Žƒ •‘ˆ—‡’Ž‘›‡–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ƒ ‹†‡–ƒŽ†‡ƒ–Š• ƒ—•‡††—‡–‘†”—‡†”‹˜‹‰™‡”‡‘Ž›
ͶǤʹΨƒ•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ͶͶǤʹΨ ƒ—•‡†„›‘˜‡”Ǧ•’‡‡†‹‰Ǥ
Way ahead:
• ’”‘˜‹‰–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘
• —†‹ ‹ƒ”›•Š‘—Ž†‡š‡” ‹•‡•‡ŽˆǦ”‡•–”ƒ‹–ƒ†‡• Š‡™–Š‡–‡’–ƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ –ƒ•ƒ•—’‡”ǦŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡
• ”–‹ Ž‡ͳͶʹ ƒ•‡••Š‘—Ž†„‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘‡ Š‘ˆƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ˆ‹˜‡Œ—†‰‡•ǤŠ‹•™‹ŽŽ‡•—”‡†‡ ‹•‹‘ƒ•ƒ
‘—– ‘‡‘ˆˆ‹˜‡‹†‡’‡†‡–Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‹†•‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰‘ƒ––‡”•Šƒ˜‹‰•— Šˆƒ”Ǧ”‡ƒ Š‹‰‹’ƒ –‘–Š‡Ž‹˜‡•‘ˆ
’‡‘’Ž‡
• ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡™Š‡‹–‹•‹–Š‡†‘ƒ‹‘ˆŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–•Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡ƒ‘”‘”•Š‘—Ž†‹–
”‡•—Ž–‹Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‘˜‡””‡ƒ ŠǤ


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ƒ‹‰ Žƒ™ ‹• –Š‡ ˆ— –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ Šƒ• –‘ ‹’Ž‡‡– ‹– ’”‘’‡”Ž›Ǥ ‘ –Šƒ– ‘Ž›
‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘”‡ƒ‹•ƒ™‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›ǤŽ›–Š‡ˆ‹‡‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‡‘”‰ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–
ƒ•—•–ƒ‹–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ


Difference between Judicial Activism and Judicial Restraint

Parameters Judicial Activism Judicial Restraint
Definition – ‹• Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› ‘ˆ ‰‘‹‰ —†‹ ‹ƒŽŠ‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆ•Š‘™‹‰”‡•–”ƒ‹–ˆ”‘•–”‹‹‰
„‡›‘† –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ Œ—•– †‘™ ƒ Žƒ™ ‘” •–‘’’‹‰ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”‹‰ ‘ˆ
Š‡ ‹‰–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™Ǥ –Š‡‘–Š‡”‘”‰ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ

Usage Š‡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• –Š‡ • ‘’‡ ‘ˆ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ Š‡–Š‡”‡‹•• ‘’‡–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”•
‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘–‘ ‘””‡ ––Š‹‰•Ǥ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡ ”‡†”‡••ƒŽ ‡ Šƒ‹•• ƒ”‡
ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡
Examples Š‡ ‘—”–•–ƒ‹‰—’—‘‘–‘ ƒ•‡•ǡ š’”‡••‹‰ ”‡•–”ƒ‹– ˆ”‘ ‘– ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ‹ ’‡ƒ‡”•
ƒ‹‰ –Š‡ •ƒŽ‡ ‘ˆ Ž‹“—‘” ‘ ƒ –‹‘•‹†‡ ‹†‹‰ƒ–‹Ǧ†‡ˆ‡ –‹‘Žƒ™Ǥ
‹‰Š™ƒ›• •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‘™‡”• ƒ†
‘–Š‡” ‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡ ”‡†”‡••ƒŽ
‡ Šƒ‹••
Famous Case Š‡ ʹ   ƒ ˜‡”†‹ – ƒ ‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‘ƒ‹˜•‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒͳͻͻͶǡŽ‹–”ƒ Ǥƒ–‡Ž˜•
–‡Ž‡ ‘Ž‹ ‡•‡• ‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒͳͻͻͺ

KEYWORDS: ’—„Ž‹ –”—•–ǡ‘–‡’–‘ˆ ‘—”–ǡ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ‘˜‡””‡ƒ Šǡ‡•–ƒ–‡‡–‘ˆƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ‹ˆ‡ǡŽ‘ —••–ƒ†‹ǡ
’—„Ž‹ ‹–‡”‡•–Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘

CONTEMPT OF COURT
Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 defines contempt of Court ƒ• Civil contempt: ‹ŽŽˆ—Ž †‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡ –‘ ƒ›
Œ—†‰‡–ǡ†‡ ”‡‡ǡ†‹”‡ –‹‘ǡ‘”†‡”ǡ™”‹–ǡ‘”‘–Š‡”’”‘ ‡••‡•‘ˆƒ ‘—”–‘”™‹ŽŽˆ—Ž„”‡ƒ Š‘ˆƒ—†‡”–ƒ‹‰‰‹˜‡–‘ƒ
‘—”–Ǥ
Constitutional provision:
• Article 129 and 215ǣ ‘™‡”•  ƒ†  ƒ• ƒ ‘—”– ‘ˆ
”‡ ‘”†‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡’‘™‡”–‘’—‹•Šˆ‘” ‘–‡’–‘ˆ‹–•‡ŽˆǤ
• Article 142(2): ‡ƒ„Ž‡•–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”––‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡
ƒ†’—‹•Šƒ›’‡”•‘ˆ‘”‹–• ‘–‡’–Ǥ
Need of contempt power:
• Upheld court honour: —†‹ ‹ƒ”›”‡•–‘–Š‡–”—•–‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
Pritam Lal v. The High Court of M.P Š‡Ž†–Šƒ–‹–‹•–Š‡
†—–›‘ˆ–Š‡‘—”–ǡ–‘’—‹•Š–Š‡ ‘–‡’–ƒ ––‘’”‡•‡”˜‡
‹–•†‹‰‹–›.
• Rule of Law: Disobedience of court’s order violates the principle of Rule of Law. Hence contempt power holds
–‘‰‡–Š‡”–Š‡„ƒ•‹ •–”— –—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
• Equality before law:‘‘Žƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡”‹ Šƒ†–Š‡’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž„›ˆ‘” ‹‰ ‘’Ž‹ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡ ‘—”–‘”†‡”•Ǥ
• Independence of the judiciary: ”‘–‡ –‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡‘’‹‹‘‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ƒ†‡†‹ƒ–”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ
• Reasonable restricts:”–‹ Ž‡ͳͻȋͳȌ‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘’”‘˜‹†‡• ‘–‡’–‘ˆ ‘—”–ƒ•ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡”‡•–”‹ –‹‘ˆ‘”
—”„‹‰–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ•’‡‡ Šƒ†‡š’”‡••‹‘Ǥ
• Law Commission (274th report): •‡˜‡”ƒŽ‹„—‹Ž–•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†•–‘’”‘–‡ –ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‹–•‹•—•‡ǤE.gǤ‡ –‹‘ͳ͵‘ˆ–Š‡
Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 : If the degree of harm is slight and beneath notice, the court won’t punish for contempt
• Interference in justice Administration: The High Court in Brahma Prakash Sharma v State of Uttar Pradesh
observed that it‹•‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›’”‘˜‡–Šƒ–ƒƒ –—ƒŽ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŒ—•–‹ ‡
Šƒ•„‡‡ ‘‹––‡†‹ ‘–‡’–‘ˆ ‘—”– ƒ•‡Ǥ
Argument against:
• Free Speech and Expression

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• Judicial accountability: ˆ”‡‡†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ •‘ ‹‡–› ”‹–‹ ‹•‘ˆ–Š‡ —†‹ ‹ƒ”›‹•‹‡˜‹–ƒ„Ž‡–‘Š‘Ž†‹–ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ –
should not be a matter of concern as long as it doesn’t obstruct Justice delivery.
• Vague grounds: ”‘—†••— Šƒ•• ƒ†ƒŽ‹œ‹‰–Š‡ ‘—”–ƒ”‡‘’‡Ǧ‡†‡†ƒ†’”‘‡–‘‹•—•‡Ǥ
• Against the Principle of Natural justice: ‘ƒ•Š‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡Œ—†‰‡‹Š‹•‘™ ƒ•‡Ǥ—–‹ ‘–‡’– ƒ•‡•ǡ —†‰‡•
ƒ”‡ƒŒ—†‰‡‹–Š‡‹”‘™ ƒ—•‡Ǥ
• International practices:
o USA: ‹‰‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‘—”–™‹ŽŽ‘–„‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ†”‡•’‡ –‡†‹ˆˆ”‡‡†‹• —••‹‘•ƒ„‘—––Š‡‘—”–™‡”‡”‡•–”‹ –‡†
‘–Š‡’”‡–‡š–‘ˆ’”‡•‡”˜‹‰‹–•†—–›Ǥ
• Š‡ ‘–‡’–Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘‹•‘–‹–‡†‡†–‘—’Š‘Ž†–Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ†‹‰‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ —†‰‡•Ǥ
• Period of Limitationǣ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡ƒš‹—†—”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‰ ‘–‡’–’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•‹•‘‡›‡ƒ”„—–ƒ›‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‘–‡’– ƒ•‡•ƒ”‡’‡†‹‰ˆ‘”‘”‡–Šƒ–‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥ
Way forward:
• Reduce discretion: ‘–‡’–’‘™‡”•ŠƒŽŽ„‡ƒ†‡‘”‡†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‡ƒ†’”‹ ‹’Ž‡†Ǥ
• Identify the difference „‡–™‡‡ ‘–‡’–‘ˆ ‘—”–ƒ† ‘–‡’–‘ˆŒ—†‰‡Ǥ
• Proportional Punishment:—‹•Š‡–ˆ‘” ‘–‡’–‹•‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ƒ†‹•‘–ƒ•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–†‡–‡””‡–Ǥ‹–•Š‘—Ž†„‡
•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž›‡Šƒ ‡†–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡‹Œ—•–‹ ‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”›Ǥ
• NCRWC: ‘–‡’–’‘™‡”ƒ†Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™”‡•–”‹ –‡†–‘ƒ† ‘Ž›ǤǤ
• Elements of ‘mens rea’ ȋŽ‡‰ƒŽ ‘ ‡’–†‡‘–‹‰ ”‹‹ƒŽ‹–‡–‘”‡˜‹Ž‹†Ȍƒ›„‡‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡ƒ –Ǥ


—„Ž‹ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•‹ƒˆ”‡‡•‘ ‹‡–›—•–•–ƒ†—’‘–Š‡‹”‘™‡”‹–•ǤŠ‡› ƒ‘–™‹–Š•–ƒ†‹–‹ˆ–Š‡‹” ‘†— –†‘‡•

‘– ‘ƒ†–Š‡ ‘—‹–›̵• ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡Ǥ ˆ–Š‡‹” ‘†— –Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡•–Š‡”‡•’‡ –‘ˆƒ ‘—‹–›–Š‡–Š‡›†‘‘–‡‡†
–Š‡’”‘–‡ –‹‘—†‡” ‘–‡’–”—Ž‡•Ǥ

KEYWORDS: —Ž‡‘ˆƒ™ǡ“—ƒŽ‹–›„‡ˆ‘”‡Žƒ™ǡ‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡”‡•–”‹ –•ǡ”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ—‹•Š‡–ǡ‡•”‡ƒ

WOMEN IN JUDICIARY
‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ—’”‡‡‘—”–Šƒ†ƒƒŽŽǦ™‘ƒ„‡ Š™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‘Ž›–Š‡–Š‹”†–‹‡‹‹–•Š‹•–‘”›Ǥ
Reasons for lower representation of women:
• Social Factor ǣ‘‰ƒ†‹ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡™‘”Š‘—”•‹Žƒ™ǡ ‘„‹‡†™‹–Š
ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡˆ‘” ‡ƒ›™‘‡–‘†”‘’‘—–‘ˆ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ƒ†
–Š‡›ˆƒ‹Ž–‘‡‡––Š‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–‘ˆ ‘–‹—‘—•’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ
• Seniority PrincipleǣŠ‹•’”‹ ‹’Ž‡‹•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†‹ ƒ•‡‘ˆƒ’’‘‹–‡–•
–‘ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡” Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ •–”‹ – ƒ†Š‡”‡ ‡ –‘ –Š‹• ƒŽ•‘
†‹• ‘—”ƒ‰‡•‘”‡™‘‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡–•Ǥ
• Lack of judicial infrastructure:Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆ”‡•–”‘‘•ǡ Š‹Ž† ƒ”‡
ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•‡– Ǥ –™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‹ƒ•—”˜‡›‘ˆ͸ͲͲͲ–”‹ƒŽ ‘—”–”‘‘•ǡ–Šƒ–
ƒ„‘—–ʹʹΨ‘ˆ–Š‡†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡™ƒ•Š”‘‘ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”™‘‡Ǥ
• No Women Reservationǣ ƒ› •–ƒ–‡• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ’‘Ž‹ › ˆ‘”
™‘‡‹–Š‡Ž‘™‡”Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•‹••‹‰‹–Š‡Š‹‰Š ‘—”–•ƒ†
—’”‡‡‘—”–Ǥ
• Eligibility criteria for entrance exams: A major barrier to women’s recruitment as district judges is the eligibility
”‹–‡”‹ƒ–‘–ƒ‡–Š‡‡–”ƒ ‡‡šƒ•Ǥ
o ƒ™›‡”•‡‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡͹›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ ‘–‹—‘—•Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ƒ†„‡‹–Š‡ƒ‰‡„”ƒ ‡–‘ˆ͵ͷǦͶͷǤ
• Low Representation of Women in Litigationǣ—„‡”‘ˆ™‘‡ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡•‹••–‹ŽŽŽ‘™ǡ”‡†— ‹‰–Š‡’‘‘Žˆ”‘
™Š‹ Š™‘‡Œ—†‰‡• ƒ„‡•‡Ž‡ –‡†Ǥ
• Frequent transfersǣƒ‰‹•–”ƒ–‡•ƒ”‡ƒ†‡–‘–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‡˜‡”›–Š”‡‡›‡ƒ”•ǤŠ‹• ƒ„‡•‡‡ƒ•ƒ‘–Š‡” ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–‘
ˆ‹ŽŽ–Š‡‰‡†‡”‰ƒ’‹–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ•›•–‡ƒ•–Š‡†‡ˆ‹‡†‰‡†‡””‘Ž‡•‹–Š‡ †‹ƒ•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ‡•‹–†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–ˆ‘”™‘‡
–‘•–ƒ›ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”Š‘‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹” ƒ”‡‡”•Ǥ
• Patriarchal societyǣ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ•–—†›„›–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‹••‹‘‘ˆ —”‹•–•ȋ  Ȍ–Š‡Ž‘™‡””‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ™‘‡‹–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›‹•‘ˆ–‡†—‡–‘‰‡†‡”•–‡”‡‘–›’‹‰
Importance of women representation:
• Encourage more women to report casesǤǣ ƒ•› ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ™‘‡ ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡•Ǧε ƒ‡ ™‘‡ ˜‹ –‹• ‘”‡
‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡’”‘„Ž‡•Ž‹‡•‡š—ƒŽ˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡

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• Justice Quality: ’ƒ–Š› ƒ† •‡•‹–‹˜‹–› ƒ”‡ ˜‹”–—‡• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ™‘‡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ ‹’”‘˜‡ –Š‡ “—ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ
Œ—†‰‡‡–Ǥ
• Public trust: ‡†‡”†‹˜‡”•‡„‡ Š™‹ŽŽ”‡•—Ž–‹Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”‹‡•„‡‹‰’‡” ‡‹˜‡†ƒ•‘”‡–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡–ǡ‹ Ž—•‹˜‡ǡƒ†
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘•‡Ž‹˜‡•–Š‡›ƒˆˆ‡ –
• Breaking Patriarchal Barrier ‘ˆ–‡”‹‰™‘‡‹ ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Œ‘„•Ǥ
• Global commitment:  ͷƒ† ͳ͸ƒ‹•–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡gender equality and women’s representation in public
‹•–‹–—–‹‘••— Šƒ•–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›Ǥ
• Diversity in Viewsǣ –‹•†‡ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡–‘Šƒ˜‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‹–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›„‡ ƒ—•‡
‘ˆ–Š‡‹”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž‹˜‡†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•Ǥ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘–Š‡„‡ Š™‘—Ž†„”‹‰‹ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†‹ Ž—•‹˜‡’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•–‘
•–ƒ–—–‘”›‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Flip to Women empowermentǣ‘”‡™‘‡ƒ•Œ—†‰‡•™‘—Ž†Šƒ‹Žƒ•”‘Ž‡‘†‡Ž•–‘‘–Š‡”ˆ‡ƒŽ‡•–Š—•’”‘˜‹†‹‰
ƒ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽŽ‹ˆ––‘™‘‡‡’‘™‡”‡–Ǥ
Way forward:
• Effective long-term plan: ‘ŽŽƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ †ƒ–ƒ ‘ˆ ’”‘•’‡ –‹˜‡ ™‘‡ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡• ‹ –Š‡ Ž‘™‡” Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›ǡ ”‡˜‹•‹–‹‰
ƒ’’‘‹–‡– ”‹–‡”‹ƒ–‘‡•—”‡ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†•‡ –‹‘™‘‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Gender sensitization: —†‰‡•‘ˆ“old school” ƒ†“patriarchal” ‹‘—–Ž‘‘ǡshould be sensitized to prevent them
from ’ƒ••‹‰‘”†‡”•‘„Œ‡ –‹ˆ›‹‰™‘‡‹•‡•‹–‹˜‡ ƒ•‡•Ǥ
• Retaining women in profession: ‘˜‡”‡–••Š‘—Ž†”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡•ƒŽƒ”›ƒ†ƒŽŽ‘™ƒ ‡•‘ˆŽ‘™‡”Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›ƒ†
’”‘˜‹†‡•‡ —”‹–›‘ˆ‹ ‘‡–‘ˆ‡ƒŽ‡Žƒ™›‡”•–‘”‡†— ‡— ‡”–ƒ‹–›Ǥ
• Societal mindset: —†‰‡•ƒ†Žƒ™›‡”••ŠƒŽŽ„‡Œ—†‰‡†‘‡”‹–ƒ†‘–‘‰‡†‡”Ǥ
• Reservation: ‹‰Š‡”Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›•Š‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”™‘‡•— Šƒ••—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›
™‹–Š‘—–†‹Ž—–‹‰‡”‹–Ǥ
FAST TRACK COURTS
• ‡ ‡–Ž›ǡƒ™‹‹•–‡”’”‡••‡•ˆ‘”ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‰•‡––‹‰—’ ƒ•–Ǧ”ƒ ‘—”–•ȋ •Ȍƒ† ƒ•–Ǧ”ƒ ’‡ ‹ƒŽ‘—”–•
ȋ •ȌǤ
• •ƒ† •ƒ”‡†‡†‹ ƒ–‡† ‘—”–•
‡š’‡ –‡† –‘ ‡•—”‡ •™‹ˆ–
†‹•’‡•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŒ—•–‹ ‡Ǥ
• Article 247 Ǧƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡––‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š
‡”–ƒ‹ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”–• ˆ‘” –Š‡
„‡––‡” ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Žƒ™• ƒ†‡
„› ‹– ‘” ‘ˆ ƒ› ‡š‹•–‹‰ Žƒ™• ™‹–Š
”‡•’‡ ––‘ƒ‹‘‹•–Ǥ
Historical evolution:
• 11th finance commission (2000): •–ƒ„Ž‹•Šͳ͹͵Ͷ ƒ•––”ƒ  ‘—”–•Ǧε•’‡‡†›†‹•’‘•ƒŽ‘ˆ’‡†‹‰ ƒ•‡•‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›
—†‡”–”‹ƒŽ•‹–Š‡Ž‘™‡”Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›Ǥ
• ƒ’’‘‹–‡†Œ—†‰‡•‘ƒƒ†Š‘ „ƒ•‹•ˆ”‘”‡–‹”‡† Œ—†‰‡•ǡ‡Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡„ƒ”‡„‡”•ǡ‡– 
• ʹͲͲͷǣͳͷ͸ʹ ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽǦε• Š‡‡‡š–‡†‡†–‹ŽŽʹͲͳͳǦεʹͲͳͳǣͳͳͻʹ ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽǤ
• ‘•–ǦʹͲͳͳǣ‘ ‡–”ƒŽˆ—†‹‰ƒ†•–ƒ–‡–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ™‹–Š–Š‡‹”ˆ—†Ǥ
• 14th Finance Commissionǣ‡––‹‰—’ͳͺͲͲ •ȋ•ǤͶͳͶͶǤͲͲ ”‘”‡Ȍƒ†—”‰‡†–Š‡–ƒ–‡–‘—–‹Ž‹œ‡–Š‡‡Šƒ ‡†
†‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ ‡–”ƒŽ–ƒš‡•ȋͶʹΨȌ–‘ˆ—†–Š‹•‡ˆˆ‘”–Ǥ
• Ministry of Law and Justice Ǧ• Š‡‡ˆ‘”•‡––‹‰—’ͳͲʹ͵ •ˆ‘””ƒ’‡ƒ†ƒ – ƒ•‡•ǡƒ•ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‹••‹‘ˆ‘”ƒˆ‡–›‘ˆ‘‡ȋȌǤ
• ’‘”–ƒ– ƒ•‡•Šƒ†Ž‡†ǣʹ͸Ȁͳͳƒ––ƒ  ƒ•‡ǡ‡•–„ƒ‡”› ƒ•‡Ǥ
Advantages of FTC:
• Reducing pendency: •Šƒ˜‡•‘Ž˜‡†‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ ƒ•‡•–‘”‡†— ‡–Š‡„—”†‡‘‘–Š‡” ‘—”–•Ǥ
• Judicial efficacy: ‹’Ž‹ˆ‹‡†’”‘ ‡†—”‡Ǧε ‹‰Š ƒ•‡ Ž‡ƒ”ƒ ‡”ƒ–‡ƒ†•’‡‡†›–”‹ƒŽ”ƒ–‡Ǧ勐 ”‡ƒ•‡• —†‹ ‹ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‹ ƒ ›Ǥ
• Promote specialization: •ƒ”‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–‘Šƒ†Ž‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ –›’‡•‘ˆ ƒ•‡•ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ„Ž‡•–Š‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡–‘ˆ
‡š’‡”–•‹–Šƒ–ˆ‹‡Ž†ƒ•Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ
• consistency and predictability: •Šƒ˜‡Š‹‰ŠǦ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡”ƒ–‡•ƒ†ƒ”‡•–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†•–‡ƒ†›Ǥ –”‡†‡”•Œ—•–‹ ‡
™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Šƒ —”ƒ ›Ǥ

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• Act as a deterrentǣ•’‡‡†›Œ—•–‹ ‡ƒ –•ƒ•ƒ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡†‡–‡””‡ ‡‹”‡†— ‹‰ ”‹‡‹•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
• Increase in effectivenessǣ’‡‡†›Œ—•–‹ ‡”‡•—Ž–•‹‡Šƒ ‡†‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ‘—”Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ•›•–‡ǡ
promoting people’s confidence in the justice delivery mechanism in India.
Issues faced:
• Systemic issues:
o ‹•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–—„‡”‘ˆ •ƒ†Œ—†‰‡• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ ƒ•‡•–‘„‡Šƒ†Ž‡†ǤǤ‰Ǥ‡ŽŠ‹ •Šƒ˜‡‘Ž›‘‡‘”–™‘
Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ
o Ad-Hocismǣ •–‡ƒ†‘ˆ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰–‘ƒ††”‡••’‡†‡ ›ǡ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†„ƒ•‡†‘•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‹ ‹†‡–•Ǥ
• Heavy workload:  ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ƒ•‡•ƒ••‹‰‡†™‹–Š‘—–‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰—„‡”‘ˆŒ—†‰‡•Ǧε  ”‡ƒ•‡†’‡†‡ ›‹ •
• No special or speedier procedure: •—ƒŽ†‡Žƒ›Ž‹‡–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ” ‘—”–•ǤȋʹͲͳͺȌǣ͹ͺΨ‘—–‘ˆʹͺǡͲͲͲ–”‹ƒŽ•†‘‡
‹ •–‘‘‘”‡–Šƒƒ›‡ƒ”–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ǥ
• Lack of infrastructureǣˆ–‡Š‘—•‡†‹ƒ‡š‹•–‹‰ ‘—”–ƒ†˜ƒ”‹‘—•‡“—‹’‡–•‡‡†‡†–‘ ‘†— –˜‹†‡‘ƒ†
ƒ—†‹‘”‡ ‘”†‹‰•‘ˆ˜‹ –‹•Ǧ准— ‡•–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••
• Financial constraints: ‹Brij Mohan Lal caseǦ ‘–‹—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ •‹•‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡†‘ƒ‹™‹–Š–Š‡‹”ˆ—†•ǤǤ‰Ǥ
•’‡”†ƒ–‡ȋƒ” ŠʹͲͳͻȌͷ͸Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ–‡•ƒ†Šƒ†‘ •Ǥ
• Lack of Coordination: –”‹„—ƒŽ•Ǧ參ƒ‰‡†„›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹‹•–”‹‡•Ǥˆƒ•–Ǧ–”ƒ  ‘—”–•ƒ†•’‡ ‹ƒŽ ‘—”–•Ǧ嗐†‡”
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ„‘†‹‡•ǡ™‹–ŠŽ‹––Ž‡ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘‘”—‹ˆ‘”‹–›ƒ‘‰–Š‡Ǥ
Way Forward:
• Capacity building and improving infrastructure: ’’‘‹–‡– ‘ˆ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡•ǡ ƒ‹‰ • ’‡”ƒ‡–ǡ
†‡†‹ ƒ–‡† ‘—”–”‘‘•ǡ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ‡– •ŠƒŽŽ„‡–Š‡’”‹‘”‹–›Ǥ
o —‰‰‡•–‡† „› –Š‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”–ǡ –Š‡ ƒ†ǦŠ‘  Œ—†‰‡• ƒ† •—’’‘”– •–ƒˆˆ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ‰”ƒ–‡† ’‡”ƒ‡–
ƒ’’‘‹–‡–••ŠƒŽŽ„‡ƒ’”‹‘”‹–›Ǥ
• Modern technologiesǣ‘‘Ž•Ž‹‡‹‰†ƒ–ƒƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ •ŠƒŽŽ„‡—•‡†–‘‡•—”‡„‡––‡”‰”‘—’‹‰‘ˆ ƒ•‡•ƒ††‡ ‹†‡
’”‹‘”‹–›Ǥ
• Sensitizing State Governments: ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆŠ‹‡ˆ‹‹•–‡”•ƒ†Š‹‡ˆ —•–‹ ‡•ǡ–Š‡–ƒ–‡‹ ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š
Š‹‡ˆ —•–‹ ‡•‘ˆ Ǧ凕–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡—„‡”‘ˆ •ƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ˆ—†•Ǥ
• Coordination: •ƒ†•’‡ ‹ƒŽ ‘—”–•Ǧ嗐†‡”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ„‘†‹‡•™‹–ŠŽ‹––Ž‡ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ǦεƒŽ‡ƒ†ƒ‰‡ ›–‘
„‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†„›‡–”ƒŽƒ†–ƒ–‡ ‘˜‡”‡–•–‘•–”‡ƒŽ‹‡–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘‹‰‘ˆ ‘—”–••›•–‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›Ǥ
• Holistic approach: ‘Ž‹ ‡”‡ˆ‘”•–‘‹’”‘˜‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ’‡ ‹ƒŽ’”‘ ‡†—”‡ˆ‘”•’‡‡†›†‹•’‘•ƒŽ‘ˆ ƒ•‡•Ǥ


KEYWORDS: Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹••‹‘ ˆ‘” ƒˆ‡–› ‘ˆ ‘‡ǡ ƒ•‡ ‹•–‹‰ǡ ‹‰‹–ƒŽ †‹˜‹†‡ǡ ƒ–ƒ
ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ

REGIONAL BENCH OF SUPREME COURT

‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”› –ƒ†‹‰ ‘‹––‡‡ ‘ ‡”•‘‡Žǡ —„Ž‹  ”‹‡˜ƒ ‡•ǡ ƒ™ ƒ† —•–‹ ‡ ‹ˆ‘”‡† –Š‡
Parliament about the government’s acceptance of its recommendation to establish regional benches of the Supreme
‘—”–ȋȌǤ
• The recommendations were made in the 133rd report of the Parliamentary Standing Committee titled, ‘Judicial
Processes and Their Reform’.
• ‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ›‹˜‘‡”–‹ Ž‡ͳ͵Ͳ‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰‹–•”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ„‡ Š‡•ƒ–ˆ‘—”‘”ˆ‹˜‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•
‹–Š‡‘—–”›Ǥ
• Š‡‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽƒ––‡”•ƒ›„‡†‡ƒŽ–ƒ–‡ŽŠ‹ƒ†–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ„‡ Š‡•ƒ›
†‡ ‹†‡ƒ’’‡ŽŽƒ–‡ƒ––‡”•Ǥ
• The appellate benches’ decisions should be treated as final, and it should not be treated as another layer of the
Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›Ǥ


Law Commission’s recommendations on regional benches of SC

• 95th Report of Law Commission (1984):•Š‘—Ž† ‘•‹•–‘ˆ–™‘‹˜‹•‹‘•ǡƒ‡Ž›ǡ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‹˜‹•‹‘
ƒ†‡‰ƒŽ‹˜‹•‹‘Ǥ
• 229th Report of Law Commission (2009):‡ ‘‡†‡†•‡––‹‰—’ǡ
o ‘•–‹–—–‹‘‡ Šƒ–‡ŽŠ‹

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o ‘—” ƒ••ƒ–‹‘ ‡ Š‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” ”‡‰‹‘ ƒ– ‡ŽŠ‹ǡ –Š‡ ‘—–Š‡” ”‡‰‹‘ ƒ– Š‡ƒ‹Ȁ ›†‡”ƒ„ƒ†ǡ –Š‡
ƒ•–‡””‡‰‹‘ƒ–‘Žƒ–ƒƒ†–Š‡‡•–‡””‡‰‹‘ƒ–—„ƒ‹Ǥ

Need for Regional Benches:

• Inclusive Justice delivery: Article 39A †‹”‡ –••–ƒ–‡•–‘ƒ‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘•–‘‡•—”‡–Šƒ–‘’‡”•‘•ŠƒŽŽ„‡†‡’”‹˜‡†
‘ˆ‰‡––‹‰Œ—•–‹ ‡Ǥ
• Accessibility: ‘”–Š‡’‘‘”ƒ†’‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹˜‹‰‹ˆƒ”Ǧ‘ˆˆ’Žƒ ‡•Ž‹‡–Š‡‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–ƒ ‡••–‘•‡ƒ–•‹‡ŽŠ‹‹•Ž‡••Ǥ
• High Pendencyǣ•’‡”  ƒ’’”‘šͺͲǡͲͲͲ ƒ•‡•ƒ”‡’‡†‹‰‹ƒ††‹•’‘•ƒŽ‘ˆƒ’’‡ƒŽ•–ƒ‡•ƒ››‡ƒ”•Ǥ
• Constitutional court: ƒ•‡•†‡ ‹†‡†„› ‘•–‹–—–‹‘„‡ Š‡•ȋ‹Ǥ‡ͷΪŒ—†‰‡•ȌŠƒ˜‡†‡ Ž‹‡†ˆ”‘ƒ„‘—–ͳͷΨȋͳͻͷͲ•Ȍ
–‘ͲǤͳʹΨȋŽƒ•–†‡ ƒ†‡ȌǤ‹–Š”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ„‡ Š‡•ǡ‹‡ŽŠ‹ ƒ‘Ž›Š‡ƒ”ƒ––‡”•‘ˆ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ™Ǥ
• Economic growth: ‘”‡’”‘•’‡”‘—••–ƒ–‡•Šƒ˜‡Š‹‰Š‡” ‹˜‹ŽŽ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘”ƒ–‡•Ǥ—– —†‹ ‹ƒŽ„ƒ Ž‘‰•†‹• ‘—”ƒ‰‡† ‹˜‹Ž
ƒ•‡ˆ‹Ž‹‰•Ǧ唇‰‹‘ƒŽ„‡ Š‹•ƒ•–‡’Ǧ‹”‹‰Š–†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ
• Recommended by various committees:
o Parliamentary standing committees ‹ʹͲͲͶǡʹͲͲ͸ƒ†ʹͲͲͺ”‡ ‘‡†‡†–Š‡•ƒ‡Ǥ
o Law commission: ʹʹͻ–Š ‡’‘”–ǣ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ‡ Š ‹ ‡ŽŠ‹ ˆ‘” ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ƒŽŽ‹‡† ‹••—‡•ǡ ƒ† ˆ‘—”
ƒ••ƒ–‹‘‡ Š‡•‹‡ŽŠ‹ǡŠ‡ƒ‹Ȁ ›†‡”ƒ„ƒ†ǡ‘Žƒ–ƒǡƒ†—„ƒ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽŽƒ’’‡ŽŽƒ–‡™‘”Ǥ
o Supreme Court (1986): •–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘—”–‘ˆ’’‡ƒŽ™‹–Š”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ‡ Š‡•ƒ–Š‡ƒ‹ǡ—„ƒ‹ǡ
ƒ†‘Žƒ–ƒǤ
o V. Vasantha Kumar case, 2016–Š‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–Š‡ƒ––‡”–‘ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‡ Šˆ‘”–Š‡†‡ ‹•‹‘‘–Š‡
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘—”–‘ˆ’’‡ƒŽǤ
Concerns:
• May dilute superiority of the SC decisions: —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆƒ†‹–•ƒ—”ƒƒ•’‡š ‘—”–Ǥ
–™‘—Ž†”‡“—‹”‡ƒ‡†‹‰Article 130 ™Š‹ Š‹‰Š–‘–•–ƒ†„ƒ•‹ •–”— –—”‡Ǥ
• Affect integrated judiciary system: ʹͲͳͲǡ ƒ†ʹ͹Œ—†‰‡•Šƒ†”‡Œ‡ –‡†Žƒ™ ‘‹••‹‘”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”
”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ‡ Š‡• ‹–‹‰–Š‹•”‡ƒ•‘Ǥ
NALSA
Parliamentary Standing Committee submitted its Report on “Review of the working of Legal aid under the Legal
‡”˜‹ ‡•—–Š‘”‹–‹‡• –ǡͳͻͺ͹Ǥ”
• Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ‡”˜‹ ‡•—–Š‘”‹–›ȋȌŠƒ•„‡‡ ‘•–‹–—–‡†—†‡”–Š‡ Legal Services Authorities Act,
1987 –‘‘‹–‘”ƒ†‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡–Š‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽƒ‹†’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ†–‘Žƒ›†‘™’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ƒ†’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ˆ‘”
ƒ‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡—†‡”–Š‡ –Ǥ
• Constitutional basis: Article 39A ’”‘˜‹†‡•ˆ‘”ˆ”‡‡Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ‹†–‘–Š‡’‘‘”ƒ†™‡ƒ‡”•‡ –‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ†
‡•—”‡•Œ—•–‹ ‡ˆ‘”ƒŽŽǤArticles 14 and 22(1) ƒ‡‹–‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‘”›ˆ‘”–Š‡–ƒ–‡–‘‡•—”‡‡“—ƒŽ‹–›„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡Žƒ™ƒ†
ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ•›•–‡–Šƒ–’”‘‘–‡•Œ—•–‹ ‡„ƒ•‡†‘‡“—ƒŽ‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘ƒŽŽǤ
• Main functions: –ƒ–‡ ‡‰ƒŽ ‡”˜‹ ‡• —–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ǡ ‹•–”‹ – ‡‰ƒŽ ‡”˜‹ ‡• —–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ǡ ƒŽ—ƒ ‡‰ƒŽ ‡”˜‹ ‡•
‘‹––‡‡•†‹• Šƒ”‰‡–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒ‹ˆ— –‹‘•‘”‡‰—Žƒ”„ƒ•‹•Ǧ
o ‘’”‘˜‹†‡ˆ”‡‡ƒ† ‘’‡–‡–Ž‡‰ƒŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡•–‘–Š‡‡Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡’‡”•‘•Ǥ
o ‘‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡‘†ƒŽƒ–•ˆ‘”ƒ‹ ƒ„Ž‡•‡––Ž‡‡–‘ˆ†‹•’—–‡•Ǥ
o ‘‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ƒ’•‹–Š‡”—”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
o ”‘˜‹†‹‰‘’‡•ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‹ –‹•‘ˆ”‹‡
o ”‘‘–‹‰†‹•’—–‡•‡––Ž‡‡–•
• Persons eligible for getting free legal services includesǣ ‘‡ ƒ†
Š‹Ž†”‡ǡ‡„‡”•‘ˆȀǢ †—•–”‹ƒŽ™‘”‡Ǣ‹ –‹•‘ˆƒ••†‹•ƒ•–‡”ǡ
˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ǡ ˆŽ‘‘†ǡ †”‘—‰Š–ǡ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ǡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ †‹•ƒ•–‡”Ǣ ‹•ƒ„Ž‡† ’‡”•‘•Ǣ
‡”•‘•‹ —•–‘†›Ǣ‡”•‘•™Š‘•‡ƒ—ƒŽ‹ ‘‡†‘‡•‘–‡š ‡‡†•ǤͳŽƒŠ
ȋ‹–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–‡‰ƒŽ‡”˜‹ ‡•‘‹––‡‡–Š‡Ž‹‹–‹••ǤͷǡͲͲǡͲͲͲȀǦȌǢ
‹ –‹•‘ˆ”ƒˆˆ‹ ‹‰‹ —ƒ„‡‹‰•‘”„‡‰‰ƒ”Ǥ
Challenges faced in ensuring free legal aid:
• Lack of awareness ƒ‘‰’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹”„ƒ•‹ ”‹‰Š–•‘ˆˆ”‡‡Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ‹†Ǥ
• Free aid vs Quality: There is a perception that free service doesn’t provide
“—ƒŽ‹–›•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ
• Human resources: ‡ƒ”–Š‘ˆ‡‘—‰ŠŽƒ™›‡”•–‘†‡Ž‹˜‡”ˆ”‡‡Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ‹†„›–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡•ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•Ǥ

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• Lack of motivation: Š‘—‰Šƒ™›‡”•ƒ”‡ƒ••‹‰‡†–‘’”‘˜‹†‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ
ƒ‹†ƒ†’ƒ‹†™‹–Š’—„Ž‹ ˆ—†•ǡŠ‡›Žƒ ‹–‡”‡•–‹–Š‡‹” Ž‹‡–•Ǥ
Š‹•Šƒ’‡”•–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆƒ”‰—‡–•„›Žƒ™›‡”•Ǥ
• Demand for money: ••‹‰‡† Žƒ™›‡”• ‘’‡Ž ƒ› ‹‘ ‡–
Ž‹‡–•–‘’ƒ›ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ‘—–•‘ˆ‘‡›–‘–Š‡ǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š
•‡”˜‹ ‡•ƒ”‡ˆ”‡‡Ǥ
• Inefficiency: Š‡•›•–‡ˆ‘”ˆ”‡‡Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ‹†‹•‘–˜‡”›•–”‡ƒŽ‹‡†
ƒ†•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡†ǤŠ‹•Šƒ•”‡•—Ž–‡†‹‹‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–†‡Ž‹˜‡”›‘ˆˆ”‡‡
Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ‹†Ǥ
Way Forward:
• Encourage more lawyers –‘†‡Ž‹˜‡”ˆ”‡‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ•—’’Ž‡‡–‡†™‹–Š
ƒƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ƒ’ƒ‹‰–‘‹ˆ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ„‘—–ˆ”‡‡Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ‹†Ǥ
• The use of ICTǡ‹‰†ƒ–ƒƒƒŽ›–‹ •ǡ‡–  ƒ‹‹‹œ‡–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡–‹‡„‡–™‡‡ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ‹†ƒ†Žƒ™›‡”
ƒ••‹‰‡†–‹‡™Š‹ Šƒ–’”‡•‡–‹•ͳͳ†ƒ›•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›Ǥ
• Incentivising lawyer ˆ‘” ˆ”‡‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ƒ‹† ™‹–Š ƒ †‡ ‡– •ƒŽƒ”› ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’‡”• Ž‹‡ ƒ ’”‹‘”‹–› ‹ ƒ›
ƒ’’‘‹–‡–’”‘ ‡••
• International experienceǣ ‘” •‡ƒŽ‡•• †‡Ž‹˜‡”› ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ƒ‹† ‘—–”‹‡• Ž‹‡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒǡ ‡›ƒǡ ǡ ‡– Ǥ

ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡†‹–as “essential services”.
 Ǧͳ͸•‡‡•–‘̶”‘‘–‡’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Žƒ†‹ Ž—•‹˜‡•‘ ‹‡–‹‡•ˆ‘”•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ ‡••–‘Œ—•–‹ ‡ˆ‘”
ƒŽŽƒ†„—‹Ž†‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ǡƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‹ Ž—•‹˜‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ƒ–ƒŽŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•ǤŠ‡”‘Ž‡’Žƒ›‡†„›ƒ†‹–•‡–™‘”•
ƒ••‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰–Š‡•ƒ‡Ǥ


Government Initiatives for legal aid

• "Designing Innovative Solutions for Holistic Access to Justice in India (DISHA)”
• ›ƒ›ƒ ƒ†Š— Žƒ–ˆ‘”ǣ ƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ ‘‡ –‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ”‘ ‘‘ †˜‘ ƒ–‡• ƒ† ”‡‰‹•–‡”‡† „‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒ”‹‡•ǡ
‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰”‘‘‘ —Ž–—”‡ƒ‘‰Žƒ™•–—†‡–•ǡƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡•ǡƒ†Žƒ™• Š‘‘Ž•Ǥ
• ‡Ž‡Ǧƒ™ ‡”˜‹ ‡ǣ ‘‡ – „‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒ”‹‡• ™‹–Š Žƒ™›‡”• ˜‹ƒ –‡Ž‡Ȁ˜‹†‡‘ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‹‰ǡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ‹ ʹǤͷ ŽƒŠ ”ƒ
ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–•ƒ ”‘••͹͸͸†‹•–”‹ –•Ǥ
• ‡‰ƒŽ‹†‡ˆ‡ ‡‘—•‡Ž›•–‡ȋȌǣ ‹–‹ƒ–‡†„›ǡ‡•—”‡•‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ‹†‹ ”‹‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡•„›
‡‰ƒ‰‹‰ ˆ—ŽŽ–‹‡ Žƒ™›‡”• ƒ ”‘•• ͸͹͸ †‹•–”‹ –• ƒ–‹‘™‹†‡ǡ ‹””‘”‹‰ ’—„Ž‹  †‡ˆ‡†‡” •›•–‡• ‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†
‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ


KEYWORDS: Cƒ••ƒ–‹‘ ‡ Š‡•ǡ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ •‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡ –ƒ–‡ ‡‰ƒŽ ‡”˜‹ ‡• —–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ǡ ‹•–”‹ – ‡‰ƒŽ ‡”˜‹ ‡•
—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ǡƒ‰—ƒ‰‡„ƒ””‹‡”ǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘—”–‘ˆ’’‡ƒŽǡ‹˜‹ŽŽ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘”ƒ–‡•ǡ  Ž—•‹˜‡ —•–‹ ‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”›Ǥ

JUDICIAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDIA

Š‡Š‹‡ˆ —•–‹ ‡‘ˆ †‹ƒ’”‘’‘•‡† ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡—–Š‘”‹–›‘ˆ †‹ƒȋ  ȌǤ
What is Judicial Infrastructure?
• An efficient “judicial infrastructure” means providing equal and free access to justice. This could be realised through
a “barrierǦˆ”‡‡ƒ† ‹–‹œ‡Ǧˆ”‹‡†Ž›‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ
• –‹ Ž—†‡•–Š‡’Š›•‹ ƒŽ’”‡‹•‡•‘ˆ ‘—”–•ǡ–”‹„—ƒŽ•ǡŽƒ™›‡”•̵ Šƒ„‡”•ǡ†‹‰‹–ƒŽƒ†Š—ƒ”‡•‘—” ‡•‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡
‡– Ǥ–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘‡•—”‡–‹‡Ž›†‹•’‡•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŒ—•–‹ ‡Ǥ
Reasons for the poor judicial infrastructure in India:
• Low budgetary allocationǣ †‹ƒ•’‡†•‘Ž›ƒ„‘—–ͲǤͲͻΨ‘ˆ‹–• –‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡Ǥ
o ʹͲʹ͵ ”‡’‘”–’—„Ž‹•Š‡†„›–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–‡š‹•–‹‰‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ ‘—Ž†ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‡‘Ž›
ʹͲǡͺ͵ͳ•ƒ –‹‘‡†•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ —†‰‡•‹‹•–”‹ – —†‹ ‹ƒ”›ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ƒŽŽǦ †‹ƒ•ƒ –‹‘‡†•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆʹͷǡͲͺͳǤ
• Lack of planningǣŠ‡‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡‹•‘˜‡”„—”†‡‡†ƒ•–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‡‡†•ƒ”‡‘–ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ž›ƒ††”‡••‡††—”‹‰–Š‡
‘•–”— –‹‘‹–•‡ŽˆǤ
• Complex FinancingǣŠ‡ˆ‹ƒ ‹‰Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡”‡“—‹”‡• ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•†‡’ƒ”–‡–•‘ˆ
–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡†‹•–”‹ – ‘ŽŽ‡ –‘”ƒ–‡ǡ–Š‡—„Ž‹ ‘”•‡’ƒ”–‡–ƒ†–Š‡ ‹ƒ ‡‹‹•–”›Ǥ

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• Delay and Underutilisation of resourcesǣ Š‡ ’”‹ƒ”› ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ˆ‘” –Š‡
•—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›”‡•–•™‹–Š–Š‡–ƒ–‡ ‘˜‡”‡–•Ǥ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ–‡•ƒ”‡‡‹–Š‡”†‡Žƒ›‹‰–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘”‘–
‰‹˜‹‰–Š‡‹”•Šƒ”‡‘ˆ‘‡›ƒ•ƒ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰•Šƒ”‡ǤǤ
• Judiciary’s dependence on the Executiveǣ Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡ – †‡•‹‰ǡ ‘‹–‘”‹‰ ƒ† ‡š‡ —–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǡ
ƒ‹Ž›–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡”‡ƒ‹•–Š‡•‘Ž‡’”‡”‘‰ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡—„Ž‹ ‘”•‡’ƒ”–‡–•ȋȌǤ
Need for Reforms in Judicial Infrastructure:
• High PendencyǣŠ‡”‡‹•ƒ–Š‡Š—‰‡„ƒ Ž‘‰‘ˆ‘˜‡”ͶǤͶ ”‘”‡’‡†‹‰ ƒ•‡•Ǥ•–—†›„›–Š‡‹‹•–”›‘ˆ ‹ƒ ‡
ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–‹––ƒ‡•ǡ‘ƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǡƒŽ‘•–20 years for a property ”‡Žƒ–‡††‹•’—–‡–‘„‡”‡•‘Ž˜‡†ǡƒ†–Šƒ–‹–™‘—Ž†
–ƒ‡324 years just to clear the present backlog ƒ––Š‡ —””‡–”ƒ–‡‘ˆ†‹•’‘•ƒŽǤ
• Issues with enforcing Contractsǣƒ•‡‘ˆ†‘‹‰„—•‹‡••‹ †‹ƒ‹••‡˜‡”‡Ž› ‘•–”ƒ‹‡†„›–Š‡‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘‡ˆ‘” ‡
‘–”ƒ –•‘”Žƒ™•ǡŽ‡‰–Š›ƒ† ‘•–Ž›Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ”„‹–”ƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡƒ†ƒ” Šƒ‹ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Digitization of Judiciary: –Š‡„ƒ †”‘’‘ˆ ͳͻ’ƒ†‡‹ ƒ†–Š‡•Š‹ˆ––‘™ƒ”†•†‹‰‹–ƒŽ‘†‡ǡ‹–‹•ƒŽŽ–Š‡
‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‡•—”‡‘†‡”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆŒ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ–’”‡•‡–ǡ73% of courtrooms
Šƒ˜‡‘˜‹†‡‘Ǧ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‹‰ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
• Lack of accountabilityǣ –Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆƒ†‡†‹ ƒ–‡†•’‡ ‹ƒŽ’—”’‘•‡˜‡Š‹ Ž‡‘”„‘†›ˆ‘”–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ‡Šƒ ‹‰
Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǡ‘„‘†›‹•™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘–ƒ‡”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘‡š‡ —–‡‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥ
• Underutilisation of funds:‘‡•–ƒ–‡•–”ƒ•ˆ‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—†•ˆ‘”‘Ǧjudicial purposes. Out of total ₹981.98
”‘”‡ •ƒ –‹‘‡† ‹ ʹͲͳͻǦ20 under CSS, only ₹84.9 crore was utilised by a combined five States, rendering the
”‡ƒ‹‹‰ͻͳǤ͵͸Ψˆ—†•——•‡†Ǥ


•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‹‰–Š‡‡ Šƒ‹•ˆ‘”ƒ—‰‡–‹‰ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‹‰•–ƒ–‡Ǧ‘ˆǦ–Š‡Ǧƒ”–Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡™‹ŽŽŠ‡Ž’‹

†‡Ž‹˜‡”‹‰“—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡Œ—•–‹ ‡ƒ†‡•—”‡–Š‡„‡ŽŽ‘ˆŒ—•–‹ ‡”‹‰•ƒ––Š‡†‘‘”‘ˆ–Š‘•‡†‡’”‹˜‡†ƒ†
—†‡”’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡†Ǥ


KEYWORDS: ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ —–Š‘”‹–› ‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ ƒ”ƒ”‹ƒ ‘‹••‹‘ ”‡’‘”–ǡ President’s Rule,
†‡”—–‹Ž‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ—†•ǡ–ƒ–‡‡”‰‡ ›Ȁ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‡”‰‡ ›ǡ‹‰‹–‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ —†‹ ‹ƒ”›ǡ

Previous Year Question

ͳǤ Š‡ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ •›•–‡• ‹ †‹ƒ ƒ†  •‡‡ –‘ „‡ ‘˜‡”‰‹‰ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• †‹˜‡”‰‹‰ ‹ ”‡ ‡– –‹‡•Ǥ ʹͲʹͲ
‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š––Š‡‡›’‘‹–•‘ˆ ‘˜‡”‰‡ ‡ƒ††‹˜‡”‰‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘ƒ–‹‘•‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”
Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ
ʹǤ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ–‹–Š‡–‹ ƒŽ–‘–Š‡†‘ –”‹‡‘ˆ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”•ƒ•‡˜‹•ƒ‰‡†‹–Š‡ †‹ƒ ʹͲʹͲ
‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ –Š‹• ‘–‡š–Œ—•–‹ˆ›–Š‡ˆ‹Ž‹‰‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡—„‡”‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ‹–‡”‡•–’‡–‹–‹‘•’”ƒ›‹‰ˆ‘”
‹••—‹‰‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•Ǥ
͵Ǥ Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission ʹͲͳ͹
Act, 2014’ with reference to appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India

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13 DISPUTE REDRESSAL MECHANISM

• A dispute Redressal mechanism is a structured process–Šƒ–ƒ††”‡••‡•†‹•’—–‡•‘”‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‹•‡„‡–™‡‡

–™‘‘”‘”‡’ƒ”–‹‡•‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹„—•‹‡••ǡŽ‡‰ƒŽǡ‘”•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•Ǥ
• ‹•’—–‡‡†”‡••ƒŽ‡ Šƒ‹••ƒ”‡typically non-judicial in natureǡ‡ƒ‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–”‡•‘Ž˜‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡
‘—”–‘ˆŽƒ™Ǥ
• The different mechanisms Formed in India: ”ƒƒ„Šƒǡ›ƒ›ƒƒ Šƒ›ƒ–ǡ‘†ƒŽƒ–ǡ ƒ‹Ž›‘—”–ǡ‘—•‡ŽŽ‹‰
‡–”‡•ǡ‘‹••‹‘‘ˆ “—‹”›ǡ”‹„—ƒŽǡ‘•—‡”‘—”–ǡ †‹ƒ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘‘ǡ‡– Ǥ
• Main Focus: ‡••‡ ‡ǡ–Š‡•›•–‡ˆ‘ —•‡•‘‡†‹ƒ–‹‘”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ™‹‡”–ƒ‡ƒŽŽǢ  ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ‡••‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘
Œ—•–‹ ‡ƒ† ’”‘˜‹‰‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ƒ†”‡†— ‹‰ ‘—”–†‡Žƒ›•Ǥ
ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR)
‡ƒ•ƒ›’”‘ ‡†—”‡ƒ‰”‡‡†–‘„›–Š‡’ƒ”–‹‡•‘ˆƒ†‹•’—–‡ǡ‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡›—•‡–Š‡•‡”˜‹ ‡•‘ˆƒ‡—–”ƒŽ’ƒ”–›–‘
ƒ••‹•––Š‡‹”‡ƒ Š‹‰ƒƒ‰”‡‡‡–ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Constitutional basis:
• Article 14ǣ“—ƒŽ‹–›„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ™
• Article 32ǣ‹‰Š––‘‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ”‡‡†‹‡•Ǣ”‹‰Š–‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡–‘•‡‡Œ—•–‹ ‡Ǥ
• Article 39Aǣ“—ƒŽ —•–‹ ‡ƒ† ”‡‡‡‰ƒŽ‹†Ǥ
ADVANTAGES OF ADR
• Law Commission:  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ƒ™‘‹••‹‘‡’‘”–ʹʹʹȋ‡‡†ˆ‘”Œ—•–‹ ‡†‹•’‡•ƒ–‹‘Ȍǡƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ
ƒ”‡Ǧ
o Less expensive.
o Less time-consuming:‘ƒ’’‡ƒŽǦε•’‡‡†›†‹•’—–‡”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
o Free from technicalitiesǣ –‹•‘”‡ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡ƒ†”‡•’‘•‹˜‡–‘–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‡‡†•‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ
o Parties are free:‘†‹• —••–Š‡‹”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•‘ˆ‘’‹‹‘™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›ˆ‡ƒ”‘ˆ†‹• Ž‘•—”‡„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ ‘—”–Ǥ
• Continuing relationshipǣ‘ ‡‡Ž‹‰‘ˆ™‹‹‰ƒ†Ž‘•‹‰ƒ‘‰’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ†‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡•‰‡––‹‰”‡†”‡••‡†Ǧε‘”‡
Ž‹‡Ž›–‘’”‡•‡”˜‡‰‘‘†™‹ŽŽǤ
• Improved enforcement: • ’‡” ‘”Ž† ƒ̵• ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ †‘‹‰ „—•‹‡•• ”‡’‘”–ǡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ †ƒ›• ˆ‘” ‡ˆ‘” ‡‡– ‘ˆ
‘–”ƒ –•‹ †‹ƒ‹•‘”‡–Šƒ–Š‡‘–Š‡”‡‡”‰‹‰‡ ‘‘‹‡•ǤŠ‡ ƒŠ‡Ž’–‘‹’”‘˜‡‹–Ǥ
• Greater compliance: Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹‡•̵ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡– ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ”‡ƒ–‡• ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ‘‹–‡– –‘ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– •‘ –Šƒ–
‘’Ž‹ƒ ‡‹•‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›Ǥ
• Saving Forex reserves: ‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ƒ‘—–•‘ˆˆ‘”‡šƒ”‡Ž‘•–‘ƒ”„‹–”ƒ–‹‘‹ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ‘—–”‹‡•Ž‹‡‹‰ƒ’‘”‡Ǥ
LIMITATIONS OF ADR
• Lack of awareness: ‡‘’Ž‡ǡ Žƒ™›‡”•ǡ ƒ† Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”• ƒ”‡ —ƒ™ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ†ƒ–‡ –‘ –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ƒ•‡• –‘
ƒ”„‹–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘ ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• The good faith of the parties: Šƒ– ‹• ‡ ‡••ƒ”› ˆ‘” –Š‡ •— ‡•• ‘ˆ Ǥ ‹ˆ‘”‡† ’ƒ”–‹‡• ”‡ƒ‹ ƒ– ƒ
†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‹•— ‡‡†‹‰‹ƒǤ
• Scepticism about the process and result: ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–• ƒ”‡ ‘– •ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡† ƒ† ‹˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž› †‹••‘ ‹ƒ–‡
–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ†‰‘–‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‘—”–•Ǥ
• Voluntary process: Without a mutually signed agreement parties Can’t be forced to resolve their disputes by ADR.
• Neutral arbitrator: •ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†’ƒ”–›‹˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž›„Žƒ‡•–Š‡ƒ”„‹–”ƒ–‘”ˆ‘”„‹ƒ•ƒ†‘Ǧˆƒ‹”‡••Ǥ
• Non-resolution of disputes: ‡š ‡’–ˆ‘”ƒ”„‹–”ƒ–‹‘ȋƒ„‹†‹‰†‡ ‹•‹‘Ȍǡ–Š‡’”‘ ‡••ƒ›‘–ƒŽ™ƒ›•›‹‡Ž†ƒ
”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ – ƒ„‡—•‡†Œ—•–ƒ•ƒ•–ƒŽŽ‹‰–ƒ –‹ Ǥ
• Limited scope: ”‡•‘Ž˜‡•‘Ž›‹••—‡•‘ˆ‘‡›‘” ‹˜‹Ž†‹•’—–‡•ƒ†‹–•’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•™‹ŽŽ‘–”‡•—Ž–‹‹Œ— –‹˜‡
‘”†‡”•ȋ‘”†‡”‹‰’ƒ”–‹‡•–‘†‘‘”‘–†‘•‘‡–Š‹‰ȌǤ
• No appeal: Ž‹‡ ‘—”–•™Š‡”‡ƒ’’‡ƒŽ–‘ƒŠ‹‰Š‡” ‘—”–‹•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǡ–Š‡†‡ ‹•‹‘‘ˆƒ‡—–”ƒŽƒ”„‹–”ƒ–‘” ƒ‘–„‡
ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‡†Ǥ
WAY FORWARD
• Speedy and successful ADRǣ  ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‰–‘‘Ž•Ž‹‡Ǧ‘†ƒŽƒ–ǡ‡š’ƒ†‹‰• ‘’‡‹’”‡Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ Ǧε„—‹Ž†‹‰
‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡‹–Š‡Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–•ƒ†ƒ‹‰–Š‡‘’–ˆ‘”‡ Šƒ‹••Ǥ

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• Promote as a careerǣ› ”‡ƒ–‹‰–”ƒ‹‡†ƒ”„‹–”ƒ–‘”•ǡƒ†‡†‹ƒ–‘”•ǡŽƒ›‹‰†‘™’”‘ ‡†—”‡•ˆ‘”“—ƒŽ‹–› ‘–”‘Žǡ
‡–Š‹ ƒŽ•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ǡƒ†ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ”„‹–”ƒ–‘”•Ǥ
• Expand scope: •–ƒ„Ž‹•Š”„‹–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡†‹ƒ–‹‘ ‡–”‡•ˆ‘”‘Ǧ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ†‹•’—–‡•Ǥ
• Attitudinal change: –‡‡†•–‘„”‹‰’‡‘’Ž‡–‘ Š‘‘•‡‡ Šƒ‹••™‹–Š ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡ƒ†–”—•–Ǥ
• Other measures: ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ˆ‘”ǡ‹ŽŽ‹‰‘ˆŽƒ™›‡”•‹ǡ’”‘˜‹†‹‰”‡“—‹”‡†ƒ’‘™‡”Ǥ
• Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill: ƒ –‡† –Š‡ ”„‹–”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‘ ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ ȋ‡†‡–Ȍ ƒ –ǡ
ʹͲʹͳ–‘ˆ‹ŽŽŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡Žƒ —ƒ‡Ǥ
• Arbitration Council of Indiaǣ’’‘‹–‡–‘ˆƒ”„‹–”ƒ–‘”„›Ȁ ǢŽ‡ –”‘‹ †‡’‘•‹–‘”›‘ˆƒ”„‹–”ƒŽƒ™ƒ”†•Ǥ
o ”‘–‡ ––Š‡ƒ”„‹–”ƒ–‘”ˆ”‘Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•ˆ‘”ƒƒ –‹‘†‘‡‹‰‘‘†ˆƒ‹–ŠǤ

LOK ADALAT
• Philosophy: Lok Adalat is a unique system developed in India. It means people’s court and is based ‘ ƒ†Š‹ƒ
’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•Ǥ
o –‡ ‘’ƒ••‡•‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘ ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ•–‘‘Ž•–‘•‡––Ž‡†‹•’—–‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡’ƒ”–‹‡•Ǥ
o ‹”•–‘†ƒŽƒ– ƒ’‹’‘•–Ǧ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡™ƒ•‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†‹ —Œƒ”ƒ–‹ͳͻͺʹǤ
• Jurisdictionǣ–Š‡ ƒ•‡•ȋ‘”†‹•’—–‡•Ȍ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡’‡†‹‰‹ƒ ‘—”–‘”™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ƒ––Š‡’”‡ǦŽ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•–ƒ‰‡ȋ‘–›‡–
„”‘—‰Š–„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ ‘—”–ȌǤ
o ‘‡ ƒ•‡•–ƒ‡—’‹‘†ƒŽƒ–•ƒ”‡ƒ–”‹‘‹ƒŽȀ ƒ‹Ž›‹•’—–‡•ǡ”‹‹ƒŽȋ ‘’‘—†ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆˆ‡ ‡•Ȍ ƒ•‡•ǡ
ƒ† “—‹•‹–‹‘ ƒ•‡•‡– Ǥ
o ˆˆ‡ ‡•™Š‹ Šƒ”‡‘Ǧ ‘’‘—†ƒ„Ž‡ȋ•‡”‹‘—•‹ƒ–—”‡Ȍ—†‡”ƒ›Žƒ™ˆƒŽŽ‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡’—”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡Ǥ
• Present StatusǣŠ‡ •–‹–—–‹‘‘ˆ‘†ƒŽƒ–•Šƒ•„‡‡‰‹˜‡•–ƒ–—–‘”›•–ƒ–—•—†‡”–Š‡‡‰ƒŽ‡”˜‹ ‡•—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•
 –ͳͻͺ͹Ǥ
• Organising authorityǣŠ‡–ƒ–‡Ȁ‹•–”‹ –‡‰ƒŽ‡”˜‹ ‡•—–Š‘”‹–›‘”Ȁ ȀƒŽ—‡‰ƒŽ‡”˜‹ ‡•‘‹––‡‡ƒ›
‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡‘†ƒŽƒ–•Ǥ
• Membersǣ‘†ƒŽƒ–‡„‡”• ‘•‹•–‘ˆƒŒ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”ȋŠƒ‹”ƒȌǡƒŽƒ™›‡”ȋƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡Ȍƒ†ƒ•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‘”‡”Ǥ
• Power of civil courtǣ
o ‘†ƒŽƒ–•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡•ƒ‡’‘™‡”•ƒ•˜‡•–‡†‹‹˜‹Ž‘—”–•—†‡”–Š‡‘†‡‘ˆ‹˜‹Ž”‘ ‡†—”‡ȋͳͻͲͺȌǡƒ†‘†‡
‘ˆ”‹‹ƒŽ”‘ ‡†—”‡ȋͳͻ͹͵Ȍ
o ‘ƒ’’‡ƒŽ•ŠƒŽŽŽ‹‡–‘ƒ› ‘—”–ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ƒ™ƒ”†‘ˆ–Š‡‘†ƒŽƒ–Ǥ
o ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ‘†ƒŽƒ–‹•–Šƒ–ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ†‹•’—–‡•„‡–™‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’ƒ”–‹‡• ƒ„‡•‡––Ž‡†‹‘‡
‰‘™‹–Š‘—–™ƒ•–‹‰— Š–‹‡Ǥ
• Mobile Lok Adalat systems: ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”› Šƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘Šƒ’’‡‹‰‹–Š‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘†ƒŽƒ–•™‹–Š
–Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ‘„‹Ž‡‘†ƒŽƒ–•›•–‡•–‘„”‹‰Œ—•–‹ ‡–‘–Š‡†‘‘”•–‡’•‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡†›ƒ†’‘‘”Ǥ
GRAM NYAYALAYAS
EVOLUTION OF GRAM NYAYALAYAS
Law Commission in the 114th report recommended establishing them with the following purpose:
• ‘”‡Š—ƒ‡ƒ†ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡Œ—•–‹ ‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”›–‘–Š‡‘•–ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†•‡ –‹‘•
• ‡†— ‡ƒ”‘—†ͷͲΨ‘ˆ ƒ•‡’‡†‡ ›‹•—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡ ‘—”–•
• ‡†— ‡™‘”Ž‘ƒ†‘Š‹‰Š‡”–‹‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›Ǥ
• Gram Nayalayas Act, 2008: –™ƒ•‡š’‡ –‡†–‘•‡–—’ͷͲͲͲ ”ƒ›ƒ›ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ƒ†‡–”ƒŽ ‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‡†
ƒ„‘—–•ǤͳͶͲͲ ”‘”‡•ƒ•ƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡–ƒ–‡•Ȁ•Ǥ
• The uniqueness of Gram Nyayalayas:
o Mobile courts: ’”‡•‹†‡†‘˜‡”„››ƒ›ƒ†Š‹ƒ”‹• ȋŒ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–‘ˆ —†‹ ‹ƒŽƒ‰‹•–”ƒ–‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–
Žƒ••ȌǤ
o Appointed:›–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–•‹ ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‹–• ‹‰Š‘—”–
o Powers:ˆ„‘–Š ”‹‹ƒŽƒ† ‹˜‹Ž ‘—”–•ƒ†–Š‡‹”Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ ‘’‡–‡ ‡™ƒ•–‘„‡Ž‹‹–‡†–‘†‹•’—–‡••’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†
‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•––Š”‡‡• Š‡†—Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ –
o Aim: ‘”–Š‡•‡––Ž‡‡–‘ˆ†‹•’—–‡•—•‹‰”‡ ‘ ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Not bound by the rules of evidence: †‡”–Š‡ †‹ƒ˜‹†‡ ‡ –‘ˆͳͺ͹ʹǡ„—–•—„Œ‡ ––‘”—Ž‡•ˆ”ƒ‡†„›
”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡ •ƒ†‰—‹†‡†„›–Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽŒ—•–‹ ‡Ǥ
o Appeal: ‘–Š‡‹•–”‹ –‘—”–‹ ‹˜‹Ž ƒ•‡•ƒ†‡••‹‘•‘—”–‹ ”‹‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡•Ǥ
o Established: –Š‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”‘ˆ‡˜‡”›ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–ƒ––Š‡‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘”ƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆ ‘–‹‰—‘—•’ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–‹
ƒ†‹•–”‹ –™Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡‹•‘’ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–ƒ––Š‡‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž‡˜‡Ž

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REASON FOR POOR FUNCTIONING OF GRAM NYAYALAYA
• Overlapping jurisdiction:˜‡”–Š‡›‡ƒ”•ƒ›•–ƒ–‡•Šƒ˜‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†”‡‰—Žƒ” ‘—”–•ƒ––Š‡ƒŽ—ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž–Š‡”‡„›
Ž‡••‡‹‰–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”ƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘‘ˆ‰”ƒ›ƒ›ƒŽƒ›ƒǤ
• Lack of attention:‡•’‹–‡ͳͶͲͲ”ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘•„›–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡– ”ƒ›ƒ›ƒŽƒ›ƒ•Šƒ˜‡•‹’Ž›„‡‡•‹†‡Ǧ
Ž‹‡†„›‘•–•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–•‹–Š‡‹”’‡ ‹‰‘”†‡”‘ˆ’‘Ž‹ ›’”‹‘”‹–‹‡•Ǥ
o Š‡•Ž‘™’ƒ ‡‘ˆˆ—†•—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘—†‡”–Š‡ Š‡‡†—‡–‘–Š‡Žƒ ‘ˆ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•ˆ”‘–Š‡–ƒ–‡•ˆ‘”•‡––‹‰—’
”ƒ›ƒ›ƒŽƒ›ƒ•Ǥ
• Lack of Human resources:Š‘”–ƒ‰‡‘ˆŒ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•ˆ‘” ”ƒ›ƒ›ƒ†Š‹ƒ”‹•’‘•–ǡ‘Ǧƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‘–ƒ”‹‡•ǡ
•–ƒ’˜‡†‘”•ǡ‡– Šƒ˜‡Šƒ’‡”‡†–Š‡’”‘‰”‡••Ǥ
• Lack of clarity:Š‡–Š‡” ”ƒ›ƒ›ƒŽƒ›ƒ•‰‹˜‡•ƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘’–‹‘ˆ‘”“—‹ †‹•’—–‡”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘”‘–‹•†‘—„–ˆ—Ž
ƒ•ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘”—••— Šƒ•Žƒ„‘—” ‘—”–•ǡƒ†ˆƒ‹Ž› ‘—”–•ƒ”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡Ǥ
• Lack of awareness: ‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ‘‰ƒŽŽ•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•‹Ǥ‡ǤŽ‹–‹‰ƒ–•ǡŽƒ™›‡”•ǡƒ†’‘Ž‹ ‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†
‹ ƒ•‡”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•”‡ƒ‹‡š–”‡‡Ž›Ž‹‹–‡†Ǥ
WAY FORWARD
• Mass awareness campaignsǣ ‘ •‡•‹–‹œ‡ •–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”• ‘ –Š‡ —–‹Ž‹–› ƒ† „‡‡ˆ‹–• ‘ˆ •— Š ƒ ˆ‘”— ˆ‘” ƒ˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰
Œ—•–‹ ‡Ǥ
• Establishing permanent Gram Nyayalaya•ǣ ‡˜‡”›’ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–ƒ†ƒ‹‰‡™Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•ƒ†ƒ–‘”›–‘
•‡”˜‡‹‹–ǡ–‘–”ƒ‹ ”ƒ›ƒ›ƒ†Š‹ƒ”‹•Ǥ
• A cadre of Gram Nyayadhikari: †‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™‹–Šƒ†‡‰”‡‡‹•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‘”ƒŽ‘‰™‹–ŠŽƒ™•ŠƒŽŽ„‡”‡ ”—‹–‡†–‘–Š‹•
•‡”˜‹ ‡Ǥ
• Change in Working: Š‡ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽǡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ ™‹ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› ‹••‹‰ –‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ‰”ƒ
›ƒ›ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ǤŠ‹•‡‡†•–‘„‡ Šƒ‰‡†ˆ‹”•–ƒ†ˆ‘”‡‘•–Ǥ
• Other measures: ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡ ‡••ƒ”›‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡Ž‹‡‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ‘ ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–”ƒ‹‹‰–‘”‡ ”—‹–
›ƒ›ƒ†Š‹ƒ”‹•ǡ‡– Ǥ


Keywords: ƒ†Š‹ƒ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ǡ‘Ǧ ‘’‘—†ƒ„Ž‡ǡ‡‰ƒŽ‡”˜‹ ‡•—–Š‘”‹–‹‡• –ͳͻͺ͹ǡ‡‰ƒŽ‡”˜‹ ‡•‘‹––‡‡ǡ

›ƒ›ƒ†Š‹ƒ”‹•

TRIBUNALS (PART XIV- A; ARTICLE 323A, 323B)

‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–ȋȌ”—Ž‡†–Šƒ––”‹„—ƒŽ• ƒ‘–†‹”‡ ––Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡––‘ˆ”ƒ‡’‘Ž‹ ›Ǥ
• Ž•‘ǡ•ƒ‹†–Šƒ–ƒ‹‰’‘Ž‹ ›‹•‘–‹–Š‡†‘ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‡ —†‹ ‹ƒ”›Ǥ
• Definition:  –”‹„—ƒŽ ‹• ƒ “—ƒ•‹ǦŒ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ ‘•–‹–—–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘ˆ •’‡‡†›ǡ ‹‡š’‡•‹˜‡ǡ ƒ†
†‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡††‹•’—–‡”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ––‡”•Ž‹‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡‘”–ƒšǦ”‡Žƒ–‡††‹•’—–‡•Ǥ
• Constitutional provision: ‘•–‹–—–‹‘„›Ͷʹ†‡†‡– –ǡͳͻ͹͸ȋ™ƒ”ƒ‹‰Š‘‹––‡‡Ȍ


Dimension Article 323-A Article 323-B

—”’‘•‡ †‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡”‹„—ƒŽ•Ǥ ”‹„—ƒŽ• ‘”–Š‡”ƒ––‡”•
•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†› Ž››ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ‘–Š›ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–†–ƒ–‡
‹‡”ƒ” Š› ‘ ƒ›‡”‡ƒ–‡†
ADVANTAGES OF TRIBUNALS
• Flexibility: ‘–”‡•–”ƒ‹‡†„›”‹‰‹†”—Ž‡•—†‡”–Š‡‹˜‹Ž”‘ ‡†—”‡‘†‡ƒ†–Š‡ †‹ƒ˜‹†‡ ‡ –ƒ†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š‡
’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ —•–‹ ‡Ǥ
• Relief to Courts: ‡Ž‹‡ˆ–‘‘˜‡”„—”†‡‡†‘”†‹ƒ”› ‘—”–•‘ˆŽƒ™Ǥ
• Less Expensive: ‡••ˆ‘”ƒŽƒ†ƒˆƒ•–‡”™ƒ›–‘”‡•‘Ž˜‡†‹•’—–‡•–Šƒ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”–Ǥ
• Legally binding decisions: ƒ‡ ’‘™‡”• ƒ• ƒ ‹˜‹Ž ‘—”–ǡ ˜‹œǤǡ ‹••—‹‰ •—‘• ƒ† ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ ™‹–‡••‡• –‘ ‰‹˜‡
‡˜‹†‡ ‡Ǥ –•†‡ ‹•‹‘•ƒ”‡Ž‡‰ƒŽŽ›„‹†‹‰‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡ•—„Œ‡ ––‘ƒ’’‡ƒŽǤ
• Technical expertise: ”‘˜‹•‹‘–‘ƒ’’‘‹–‡š’‡”–‡„‡”•™Š‘’Žƒ›ƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡ƒ†Œ—†‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ––‡”•
†‡ƒ†‹‰–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ‡š’‡”–‹•‡Ǥ
CONCERNS WITH TRIBUNALS
• Against the separation of powers: –Šƒ•„‘–Šƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‡„‡”•Ǥ
• Conflict of interest: ’’‘‹–‡–•„›‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ†‡š‡ —–‹˜‡‹•ƒŽ•‘–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ

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• Undermining Judicial Authority: ƒ”‰‡Ž› ”‡’Žƒ ‡†  ˆ‘” †‹•’—–‡• —†‡” –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•  –•Ǥ ’’‡ƒŽ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡
ƒ’’‡ŽŽƒ–‡–”‹„—ƒŽǡ†‹”‡ –Ž›‰‘–‘ǡ•‹†‡Ǧ•–‡’’‹‰–Š‡ ǤȋL. Chandrakumar’s caseǣͳ•–ƒ’’‡ƒŽ–‘ Ȍ
• Lack of autonomy: ’‡”ƒ–‡•—†‡”’ƒ”‡–ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡‹‹•–”‹‡•Ǧεƒ––Š‡‹”‡” ›ˆ‘”ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǡ
ƒ†ƒŽ•‘”—Ž‡Ǧƒ‹‰.
• Low transparency: ƒ  ‘ˆ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ‘ –Š‡ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ǡ ‡„•‹–‡• ƒ”‡ ”‘—–‹‡Ž› ‘Ǧ‡š‹•–‡–ǡ
—”‡•’‘•‹˜‡ǡ‘”‘–—’†ƒ–‡†Ǥ
• Increasing Pendency: ˜‡”ƒ‰‡’‡†‡ ›‹•͵Ǥͺ›‡ƒ”•ȋ’‡†‡ ›‹Š‹‰Š ‘—”–•‹•ͶǤ͵›‡ƒ”•Ȍ
• Overlapping Jurisdiction: ”‹„—ƒŽ•ˆ— –‹‘—†‡”˜ƒ”‹‘—•‹‹•–”‹‡•ƒ††‡’ƒ”–‡–• ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ‘ˆ—•‹‘ƒ„‘—–
–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽ•ǤŽ•‘ǡ—Ž–‹’Ž‡–”‹„—ƒŽ•’‡”ˆ‘”•‹‹Žƒ”ˆ— –‹‘•Ǥ
• Delayed awards: Cauvery Interstate water dispute tribunal ™ƒ• ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ‹ ͳͻͻͲ ƒ† –‘‘ ͳ͹ ›‡ƒ”• –‘
’”‘‘— ‡‹–•Œ—†‰‡–‹ʹͲͲ͹ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•ˆ—”–Š‡” ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†‹–Š‡•—’”‡‡ ‘—”–ǤŠ‹•”‡ˆŽ‡ –•–Š‡˜‡”›’—”’‘•‡
‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽƒ•ƒ“—‹ †‹•’—–‡Ǧ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‡ Šƒ‹•Ǥ
WAY FORWARD
• Law Commission: ”‘ ‡†—”‡ˆ‘”‹’”‘˜‹‰–Š‡™‘”‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽ•›•–‡
• Qualification of judges: –”ƒ•ˆ‡”‘ˆ Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘Ǧε“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡†–‘„‡ Œ—†‰‡Ǥ
• Appointment: ‘†ƒŽ ƒ‰‡ › —†‡” Žƒ™ ‹‹•–”› –‘ ‡•—”‡ —‹ˆ‘”‹–› ‹ –Š‡ ƒ’’‘‹–‡–ǡ –‡—”‡ǡ ƒ† •‡”˜‹ ‡
‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆƒŽŽ‡„‡”•ƒ’’‘‹–‡†‹–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽ•Ǥ
• Vacancy: ‹ŽŽ‡†’”‡ˆ‡”ƒ„Ž›™‹–Š‹•‹š‘–Š•„‡ˆ‘”‡‘ —””‡ ‡„›‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‰–Š‡’”‘ ‡†—”‡™‡ŽŽ‹–‹‡Ǥ
• Selection of the members: ‹’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ ™‹–Š ‹‹ƒŽ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡– ‘ˆ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ‰‡ ‹‡•Ǥ ‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘
‘‹––‡‡ǡˆ‘”„‘–ŠŒ—†‹ ‹ƒŽƒ†ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡‡„‡”•Ǥ
• Tenure: Šƒ‹”ƒǦε͵›‡ƒ”•Ȁ͹Ͳ›‡ƒ”•ƒ†‹ ‡ǦŠƒ‹”ƒƒ†‡„‡”•Ǧε͵›‡ƒ”•Ȁ͸͹›‡ƒ”•Ǥ
• Accessibilityǣ„‡ Š‡•‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›‹†‡ƒŽŽ›™Š‡”‡–Š‡ ƒ”‡•‹–—ƒ–‡†Ǥ
• Aligning with the basic structure: –”‹„—ƒŽ‘”†‡”ƒ›„‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‹˜‹•‹‘‡ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ Šƒ˜‹‰
–‡””‹–‘”‹ƒŽŒ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘‘˜‡”–Š‡”‹„—ƒŽǤ
TRIBUNAL REFORMS ACT 2021
Š‡”‹„—ƒŽ•‡ˆ‘”•‹ŽŽǡʹͲʹͳ™ƒ•‹–”‘†— ‡†‹‘ƒ„Šƒ„›–Š‡ ‹ƒ ‡‹‹•–‡”ǡ•Ǥ‹”ƒŽƒ‹–Šƒ”ƒƒǡ‘
—‰—•–ʹǡʹͲʹͳǤ‘™‹–„‡ ƒ‡ƒ –ǡƒˆ–‡””‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽƒ••‡–Ǥ
FEATURES
• Qualifications of tribunal membersǣ
o Š‡‹”•‡”˜‹ ‡–‡”•ȋ•— Šƒ•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ”‡‘˜ƒŽƒ†’ƒ›Ȍƒ”‡–‘„‡†‡ ‹†‡†„›–Š‡‡–”ƒŽ ‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Search and selection committeesǣ
o Š‡ Šƒ‹”’‡”•‘ ƒ† ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹„—ƒŽ• •ŠƒŽŽ „‡ •‡Ž‡ –‡† „› –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ‰‘˜‡”‡– „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡
”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒ‡ƒ” ŠǦ —Ǧ‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹––‡‡Ǥ
o –ƒ–‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡–”‹„—ƒŽ•™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡–Š‡‹”‘™•‡ƒ” Šƒ†•‡Ž‡ –‹‘’ƒ‡Ž•Ǥ
o Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ‰‘˜‡”‡– •ŠƒŽŽ ƒ – ‘ –Š‡ ”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ •‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹––‡‡• ƒ• •‘‘ ƒ• ’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ
’”‡ˆ‡”ƒ„Ž›™‹–Š‹–Š”‡‡‘–Š•‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Eligibility and term of officeǣ Š‡ ƒ – ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡• ƒ ˆ‘—”Ǧ›‡ƒ” –‡—”‡ ˆ‘” –”‹„—ƒŽ ‡„‡”•Ǥ – ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡• ƒ
ƒš‹—ƒ‰‡‘ˆ͹Ͳ›‡ƒ”•ˆ‘”–Š‡ Šƒ‹”’‡”•‘ƒ†͸͹›‡ƒ”•ˆ‘”–Š‡‘–Š‡”‡„‡”•Ǥ
o Š‡‹‹—ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”ƒ’’‘‹–‡–•‹•ͷͲ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ
• Uniform compensation and rulesǣ Š‡ •–ƒ–—–‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡• —‹ˆ‘” ’ƒ› ƒ† ”—Ž‡• ˆ‘” •‡ƒ” Š ƒ† •‡Ž‡ –‹‘
‘‹––‡‡•ƒ ”‘••–”‹„—ƒŽ•Ǥ
• It also allows for the removal of tribunal members. –’”‘˜‹†‡•–Šƒ––Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ›”‡‘˜‡ƒ›
Šƒ‹”’‡”•‘‘”‡„‡”ˆ”‘‘ˆˆ‹ ‡—’‘–Š‡•—‰‰‡•–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ” ŠǦ —Ǧ‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹––‡‡Ǥ
• Pay and allowancesǣ Š‡ •–ƒ–—–‡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡Šƒ‹”’‡”•‘• ƒ† ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”‹„—ƒŽ „‡‹‰ †‹•„ƒ†‡†
™‘—Ž† ‡ƒ•‡–‘Š‘Ž†‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ƒ†™‹ŽŽ„‡‡–‹–Ž‡†–‘ ‘’‡•ƒ–‹‘‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Š”‡‡‘–Š•̵’ƒ›ƒ†ƒŽŽ‘™ƒ ‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”
’”‡ƒ–—”‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ


KEYWORDS: ”‡† ‘” ‡•”‹„—ƒŽǡ™ƒ”ƒ‹‰Š‘‹––‡‡ǡConflict of interest, L. Chandrakumar’s case.

INTER- STATE WATER DISPUTES

‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ‹‘ ƒ„‹‡– ƒ’’”‘˜‡† –Š‡ –‡”• ‘ˆ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‘ ”‹•Šƒ ƒ–‡” ‹•’—–‡• ”‹„—ƒŽǦ  ȋǦ Ȍ
—†‡”–Š‡ –‡”Ǧ–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”ƒ–‡”‹•’—–‡•ȋ Ȍ –ǡͳͻͷ͸Ǥ

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CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
• Article 262:  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‹•”–‹ Ž‡ǡ‹ ƒ•‡‘ˆ†‹•’—–‡•”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘™ƒ–‡”•ǣ
o ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ƒ› „› Žƒ™ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ†Œ—†‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ› †‹•’—–‡ ‘” ‘’Žƒ‹– ™‹–Š ”‡•’‡ – –‘ –Š‡ —•‡ǡ
†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘” ‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ–‡”•‘ˆǡ‘”‹ǡƒ›‹–‡”Ǧ–ƒ–‡”‹˜‡”‘””‹˜‡”˜ƒŽŽ‡›Ǥ
o ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ›„›Žƒ™’”‘˜‹†‡–Šƒ–‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–‘”ƒ›‘–Š‡” ‘—”–•ŠƒŽŽ‡š‡” ‹•‡Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘‹
”‡•’‡ –‘ˆƒ›•— Š†‹•’—–‡‘” ‘’Žƒ‹–ƒ•‡–‹‘‡†ƒ„‘˜‡Ǥ
• Article 246: 7th Schedule ‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡•„‡–™‡‡Ǧ
o Š‡use ‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”™‹–Š‹ƒ•–ƒ–‡ȏ–ƒ–‡‹•–Ȑƒ†
o Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆregulating ‹–‡”•–ƒ–‡™ƒ–‡”ȏ‹‘‹•–Ȑ
• Parliament has enacted two laws
o River Boards Act, 1956: ”‹˜‡”„‘ƒ”†‹•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†„›–Š‡Central government ‘–Š‡”‡“—‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡
‰‘˜‡”‡–• ‘ ‡”‡†–‘ƒ†˜‹•‡–Š‡Ǥ
o Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956:  ––‘’”‘˜‹†‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ†Œ—†‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‹•’—–‡•”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘™ƒ–‡”•‘ˆ
‹–‡”Ǧ–ƒ–‡”‹˜‡”•ƒ†”‹˜‡”˜ƒŽŽ‡›•Ǥ
ONLINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION
• Definition:  ‹• –Š‡ ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹•’—–‡•ǡ particularly small- and medium-value casesǡ —•‹‰ †‹‰‹–ƒŽ
–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†–‡ Š‹“—‡•‘ˆƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‡†‹•’—–‡”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ȋȌǡ•— Šƒ•‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡†‹ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ”„‹–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
CURRENT STATUS
• Low ranking: ‡ƒ”‡”ƒ‡†ͳ͸͵”†‹ ‘–”ƒ –‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–ǡƒ•Ž‹‰Š–‹’”‘˜‡‡–ˆ”‘ͳͺ͸–Š‹ʹͲͳͷƒ†ͳ͹͵”†
‹ʹͲͳ͸ ‹‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ†‘‹‰‹†‡šǤ
• High Project Cost: ‘”–Š‡•‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǡ™‡ƒŽ•‘’‡”ˆ‘”’‘‘”Ž›‹–‡”•‘ˆ–‹‡ȋͶ›‡ƒ”•Ȍƒ† ‘•–ȋ‘”‡–Šƒ
͵ͲΨ‘ˆ’”‘Œ‡ – ‘•–ȌǤ
• Srikrishna Committee:  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡”‹”‹•Šƒ‘‹––‡‡̵•ȋʹͲͳ͹Ȍ”‡’‘”–ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ”‡†ƒ”‡’—–ƒ–‹‘
ˆ‘”„‡‹‰ƒ–ƒ‰‘‹•–‹ –‘ƒ”„‹–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
BENEFITS OF ODR
• Increased access to justice: –‘‘Ž••— Šƒ•‘Ž‹‡‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‹‡• ‘‹‰
–‘ ƒ ‘•‡•—ƒŽ ƒ‰”‡‡‡–ǡ ƒ‹‰ –Š‡ †‹•’—–‡ ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ ’”‘ ‡•• Ž‡•• ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡
’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡŠ‡ ‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ƒ ‡••–‘Œ—•–‹ ‡Ǥ
• Improve legal health of the society: ƒ•‹‡”ƒ ‡••–‘†‹•’—–‡”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘’”‘ ‡••‡•™‹ŽŽ‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Š
‘ˆ•‘ ‹‡–›„›‡•—”‹‰–Šƒ–‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†„—•‹‡••‡•ƒ”‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹””‹‰Š–•ƒ†Šƒ˜‡–Š‡–‘‘Ž•–‘‡ˆ‘” ‡–Š‡Ǥ
• Convenient and quick dispute resolutions: –™‹ŽŽ”‡†— ‡–”ƒ˜‡Ž–‹‡ƒ† ‘•–ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‹–Ǥ›’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ
•’‡‡†‹‡”ƒ†‘”‡ ‘˜‡‹‡–‡ Šƒ‹•ˆ‘””‡•‘Ž˜‹‰†‹•’—–‡•ǡ ƒŠ‡Ž’–‘”‡†— ‡†‡Žƒ›•Ǥ
• Cost effective: Šƒ•–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘Ž‘™‡”Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‘•–•„›•Š‘”–‡‹‰–Š‡–‹‡‹––ƒ‡•–‘”‡•‘Ž˜‡†‹•’—–‡•ƒ†
‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‘—•‡ŽǤ
• Removes unconscious bias: Š‹Ž‡”‡•‘Ž˜‹‰ ‘ˆŽ‹ –•ǡ–‡ Š‹“—‡•”‡†— ‡–Š‡‡—–”ƒŽ̵•‹’Ž‹ ‹–’”‡Œ—†‹ ‡Ǥ
’Žƒ–ˆ‘”••‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ƒ—†‹‘Ǧ˜‹•—ƒŽ —‡•”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘‰‡†‡”ǡ•‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ ’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ‡–Š‹ ‹–›ǡ”ƒ ‡ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”ˆƒ –‘”•ǡ
ƒ†ƒ‹†‹–Š‡”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ ‘ˆŽ‹ –•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ Žƒ‹•ƒ†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘’”‘˜‹†‡†„›†‹•’—–‹‰’ƒ”–‹‡•Ǥ


EXAMPLES FROM AROUND THE WORLD

• Singaporeǡƒ•ƒŽŽ ‘—–”›ǡ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡‹‰ƒ’‘”‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”„‹–”ƒ–‹‘‡–”‡‹–Š‡ͳͻͻͲ•™Š‡ †‹ƒ

™ƒ•‘’‡‹‰—’–‘‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‡–Ǥ
• ‹ ‡–Š‡ǡ‹–Šƒ•‰”‘™ƒ•ƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ”„‹–”ƒ–‹‘’‘™‡”Š‘—•‡ǡƒ•‡˜‹†‡ ‡†„›‹–•—„‡”‘‡”ƒ‹‰‹̵ˆ‘” ‹‰
‘–”ƒ –•̵Ǥ
• ”‘‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ †‹ƒ„—•‹‡••‡•ƒ”‡ƒ‘‰‹–•‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ– Ž‹‡–•Ǥ

CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH ODR

• Archaic Legal Processes: Š‡ ƒ–‹“—ƒ–‡† ’”‘ ‡†—”‡ †‘‡• ‘– ˆ— –‹‘ ™‡ŽŽ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡†Ǧ–‘Ǧ‡† ‘Ž‹‡ †‹•’—–‡
”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘’”‘ ‡••ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡•‘„•–ƒ Ž‡•ˆ‘”Ǥ
o —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ–Š‡‘–ƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‘ —‡–•‹•‘Ž›’‘••‹„Ž‡‹’‡”•‘—†‡”–Š‡‘–ƒ”‹‡•—Ž‡‘ˆͳͻͷ͸ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡
‘Ž‹‡ƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡™‹ŽŽ„‡’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ Ǥ

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• Digital infrastructureǣ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆ™‹ŽŽ‡ ‡••‹–ƒ–‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǡ
™‹–ŠŠ‹‰ŠǦ„ƒ†™‹†–Š‹–‡”‡– ‘‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
o ‹‰‹–ƒŽ †‹ƒ‹••‹‘ƒ†Šƒ”ƒ–‡–‹••‹‘ ƒ„‡‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ‹ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰•‡ƒŽ‡••†‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ
• Lack of awareness regarding ODRǣ—‡–‘ƒŽƒ ‘ˆ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ„‘—–ǡ’Žƒ‹–‹ˆˆ•ƒ†–Š‡‹”ƒ––‘”‡›•ƒ”‡
‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘ˆ‹Ž‡Žƒ™•—‹–•Ǥ—•‹‡••‡•™‹–ŠƒŽ‘™Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ–”—•–‹™‹ŽŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ž‹––Ž‡—•ƒ‰‡Ǥ
• Privacy issuesǣŽ‹‡‹’‡”•‘ƒ–‹‘ǡ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‘ˆ‹†‡–‹ƒŽ‹–›–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ ‹” —Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ’‡”•ƒ††ƒ–ƒ‰‹˜‡
†—”‹‰’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡƒ†–ƒ’‡”‹‰™‹–Š†‹‰‹–ƒŽ‡˜‹†‡ ‡‘”†‹‰‹–ƒŽŽ›–”ƒ•‹––‡†ƒ™ƒ”†•Ȁƒ‰”‡‡‡–•ƒ”‡‘Ž›ƒ
ˆ‡™’”‹˜ƒ ›Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†‹••—‡•Ǥ
WAY AHEAD
• Improving digital connectivity and digital literacy: ‹‰‹–ƒŽ †‹ƒ ‹••‹‘ ƒ† Šƒ”ƒ–‡– ‹••‹‘ ƒ „‡
‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ ‹ ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰ •‡ƒŽ‡•• †‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ    ̵• ‹••‹‘ ƒ‹• –‘ ‹’”‘˜‡ †‹‰‹–ƒŽ Ž‹–‡”ƒ › ‹
”—”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Adoption of ODR for Government litigation mechanismǣ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‹‹•–”› ‘ˆ ƒ™ ƒ† —•–‹ ‡ǡ
government departments are a party to around ‘46 per cent’ of court cases.
• Capacity buildingǣ ‹‡Ǧ–‘Ǧ–‹‡ •‹ŽŽ —’‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡’Ž‘›‡‡• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡  ‡ Šƒ‹• –‘ ƒ‡
–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‘’–‹‘‡ƒ•‹‡”Ǥ
• Augmenting archaic laws and regulation of the ODR mechanismǣ – ‹• ”‹–‹ ƒŽ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”› ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š
•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†•‡†—•‡”•̵”‹‰Š–•™Š‹Ž‡ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰‘˜‡””‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–•–‹ˆŽ‡•‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
‘˜‡”‡– ƒ‰‡ ‹‡• •Š‘—Ž† ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡  ƒ• ƒ ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ”‡•‘Ž˜‹‰ ‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡•Ǥ ”‘ƒ –‹˜‡ ƒ†‘’–‹‘ ‘ˆ  „›
‰‘˜‡”‡–‹•–‹–—–‹‘•™‹ŽŽ‘–‘Ž›„—‹Ž†–”—•–‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••„—–™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘’”‘˜‹†‡ ‹–‹œ‡•™‹–Šƒ ‘˜‡‹‡–ƒ†
‘•–Ǧ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡–Š‘†‘ˆ”‡•‘Ž˜‹‰‹••—‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ


Keywords: ‹‰‹–ƒŽ †‹ƒ‹••‹‘ǡŠƒ”ƒ–‡–‹••‹‘ǡRiver Boards, concurrent list, Inter-State Council, ‹Š‹”

ŠƒŠ̵•”‡’‘”–ǡInterlinking of rivers, cooperative federalism, ”‹”‹•Šƒ‘‹––‡‡Ǥ

Previous Year Questions
ͳǤ Š‡‡–”ƒŽ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘”‹„—ƒŽ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ˆ‘””‡†”‡••ƒŽ‘ˆ‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡•ƒ† ‘’Žƒ‹–• ʹͲͳͻ
„› ‘” ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‡–”ƒŽ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‡’Ž‘›‡‡• ‘™ƒ†ƒ›• ‹• ‡š‡” ‹•‹‰ ‹–• ’‘™‡”• ƒ• ƒ ‹†‡’‡†‡–
judicial authority.” Explain. 
ʹǤ ‘™ˆƒ”†‘›‘—ƒ‰”‡‡™‹–Š–Š‡˜‹‡™–Šƒ––”‹„—ƒŽ• —”–ƒ‹Ž–Š‡Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘‘ˆ‘”†‹ƒ”› ‘—”–•ǫ ˜‹‡™‘ˆ ʹͲͳͺ
–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ†‹• —••–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›ƒ† ‘’‡–‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„—ƒŽ•‹ †‹ƒǤ
͵Ǥ Šƒ–‹•–Š‡“—ƒ•‹ǦŒ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ„‘†›ǫš’Žƒ‹™‹–Š–Š‡Š‡Ž’‘ˆ ‘ ”‡–‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•Ǥ ʹͲͳ͸

ͶǤ Šƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡ƒŒ‘” Šƒ‰‡•„”‘—‰Š–‹–Š‡”„‹–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘ ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ –ǡͳͻͻ͸–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡”‡ ‡– ʹͲͳͷ

Ordinance promulgated by the President? How far will it improve India’s dispute resolution
‡ Šƒ‹•ǫ‹• —••
ͷǤ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‡ Šƒ‹••–‘”‡•‘Ž˜‡‹–‡”Ǧ•–ƒ–‡™ƒ–‡”†‹•’—–‡•Šƒ˜‡ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘ƒ††”‡••ƒ†•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡ ʹͲͳ͵
’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ •–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡†—‡–‘•–”— –—”ƒŽ‘”’”‘ ‡••‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ ›‘”„‘–Šǫ‹• —••Ǥ

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14 LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT (PART IX, PART IX-A)

THE PANCHAYATS
Local self-government in India empowers local bodies to govern their jurisdictions, fostering democratic values and
grassroots development. It ensures effective governance, citizen participation, and delivery of essential services at the
local level.
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FACED BY PANCHAYATI RAJ GOVERNMENT
Recently, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) released its report titled “Finances of Panchayati Raj Institutions”. The report
†‹• —••‡•–Š‡ˆ‹• ƒŽ’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ •ˆ‘”–Š‡›‡ƒ”•ʹͲʹͲǦʹͳ–‘ʹͲʹʹǦʹ͵Ǥ
Š‡•‡ ‘†‡–‹‘•3Fs (Functions, Funds, and Functionaries) ˆ‘”–Š‡‹‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ’ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–•Ǥ
FUNDS:
• Inadequate Fundsǣ‹–ŠŽ‹––Ž‡‘ˆ‹–•‘™ˆ—†•ƒ†‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡†‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡–ƒ–‡•ǡ •‹ƒ›•–ƒ–‡•Šƒ˜‡
„‡‡”‡†— ‡†–‘•‹’Ž‡ƒ‰‡–•‘ˆŠ‹‰Š‡”ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž‰‘˜‡”‡–•Ǥ
• Inadequate Powers To Generate Revenue:  •Šƒ˜‡Ž‹‹–‡†’‘™‡”•‹”‡•’‡ –‘ˆ‹’‘•‹‰ ‡••‡•ƒ†–ƒš‡•Ǥ
—”–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡—•—ƒŽŽ›Š‡•‹–ƒ––‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ –”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ—†•ˆ‘”ˆ‡ƒ”‘ˆŽ‘•‹‰’—„Ž‹ •—’’‘”–Ǥ
• State Finance Commission: ƒ›–ƒ–‡ ‘˜‡”‡–•Šƒ˜‡ˆƒ‹Ž‡†‹ƒ’’‘‹–‹‰–Š‡–ƒ–‡ ‹ƒ ‡‘‹••‹‘‘
–‹‡ƒ•ƒ†ƒ–‡†„›”–‹ Ž‡ʹͶ͵ȋ ȌǤ
o Š‡ͳͷ–Š Šƒ•ƒ†‡‹–ƒ†ƒ–‘”›–‘•‡–—’‘ˆ–ƒ–‡ ‹ƒ ‡‘‹••‹‘•‹–ƒ–‡•„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ” ŠʹͲʹͶ–‘”‡ ‡‹˜‡
‰”ƒ–•ˆ‘”Ž‘ ƒŽ„‘†‹‡•Ǥ
• Reluctant To Tax Locals: Š‡ ”ƒƒ Šƒ›–•‡‹–Š‡”•Š‘™ ‘˜‹ –‹‘–‘–ƒšŽ‘ ƒŽ’‡‘’Ž‡‘””‡˜‹•‡–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰
–ƒš’‡”‹‘†‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡’‡”ƒ‡–Ž›†‡’‡†‡–‘ˆ—††‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ


FINANCES MECHANISMS OF PANCHAYATS and MUNCIPALITY

• Grantsǣ„›‡–”‡ȋ”–‹ Ž‡ʹͺͲȌƒ†–ƒ–‡ ‘˜‡”‡–

• ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‡ ‘˜‡”‡–„ƒ•‡†‘–ƒ–‡ Ǥ
• Loansǣˆ”‘–ƒ–‡ ‘˜‡”‡–
• –‡”ƒŽ‡•‘—” ‡ ‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ȋ–ƒšƒ†‘Ǧ–ƒšȌ
• Programme-Specific Allocationǣ—†‡”‡–”ƒŽŽ›’‘•‘”‡† Š‡‡•ƒ†††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡–”ƒŽ••‹•–ƒ ‡Ǥ

FUNCTIONS:
• Poor Devolution Of Functions To Local Bodiesǣ”–‹ Ž‡ʹͶ͵ ƒ••–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡•ˆ‘”†‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘•Ǥ
o Example: ‘”‡ ˆ— –‹‘• Ž‹‡ ™ƒ–‡” •—’’Ž›ǡ •ƒ‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ Ž‹ ”‘ƒ†•ǡ •–”‡‡– Ž‹‰Š–‹‰ǡ ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‘—‹–›
ƒ••‡–•ǡ‡– Ǥǡ ‘–‹—‡–‘„‡‹–Š‡Šƒ†•‘ˆ–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–•Ǥ
• Unfunctional District Planning Committeeǣ‡•’‹–‡
–Š‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‹•–”‹ –Žƒ‹‰‘‹––‡‡ƒ•ƒ
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ‡ Šƒ‹• ˆ‘” ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ’Žƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ
”—”ƒŽƒ†—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ‘•–•–ƒ–‡•Šƒ˜‡‘–ƒ†‡–Š‡
ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽŽ›‡’‘™‡”‡†Ǥ
• Women Have Token Representation: ‘•– •–ƒ–‡•
‘™ Šƒ˜‡ ͷͲΨ ‘ˆ ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–• •‡ƒ–• ”‡•‡”˜‡† ˆ‘”
™‘‡ǡ„—––Š‡”‡•–‹ŽŽ ‘–‹—‡•ƒ†‘‹ƒ–ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ„‘—–Š‘™–Š‡•‡™‘‡”‡ƒ‹–‹–—Žƒ”’‘•–Š‘Ž†‡”•™‹–Š
–Š‡‹”Š—•„ƒ†•–ƒ‹‰–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†Ǥ
FUNCTIONARIES:
• Low Manpower: Š‡—‹ ‹’ƒŽƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘•†‘̵–Šƒ˜‡‡‘—‰Š’‡‘’Ž‡–‘Šƒ†Ž‡‡˜‡–Š‡‘•–ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ
†—–‹‡•Ǥ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ’‡”•‘‡Žƒ”‡Š‹”‡†„›Š‹‰Š‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž†‡’ƒ”–‡–•ƒ††‡’—–‡†–‘Ž‘ ƒŽ
‰‘˜‡”‡–•ǡ–Š‡›†‘‘–ˆ‡‡Žƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‡Žƒ––‡”Ǣ‹•–‡ƒ†ǡ–Š‡›™‘”ƒ•ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ†‡’ƒ”–‡–ƒŽ•›•–‡–Šƒ–
‹•˜‡”–‹ ƒŽŽ›‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†Ǥ

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• Missing Accountability Mechanismsǣ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ˆ—†•‹•ƒ––Š‡Š‡ƒ”–‘ˆ•‘—†’—„Ž‹ ˆ‹ƒ ‡Ǥ‘–
‡‘—‰Š’”‘‰”‡••Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ†‡‹–Š‹•ƒ”‡ƒǤ
o Š‡ͳͷ–Š Šƒ•‹ Ž—†‡†Šƒ˜‹‰„‘–Š’”‘˜‹•‹‘ƒŽƒ†ƒ—†‹–‡†ƒ ‘—–•‘Ž‹‡‹–Š‡’—„Ž‹ †‘ƒ‹–‘„‡‘‡‘ˆ
–Š‡‡–”›ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž ‘†‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”Ž‘ ƒŽ„‘†‹‡•–‘”‡ ‡‹˜‡‰”ƒ–•Ǥ
• Delayed Electionsǣ‡Žƒ›‹ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•‹•„‡ ‘‹‰ƒˆ”‡“—‡–’Š‡‘‡‘–Šƒ–†‘™‰”ƒ†‡•–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••
‘ˆ •Ǥ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†‡Žƒ›‡†‹ǡ ƒ”›ƒƒǡƒ†Ǥ
• Politicization of PRIsǣ‘™ǡƒ Šƒ›ƒ–‹ƒŒ •–‹–—–‹‘•ƒ”‡˜‹‡™‡†‘Ž›ƒ•‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”•‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡ
‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‘ˆ–Š‡”—Ž‹‰’ƒ”–›‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ
GOVERNMENT EFFORTS FOR EMPOWERING PRI
• Ensuring Property Rights: Š‡‹‹•–”›Šƒ•Žƒ— Š‡†ƒ• Š‡‡ƒ‡†̵ ̵–‘’”‡’ƒ”‡’”‘’‡”–›”‡ ‘”†•
‘ˆ”—”ƒŽ’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Š‘—•‡•—•‹‰†”‘‡•—”˜‡›‹‰–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ
• Capacity Building of PRIs : ‡™• Š‡‡‘ˆƒ•Š–”‹›ƒ ”ƒ™ƒ”ƒŒ„Š‹›ƒȋ Ȍ™ƒ•Žƒ— Š‡†‘ͳ’”‹ŽʹͲͳͺǡ
–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ†•–”‡‰–Š‡–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–‹‡•‘ˆ •Ǥ
• e-Gram Swaraj: –ƒ••‹•–‹‡Šƒ ‹‰–Š‡ ”‡†‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ Šƒ›ƒ–•™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž†‹†— ‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”†‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆˆ—†•
–‘ •ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ˆ‘”‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‘‹–‘”‹‰„›Š‹‰Š‡”ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Gram Panchayat Development Plan (GPDP): –‹•ƒƒ—ƒŽ‡š‡” ‹•‡ ƒ””‹‡†‘—–„›‹‹•–”›‘ˆƒ Šƒ›ƒ–‹ƒŒ
ȋ‘Ȍ‹ƒŽŽ ”ƒ’ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–•ƒ†‘–Š‡”Ž‘ ƒŽ•‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡„‘†‹‡•™Š‡”‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’Žƒ•ƒ”‡’”‡’ƒ”‡†
in a participatory manner under people’s Plan Campaign.
• Capacity Building- Panchayat Sashaktikaran Abhiyan (CB-PSA): –Šƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡–ƒ–‡•Ȁ•
ˆ‘” ƒ’ƒ ‹–›„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ†–”ƒ‹‹‰‘ˆƒ Šƒ›ƒ–Ž‡ –‡†‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡–Š‡–‘’‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”ˆ— –‹‘•ǡ
‹ Ž—†‹‰’Žƒ‹‰ƒ†‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‘‰”ƒ‡•ǡ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ƒ†‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž›Ǥ
STEPS TO BE TAKEN
• Fiscal Federalism in True SpiritǣŠ‡ʹ†Šƒ†”‡ ‘‡†‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ Ž‡ƒ”Ǧ —–†‡ƒ” ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
ˆ— –‹‘•‘ˆ‡ƒ Š–‹‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ǤŠ‡ ‹ˆ–‡‡–Š ‹ƒ ‡‘‹••‹‘ȋ Ȍ‹‹–•‹–‡”‹”‡’‘”–ˆ‘”ʹͲʹͲǦ
ʹͳƒ†ˆ‹ƒŽ”‡’‘”–ˆ‘”ʹͲʹͳǦʹͲʹ͸”‡ ‘‡†‡†ƒƒ‘—–‘ˆ•͸Ͳ͹ͷͲ ”‘”‡ƒ†•ʹ͵͸ͺͲͷ ”‘”‡”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›
ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ–Š”‡‡–‹‡”•‘ˆ’ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–•Ǥ
• District Level Planning: †‹•–”‹ –’Žƒ‹‰„ƒ•‡†‘‰”ƒ••”‘‘–•‹’—–•”‡ ‡‹˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡ‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡ƒ†
district levels through people’s participation in the gram and ward sabhas.
• Audit CommitteesǣŠ‡›ƒ›„‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ––Š‡†‹•–”‹ –Ž‡˜‡Ž„›–Š‡–ƒ–‡ ‘˜‡”‡–•–‘‘˜‡”•‡‡–Š‡ƒ —”ƒ ›
‘ˆˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒǡ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒŽ ‘–”‘Ž•ǡƒ†Š‡”‡ ‡–‘–Š‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†–Š‡‘”ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”
‘ˆ‡˜‡”›‡„‡”‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽ„‘†‹‡•Ǥ
• Financial Empowerment: ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–•‡‡†–‘„‡‡’‘™‡”‡†–‘Ž‡˜›ƒ† ‘ŽŽ‡ ––ƒš‡•ǡ–‘ŽŽ•ǡ—•‡” Šƒ”‰‡•ǡˆ‡‡•ǡ‡– Ǥǡ
ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š‘–Š‡”ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•–‘‡Šƒ ‡–Š‡‹”™‘—” ‡‘ˆ‡˜‡—‡Ǥ
• Separate Cadre: ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ƒ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ƒ†”‡ ‘ˆ ’ƒ Šƒ›ƒ– ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ• ™Š‘ ™‘—Ž† „‡ •—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡ –‡†
ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ǡ‘–Ž‘”†‹‰‹–‘˜‡”–Š‡Ǥ

DIGITAL PANCHAYATS: eGRAMSWARAJ PFMS INTERFACE

• ‘ •–”‡‰–Š‡ ‡Ǧ ‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ‹ ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–‹ ƒŒ •–‹–—–‹‘• ȋ •Ȍǡ ‡ ”ƒ™ƒ”ƒŒ Šƒ• „‡‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†Ǥ – ‹• ƒ
‹’Ž‹ˆ‹‡†‘”Ǧƒ•‡† ‘—–‹‰’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–‹ƒŒǤ
• ‡ ”ƒ™ƒ”ƒŒǦ  –‡”ˆƒ ‡ȋ‡  Ȍ– –™ƒ•Žƒ— Š‡†‹ʹͲͳͺˆ‘”‡Šƒ ‹‰–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›ƒ†ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
‘”†‡”–‘ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡‘Ž‹‡’ƒ›‡–•„›’ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–•ˆ‘”‡š’‡•‡•‹ —””‡†„›–Š‡‡–”ƒŽ ‹ƒ ‡‘‹••‹‘ǡ
–Š‡ƒ ‘—–‹‰‘†—Ž‡‘ˆ‡ ƒ†–Š‡—„Ž‹  ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–›•–‡™‡”‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†Ǥ

KEYWORDS: Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, 3Fs (Function, Fund, and Functionaries), ‡–”ƒŽŽ› ’‘•‘”‡†
 Š‡‡•ǡƒ•Š–”‹›ƒ ”ƒ™ƒ”ƒŒ„Š‹›ƒǤ

ROLE OF WOMEN IN PANCHAYATI RAJ INSTITUTION

‘” ™‘‡ǡ ƒŽ‘•– ‘‡Ǧ–Š‹”† ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ‘•–‹–—‡ ‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ •‡– ƒ•‹†‡Ǥ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‹– ’”‘‘–‡• ƒ† ‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡•
™‘‡̵•‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‹’—„Ž‹ Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ –ƒ‹•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽŽ›•‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’‘Ž‹ ›ˆ‘”™‘‡Ǥ

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POSITIVE OUTCOMES AND EMPOWERMENT:
• ‘‡„‡ ‘‡‘”‡’‘™‡”ˆ—Žƒ†Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‹”‡ ‘‘‹ ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽǡƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ •–ƒ–—•‹•‘ ‹‡–›‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡
‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡‹ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–‹”ƒŒ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ
• – ƒŽŽ‘™• ˆ‘” Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ƒŽ‡Ǧ†‘‹ƒ–‡† —Ž–—”‡ ƒ† ‹–”‘†— ‡• ƒ ‡™ ˜‹‡™’‘‹– ‘
•‘—†‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Ǥ
• ‘‡ƒ”‡‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹’‘Ž‹–‹ •–Šƒ•–‘–Š‡”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡Ǥ
• –Šƒ•‹’”‘˜‡†‘—– ‘‡•‹–‡”•‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Šǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†ˆƒ‹Ž›‹ ‘‡ǡƒ‘‰‘–Š‡”ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Š‡ ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–‹ ƒŒ •›•–‡ Šƒ• ‘™ ”‡ ‘‰‹•‡† ™‘‡̵• ”‹‰Š–• ƒ• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‡†‡–ǡ ƒ
”‹–‹ ƒŽ•–‡’–‘™ƒ”†•”‡ƒŽ‹•‹‰–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–Šƒ–™‘‡Šƒ˜‡–‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• – ƒ‡• ‹– ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ™‘‡ –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ ’Žƒ‹‰ǡ †‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ǡ ƒ† ‡ ‡••‹–› ‡š‡ —–‹‘ ‹ ”—”ƒŽ
ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–•Ǥ
CHALLENGES AND ISSUES:
• Panchayat pati raj sysytem:”‘š›‘Ž‹–‹ •ƒ† ‡†‡”Ǧƒ•‡†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘
• š–”‡‡˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡™ƒ•ƒ„ƒ””‹‡”–Šƒ––Š‡™‘‡•ƒ”’ƒ Š‡•Šƒ†–‘‘˜‡” ‘‡‹‘”†‡”–‘ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†’‘™‡”
•–”— –—”‡•‹–Š‡‹” ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‹– Šƒ• „‡‡ ‘–‹ ‡† –Šƒ– ƒŽ‡ ˆƒ‹Ž› ‡„‡”• —•‡ –Š‡ •–ƒ–—• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘‡ ‹ –Š‡‹” ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡• ƒ• ƒ
ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡™Š‡”—‹‰ˆ‘”‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡƒŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡‡–‘—•‡–Š‡™‘‡–‘†‘‹ƒ–‡–Š‡ Ǥ
• Both visiting the gram panchayat office and managing and controlling the gram Sabha’s were prohibited for Dalit
™‘‡’ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ•ƒ‰‡–•ǡ–Š‡‹”Š—•„ƒ†•™‡”‡‹ Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǥ
THE MUNICIPALITIES
‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡ƒ’ƒ ‹–›—‹Ž†‹‰‘‹••‹‘ȋȌ‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‘ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘”•Š‘’‘
ƒ’ƒ ‹–›—‹Ž†‹‰‘ˆ•–‘ˆ‘•–‡”ƒ—‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›„—‹Ž†‹‰•ƒ ”‘•• †‹ƒǤŠ‡‘”•Š‘’ƒ”‡†
–Š‡Žƒ— Š‘ˆ‡›‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ
• —ƒŽƒ’ƒ ‹–›—‹Ž†‹‰ŽƒȋȌ–‘‡Šƒ ‡–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‘ Ǥ
• ˆ‘”͸’‹Ž‘–•‹Ǥ‡ǤŠ‡†ƒ„ƒ†ǡŠ—„ƒ‡•™ƒ”ǡ›•—”—ǡƒŒ‘–ǡƒ‰’—”ǡƒ†—‡
NEED FOR CAPACITY BULIDING FOR ULBS
• To cater the needs of increasing India’s urban Population™Š‹ Š‹•‡š’‡ –‡†–‘ƒŽ‘•–†‘—„Ž‡ˆ‘”Ͷ͸Ͳ‹ŽŽ‹‘
ȋʹͲͳͺȌ–‘ͺ͹͸‹ŽŽ‹‘„›ʹͲͷͲǤ
• To deal with regional aspirations „›‡•—”‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––Š”‘—‰Š„‘––‘Ǧ—’’Žƒ‹‰Ǥ
• For successful and effective implementation‘ˆ• Š‡‡•Ž‹‡ƒ”–‹–›‹••‹‘ǡ”—–‹••‹‘‡– Ǥ
IMPACT OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT
• Decentralization of Power: ‘ ƒŽ •‡ŽˆǦ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ Šƒ• ‡’‘™‡”‡† Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡• –‘ ƒ‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘• ƒ†
‹’Ž‡‡–’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•–Šƒ–†‹”‡ –Ž›ƒˆˆ‡ ––Š‡‹”ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Community Participation: ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡƒ”†‘‹––‡‡•‹—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒ•’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ˆ‘””‡•‹†‡–•–‘˜‘‹ ‡
–Š‡‹” ‘ ‡”•ǡ•—‰‰‡•–‹’”‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ
• Effective Service Delivery: ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–•”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”’”‘˜‹†‹‰‡••‡–‹ƒŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ž‹‡™ƒ–‡”
•—’’Ž›ǡ•ƒ‹–ƒ–‹‘‡– Ǥ‡•—”‡„‡––‡””‡•’‘•‹˜‡‡••–‘Ž‘ ƒŽ‡‡†•Ǥ
• Grassroots Development: ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹•–”‹ –Žƒ‹‰‘‹––‡‡•’Žƒ›ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‰†‹•–”‹ –Ǧ
Ž‡˜‡Ž†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’Žƒ•–Šƒ–ƒ††”‡••–Š‡—‹“—‡‡‡†•ƒ†’”‹‘”‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Empowerment of Marginalized Communities: ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‡ƒ–• ˆ‘”  Š‡†—Ž‡† ƒ•–‡•ǡ
 Š‡†—Ž‡†”‹„‡•ǡƒ†™‘‡‹Ž‘ ƒŽ„‘†‹‡•‡•—”‡•–Š‡‹”ƒ –‹˜‡Ǥ
ISSUES IN MUNICIPALITIES
• Lesser Functional Autonomy Of ULBǣͳʹ–Š• Š‡†—Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡͹Ͷ–Šǡͳͺˆ— –‹‘•ƒ”‡‡Ž‹•–‡†–Šƒ–ƒ”‡”‡“—‹”‡†
–‘„‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„›–Š‡•„—–ƒ›•–ƒ–‡•Šƒ˜‡‘–„‡‡ƒŽŽ‘––‡†ƒŽŽ–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘•–‘•Ǥ
o ƒ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡—„‡”‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡•Ž‹‡ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒƒ†‡”ƒŽƒǡ‡˜‡™ƒ–‡”•—’’Ž›•–‹ŽŽƒƒ‰‡†„›”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡
•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Low Revenue: ’”‘’‡”–›–ƒš‹•–Š‡•‹‰Ž‡Žƒ”‰‡•–•‘—” ‡‘ˆ‘™”‡˜‡—‡ˆ‘”•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡–ƒš ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘•ƒ”‡
Ž‘™ǡ†—‡–‘™‹†‡‡š‡’–‹‘•ǡ—†‡”˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’”‘’‡”–›ƒ†‹ ‘’Ž‡–‡Žƒ†”‡‰‹•–‡”•Ǥ
• Concentration of Power: ‘™‡” ‹ —”„ƒ „‘†‹‡• ‹• ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡† ‹ ƒ •‹‰Ž‡ —‹ ‹’ƒŽ „‘†› ȋ™Š‡–Š‡” ‹– ‹• ƒ
—‹ ‹’ƒŽ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ—‹ ‹’ƒŽ ‘— ‹Žǡ‘”–‘™’ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–ȌǤ

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• Poor Link With Urban Citizens: ‹–‹œ‡• ‹ —”„ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ• ƒ”‡ ”ƒ”‡Ž› ‹ Ž—†‡† ‘” ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ †‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ǡ
‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‡ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹•‡†ƒ†˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡•‡ –‹‘•‘ˆ•‘ ‹‡–›™Š‘‹†‡‡†ƒ”‡–Š‡‘•–ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„›–Š‡‡‡”‰‹‰
”‹•‹•‘ˆ—”„ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ


Measures taken for capacity building of ULBs.

• National Urban Digital Mission: –ƒ‹•–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ•Šƒ”‡††‹‰‹–ƒŽ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡™‘”‹‰ƒ ”‘••–Š”‡‡’‹ŽŽƒ”•‘ˆ
‘People, Processes and Platform’ to provide a framework for †‹‰‹–ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ
• Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM): ‘ —•‡•‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‹—”„ƒ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡
ƒ† •‡”˜‹ ‡ †‡Ž‹˜‡”› ‡ Šƒ‹••ǡ ‘—‹–› ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ •Ȁ ƒ”ƒ•–ƒ–ƒŽ ƒ‰‡ ‹‡•
–‘™ƒ”†• ‹–‹œ‡•Ǥ
• Municipal Bonds:Š‡•‡ƒ”‡ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ‹•–”—‡–•–Šƒ–—‹ ‹’ƒŽ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†„‘†‹‡•‹
†‹ƒ‹••—‡–‘”ƒ‹•‡ˆ—†•Ǥ

WAY FORWARD
• Leveraging City Economyǣƒ Š ‹–›‡‡†•–‘„‡”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†ƒ•ƒ†‹•–‹ –—‹–‘ˆ–Š‡‡ ‘‘›Ǥ Žƒ”‰‡” ‹–‹‡•ǡCity
Economic Councils ƒ•‡”˜‡ƒ•ƒ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Š‘—•‡„‡–™‡‡„—•‹‡••‡•ƒ†‰‘˜‡”‡–•–‘Šƒ•–‡–Š‡’”‘‰”‡••‘ˆ
•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡ‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ†‘‹‰„—•‹‡••ƒ† ƒ–ƒŽ›•‡‹˜‡•–‡–•‹–‘–Š‡ ‹–›Ǥ
• Encourage Transfer Of FFFǣ–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–• ƒ„‡‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†–‘–”ƒ•ˆ‡”ͳʹ–Š Š‡†—Ž‡ˆ—†•ǡˆ— –‹‘•ƒ†
ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡•–‘–Š‡•Ǥ
• Strengthening Finances Of ULB’s And Civic Agenciesǣ Š‹• ‹ Ž—†‡• ƒ”‡–Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡† ”‡˜‡—‡ ‘†‡Ž•ǡ ˜ƒŽ—‡
ƒ’–—”‡–‡ Š‹“—‡•ǡˆ‹• ƒŽ†‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡†‹—Ǧ–‡”ˆ‹• ƒŽ’Žƒ•ǡ•‹—”„ƒ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ƒ†•‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡƒ†
ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›˜‹ƒƒ—†‹–‡†„ƒŽƒ ‡•Š‡‡–•ƒ†’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ”‡’‘”–•Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘‹ Ž—†‡•‘’–‹‹•‹‰”‡–—”
‘ƒ••‡–•ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›Žƒ†ƒ†„—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥ
• Citizen Participationǣ Šƒ ‡† ‹–‹œ‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‡‡†‡† ˆ‘” ‰”‡ƒ–‡” –”—•– „‡–™‡‡ ‹–‹œ‡• ƒ†
‰‘˜‡”‡–•ǡ‹’”‘˜‡†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ„‡––‡”•‡”˜‹ ‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”›ƒ†ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
o Ward Committees ƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ•ƒ„Šƒ••Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡†™‹–Šƒ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǧenabled ‘Open Cities Framework’ and
–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ–‘‘Ž•ˆ‘”ˆ‡‡†„ƒ ƒ†”‡’‘”–‹‰Ǥ
—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‹ †‹ƒ•‡”˜‡ƒ•˜‹–ƒŽ—‹–•‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ǡ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
‘ˆ—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ‘–‹—‡†‡ˆˆ‘”–•ƒ”‡‡‡†‡†–‘‡Šƒ ‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••ƒ†‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‘ˆ—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ǡ
‡•—”‹‰•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‹ Ž—•‹˜‡—”„ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹ †‹ƒǤ


KEYWORDS: Panchayat pati raj system, ƒ’ƒ ‹–› —‹Ž†‹‰ ‘‹••‹‘ǡ –ƒ–‡ ‹ƒ ‡ ‘‹••‹‘ǡ
Decentralization of Power, Community Participatioǡ ƒ”† ‘‹––‡‡•ǡ ‹•–”‹ – Žƒ‹‰ ‘‹––‡‡•ǡ
Functional Autonomy, City Economic Councils, ˜ƒŽ—‡ ƒ’–—”‡–‡ Š‹“—‡•ǡ‡†‹—Ǧ–‡”ˆ‹• ƒŽ’Žƒ•ǡ’‡‹–‹‡•
”ƒ‡™‘”Ǥ

MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS
Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–‹˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡†ƒ†ƒ—ŽŽ‡†–Š‡‘—– ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ›‘”ƒŽ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Š‡Ž†ˆ‘”–Š‡Šƒ†‹‰ƒ”Š—‹ ‹’ƒŽ
‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Need for fair and timely Municipal Elections:
• The ‘First-mile’ Connect: Municipalities are critical since councilors serve as ‘first mile’ elected citizens’
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ
• Tackle grassroots level issues:‹‡Ž›‡Ž‡ –‹‘•™‘—Ž†‡•—”‡Ž‘ ƒŽƒ –‹‘™Š‹ Š‹•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘–ƒ Ž‡–Š‡ʹͳ•–Ǧ
‡–—”› Š—ƒ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ’”‹‘”‹–‹‡• ™Š‹ Š ‹ Ž—†‡• ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ’”‹ƒ”› Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ǡ ‰‡†‡”
‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†Œ‘„•ƒ†Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•Ǥ
Challenges in Municipal Elections
• Untimely electionsǣ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡Ǧ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ †‹”‡ –‹‘‹—”‡•ŠƒŠƒŒƒ˜Ǥ–ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ†Š›ƒ”ƒ†‡•ŠȋʹͲʹʹȌ–ƒ–‡
‰‘˜‡”‡–•†‘‘–Š‘Ž†–‹‡Ž›‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ˆ‘”—”„ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–•Ǥ
o ˜‡”ͳǡͷͲͲ—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–‹‡•†‹†‘–Šƒ˜‡‡Ž‡ –‡† ‘— ‹Ž•‹’Žƒ ‡ˆ”‘ʹͲͳͷ–‘ʹͲʹͳƒ ”‘••–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Delay in Council Formationǣ˜‡ƒˆ–‡”‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ ‘— ‹Ž•ƒ”‡‘– ‘•–‹–—–‡†ǡƒ†‡Ž‡ –‹‘•‘ˆƒ›‘”•ǡ†‡’—–›
ƒ›‘”•ƒ†•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘‹––‡‡•ƒ”‡†‡Žƒ›‡†Ǥ
• Delimitation and reservation: ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‹‡ •–ƒ–‡ †‡Žƒ›‡† –Š‡ †‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘ ‡••ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹ –—” †‡Žƒ›‡†
‘— ‹Ž‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
• Inconsistent Mayoral terms:  †‹ƒǡͳ͹Ψ‘ˆ ‹–‹‡•‹ Ž—†‹‰ˆ‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡‹‰Š–Žƒ”‰‡•–‘‡•Šƒ˜‡ƒ›‘”ƒŽ–‡”•Ž‡••
–Šƒˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥ

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o Š‡ –‡”• ‘ˆ ƒ›‘”•ǡ †‡’—–› ƒ›‘”• ƒ† •–ƒ†‹‰ ‘‹––‡‡• „‡‹‰ Ž‡•• –Šƒ ˆ‹˜‡ ›‡ƒ”• Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ ˆ”‡“—‡–
‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
• SECs lack power:•–Š‡›†‡’‡†‘•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–•–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‡†‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ”†„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ƒ†–‘
‘–‹ˆ›”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”™‘‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
Way Forward
• The power of delimitation:—•–„‡˜‡•–‡†‹–Š‡•‘”ƒ‹†‡’‡†‡–‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘‘‹••‹‘‹‡ƒ Š–ƒ–‡
ˆ‘” ‘†— –‹‰–Š‡†‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
• Empowering SECsǣ–”‡‰–Š‡‹‰•ƒ†‰‹˜‹‰–Š‡ƒ‘”‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡‡–‹”‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘’”‘ ‡•• ƒ
Š‡Ž’‡•—”‡–‹‡Ž›ǡˆ”‡‡ǡƒ†ˆƒ‹”—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
o ‹‰Ž‡ ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ ”‘ŽŽǣ  •‹‰Ž‡ ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ ”‘ŽŽ ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ –Š”‡‡ –‹‡”• ‘ˆ ‘˜‡”‡– ƒ• •—‰‰‡•–‡† „› –Š‡ ‹‰ŠǦŽ‡˜‡Ž
‘‹––‡‡‘‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž‡ –‹‘•™‹ŽŽ”‡†— ‡”‡†—†ƒ ›ƒ††—’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ ”‘••—Ž–‹’Ž‡ƒ‰‡ ‹‡•Ǥ
Previous Year Questions
ͳǤ ‘™Šƒ–‡š–‡–ǡ‹›‘—”‘’‹‹‘ǡƒ•–Š‡†‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”‹ †‹ƒ Šƒ‰‡†–Š‡‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ʹͲʹͲ
Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ƒ––Š‡‰”ƒ••”‘‘–•ǫ
ʹǤ Š‡ •–”‡‰–Š •—•–‡ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ‹ †‹ƒ Šƒ• •Š‹ˆ–‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹” ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ’Šƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ʹͲʹͲ
‘Functions, Functionaries and Funds to the contemporary stage of ‘Functionality’. Highlight the
”‹–‹ ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ˆƒ ‡†„›Ž‘ ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ‹–›‹”‡ ‡––‹‡•Ǥ
͵Ǥ “The reservation of seats for women in the institution of local selfǦ‰‘˜‡”‡–Šƒ•Šƒ†ƒŽ‹‹–‡† ʹͲͳͻ
impact on the patriarchal character of the Indian political process”. Comment. 
ͶǤ ••‡••–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–•›•–‡‹ †‹ƒƒ•ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘ ʹͲͳͺ
‰‘˜‡”‡–‰”ƒ–•ǡ™Šƒ–•‘—” ‡•–Š‡ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–• ƒŽ‘‘‘—–ˆ‘”ˆ‹ƒ ‹‰†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ’”‘Œ‡ –•ǫ
ͷǤ “The local selfǦ‰‘˜‡”‡– •›•–‡ ‹ †‹ƒ Šƒ• ‘– ’”‘˜‡† –‘ „‡ ƒ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ‹•–”—‡– ‘ˆ ʹͲͳ͹
governance”. Critically examine the statement and give your views to improve the situation. 
͸Ǥ –Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆƒ™‡ŽŽǦ‡†— ƒ–‡†ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†Ž‘ ƒŽlevel government system, `Panchayats’ and ʹͲͳͷ
‘Samitis’ have”‡ƒ‹‡†ƒ‹Ž›’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ƒ†‘–‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‹•–”—‡–•‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Ǥ
”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›†‹• —••Ǥ

MAINS WALLAH PYQs 2014 - 2023

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

15 COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL OF INDIA

 ‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†–Š‡‰—ƒ”†‹ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ’—”•‡ƒ†‹•–Š‡Š‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ—†‹–ƒ† ‘—–•‡’ƒ”–‡–Ǥ –

—’Š‘Ž†•–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ†–Š‡Žƒ™•‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘”–Š‡•‡”‡ƒ•‘•ǡ
Dr B. R. Ambedkar called the CAG as “one of the bulwarks of the democratic system of government” in India.
DUTIES AND POWER OF CAG
Š‡•‡ƒ”‡Žƒ‹††‘™„›–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–‹–Š‡ ȋ—–‹‡•ǡ‘™‡”•ƒ†‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ‡”˜‹ ‡Ȍ –ǡͳͻ͹ͳǤ

CAG audits the following Government

Constitutional Provisions for CAG
Accounts
• ‡–”ƒŽ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‡š’‡†‹–—”‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ • Article 148ǣ ”‘˜‹•‹‘• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ƒ’’‘‹–‡–ǡ ‘ƒ–Š ƒ†
‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡† —† ‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ ‘–‹‰‡ › ‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ•‡”˜‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Ǥ
—† ‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ ƒ† –Š‡ —„Ž‹   ‘—– ‘ˆ • Article 149:   •ŠƒŽŽ ’‡”ˆ‘” •— Š †—–‹‡• ƒ† ‡š‡” ‹•‡
†‹ƒǤ •— Š ’‘™‡”• ƒ• ƒ› „‡ ’”‡• ”‹„‡† „› ‘” —†‡” Žƒ™ „›
• State government and UT’s (with a legislative ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ
ƒ••‡„Ž›Ȍ ‡š’‡†‹–—”‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ • Article 150ǣ –ƒ†˜‹•‡•–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ƒ„‘—––Š‡’”‡• ”‹’–‹‘
‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡† —† ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ǡ –Š‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡ƒ ‘—–•‘ˆ–Š‡—‹‘ƒ†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•
‘–‹‰‡ ›ˆ—†‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǡƒ†–Š‡’—„Ž‹  •ŠƒŽŽ„‡‡’–Ǥ
ƒ ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ • Article 151ǣ‡’‘”–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘–Š‡ƒ ‘—–•‘ˆ
• ‡–”ƒŽƒ†•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡– †‡’ƒ”–‡–•ǣ –Š‡ ‹‘ •ŠƒŽŽ „‡ •—„‹––‡† –‘ –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡–ǡ ™Š‘ •ŠƒŽŽ
ŽŽ –”ƒ†‹‰ǡ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ǡ ’”‘ˆ‹– Ƭ Ž‘•• ƒ—•‡–Š‡–‘„‡Žƒ‹†„‡ˆ‘”‡‡ƒ Š ‘—•‡‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ
ƒ ‘—–•ǡ „ƒŽƒ ‡ •Š‡‡–•ǡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” o ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ ”‡’‘”–• ‘ˆ –Š‡   ”‡Žƒ–‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡• •ŠƒŽŽ „‡
•—„•‹†‹ƒ”›ƒ ‘—–•Ǥ •—„‹––‡†–‘–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡™Š‘•ŠƒŽŽ ƒ—•‡–Š‡ǡ
• ‘†‹‡• •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ› ˆ‹ƒ ‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ –‘„‡Žƒ‹†„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ
‡–”ƒŽ‘”•–ƒ–‡”‡˜‡—‡•Ǥ • Acts as a guide, friend, and philosopher ‘ˆ –Š‡ —„Ž‹ 
• ‘˜‡”‡– ‘’ƒ‹‡•Ǥ  ‘—–•‘‹––‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ
CAG AND THE PUBLIC ACCOUNTS COMMITTEE:
• ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘‹––‡‡™ƒ• ”‡ƒ–‡†—†‡”–Š‡   –ǡ
‘ˆͳͻͳͻǤ
• – ”‡ ‡‹˜‡• –Š‡   ƒ—†‹– ”‡’‘”–• „‘–Š ƒ– –Š‡ ‡–”‡ ƒ† –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡
Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ
•   ƒ••‹•– –Š‡  ‹ ’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ ”‘Ž‡•Ǥ Ǥ‰Ǥ  •—‰‰‡•–‡†
‘””‡ –‹˜‡ƒ –‹‘„› ‹ˆ‘–—†‡”–ƒ‡‹•”‡’‘”–‡†–‘–Š‡Ǣ
™Š‹ Š–ƒ‡•‹–—’™‹–Š–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
DIFFERENCE IN ROLE OF CAG


IN INDIA IN BRITAIN
• India’s CAG is ̶—†‹–‘” ‡‡”ƒŽ̶‘Ž›‹ƒ‡ •  ’‡”ˆ‘”•–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ„‘–ŠǢƒ—†‹–‘”ƒ† ‘’–”‘ŽŽ‡”Ǥ
ƒ•‹–‘Ž›’‡”ˆ‘”•ƒƒ—†‹–‹‰”‘Ž‡Ǥ • ‘ ‘‡› ƒ „‡ ™‹–Š†”ƒ™ „› –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  ‡š Š‡“—‡”
• Š‡ƒ—†‹–‹•†‘‡‘Ž›ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‡š’‡†‹–—”‡‹• without CAG’s approval.
ƒ†‡Ǥ Ǥ‡Ǥ‘Ž›ƒšǦ’‘•–ˆƒ –‘ƒ—†‹–‹•†‘‡Ǥ •  ‹•ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—•‡‘ˆ‘‘•Ǥ
•  ‹•‘–ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ

INDEPENDENCE OF CAG
• Security of tenure: ’’‘‹–‡†„›–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–„›™ƒ””ƒ–—†‡”Š‹•Šƒ†ƒ†•‡ƒŽǤ ‡Šƒ•ƒ–‡—”‡‘ˆ͸ͷ›‡ƒ”•‘”
͸›‡ƒ”•™Š‹ Š‡˜‡”‹•‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”Ǥ

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• Removalǣ›–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–—†‡”–Š‡•ƒ‡’”‘ ‡†—”‡ƒ•ƒ•—’”‡‡ ‘—”–Œ—†‰‡ ƒ„‡”‡‘˜‡†Ǥ
• Post-retirement officeǣ‘–‡Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡”‘ˆˆ‹ ‡—†‡”„‘–Š‡–”ƒŽ‘”–ƒ–‡ ‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ Salary and other
service conditions: ‡–‡”‹‡†„›–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ†–Š‡•ƒ‡ ƒ‘–„‡ƒŽ–‡”‡†–‘–Š‡†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ 
ƒˆ–‡”Š‹•ȀŠ‡”ƒ’’‘‹–‡–Ǥ
• Expenses: Š‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡‡š’‡•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡ•ƒŽƒ”‹‡•ǡƒŽŽ‘™ƒ ‡•ǡƒ†’‡•‹‘•ƒ”‡ Šƒ”‰‡†—’‘–Š‡ Ǥ
• Administrative powers: ‘†‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ •‡”˜‹ ‡ ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ •‡”˜‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ †‹ƒ —†‹– ƒ†  ‘—–• ‡’ƒ”–‡–
ȋ™Š‘•‡Š‡ƒ†‹•–Š‡ Ȍƒ†–Š‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡’‘™‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ”‡’”‡• ”‹„‡†„›–Š‡’”‡•‹†‡–ƒˆ–‡” ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘
™‹–Š–Š‡ Ǥ
• No minister can represent the CAGǣ‹–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ȋ„‘–Š ‘—•‡•Ȍƒ†‘‹‹•–‡” ƒ„‡ ƒŽŽ‡†—’‘–‘–ƒ‡
ƒ›”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”ƒ›ƒ –‹‘•†‘‡„›Š‹Ǥ
LIMITATION OF OFFICE OF CAG
• Appointment: Š‡ ƒ’’‘‹–‡– ‘ˆ   ‹• –Š‡ • Discourage risk-taking:   ™Š‹Ž‡ Ž‘‘‹‰ ‹–‘
‘’Ž‡–‡ †‹• ”‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ ™Š‹ Š Ž‹‹–• ‹–• the ‘wisdom, faithfulness, economy’ of policy, may
”‘Ž‡‘ˆŠ‘Ž†‹‰–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ‘– ‘•‹†‡”’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•‘ˆƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• The auditor general and not comptroller: –•”‡’‘”– • Independence: ‘ˆŽ‹ –‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–ƒ”‹•‡•ƒ•ˆ‘”‡”
‹•’‘•–Ǧˆƒ –‘ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ‹– ƒƒ—†‹– ‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•‘Ž›™Š‡ •‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹‡• ȋ—•—ƒŽŽ› Ȍ ƒ”‡ ƒ’’‘‹–‡† ƒ•  
–Š‡›ƒ”‡†‘‡Ǥ ™Š‹ Š ‘’”‘‹•‡• –Š‡ ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
• Limited usefulness: —†‹–‘”•‘™™Šƒ–‹•ƒ—†‹–‹‰ǡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
ƒ† ‘– ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǣ ‹– ‹• ƒ Š‹‰ŠŽ› ’‡†‡•–”‹ƒ • Secret expenditureǣ   ƒ‘– ƒ• ˆ‘”
ˆ— –‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒ ƒ””‘™ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ† ˜‡”› Ž‹‹–‡† ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”•‘ˆ‡š’‡†‹–—”‡‹•‘‡ƒ––‡”•ƒ†Šƒ•
—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••Ǥ –‘ ƒ ‡’– ƒ ‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘’‡–‡–
• Shorter tenure: Š‡ ƒ‰‡ ƒ’ ‘ˆ ͸ͷ ›‡ƒ”• ƒˆˆ‡ –• –Š‡ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ
’”‘’‡”ˆ— –‹‘‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ • Intentional obstruction in auditsǣ‡Žƒ›‡†•—’’Ž›
• Exceeding mandate: – Šƒ• „‡‡ ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡† ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ”— ‹ƒŽ†‘ —‡–•–‘–Š‡ƒ—†‹–‘”•ƒ†•‘‡–‹‡•
‡š ‡‡†‹‰–Š‡ƒ†ƒ–‡•‘‡–‹‡•Ǥ ‘”Ǥ‰Ǥ”‡’‘”–•‘ ‡˜‡–Šƒ–‹•†‡‹‡†Ǥ
ʹ  ƒ† ‘ƒŽ „Ž‘  ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘• Šƒ† ‘—–Žƒ†‹•Š ‘” • No criteria for appointment: ‡‹–Š‡” ‹ –Š‡
•‡•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽˆ‹‰—”‡•‘ˆŽ‘••‡•‘” ‘””—’–‹‘Ǥ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ‘” ‹ ƒ› •–ƒ–—–‡Ǣ ‹• ’”‘˜‹†‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡
• Limited resources: Š‘”–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ƒ’‘™‡” ƒ† ƒ’’‘‹–‡–‘ˆƒ Ǥ
‹ ”‡‡– ‹ ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› ”‡•—Ž–• ‹ ˜‡”› ˆ‡™ • Lack of statutory recognition: ˆ‘”–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•ƒ†
ƒ ‘—–•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›„‡‹‰ƒ—†‹–‡†ƒ—ƒŽŽ›Ǥ •–ƒˆˆ‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ—†‹–ƒ† ‘—–•‡’ƒ”–‡–Ǥ


Š‡ Šƒ•–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽƒ†•–ƒ–—–‘”›ƒ†ƒ–‡ƒ†”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘‡•—”‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›ǡ

‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡•‡”˜‹ ‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”›ƒ†‰‘‘†‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Ǥ –”‡ ‡–Ž›ƒ—†‹–‡†–Š‡Š‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”•™Š‹ Š•Š‘™•–Š‡ ”‡†‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ
–Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ


KEYWORDS: ‹”•– ‹Ž‡’ Connect, ‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘ǡ —Ž™ƒ”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  •›•–‡ ‘ˆ ‘˜‡”‡–ǡ
‘–‹‰‡ › —†‘ˆ †‹ƒǡŠ‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”‘ˆ–Š‡—„Ž‹  ‘—–•‘‹––‡‡ǡ™ƒ””ƒ–—†‡”Š‹•Šƒ†ƒ†•‡ƒŽǡ †‹ƒ
—†‹–ƒ† ‘—–•‡’ƒ”–‡–ǡ™‹•†‘ǡˆƒ‹–Šˆ—Ž‡••ǡ‡ ‘‘›‘ˆ’‘Ž‹ ›Ǥ

Previous Year Question
ͳǤ “The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) has a very vital role to play.” Explain how this is reflected ʹͲͳͺ
‹–Š‡‡–Š‘†ƒ†–‡”•‘ˆŠ‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‡–ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ’‘™‡”•Š‡ ƒ‡š‡” ‹•‡ǤȋʹͲͳͺȌ
ʹǤ Exercise of CAG’s powers in relation to the accounts of the Union and the States is derived from Article ʹͲͳ͸
149 of the Indian Constitution. Discuss whether an audit of the Government’s Policy implementation
‘—Ž†ƒ‘—––‘‘˜‡”•–‡’’‹‰‹–•‘™ȋ ȌŒ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘Ǥ


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16 NCSC, NCST AND NCBC

COMPOSITION
Composition: Chairman + Vice chairman + 3 members = Appointed by President.
GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF NCSC/NCST/NCBC
• Investigate and monitor ƒŽŽ ƒ––‡”• ‘ ‡”‹‰ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” Ž‡‰ƒŽ •ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†• ˆ‘” ǡ  ƒ† 
‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Inquire into specific complaints ™”––Š‡†‡’”‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‹‰Š–•‘ˆ–Š‡ǡƒ†–Š‡•Ǥ
• Participate and advise ‘–Š‡’Žƒ‹‰ƒ•’‡ –™”–•‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡–Š‡’”‘‰”‡••—†‡”
–Š‡‹‘‘”ƒ•–ƒ–‡Ǥ
• Send Annual reports –‘–Š‡’”‡•‹†‡–—’‘–Š‡™‘”‹‰‘ˆ•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†•ˆ‘”–Š‡ǡƒ† ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Recommend measures –‘–Š‡‹‘ƒ†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†•ƒ†‡ƒ•—”‡•
ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘–‡ –‹‘ǡ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡƒ†•‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
• Online complaintsǣ‘’Žƒ‹–•‘ˆƒ–”‘ ‹–‹‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒ‘™„‡”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡˜‹ƒ‹–•‘Ž‹‡’‘”–ƒŽǤ
• Special courtsǣ‡›‘‹–‘”‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–›’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„›–Š‡‘‹••‹‘”‡Žƒ–‡•–‘–Š‡•‡––‹‰—’‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ ‘—”–•
ˆ‘”–Š‡•’‡‡†›–”‹ƒŽ‘ˆ‘ˆˆ‡ ‡• ‘‹––‡†—†‡”–Š‡‹˜‹Ž‹‰Š–• –ƒ†–Š‡”‡˜‡–‹‘‘ˆ–”‘ ‹–‹‡• –ǡͳͻͺͻǤ
• Collect Statisticsǣ† ‘‡–•‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‹•–‹ •’‡”–ƒ‹‹‰–‘ ƒ•‡•—†‡”–Š‡‹˜‹Ž‹‰Š–• –‘ˆͳͻͷͷƒ†–Š‡
”‡˜‡–‹‘‘ˆ–”‘ ‹–‹‡• –‘ˆͳͻͺͻǤ
• Law implementationǣŠ‡•‡ ‘‹••‹‘•‘‹–‘”–Š‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”‘˜‹•‹‘•‹ˆ‘” ‡ˆ‘”
–Š‡™‡Žˆƒ”‡ƒ†’”‘–‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ǡƒ† ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF NCST:
• Conferring ownership ”‹‰Š–•‘ˆ‹‘”ˆ‘”‡•–’”‘†— ‡ȋ Ȍ–‘•Ž‹˜‹‰‹ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Measures for the development of tribals ƒ†–‘™‘”ˆ‘”‘”‡˜‹ƒ„Ž‡Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ
• Seek Cooperation and involvement ‘ˆ–”‹„ƒŽ•‹–Š‡’”‘–‡ –‹‘‘ˆˆ‘”‡•–•ƒ†—†‡”–ƒ‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽƒˆˆ‘”‡•–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• ƒ‡‡ƒ•—”‡•–‘‡•—”‡ˆ—ŽŽ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆǡ
• Safeguard the rights ‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•‘˜‡”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡•‘—” ‡•Ž‹‡Ǧ™ƒ–‡””‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ‹‡”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•
‡– Ǥƒ•’‡”–Š‡Žƒ™Ǥ
• Improve the efficacy ‘ˆ”‡Šƒ„‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ•—”‡•–ƒ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡–”‹„ƒŽ•†‹•’Žƒ ‡†„›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥ
• ƒ‡‡ƒ•—”‡•–‘”‡†— ‡ƒ†—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆ•Š‹ˆ–‹‰ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘„›–”‹„ƒŽ•Ǥ
LIMITATIONS OF CONSTITUTIONAL BODIES TO PROTECT VULNERABLE SECTIONS:
• ƒ ‘ˆ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǡƒ’‘™‡”ƒ†”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ
• ƒ ‘ˆƒ’ƒ ‹–›ƒ†‹•‡•‹–‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ–Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘•–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡•‡ ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Commission’s recommendations are not binding.
• ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ƒ•–Š‡„ƒ”ˆ‘”ƒ’’‘‹–‡–‹•–‘‘Š‹‰Š‰‹˜‡–Š‡„ƒ ™ƒ”†‡••‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• ƒ‰—‡•‡Ž‡ –‹‘ƒ†ƒ’’‘‹–‡–’”‘ ‡••ǡ‡š‘”„‹–ƒ–„—†‰‡–Ǥ
102ND CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT ACT 2018
• It added a new Article 338-B, ™Š‹ Š‰”ƒ–‡† ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•–‘Ǥ
• –‡Žƒ”‰‡†–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘•‘ˆ–‘•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†–Š‡‹–‡”‡•–•‘ˆ–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ†‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›„ƒ ™ƒ”† Žƒ••‡•‘”‡
‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ 

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POSITIVES OF GRANTING CONSTITUTIONAL

CONCERNS THAT REMAIN
STATUS TO NCBC

• Giving more teethǣ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ •–ƒ–—• • Non-binding recommendationǣ Š‹• ƒ› Ž‡ƒ† –‘
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•–Š‡•–ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ•ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡†— ‡† ’”‹‘”‹–› –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ”‡’‘”– ‘ˆ  ƒ† ‹–•
„‘†›™‹ŽŽ„‡„‡––‡”’Žƒ ‡†–‘‡•—”‡–Š‡™‡Žˆƒ”‡ „—†‰‡–ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
‘ˆ•Ǥ • No power to defineǣ  Šƒ• ‘ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› –‘ †‡ˆ‹‡
• Greater objectivity: ”–‹ Ž‡ ͵Ͷʹ ƒ‡• ‹– “backwardness”. Hence, it cannot address the demands
ƒ†ƒ–‘”› –‘ –ƒ‡ –Š‡ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–̵• ‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ•–‡•–‘„‡‹ Ž—†‡†ƒ••Ǥ
‘ —””‡ ‡ ˆ‘” ƒ††‹‰ ‘” †‡Ž‡–‹‰ ƒ› • Compositionǣ ‘ ‡š Ž—•‹˜‡ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡
‘—‹–›‹–Š‡„ƒ ™ƒ”†Ž‹•–Ǥ ƒ’’‘‹–‡–‘ˆ‡š’‡”–•‹–Š‡„‘†›ƒ†Ž‡ƒ˜‡•‹––‘–Š‡
• Š‡ ‹•—•‡ ‘ˆ ”‡ƒ› ”‹–‡”‹ƒ „› ‡”–ƒ‹ †‹• ”‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ ™‹–Š‘—– ƒ› ‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ
•‡ –‹‘•™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡†— ‡†Ǥ “—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Annual reportǣ Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ‘„Ž‹‰‡• • Revision of BC listǣ ”–‹ Ž‡ ͵͵ͺ ȋͷȌ ‹• •‹Ž‡– ‘ –Š‡
‡–”ƒŽƒ†•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–•–‘’”‘˜‹†‡˜ƒŽ‹† ’‡”‹‘†‹  ”‡˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡  Ž‹•– ƒ† –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ’Žƒ›‡† „›
”‡ƒ•‘• ˆ‘” ‘– ƒ –‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ”‡’‘”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǥ
‘‹––‡‡Ǥ • Multi-dimensional challengesǣ ‡”‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ
• Grievance redressalǣ  ™‹ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ status can’t solve diverse issues like skewed
‡š Ž—•‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘™‹–ŠƒŽŽ’‘™‡”‘ˆ ‹˜‹Ž ‘—”–•Ǣ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‘”‡”‹‰ ‘ˆ „‡‡ˆ‹–• „› ˆ‡™ 
‡ƒ„Ž‹‰ ‹– –‘ ‡•—”‡ Œ—•–‹ ‡ ˆ‘” „ƒ ™ƒ”† ƒ•–‡•ǡ‡– Ǥ
Žƒ••‡•Ǥ • No link with Art 340ǣ”–‹ Ž‡͵ͶͲ‡•—”‡•–Š‡™‡Žˆƒ”‡
• Wider responsibilityǣ™‹–Šƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ†’”‘–‡ –‹‘‘ˆ•Šƒ˜‡‘–„‡‡Ž‹‡†™‹–Š”–‹ Ž‡
• ‘’‡ ƒ Ž‘‘ „‡›‘† ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ –‘ ‡•—”‡ ͵͵ͺǤ
Š‘Ž‹•–‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–Ǥ

STEPS NEED TO BE TAKEN

• Composition: ‘’—Ž•‘”‹Ž›‹ Ž—†‡•‡š’‡”–•ƒ†ˆ‡ƒŽ‡•–‘‡•—”‡‰‡†‡”•‡•‹–‹˜‹–›Ǥ
• Capacity building and sensitization of Žƒ™›‡”•ǡŒ—†‰‡•ǡƒ†’‘Ž‹ ‡‡–‘‡•—”‡’”‘’‡”ƒ†‡’ƒ–Š‡–‹ –”‡ƒ–‡–
ƒ†–‹‡Ž›‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡”‡†”‡••ƒŽ‘ˆ„ƒ ™ƒ”† Žƒ••‡„‡”•Ǥ
• Effective implementation ‘ˆ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ƒ† ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‹’ƒ – ˆ‘” –‹‡Ž› ‘—”•‡
‘””‡ –‹‘Ǥ
• Ease to register a complaint: ƒ‡•–‡’•Ž‹‡”‡‰‹•–‡”‹‰ƒ ‘’Žƒ‹–˜‹ƒƒ‘Ž‹‡’‘”–ƒŽƒ•†‘‡„›Ǥ
• Holding regional level meet: Š‡•ŠƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†”‡‰‹‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž‡‡–•–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ƒ ‡••‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘–Š‡ ‘‹••‹‘Ǣ
Œ—•–Ž‹‡Ǥ
• Timely Discussionǣ Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ—ƒŽ ”‡’‘”– ‹• ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ‘˜‡”Ž‘‘‡†Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡– •Š‘—Ž† „‡
‡’‘™‡”‡†–‘ˆ‹šƒ’‡”‹‘†ˆ‘”–Š‡†‹• —••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡’‘”–‹ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ
ISSUES FACED BY COMMUNITIES
• Increased atrocities: ͸ͲΨ‘—–‘ˆͳ͸ͲͲͲ ‘’Žƒ‹–•”‡ ‡‹˜‡†„›™‡”‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ƒ–”‘ ‹–‹‡•‹’—„Ž‹ ’Žƒ ‡•Ǥ
ȋ†ƒ–ƒȌǤǤ‰Ǥ ƒ•–‡Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†Š‘‘—”‹ŽŽ‹‰•‹ ƒ”›ƒƒǤ
• Tribal eviction: •Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‹•–‘’’‹‰–Š‡‡˜‹ –‹‘‘ˆ•†—‡–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥ
o E.g. ‡Œ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‘”‡–ŠƒͷŽƒŠ–”‹„ƒŽ•̵ Žƒ‹Ǥ
• Economic deprivationǣ‹•‹„Ž‡„›–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡–‘—’Š‘Ž†–Š‡•’‹”‹–‘ˆ ǡʹͲͲ͸ƒ††‡’”‹˜‹‰ƒ ‡••–‘‹‘”ˆ‘”‡•–
’”‘†— ‡‹–Š‡ƒ‡of “protected forests”.
• Vanishing cultural identity: • ƒ› ƒ• ʹͷͲ –”‹„ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• Šƒ˜‡ †‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡† ȋ”‡’‘”– „› ‡‘’Ž‡• ‹‰—‹•–‹ 
—”˜‡›‘ˆ †‹ƒȌǤ
ǡƒ†ƒ”‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡”‹‰Š–•‘ˆ–Š‡™‡ƒ‡”•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ†–‘‘Ž•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”—’Ž‹ˆ–‡–ǤŠ‡›
’‘••‡••‰”‡ƒ–”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†–‘’‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡‡‡†•–‘„‡•–”‡‰–Š‡‡†ˆ—”–Š‡”Ǥ


KEYWORDS: •‘ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ†‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›„ƒ ™ƒ”† Žƒ••‡•ǡ ”‡ƒ›Žƒ›‡”ǡƒ–”‘ ‹–‹‡•ǡ’”‘–‡ –‡†ˆ‘”‡•–•ǡ•—„ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•

•ǡ

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17 UPSC AND SPSC

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
Article 312 • Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ƒ ”‡ƒ–‡‘‡‘”‘”‡ŽŽ †‹ƒ‡”˜‹ ‡•ȋ‹ Ž—†‹‰ƒŽŽ †‹ƒ —†‹ ‹ƒŽ
‡”˜‹ ‡•ȌǢ ‘‘–‘–Š‡—‹‘ƒ†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• ”‘˜‹•‹‘•”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘ƒ’’‘‹–‡–ǡ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ”‡‘˜ƒŽƒ†’‘™‡”•ƒ†ˆ— –‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡
Article 315 to 323 ƒ†–Š‡Ǥ
• ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ‘ˆ —„Ž‹  ‡”˜‹ ‡ ‘‹••‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ —‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡• ƒ† ’”‘˜‹•‹‘•
”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘ǡƒ’’‘‹–‡–ƒ†”‡‘˜ƒŽƒ†’‘™‡”•ƒ†ˆ— –‹‘•Ǥ

UPSC VIZ-A- VIZ SPSC

UPSC SPSC
• Compositionǣ ‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ ƒ Šƒ‹”ƒ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” • Compositionǣ ‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ ƒ Šƒ‹”ƒ ƒ† ‘–Š‡”
‡„‡”•ƒ’’‘‹–‡†„›–Š‡’”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ ‡„‡”•ƒ’’‘‹–‡†„›–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡Ǥ
• Strengthǣ‹• ”‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ•—ƒŽŽ›ͻ–‘ • Strengthǣ‹• ”‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡
ͳͳǤ –ƒ–‡Ǥ
• No qualifications ƒ”‡’”‡• ”‹„‡†ˆ‘”‡„‡”•Š‹’ • No qualifications ƒ”‡ ’”‡• ”‹„‡† ˆ‘” ‡„‡”•Š‹’
‡š ‡’– ͷͲΨ ‘ˆ ‡„‡”• •Š‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ Š‡Ž† ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ‡š ‡’–ͷͲΨ‘ˆ‡„‡”••Š‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡Š‡Ž†‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ˆ‘”ƒ–
ˆ‘” ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– –‡ ›‡ƒ”• —†‡” –Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡– ‘ˆ Ž‡ƒ•––‡›‡ƒ”•—†‡”–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒ‘”–Š‡
†‹ƒ‘”–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ •–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Termǣ •‹š ›‡ƒ”•Ȁ ͸ͷ ›‡ƒ”• ‘ˆ ƒ‰‡Ǣ ™Š‹ Š‡˜‡” • Termǣ‹š›‡ƒ”•Ȁ͸ʹ›‡ƒ”•‘ˆƒ‰‡Ǣ™Š‹ Š‡˜‡”‹•”‡ƒ Š‡†
‡ƒ”Ž‹‡””‡ƒ Š‡†Ǥ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”Ǥ
• Removal: › ”‡•‹†‡– ‘ –Š‡ ‰”‘—† ‘ˆ • Removal: ”‡•‹†‡– ƒ ”‡‘˜‡ –Š‡ ‡„‡”• ƒ†
ƒ†Œ—†‰‹‰ƒ‹•‘Ž˜‡–ǡ’ƒ‹†‡’Ž‘›‡–‘—–•‹†‡ Šƒ‹”ƒ ‘ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‰”‘—†• ƒ† ‹ –Š‡ •ƒ‡
–Š‡†—–‹‡•ǡ—ˆ‹–†—‡–‘‹ˆ‹”‹–›‘ˆ‹†‘”„‘†›Ǥ ƒ‡”ƒ•Š‡ ƒ”‡‘˜‡ƒ Šƒ‹”ƒ‘”ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ
‘” ‹•„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” Ǧ › –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡– ‘ –Š‡ –Š‡Ǥ
‹“—‹”›‘ˆ–Š‡•—’”‡‡ ‘—”–Ǥ

INDEPENDENCE OF COMMISSION
• Conditions of service: ‡–‡”‹‡† „› –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡– ȋ„› –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‘” ˆ‘” Ȍ Ƭ ƒ‘– „‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡† –‘ –Š‡
†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡„‡”•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‹”ƒ’’‘‹–‡–Ǥ
• Expenses: •ƒŽƒ”‹‡•ǡƒŽŽ‘™ƒ ‡•ǡƒ†’‡•‹‘•ƒ”‡ Šƒ”‰‡†„›–Š‡‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡† —†‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ†ƒ”‡‘–•—„Œ‡ ––‘
–Š‡˜‘–‡‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ
• Security of tenure: Šƒ‹”ƒ ƒ† ‡„‡”• ƒ „‡ ”‡‘˜‡† „› ‘”†‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡– ‘Ž› ‘ –Š‡ ‰”‘—†•
•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†‹–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
• Post-retirement: Š‡ Šƒ‹”ƒ ‘ˆ  ‹• ‘– ‡Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ˆ—”–Š‡” ‡’Ž‘›‡– ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹‘ ‘” –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡
‰‘˜‡”‡–‹ƒ› ƒ’ƒ ‹–›Ǥ
o  Šƒ‹”ƒ ƒ„‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡† Šƒ‹”ƒȀ‡„‡”‘ˆ‘”‡„‡”‘ˆǤ—–‘–‡Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ›‘–Š‡”
‡’Ž‘›‡–Ǥ
o ‡„‡”‘ˆȋ‘–Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡ Šƒ‹”ƒȌ‹•‡Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡–‘„‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡†ƒ• Šƒ‹”ƒ‘ˆƒ›‘”Ǥ
o ‡„‡”‘ˆƒ‹•‡Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡–‘„‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡†ƒ• Šƒ‹”ƒ‘ˆƒ‘”Ǣ‘”‡„‡”‘ˆƒǤ

FUNCTIONS AND LIMITATIONS

FUNCTIONS OF UPSC LIMITATIONS
• Watchdog of merit system: – ‘†— –• ‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” • Supreme court judgments: •‹ ‡–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡
ƒ’’‘‹–‡–• –‘ –Š‡ ƒŽŽǦ †‹ƒ •‡”˜‹ ‡• ƒ† –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ –Š‡ˆ‘” ‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™Ǣ ƒŽ‹‹–‘”Ǥ
•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ

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• Assists the states ‹ˆ”ƒ‹‰ƒ†‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰• Š‡‡•‘ˆŒ‘‹– • Non-binding provisions: Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–

”‡ ”—‹–‡–ˆ‘”ƒ›•‡”˜‹ ‡•ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•’‘••‡••‹‰ ƒ ƒ – ™‹–Š‘—– ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š  ƒ†
•’‡ ‹ƒŽ“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡”‡“—‹”‡†Ǥ –Š‡ƒ‰‰”‹‡˜‡†’—„Ž‹ •‡”˜ƒ–Šƒ•‘”‡‡†›‹
• Serves needs of a state: On Governor’s request and with the ‘—”–Ǥ
President’s approval. • ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ „› –Š‡  †‘‡• ‘– ‘ˆ‡” ƒ›
• Consulted for the following matters of personnel ”‹‰Š– –‘ –Š‡ ’‘•– —’‘ –Š‡ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡Ǥ Š‡
management: ƒ‡ ”‡ ‘‡†‡† ‹• ‘Ž› ƒ
o Methods of recruitmentǡ’”‘‘–‹‘ǡƒ†–”ƒ•ˆ‡”–‘ ‹˜‹Ž ”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
•‡”˜‹ ‡ƒ†ˆ‘” ‹˜‹Ž’‘•–•Ǥ • UPSC is not consulted on the following
o All disciplinary matters ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰ƒ’‡”•‘•‡”˜‹‰—†‡” matters:
–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒ‹ƒ ‹˜‹Ž ƒ’ƒ ‹–›Ǥ o Making reservations ˆ‘” ƒ› „ƒ ™ƒ”†
o Reimbursement claims ‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ ‡š’‡•‡•‹ —””‡†„›ƒ Žƒ••‹ƒ’’‘‹–‡–•Ǥ
‹˜‹Ž •‡”˜ƒ– ‹ †‡ˆ‡†‹‰ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰• ‹•–‹–—–‡† o ‘•‹†‡” –Š‡ Žƒ‹• ‘ˆ  Ȁ ‹ ƒ‹‰
ƒ‰ƒ‹ Š‹ ‹”‡•’‡ – ‘ˆ ƒ –• †‘‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡š‡ —–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‹• ƒ’’‘‹–‡–•–‘•‡”˜‹ ‡•ƒ†’‘•–•Ǥ
†—–‹‡•Ǥ o ‘” ‡Ž‡ –‹‘• ˆ‘” Šƒ‹”ƒ•Š‹’ ‘”
o Temporary appointments ‡š ‡‡†‹‰ ͳ ›‡ƒ” ƒ† ‘ ‡„‡”•Š‹’‘ˆ ‘‹••‹‘•‘”–”‹„—ƒŽ•ǡ
”‡‰—Žƒ”‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ’’‘‹–‡–•Ǥ ’‘•–•‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–†‹’Ž‘ƒ–‹ ƒ–—”‡ǡƒ†
o ‘ grant an extension ‘ˆ •‡”˜‹ ‡ ƒ† ”‡‡’Ž‘›‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡„—Ž‘ˆ‰”‘—’ƒ†‰”‘—’•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ
‡”–ƒ‹”‡–‹”‡† ‹˜‹Ž•‡”˜ƒ–•Ǥ o ‘” ƒ –‡’‘”ƒ”› ƒ’’‘‹–‡–ǡ ‹ˆ ƒ
•  ‹• ‘•—Ž–‡† „› –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‘” ™Š‹Ž‡ ˆ”ƒ‹‰ ”—Ž‡• ˆ‘” person isn’t likely to hold the post for
ƒ’’‘‹–‡– –‘ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ •‡”˜‹ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ȋ‘–Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ ‘”‡–Šƒƒ›‡ƒ”Ǥ
’‘•–•‘ˆ†‹•–”‹ –Œ—†‰‡•ȌǤ • Classification of servicesǡ ’ƒ› ƒ† •‡”˜‹ ‡
‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ ƒ†”‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ–”ƒ‹‹‰ǡ‡– Ǥ
‘ˆƒ”–Š‡ƒ†Šƒ˜‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†–Š‡‹”†—–‹‡•™‹–Š”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡‹–‡‰”‹–›ƒ†ƒ”‡”‡™ƒ”†‡†™‹–Š–Š‡ˆƒ‹–Š‘ˆ
‹ŽŽ‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ•’‹”ƒ–• ‡ƒ Š ›‡ƒ”Ǥ —– ƒ• ’‡” Šƒ‰‹‰ –‹‡•ǡ –Š‡  ƒ† • ‡‡† –‘ ‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ ‡™ ™ƒ›• Ž‹‡
’•› Š‘‡–”‹ –‡•–•–‘‡•—”‡’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–‹–‡‰”‹–›ƒ”‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡†Ǥ

KEYWORDS: ŽŽ †‹ƒ‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡ ˆ‹”‹–›‘ˆ‹†‘”„‘†›ǡ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡† —†‘ˆ †‹ƒǡƒ– Š†‘‰‘ˆ‡”‹–•›•–‡ǡ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

18 ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA

INTRODUCTION
Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒȋ Ȍ‹•ƒ’‡”ƒ‡–ƒ†‹†‡’‡†‡–‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ„‘†›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†—†‡””–‹ Ž‡
͵ʹͶ‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǤŠ‡ ‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†™‹–Š–Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ•—’‡”‹–‡†‡ ‡ǡ†‹”‡ –‹‘ǡƒ† ‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•–‘
–Š‡‘ƒ„ŠƒǡƒŒ›ƒƒ„Šƒǡ–ƒ–‡‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡••‡„Ž‹‡•ǡ–ƒ–‡‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡‘— ‹Ž•ǡƒ†–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ƒ†
‹ ‡”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ –‹•‘– ‘ ‡”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘•‘ˆ’ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–•ƒ†—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ ‘”
–Šƒ–ǡ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒ’”‘˜‹†‡•ˆ‘”ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡–ƒ–‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘Ǥ
APPOINTMENT PROCESS OF ECI UNDER QUESTION:
Election Commission: The Need for Evolution in the Appointment Process and Bolstering its Autonomy.
Background of the Judgement:  ʹͲͳͷǡ ƒ ’—„Ž‹  ‹–‡”‡•– Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‹Ž‡† „› ‘‘’ ƒ”ƒ™ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡† –Š‡
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡–”‡ƒ’’‘‹–‹‰‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘ǤŠ‡ ”—š‘ˆ–Š‡
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ ‹• –Šƒ– •‹ ‡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ Žƒ™ ƒ†‡ „› ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ‘ –Š‹• ‹••—‡ǡ –Š‡ ‘—”– —•– •–‡’ ‹ –‘ ˆ‹ŽŽ –Š‡
“constitutional vacuum”.
Supreme Court (SC) on the Appointment of ECs:
Judgment: ˆ‹˜‡ǦŒ—†‰‡„‡ Š‘ˆ–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–‹ƒ” ŠʹͲʹ͵ǡ—ƒ‹‘—•Ž›”—Ž‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ 
•Š‘—Ž†„‡‡Ž‡ –‡†„›ƒŠ‹‰ŠǦ’‘™‡” ‘‹––‡‡ ‘•‹•–‹‰‘ˆǣ
• Š‡”‹‡‹‹•–‡”ǡ
• ‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ’’‘•‹–‹‘‹‘ƒ„Šƒǡƒ†
• Š‡Š‹‡ˆ —•–‹ ‡‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ
The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service
and Term of Office) Act, 2023: – ”‡’Žƒ ‡• –Š‡ Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘ ȋ‘†‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‡”˜‹ ‡ ‘ˆ Ž‡ –‹‘
‘‹••‹‘‡”•ƒ†”ƒ•ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ—•‹‡••Ȍ –ǡͳͻͻͳǤ
Novel Features of the Act:
• Š‡ ‡„‡”• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ƒ’’‘‹–‡† „› –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡–ǡ —’‘ –Š‡ ”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹––‡‡
‘’”‹•‹‰ǦŠ‡”‹‡‹‹•–‡”ǡƒ„‹‡–‹‹•–‡”ǡƒ†‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ’’‘•‹–‹‘‹‘ƒ„Šƒȋ‘”Ž‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‹‰Ž‡
Žƒ”‰‡•–‘’’‘•‹–‹‘’ƒ”–›ȌǤ
• ‡ƒ” Š‘‹––‡‡Š‡ƒ†‡†„›–Š‡ƒ„‹‡–‡ ”‡–ƒ”›™‹ŽŽ•—‰‰‡•–ˆ‹˜‡ƒ‡•–‘–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹––‡‡ǤŠ‡
‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹––‡‡ƒ› ‘•‹†‡”ƒ‡•‘–Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‘•‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ
• Ž‹‰‹„‹Ž‹–› ”‹–‡”‹ƒǣŠ‡ƒ†•—•–ǣȋ‹Ȍ„‡’‡”•‘•‘ˆ‹–‡‰”‹–›ǡȋ‹‹ȌŠƒ˜‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹–Š‡
ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ† ‘†— –‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡƒ†ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ„‡‘”Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ‡ ”‡–ƒ”›ȋ‘”‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–Ȍ–‘–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
ƒŽƒ”›ƒ†’‡•‹‘ǣ –™‹ŽŽ„‡‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡––‘–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‹‡–‡ ”‡–ƒ”›Ǥ
Key Issues and Challenges with the Act:
• Selection criteriaǣ –ƒ›„‡†‘‹ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”‹–•‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
• Selection Committee’s recommendations to be valid in spite of vacancy or defect in the Constitutionǣ –
ƒ›‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ž‡ƒ†–‘ƒ‘‘’‘Ž›‘ˆ ‘˜‡”‡–‡„‡”•‹•‡Ž‡ –‹‰ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›™Š‡‘ƒ„Šƒ
‹•†‹••‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ
• Reduced status: Making the CEC and EC’s salary equivalent to the Cabinet Secretary may lead to government
‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ƒ•‹–‹•ˆ‹š‡†„›–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ —”–Š‡”ǡ•ƒ†•ƒŽ•‘’‡”ˆ‘”“—ƒ•‹ǦŒ—†‹ ‹ƒŽˆ— –‹‘•ƒ†Ž‹‹–‹‰
–Š‡•‡’‘•–••‡‹‘”„—”‡ƒ— ”ƒ–•ƒ›‡š Ž—†‡‘–Š‡”•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•Ǥ

POWERS AND FUNCTIONS

• Administrative:
o Delimitation:‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡–‡””‹–‘”‹ƒŽ ‘•–‹–—‡ ‹‡•–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–
–Š‡ ‘—–”› „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘  – ‘ˆ
ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ
o Electoral rolls:”‡’ƒ”‡ƒ†’‡”‹‘†‹ ƒŽŽ›”‡˜‹•‡–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ”‘ŽŽ•
‘ˆƒŽŽ‡Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡˜‘–‡”•Ǥ
o Conduct of electionsǣ‘–‹ˆ›–Š‡†ƒ–‡•ƒ†• Š‡†—Ž‡•‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•
ƒ†• ”—–‹‹œ‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘’ƒ’‡”•Ǥ

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o Registration: ‡‰‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹‡• ƒ† ‰”ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘” •–ƒ–‡ ’ƒ”–› •–ƒ–—• ƒ† ƒŽŽ‘––‹‰
‡Ž‡ –‹‘•›„‘Ž•–‘–Š‡Ǥ
o Code of conductǣ‘„‡‘„•‡”˜‡†„›–Š‡’ƒ”–‹‡•Ƭ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•ƒ––Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
• Advisoryǣ †˜‹•‡ –Š‡ ’”‡•‹†‡– ƒ† ‰‘˜‡”‘” ‘ ƒ––‡”• ”‡Žƒ–‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ †‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ
ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ†•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
• Quasi-Judicialǣ  – ƒ• ƒ ‘—”– ˆ‘” •‡––Ž‹‰ †‹•’—–‡• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ‰”ƒ–‹‰ ‘ˆ ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ –‘ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹‡• ƒ†
ƒŽŽ‘–‡–‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•›„‘Ž•–‘–Š‡Ǥ
INDEPENDENCE
• Security of tenure: Š‹‡ˆ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘‡” ƒ„‡”‡‘˜‡†ˆ”‘Š‹•‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‡š ‡’–‹–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ‡”ƒ†‘
–Š‡•ƒ‡‰”‘—†•ƒ•ƒŒ—†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–Ǥ
o –Š‡” ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘‡”• ƒ‘– „‡ ”‡‘˜‡† ‡š ‡’– ‘ –Š‡ ”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘
‘‹••‹‘‡”Ǥ
• Condition of Service: Š‡ •‡”˜‹ ‡ ‘†‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘‡” ƒ‘– „‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡† –‘ Š‹•
†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ƒˆ–‡”Š‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‡–Ǥ
CONCERNS WITH ELECTION COMMISSIONERS
• Lack of fixed tenure: Š‡ ƒ„•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡† –‡” ƒ› Ž‡ƒ† –‘ ‘ ‡”• ƒ„‘—– ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ƒ†
‹•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
• Potential for post-retirement appointments: ‡–‹”‹‰ Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘‡”• „‡‹‰ ƒ’’‘‹–‡† –‘ ‘–Š‡”
‰‘˜‡”‡–’‘•‹–‹‘•”ƒ‹•‡• ‘ ‡”•ƒ„‘—– ‘ˆŽ‹ –•‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–ƒ†‹’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
• Accountability and transparency: ‘ ‡”• ‡š‹•– ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ › ƒ† ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ Ž‡ –‹‘
‘‹••‹‘‡”•̵†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰’”‘ ‡••‡•Ǥ
• Conflict of interest: ‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‘” ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘ˆŽ‹ –• ‘ˆ ‹–‡”‡•– ƒ‘‰ Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘‡”• ƒ —†‡”‹‡
’—„Ž‹ –”—•–‹–Š‡‹”‡—–”ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
• Lack of prescribed qualifications: Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ “—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•”ƒ‹•‡•“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ„‘—––Š‡‡š’‡”–‹•‡ƒ†
‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡”‘Ž‡Ǥ
• Inadequate enforcement powers: ‹• —••‹‘•Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š––Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”‡Šƒ ‡†‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–’‘™‡”•–‘‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›
‹’Ž‡‡–†‹”‡ –‹˜‡•ƒ†–ƒ Ž‡‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ
STEPS TO ADDRESS ISSUES IN APPOINTMENT:
• 2nd ARC: •–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‹—Š‡ƒ†‡†„›–Š‡”‹‡‹‹•–‡”ǡ ‘’”‹•‹‰–Š‡’‡ƒ‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘ƒ„Šƒǡ‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ
–Š‡ ’’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ ƒ™ ‹‹•–‡”ǡ ƒ† ‡’—–› Šƒ‹”ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒŒ›ƒ ƒ„Šƒǡ ˆ‘” –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡– ƒ’’‘‹–‡– ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ
Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘‡”ƒ†Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘‡”•Ǥ
• Supreme Court: ‹ŽŽ–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ˜ƒ ——–‘‡•—”‡ƒˆƒ‹”ƒ†–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡–•‡Ž‡ –‹‘’”‘ ‡••ˆ‘”Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘‡”•Ǥ
• Constitutional Protection: ‡†–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘–‡ –‹‘–‘ƒŽŽ–Š”‡‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ
–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–ŠƒŒ—•–‘‡ǡ‡•—”‹‰–Š‡‹”‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ƒ†•‡ —”‹–›Ǥ
• Fair Elevation: –”‘†— ‡ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ™ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ •‡‹‘”Ǧ‘•– Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘‡” ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›
„‡ ‘‡•–Š‡Š‹‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘‡”ǡ•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡–ˆ”‘‡š‡ —–‹˜‡‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥ
ISSUES FACED BY ELECTION COMMISSION
• Allegation of Partisan Role:  –‹‘•”ƒ‹•‹‰ ‘ ‡”•‘˜‡”‹’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ‹–›ǡ•— Šƒ•‰‹˜‹‰ Ž‡ƒ Š‹–•ˆ‘”‘†‡Ž‘†‡
‘ˆ‘†— –ȋȌ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘•„›Š‹‰ŠǦ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•Ǥ
• Lack of Power: ‡•’‹–‡„‡‹‰˜‡•–‡†™‹–Šƒ„•‘Ž—–‡’‘™‡”•—†‡””–‹ Ž‡͵ʹͶǡ–Š‡ Žƒ •ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‹ƒ”‡ƒ•Ž‹‡
†‡Ǧ”‡‰‹•–‡”‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ†‡š‡” ‹•‹‰ ‘–‡’–’‘™‡”•Ǥ
• Lack of Proactive Use of Authority: ‹‹–‡†’‘™‡”–‘–ƒ‡ƒ –‹‘ƒ‰ƒ‹•–’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ••‡‡‹‰˜‘–‡•„ƒ•‡†‘ ƒ•–‡
‘””‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡŠ‹†‡”‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–Ǥ
• Politicization: Š‡ ƒ„•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ’‘•–Ǧ”‡–‹”‡‡– ‡’Ž‘›‡– ”‡•–”‹ –‹‘• ˆ‘” Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘‡”• ’‘•‡•
‘„•–ƒ Ž‡•–‘‹†‡’‡†‡–ˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ǥ
• Non-transparency: ƒ  ‘ˆ –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ › ‹ –Š‡ •‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ’”‘ ‡•• ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘‡” ƒ†
‘‹••‹‘‡”•ǡ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›–Š‡”—Ž‹‰‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Criminalization of Politics: ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ƒ††”‡••–Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†—•‡‘ˆ‘‡›ƒ†‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‘ˆ ”‹‹ƒŽ
‡Ž‡‡–•‹’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ

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Other Challenges with the ECI:
• Use of EVM and VVPAT, an issue of transparencyǣ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ ‘ ‡”
”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–”—•–‹–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒȋ ȌǤŽ–Š‘—‰Šǡ–‹‡ƒ†ƒ‰ƒ‹–Š‡ Šƒ•ƒ††”‡••‡†‹–ǡ‹–‡‡†•
–‘ƒ‡ƒ‡””‘”ƒ††‘—„–Ǧˆ”‡‡’”‘ ‡••„› ‘†— –‹‰”‡‰—Žƒ” Š‡ •ƒ†–”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ
• Challenges in ensuring intra-party democracyǣ‡ –‹‘ʹͻ‘ˆ–Š‡ –ǡ”‡“—‹”‡•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•–‘•—„‹–
†‘ —‡–•‘‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡ǡ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǧ„‡ƒ”‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹”ƒ’’‘‹–‡–ǡ–‡”•ƒ†’‘™‡”•Ƭ†—–‹‡•‘ˆ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǧ
„‡ƒ”‡”•ǡ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ‡– Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ†—‡–‘Žƒ ‘ˆ‡š’”‡••’”‘˜‹•‹‘ˆ‘”‡ˆ‘” ‹‰‹–‡”ƒŽ†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ 
ˆ— –‹‘‹‰‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡƒ†Žƒ ‘ˆ’‘™‡”–‘†‡Ǧ”‡‰‹•–‡”’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡ–Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆ ”‹‹ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ •ǡ‘‡›
ƒ†—• Ž‡’‘™‡”ƒ”‹•‡•Ǥ
• Lack of Parity in the removal of ECs and CECǣŽ›–Š‡‡Œ‘›•–Š‡•ƒ‡•–ƒ–—•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‘˜ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••ƒ•–Šƒ–
of judges of the Supreme Court (SC). The ECs can be removed on the CEC’s recommendation. There is a good case
ˆ‘”‡š–‡†‹‰–Š‡•ƒ‡–‡—”‡•‡ —”‹–›–‘–Š‡•–‘‘Ǥ
WAY FORWARD
• Enhance Independence and Impartiality: •—”‡ –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡– ƒ† ‹’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ •‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ˆ‘” Ž‡ –‹‘
‘‹••‹‘‡”•ǡ”‡†— ‹‰‰‘˜‡”‡–‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡Ǥ
• Strengthen Powers: ”ƒ– –Š‡   ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ †‡”‡‰‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ’‘™‡”• ƒ† ’”‘ƒ –‹˜‡ ƒ –‹‘
ƒ‰ƒ‹•–˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‘†‡Ž‘†‡‘ˆ‘†— –Ǥ
• Proactive Enforcement: ’‘™‡”–Š‡ –‘–ƒ‡’”‘ƒ –‹˜‡ƒ –‹‘ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒ•–‡ƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ƒ’ƒ‹‰‹‰Ǥ
• Inner-Party Democracy and Financial Regulation: ”‘‘–‡”‡ˆ‘”•–‘‡ˆ‘” ‡–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›ƒ†ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›
™‹–Š‹’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•Ǥ
• Post-Retirement Employment Restrictions: ’Ž‡‡–”‡•–”‹ –‹‘•‘’‘•–Ǧ”‡–‹”‡‡–‡’Ž‘›‡––‘’”‡˜‡–
‘ˆŽ‹ –•‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–Ǥ
• EVM Security and Trust-Building: ’”‘˜‡•‡ —”‹–›‡ƒ•—”‡•ƒ†‡‰ƒ‰‡•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•–‘„—‹Ž†–”—•–Ǥ


KEYWORDS: ‹•’—–‡ ‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ ‡‰ƒŽ ‘’Ž‡š‹–‹‡•ǡ †‡’‡†‡ ‡ ƒ† ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ‹–›ǡ ‹–”ƒǦ’ƒ”–› †‡‘ ”ƒ ›ǡ
—ƒ•‹Ǧ —†‹ ‹ƒŽǡ‘–‡”™ƒ”‡‡••ǡ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ –‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥ

POLITICAL PARTIES AND THE ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA

Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒȋ Ȍ•‡”˜‡•ƒ•–Š‡guardian of democracy ƒ†’Žƒ›•ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰
’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ – ƒ –• ƒ• ƒ ™ƒ– Š†‘‰ǡ ‘‹–‘”‹‰ ’ƒ”–› ˆ‹ƒ ‡•ǡ ‘˜‡”•‡‡‹‰ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ ƒ† –ƒ‹‰
‡ƒ•—”‡•–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž’Žƒ›‹‰ˆ‹‡Ž†ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡–‹–‹‡•Ǥ
ROLE OF THE ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA IN REGULATING THE POLITICAL PARTIES:
• Registration and Recognition:  ̵•ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘”‡‰‹•–‡”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•‡•—”‡•‡“—ƒŽ ‘’Ž‹ƒ ‡™‹–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘
‘†— –”—Ž‡•Ǥ
• Allocation of Symbols:  ƒŽŽ‘™•‡š Ž—•‹˜‡•›„‘Ž•–‘”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒŽ‹•–‘ˆˆ”‡‡•›„‘Ž•ˆ‘”
‘Ǧ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†’ƒ”–‹‡•Ǥ
• Model Code of Conduct: Š‡ ‘†‡’”‡˜‡–•–Š‡’ƒ”–›‹’‘™‡”ˆ”‘‰ƒ‹‹‰—ˆƒ‹”ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•†—”‹‰‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ
‘‹‰‹–‘ˆ‘” ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ‘— ‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘†ƒ–‡Ǥ
• Ceiling on Election Expenditure:  •‡–•Ž‹‹–•‘‡š’‡†‹–—”‡–‘’”‡˜‡–—†—‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ǡƒ†ƒ–‡••‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡
ƒ ‘—–•ǡƒ†‘Ǧ”‡’‘”–‹‰ ƒŽ‡ƒ†–‘†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Financial Transparency: ‡‰‹•–‡”‡† ’ƒ”–‹‡• —•– •—„‹– ƒ—†‹–‡† ”‡’‘”–• —†‡” •‡ –‹‘ ʹͻ ‘ˆ ǡͳͻͷͳ –‘
’”‡˜‡–‹•—•‡‘ˆ–ƒšǦˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Appointments of Observers:  ƒ’’‘‹–•‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ†‡š’‡†‹–—”‡‘„•‡”˜‡”•–‘‡•—”‡ƒˆ”‡‡ƒ†ˆƒ‹”‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ
’”‘ ‡••Ǥ

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STEPS REQUIRED TO IMPROVE EFFECTIVENESS:

• Power to Deregister Political Parties: ”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ –Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘†‡”‡‰‹•–‡”’ƒ”–‹‡•—†‡”–Š‡ǡͳͻͷͳ
ƒ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ†‡–‡””‡ ‡‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥ
• Transparency in Political Funding: Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡•• ‘ˆ ‹•–”—‡–• Ž‹‡ Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ „‘†•ǡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ •‡™‡†
†‘ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‡ ‡••‹–ƒ–‡•ƒ”‡Ǧ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Principle of Precedence: •—”‹‰ ‘•‹•–‡–ƒ –‹‘•„›–Š‡ ˆ‘”•‹‹Žƒ”‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ‘ˆˆ‡•‡•ǡ‹””‡•’‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡
’ƒ”–›‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ
• 2nd ARC Recommendation: •–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‹— ‘’”‹•‹‰ ‡› •–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”• ˆ‘” ƒ’’‘‹–‡–
”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘‡”ƒ†Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘‡”•Ǥ
• Independence of ECI: •—”‹‰ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ •‡ —”‹–› ‘ˆ –‡—”‡ ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ –Š”‡‡ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘‡”• ƒ†
†‡„ƒ”‡–ˆ”‘’‘•–Ǧ”‡–‹”‡‡–’‘•‹–‹‘•–‘”‡†— ‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡‹ Ǥ
•  †‹ƒ̵•—Ž–‹Ǧ’ƒ”–›†‡‘ ”ƒ ›ǡ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•„›–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘
‡•—”‡ˆƒ‹” ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ǡ’”‡˜‡–‹•—•‡‘ˆ ‘ ‡••‹‘•ǡƒ†—’Š‘Ž†‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ‹–‡‰”‹–›Ǥ
SIMULTANEOUS ELECTIONS - ONE NATION, ONE ELECTION
 ‹‰ŠǦ‡˜‡Ž‘‹––‡‡ȋ ȌŠ‡ƒ†‡†„›Ramnath Kovindǡˆ‘”‡””‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ™ƒ• ‘•–‹–—–‡†‹‡’–‡„‡”
ʹͲʹ͵–‘‡šƒ‹‡–Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆŠ‘Ž†‹‰•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡‘ƒ„Šƒǡ–ƒ–‡‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡••‡„Ž‹‡•ƒ†Ž‘ ƒŽ
„‘†‹‡•‘ˆƒŽŽ–ƒ–‡•ǤŠ‡ Šƒ•‹˜‹–‡†”‡•’‘•‡•ˆ”‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡ–Š‡ƒ™‘‹••‹‘ƒ†‘–Š‡”‰”‘—’•‘–Š‡
’”‘’‘•ƒŽ–‘Š‘Ž†•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ

IN FAVOUR OF SIMULTANEOUS ELECTIONS AGAINST SIMULTANEOUS ELECTIONS

• Expenditure: ƒ ‘ˆ‡š’‡†‹–—”‡ ƒ’•Ž‡ƒ†•–‘ • Practical difficulties: ‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ ˆ”‘ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹‡•
Š‹‰Š•’‡†‹‰‹‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ †—‡–‘ƒ†Œ—•–‡–•‹ƒ••‡„Ž›–‡”•Ǥ
• Policy Paralysis: ”‡“—‡– ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ • Constitutional hurdles: ƒ  ‘ˆ ˆ‹š‡† –‡—”‡• ˆ‘” ‘
‘†‡Ž ‘†‡ ‘ˆ ‘†— – †‹•”—’–‹‰ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ„Šƒƒ†•–ƒ–‡ƒ••‡„Ž‹‡•Ǥ
ˆ— –‹‘•ƒ† ‹˜‹ Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ • Anti-federalism: ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹••—‡• ‘ •–ƒ–‡
• Resource Savings: ‘–‡–‹ƒŽ„‡‡ˆ‹–•‘ˆ—–‹Ž‹œ‹‰ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ƒ†˜‹ ‡˜‡”•ƒǤ
–Š‡•ƒ‡˜‘–‡”ƒ†„‘‘–Šˆ‘”„‘–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ • Reduces accountability: ”‡“—‡– ‡Ž‡ –‹‘• ‡‡’
• Social Harmony: • ƒŽƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘—ƒŽ‹• ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ• ‘‡ –‡†™‹–Š˜‘–‡”•Ǥ
ƒ† ƒ•–‡‹•†—”‹‰‡Ž‡ –‹‘’‡”‹‘†•Ǥ • Grassroots economy: ‘„ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‡ ‘‘‹  „‘‘•–
• —•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǣ ‘ —• ‘ •Š‘”–Ǧ–‡” †—”‹‰‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
”‡ˆ‘”•†—‡–‘–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ • False arguments related to MCC: ‹• ‘ ‡’–‹‘•ƒ„‘—–
• Global Experiences: ’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡•–”‹ –‹‘•‘‡™• Š‡‡•Ǥ
•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—• ‡Ž‡ –‹‘• ‹ ‘—–”‹‡• Ž‹‡ ‘—–Š • Against multiparty democracy: Ž—””‡† †‹•–‹ –‹‘
ˆ”‹ ƒƒ†™‡†‡Ǥ „‡–™‡‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
• Invisible Socio-Economic Costs: • Inconsistent with Westminster democracy and
†‡–‡”‹‡† ‹’ƒ – ‘ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ federalism: ’ƒ –‘–Š‡†‹••‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–•ƒ†
• Š‡‡•ǡƒ†”‡•‘—” ‡ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘†—”‹‰‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•Š‹ˆ–•Ǥ
†—–‹‡•Ǥ • The disadvantage to regional parties: ‘‹ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ
• Engagement of Security Forces: ‹˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ††‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ˆ‘””‡‰‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•Ǥ
ƒ”‡†’‘Ž‹ ‡ˆ‘” ‡•ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”‹–‡”ƒŽ•‡ —”‹–› • Ž–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡ˆ‘”•ǣ š’‡†‹–—”‡ ƒ’•ǡ •–ƒ–‡ ˆ—†‹‰ǡ
”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ •Š‘”–‡”’‘ŽŽ†—”ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†‡Šƒ ‡†•‡ —”‹–›‡ƒ•—”‡•Ǥ

Recommendations of the Report by Committee:

• Š‡ ƒ ƒ–Š ‘˜‹† ‘‹––‡‡ Šƒ• •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡–ǡ –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ ‘–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‹••—‡† ‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•–
•‹––‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‘ƒ„Šƒ’‘•–‰‡‡”ƒŽ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ•‡–ƒ‘Appointed Date’ǤŠ‹•†ƒ–‡™‘—Ž†ƒ”–Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ
–Š‡‡™‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ › Ž‡Ǥ
• State Assemblies, that are formed after the Appointed Date and before the completion of the Lok Sabha’s term,
™‘—Ž† ‘ Ž—†‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ •—„•‡“—‡– ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ ˆ–‡” –Š‹•ǡ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘• –‘ –Š‡ ‘ ƒ„Šƒ ƒ† ƒŽŽ –ƒ–‡
••‡„Ž‹‡•™‘—Ž†„‡Š‡Ž†•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

• Š‡’ƒ‡Ž”‡ ‘‡†‡†–Šƒ–ˆ”‡•Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘• ‘—Ž†„‡Š‡Ž†–‘ ‘•–‹–—–‡ƒ‡™‘ƒ„Šƒ‹–Š‡‡˜‡–‘ˆƒhung

House or a no-confidence motionǡ ‘” ƒ› •— Š ‡˜‡– „—– –Š‡ tenure of the House will be “only for the
unexpired [remaining]term of the immediately preceding full term of the House”.
• Š‡ˆ”‡•Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ƒ”‡Š‡Ž†ˆ‘”‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡••‡„Ž‹‡•ǡ–Š‡•— Š‡™••‡„Ž‹‡•——Ž‡•••‘‘‡”†‹••‘Ž˜‡†
—•ŠƒŽŽ ‘–‹—‡—’–‘–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽ–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘ƒ„ŠƒǤ
• ‘ ‡ˆˆ‡ – –Š‡•‡ Šƒ‰‡•ǡ –Š‡ ’ƒ‡Ž Šƒ• ”‡ ‘‡†‡† ƒ‡†‡–• –‘ ”–‹ Ž‡ ͺ͵ ȋ†—”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘—•‡• ‘ˆ
Parliament) and Article 172 (duration of State legislatures) of the Constitution. “This constitutional amendment
will not need ratification by the States,” tŠ‡ ‘‹––‡‡‘–‡†‹‹–•”‡’‘”–Ǥ
Š‡ ’ƒ‡Ž ”‡ ‘‡†‡† •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ‡†‡–• –‘ –Š‡ ”–‹ Ž‡ ͵ʹͶ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ –‘ ƒŽŽ‘™ •‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•
‡Ž‡ –‹‘• ‹ ’ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–• ƒ† —‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–‹‡•Ǣ ”–‹ Ž‡ ͵ʹͷ –‘ ƒŽŽ‘™ –Š‡ Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ȋ Ȍǡ ‹
‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –ƒ–‡ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ǡ –‘ ’”‡’ƒ”‡ ƒ ‘‘ ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ ”‘ŽŽ ƒ† ˜‘–‡”  ƒ”†•Ǥ ‘–Š –Š‡•‡
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽƒ‡†‡–•™‘—Ž†”‡“—‹”‡”ƒ–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘„›–Š‡–ƒ–‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡’‘”–•ƒ‹†Ǥ”‡•‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡ ‹•”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡
ˆ‘”‘ƒ„Šƒƒ†••‡„Ž›’‘ŽŽ•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡Ž‘ ƒŽ„‘†›’‘ŽŽ•ˆ‘”—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ƒ†’ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–•ƒ”‡ƒƒ‰‡†„›–ƒ–‡
‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘•Ǥ

WAY FORWARD:
• Law Commission's recommendations to address hurdles:
o Amend the constitution and RPA, 1951: ‡™‘ƒ„Šƒƒ†ƒ••‡„Ž›–‘•‡”˜‡–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰–‡”ƒˆ–‡”‹†Ǧ
–‡”‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡƒ†”‡’Žƒ ‡‘Ǧ ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡‘–‹‘™‹–Šƒ ‘•–”— –‹˜‡˜‘–‡‘ˆ‘Ǧ ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡Ǥ
o Full house election of PM/CM: ”‘˜‹†‡•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›„›‡Ž‡ –‹‰–Š‡•‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡’‡ƒ‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘ƒ„ŠƒǤ
o Dilute anti-defection law: ƒ‡‡š ‡’–‹‘•–‘’”‡˜‡–•–ƒŽ‡ƒ–‡•‹–Š‡••‡„Ž›†—”‹‰ƒ —‰ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ
o Two-phase elections: ‘†— – •› Š”‘‹œ‡† ‡Ž‡ –‹‘• ‹ –™‘ ’Šƒ•‡•ǡ ƒŽ‹‰‹‰ ™‹–Š ‘ ƒ„Šƒ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘• ƒ†
‹†Ǧ–‡”‹–‡”˜ƒŽ•Ǥ
o Scheduled bye-elections: ‘†— –ƒŽŽ˜ƒ ƒ–•‡ƒ–‡Ž‡ –‹‘•†—”‹‰ƒ’”‡†‡–‡”‹‡†–‹‡’‡”‹‘†Ǥ
• Election Commission recommendations:
o For Lok Sabha:
▪ ‘Ǧ ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡ ‘–‹‘ •Š‘—Ž† ‹ Ž—†‡ ƒ ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡ ‘–‹‘ ˆ‘” ƒ ƒ‡† ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ƒ• –Š‡ ˆ—–—”‡ ”‹‡
‹‹•–‡”Ǥ
▪  ƒ•‡‘ˆ—ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ„Ž‡†‹••‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡– ƒƒ†‹‹•–‡”–Š‡ ‘—–”›™‹–Šƒƒ’’‘‹–‡†‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ
‹‹•–‡”•—–‹Ž–Š‡‡š– ‘—•‡‹• ‘•–‹–—–‡†ǡ‘”Š‘Ž†ˆ”‡•Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰–‡”Ǥ
o For Legislative Assembly:
▪ ƒ†ƒ–‘”›•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—• ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡‘–‹‘™‹–Šƒ‘Ǧ ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡‘–‹‘–‘ˆ‘”ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ
”‡†— ‹‰’”‡ƒ–—”‡†‹••‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
▪ ”‘˜‹•‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”–‘ƒ†‹‹•–‡”–Š‡–ƒ–‡™‹–Šƒƒ’’‘‹–‡†‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•‘”‹’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ
”‡•‹†‡–̵•—Ž‡—–‹Ž–Š‡–‡”‡š’‹”‡•‹ˆ–Š‡••‡„Ž›Šƒ•–‘„‡†‹••‘Ž˜‡†’”‡ƒ–—”‡Ž›Ǥ
Š‡ †‡„ƒ–‡ ‘ •‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—• ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ ‘™ ƒ• ̵‡ ƒ–‹‘ ‡ Ž‡ –‹‘ǡ̵ ƒŽŽ• ˆ‘” ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†
‘•‡•—•Ǥ ƒŽƒ ‹‰ ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡• Ž‹‡ ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ › ™‹–Š ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ †›ƒ‹ • ƒ† †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡• ‹•
”— ‹ƒŽǤ‹–Š–Š‘—‰Š–ˆ—Ž”‡ˆ‘”•ǡ•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•‡Ž‡ –‹‘• ‘—Ž†‡Šƒ ‡–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••ƒ† ‹–‹œ‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ


KEYWORDS: ‡ ƒ–‹‘ ‡ Ž‡ –‹‘ǡ ‘Ǧ ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡ ‘–‹‘ǡ ƒ–‹Ǧ†‡ˆ‡ –‹‘ Žƒ™ǡ  Š‡†—Ž‡† „›‡Ǧ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ
—ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ„Ž‡†‹••‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ‡•‘—” ‡ƒ˜‹‰•ǡ‘Ž‹ ›’ƒ”ƒŽ›•‹•ǡ—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ

EVM AND ASSOCIATED ISSUES

• Legal provision: ‡ –‹‘͸ͳ‘ˆ–Š‡‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡‘’Ž‡ –ǡͳͻͷͳ‡’‘™‡”‡†–Š‡‘‹••‹‘–‘—•‡
˜‘–‹‰ƒ Š‹‡•ǤȋŠ‹•ƒ‡†‡–™ƒ•ƒ†‡‹ͳͻͺͺȌǤ
ADVANTAGES OF EVM CONCERNS WITH EVM
• Accuracy: •‡•—”‡ƒ —”ƒ–‡ƒ†‡””‘”Ǧˆ”‡‡˜‘–‡ • Global precedence: ‡”ƒ›ǡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǡ ƒ†
‘—–‹‰ǡ‹‹‹œ‹‰–Š‡ Šƒ ‡•‘ˆƒ—ƒŽ ‘—–‹‰ ”‡Žƒ†Šƒ˜‡ƒ„ƒ†‘‡†•ƒ†”‡˜‡”–‡†–‘’ƒ’‡”
‡””‘”•ƒ††‹• ”‡’ƒ ‹‡•Ǥ „ƒŽŽ‘–• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘ ‡”• ƒ† Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”—Ž‹‰•Ǥ 
• Efficiency: • ‡š’‡†‹–‡ –Š‡ ˜‘–‹‰ ’”‘ ‡•• „› •—‰‰‡•–‡† ȋƒ† Žƒ–‡” ™‹–Š†”‡™ –Š‡ •—‰‰‡•–‹‘Ȍ –Šƒ–
”‡†— ‹‰–Š‡–‹‡”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘” ƒ•–‹‰ƒ† ‘—–‹‰ †‹ƒ•Š‘—Ž†”‡–—”–‘–Š‡’ƒ’‡”„ƒŽŽ‘–•›•–‡ǡ ‹–‹‰
˜‘–‡•ǡƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ‘”“—‹ ‡”†‡ Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡•—Ž–•Ǥ –Š‡‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ ‘—–”‹‡•Ž‹‡ ‡”ƒ›Ǥ

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• Transparency: • ’”‘˜‹†‡ –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ › ‹ –Š‡ • Lack of secrecy: • ƒ› ‘’”‘‹•‡ ˜‘–‡”
‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ’”‘ ‡•• ƒ• –Š‡› †‹•’Žƒ› –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ˜‘–‡• ƒ•– •‡ ”‡ ›ƒ• ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡• ƒ†‡–‡”‹‡Š‘™‡ƒ Š„‘‘–Š
ƒ† ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ’ƒ”–›Ǧ™‹•‡ ˜‘–‡ ‘—–•ǡ ‡•—”‹‰ –Š‡ ˜‘–‡†ǡ ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰ –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‹•—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹•
‹–‡‰”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ•›•–‡Ǥ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• The integrity of the election: • ƒ‹–ƒ‹ –Š‡ • Storage and counting concerns: •ƒ”‡•–‘”‡†‹
•‡ ”‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‡˜‘–‡”̵• Š‘‹ ‡ƒ•–Š‡˜‘–‹‰‹•†‘‡‹ƒ †‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡† Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ† ‡š’‡”–• ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡ –Š‡
’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ‘’ƒ”–‡–ǡ ’”‡˜‡–‹‰ ƒ› ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘” ‡‡†ˆ‘”•‡ —”‡•–‘”ƒ‰‡–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡‹”Ž‹ˆ‡ › Ž‡–‘
‘‡” ‹‘Ǥ ‡•—”‡–Š‡‹”‹–‡‰”‹–›Ǥ
• Cost-effective: • ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” Žƒ”‰‡ • Lack of verifiability: ”‹–‹ •ƒ”‰—‡–Šƒ–•Žƒ ƒ
“—ƒ–‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ ’ƒ’‡” „ƒŽŽ‘–•ǡ ”‡†— ‹‰ –Š‡ ‘•– ƒ† ’ƒ’‡”–”ƒ‹Žǡƒ‹‰‹–†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘˜‡”‹ˆ›–Š‡ƒ —”ƒ ›‘ˆ
‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‹’ƒ – ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ’”‹–‹‰ ƒ† –Š‡ ˜‘–‹‰ ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ ‹–Š‘—– ƒ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ”‡ ‘”†ǡ ‹–
–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ „‡ ‘‡• ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰–‘ ‘†— –ƒ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡”‡ ‘—–‘”
• Deterrent to booth capturing: • ƒ‡ „‘‘–Š ƒ—†‹–Ǥ
ƒ’–—”‹‰ƒ†„‘‰—•˜‘–‹‰‘”‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–†—‡–‘–Š‡‹” • Technological failures: •ƒ”‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ †‡˜‹ ‡•
–ƒ’‡”Ǧ ’”‘‘ˆ †‡•‹‰ ƒ† –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ’”‘‡ –‘ –‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ƒŽˆ— –‹‘•ǡ •— Š ƒ•
•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†•Ǥ •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡‰Ž‹– Š‡•‘”Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡‡””‘”•ǤŠ‡•‡ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•
Reduced human error: With EVMs, the chances of ƒ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› †‹•”—’– –Š‡ ˜‘–‹‰ ’”‘ ‡•• ƒ† ”ƒ‹•‡
human errors, such as invalid or wrongly marked ballot †‘—„–•ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹–‡‰”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•Ǥ
papers, are significantly reduced, ensuring a more Manipulation during transportation: EVMs are
accurate electoral process. transported from storage locations to polling stations,
creating opportunities for tampering or unauthorized
access. The security of EVMs during transit has been a
subject of concern, especially in regions with political
tensions or inadequate logistical arrangements.
INITIATIVES OF ECIS TO COUNTER THE CONCERNS:
• VVPAT alongside EVMs: ’Ž‡‡–‹‰  ƒ Š‹‡• ‹ ƒŽŽ ’‘ŽŽ‹‰ •–ƒ–‹‘• ‡Šƒ ‡• –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ › ƒ†
”‡†‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
• Counting of VVPAT slips: Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒ ‘•‹†‡”••—‰‰‡•–‹‘•ˆ”‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ†™‹ŽŽ ‘—–
•Ž‹’•—’–‘ƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡ǡ‡•—”‹‰ˆ—”–Š‡”˜‡”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• EVM challenge:   ‘†— –‡†ƒ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡™Š‡”‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•™‡”‡‰‹˜‡ƒ‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ƒ›
–ƒ’‡”‹‰™‹–Š•ǡ•Š‘™ ƒ•‹‰–Š‡‹” ‘‹–‡––‘ƒ††”‡••‹‰ ‘ ‡”•Ǥ
• Inclusive participation: ‡•—”‡•–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‘ˆƒŽŽ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•‹ ”— ‹ƒŽ•–‡’•Ž‹‡ ‹”•–‡˜‡Ž
Š‡ ‹‰ǡ ”ƒ†‘‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •Ȁ•ǡ ‘  ’‘ŽŽ•ǡ ƒ†  •‡ƒŽ‹‰ ƒ† •–‘”ƒ‰‡ǡ ’”‘‘–‹‰ –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›
–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
• EVM prototype for migrants: Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ”‡‘–‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ˜‘–‹‰ƒ Š‹‡ȋȌˆ‘”†‘‡•–‹ ‹‰”ƒ–•ǡ
‡ƒ„Ž‹‰–Š‡–‘˜‘–‡™‹–Š‘—––”ƒ˜‡Ž‹‰–‘–Š‡‹”Š‘‡†‹•–”‹ –•ǡ’”‘‘–‹‰˜‘–‡”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Voter education: Š‡   ‘†— –• ˜‘–‡” ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘‰”ƒ• –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ›•–‡ƒ–‹  ‘–‡”•̵ †— ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†
Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ –‘‡†— ƒ–‡˜‘–‡”•‘—•ƒ‰‡ƒ†–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‘ˆ˜‘–‹‰ǡƒ‹‹‰–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡
˜‘–‡”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ•–”‘‰‡”†‡‘ ”ƒ ›Ǥ

Various Judgements of Supreme Court:

• In its 2013 ruling in the case of Subramanian Swamy v. Election Commission of India, the Court held that “a paper
trail is an indispensable requirement of free and fair elections.” Later, in 2019, while dealing with a plea seeking
ͷͲΨ ”‘••Ǧ˜‡”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ  ˜‘–‡• ™‹–Š  •Ž‹’• ‹ ‡ƒ Š ••‡„Ž› ‘•–‹–—‡ ›ǡ –Š‡ ‘—”– ˆƒ˜‘”‡† ƒ
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‘ŽŽ‹‰•–ƒ–‹‘•‹™Š‹ Š˜‡”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘™‘—Ž†„‡†‘‡ˆ”‘‘‡’‡”••‡„Ž›
‘•–‹–—‡ ›‘”•‡‰‡––‘ˆ‹˜‡
Recent Judgment of Supreme Court on VVPAT:
• Š‹Ž‡ ”‡ˆ—•‹‰ ƒ ”‡˜‹˜ƒŽ ‘ˆ ’ƒ’‡” „ƒŽŽ‘–•ǡ –Š‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– ‘ ’”‹Ž ʹ͸ǡ ʹͲʹͶǡ —’Š‡Ž† –Š‡ ‡Ž‡ –”‘‹  ˜‘–‹‰
machine (EVM) polling system and underscored the need to “exercise care and caution” when raising questions
ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‹–‡‰”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ ’”ocess. It also declined the petitioners’ demand to direct 100% crossǦ

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˜‡”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ˜‘–‡• ƒ•–‘•™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰‘–‡”‡”‹ˆ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ’‡”—†‹–”ƒ‹ŽȋȌ’ƒ’‡”•Ž‹’•Ǥ

Ž›ͷΨ‘ˆǦ ‘—–•ƒ”‡ —””‡–Ž›”ƒ†‘Ž›˜‡”‹ˆ‹‡†‹ƒ›••‡„Ž› ‘•–‹–—‡ ›Ǥ

WAY FORWARD:
• Procedural change: ’Ž‡‡–ƒ•›•–‡™Š‡”‡˜‘–‡”•”‡ ‡‹˜‡ƒ’”‹–‡†’ƒ’‡”ƒ††”‘’‹–‹–Š‡„ƒŽŽ‘–„‘šǤ
• Manual counting: ƒ†ƒ–‡ƒ—ƒŽ˜‡”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‹ˆ–Š‡™‹‹‰ƒ”‰‹‹•Ž‡••–ŠƒͳͲΨ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ”‡•‘”–‹‰–‘ ‘—”–
ƒ•‡•Ǥ
• Supreme Court:  ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡˜‡”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘”ƒ–‡ˆ”‘‘‡–‘ˆ‹˜‡”ƒ†‘•’‡” ‘•–‹–—‡ ›Ǥ
• Totalizer Machines: ’”‘˜‡˜‘–‹‰•‡ ”‡ ›„› ‘—–‹‰˜‘–‡•ˆ”‘—Ž–‹’Ž‡’‘ŽŽ‹‰„‘‘–Š•–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ
„‘‘–ŠǦ™‹•‡”‡•—Ž–•Ǥ
• Safety demonstration: ”‰ƒ‹œ‡ƒŠƒ ƒ–Š‘ǡƒ•†‘‡‹ʹͲͳ͹ǡ–‘ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•–‘†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡–Š‡Šƒ ‹‰
‘ˆ•Ǥ
• Human resources: ”‘˜‹†‡ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡–”ƒ‹‹‰–‘ƒŽŽ •–ƒˆˆ–‘Šƒ†Ž‡ƒ›‹••—‡•–Šƒ–ƒ›ƒ”‹•‡™‹–Š•
ƒ–’‘ŽŽ‹‰•–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
CONCLUSION:
• †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ •›•–‡•ǡ–Š‡ ‘˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ˜‘–‡”•̵’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹–‘ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ†ƒ–‡–Š”‘—‰Šˆ”‡‡ƒ†ˆƒ‹”‡Ž‡ –‹‘•
‹• ”— ‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ’‘Ž‹ ›Ǧƒ‹‰Ǥ Šƒ ‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ —”ƒ › ƒ† ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ › ‘ˆ ˜‘–‹‰ ’”‘ ‡†—”‡• •–”‡‰–Š‡•
†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘ •Š‘—Ž† ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ† ƒ††”‡•• ‘ ‡”• ”ƒ‹•‡† „›
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ǡ’”‘‘–‹‰–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›ƒ†‡•—”‹‰–Š‡ ”‡†‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆŽ‡ –”‘‹ ‘–‹‰ƒ Š‹‡•ȋ•Ȍ
‹–Š‡ ‘†— –‘ˆ‹’ƒ”–‹ƒŽƒ†–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡–‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ


KEYWORDS: —ƒ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ”‘ ‡†—”ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡ǡ  Ž—•‹˜‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•ǡ‘•–Ǧ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ǡ
‡–‡””‡––‘„‘‘–Š ƒ’–—”‹‰Ǥ

NOTA
Background:
Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡„‘˜‡ȋȌ‘’–‹‘‹ †‹ƒ‹ʹͲͳ͵ ƒ‡ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆƒ—’”‡‡‘—”–Œ—†‰‡–
‹–Š‡‡‘’Ž‡̵•‹‘ˆ‘”‹˜‹Ž‹„‡”–‹‡•ȋȌ˜•Ǥ‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒ ƒ•‡ǤŠ‡—’”‡‡‘—”–ƒ†ƒ–‡†–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ
‹†‹”‡ –‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡‘ƒ„Šƒƒ†•–ƒ–‡ƒ••‡„Ž‹‡•Ǥ
‹ ‡‹–•‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡŠƒ•‰ƒ‹‡†•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ’‘’—Žƒ”‹–›ƒ‘‰ †‹ƒ˜‘–‡”•ƒ†Šƒ•‡˜‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡†‘”‡
˜‘–‡•–Šƒ–Š‡™‹‹‰ƒ”‰‹‹•‘‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ

SIGNIFICANCE ARGUMENTS AGAINST

• Expression of Dissatisfaction: ƒŽŽ‘™•˜‘–‡”• • Symbolic gesture without electoral impact: ‹•

–‘ ‡š’”‡•• –Š‡‹” †‹••ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ „› ”‡Œ‡ –‹‰ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ •‡‡ƒ•ƒ•›„‘Ž‹ ‰‡•–—”‡™‹–Š‘—–‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡ǡƒ•
ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡• ‹ˆ –Š‡› ˆ‹† –Š‡ —•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ –Š‡ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘•– ˜‘–‡• ‹• †‡ Žƒ”‡† –Š‡
’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ ™‹‡””‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡••‘ˆ˜‘–‡•Ǥ
• Encouraging Better Candidates:  ƒ –• ƒ• ƒ • Limited solution to voter dissatisfaction: ˆƒ‹Ž•
ƒ–ƒŽ›•– ˆ‘” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹‡• –‘ ˆ‹‡Ž† „‡––‡” –‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‡”‘‘– ƒ—•‡‘ˆ˜‘–‡”†‹••ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Š
ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•™Š‘ƒ”‡‘”‡ ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†Šƒ˜‡ƒ Ž‡ƒ Ž‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ  ‘ˆ ‰‘‘† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•ǡ ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ‘Ž› ƒ
‹ƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ• ’ƒ”–‹‡• ƒ‹ –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† Ž‘•‹‰ ˜‘–‡• ˆ”‘ ”‡Œ‡ –‹‘‘’–‹‘™‹–Š‘—–”‡•‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ
†‹••ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†˜‘–‡”•Ǥ • Potential for voter apathy:  ƒ ‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘
• Increased Voter Participation:  ƒ „‘‘•– ˜‘–‡”ƒ’ƒ–Š›„›ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰˜‘–‡”•–‘ƒ„•–ƒ‹ˆ”‘˜‘–‹‰
˜‘–‡”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘„›’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ‘’–‹‘ˆ‘”˜‘–‡”• ‹ˆ–Š‡›ˆ‹†‘•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•ǡ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›”‡†— ‹‰
™Š‘™‡”‡’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›†‹•‹–‡”‡•–‡†‘”ˆ‡Ž– ‘’‡ŽŽ‡† ˜‘–‡”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ƒ†™‡ƒ‡‹‰†‡‘ ”ƒ ›Ǥ
–‘ ˜‘–‡ ˆ‘” —†‡•‡”˜‹‰ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•Ǥ Fundamental • Vulnerability to misuse:  ƒ„‡ƒ‹’—Žƒ–‡†„›
right: ƒŽŽ‘™•’‡‘’Ž‡–‘‡š‡” ‹•‡–Š‡‹”ˆ”‡‡†‘ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•–‘‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘”‡•—Ž–•„›ˆ‹‡Ž†‹‰
‘ˆ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ƒ† ”‹‰Š– –‘ Ž‹„‡”–› „› ‡š’”‡••‹‰ ™‡ƒ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡• ƒ† ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰ •—’’‘”–‡”• –‘ ˜‘–‡
‘•‡–‘”†‹• ‘–‡––‘ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•Ǥ ˆ‘”ǡ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›•’Ž‹––‹‰‘’’‘•‹–‹‘˜‘–‡•Ǥ
• Moral pressure: ‡ƒ„Ž‡•˜‘–‡”•–‘˜‘‹ ‡–Š‡‹”
†‹••ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘™‹–Š—•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•ǡ‡š‡”–‹‰

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‘”ƒŽ ’”‡••—”‡ ‘ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹‡• –‘ ˆ‹‡Ž† „‡––‡” • Resource wastage: ‡–ƒ‹Ž•ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•
ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•Ǥ ˆ‘”„ƒŽŽ‘–’ƒ’‡”•ƒ† ‘—–‹‰’”‘ ‡†—”‡•ǡ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›
‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡ ‘•–ƒ†–‹‡”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘”‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
Š‡‘’–‹‘™ƒ•‹–”‘†— ‡†‹ʹͲͳ͵‘–Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–ƒ•ƒ•–‡’–‘‡’‘™‡”˜‘–‡”•‹–Š‡
‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹” Š‘‹ ‡ǤŠ‹Ž‡‹–Šƒ•„‡‡•‡‡ƒ•ƒ•›„‘Ž‹ ‰‡•–—”‡‘ˆ”‡Œ‡ –‹‘ƒ†ƒ•ƒ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡˜‘–‡ǡ‹–Šƒ•
„‡‡”ƒ–Š‡”ƒ–‘‘–ŠŽ‡••ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–›–Šƒƒ—•‡ˆ—Ž–‘‘Ž–‘‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
MODEL CODE OF CONDUCT (MCC)
‘†‡Ž‘†‡‘ˆ‘†— –ȋȌ‹•ƒ•‡–‘ˆ‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•‹••—‡†„›–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒȋ Ȍ–‘”‡‰—Žƒ–‡–Š‡
„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•†—”‹‰‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǤŠ‡‘†‡Ž‘†‡‘ˆ‘†— –™ƒ•ˆ‹”•–‹–”‘†— ‡†„›–Š‡
Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ••‡„Ž› ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ‹ ‡”ƒŽƒ ‹ ͳͻ͸ͲǤ  ͳͻ͸ʹǡ –Š‡ Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘ ‹–”‘†— ‡† –Š‡
‘†‡Ž‘†‡‘ˆ‘†— –ˆ‘”‰‡‡”ƒŽ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǤŠ‡‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘†‡Ž‘†‡‘ˆ‘†— –™‡”‡ƒ†‡•–”‹ –‡”„›–Š‡
Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘‹ͳͻͻͳƒˆ–‡””‡’‡ƒ–‡†ˆŽ‘—–‹‰‘ˆ‘”•„›’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•Ǥ

EVOLUTION:
• 1960: Š‡ ‘†‡Ž ‘†‡ ‘ˆ ‘†— – ™ƒ• ˆ‹”•– ‘„•‡”˜‡† †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ –ƒ–‡ ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡
••‡„Ž›‹‡”ƒŽƒǤ
• 1962: Š‡ ‘†‡™ƒ•–ƒ‡ ‹–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘‰‹œƒ ‡†—”‹‰–Š‡‘ ƒ„ŠƒŽ‡ –‹‘• ƒ†–Š‡–ƒ–‡‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡
••‡„Ž›‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
• 1991: Š‡ Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ȋ Ȍ ‹••—‡† ‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž ‘†‡ ‘ˆ ‘†— – ˆ‘” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ
’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• 1993: Š‡ ‹••—‡†ƒ”‡˜‹•‡†•‡–‘ˆ‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‘†‡Ž‘†‡‘ˆ‘†— –Ǥ
• 2013: Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–‘ˆ †‹ƒ†‹”‡ –‡†–Š‡ –‘‹ Ž—†‡–Š‡‘’–‹‘‘ˆ̶‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡„‘˜‡̶ȋȌ‹–Š‡
‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ˜‘–‹‰ƒ Š‹‡•ȋ•Ȍƒ†„ƒŽŽ‘–’ƒ’‡”•Ǥ
• 2019: Š‡ ‹••—‡†‡™‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‘†‡Ž‘†‡‘ˆ‘†— –ˆ‘”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•†—”‹‰
–Š‡‘ƒ„ŠƒŽ‡ –‹‘•Ǥ

CHALLENGES:
• Challenges of the Digital Age: Š‡‘†‡Ž ‘†‡ ‘ˆ‘†— – ˆƒ‹Ž• –‘ ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ž› ƒ††”‡•• –Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•’‘•‡† „›
†‹‰‹–ƒŽ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•ǡƒŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡•’”‡ƒ†‘ˆˆƒ‡‡™•ƒ†Šƒ–‡•’‡‡ ŠǤ
• Limited Enforcement Power: Š‡‘†‡Ž‘†‡‘ˆ‘†— –Žƒ •Ž‡‰ƒŽ‡ˆ‘” ‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ†
ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•–‘˜‹‘Žƒ–‡‹–™‹–Š‘—–ˆƒ ‹‰•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•Ǥ
• Lack of Clarity: Š‡‘†‡Ž‘†‡‘ˆ‘†— –Žƒ • Žƒ”‹–›‘‹••—‡•Ž‹‡–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘
‘ˆ—•‹‘ƒ†‹ ‘•‹•–‡–‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–Ǥ
• Time-Bound Effectiveness: Š‡‘†‡Ž‘†‡‘ˆ‘†— –‹•–‹‡Ǧ„‘—†ǡŽ‘•‹‰‹–•‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••‘ ‡–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘•
ƒ”‡ ‘ Ž—†‡†ǡƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ‘”’”‡ƒ†’‘•–Ǧ‡Ž‡ –‹‘˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š‘—–”‡’‡” —••‹‘•Ǥ
• Limited Scope: Š‡ ‘†‡Ž ‘†‡ ‘ˆ ‘†— – ‘Ž› ‘˜‡”• –Š‡ ‘†— – ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹‡• ƒ† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡• †—”‹‰
‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ‘˜‡”Ž‘‘‹‰ ”— ‹ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•Ž‹‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ˆ‹ƒ ‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Loopholes: Š‡‘†‡Ž‘†‡‘ˆ‘†— –Šƒ••‡˜‡”ƒŽŽ‘‘’Š‘Ž‡•–Šƒ–’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡• ƒ‡š’Ž‘‹–Ǥ ‘”
‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡‘†‡†‘‡•‘–’”‘Š‹„‹––Š‡—•‡‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘‘” ƒ•–‡‹‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ƒ’ƒ‹‰•ǡ™Š‹ Š ƒŽ‡ƒ†–‘ ‘—ƒŽ
ƒ††‹˜‹•‹˜‡’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ

MAKING MODEL CODE OF CONDUCT LEGALLY ENFORCEABLE

Š‡–ƒ†‹‰‘‹––‡‡‘‡”•‘‡Žǡ—„Ž‹  ”‹‡˜ƒ ‡•ǡƒ™ƒ† —•–‹ ‡”‡ ‘‡†‡†ƒ‹‰–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽŽ›

„‹†‹‰ƒ†”‡ ‘‡†‡†–Šƒ––Š‡„‡ƒ†‡ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻͷͳǤ
• Ensuring Accountabilityǣ ‡‰ƒŽ ‡ˆ‘” ‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž ‘†‡ ‘ˆ ‘†— – ™‘—Ž† ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ
†‹• ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰—‡–Š‹ ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ‘‰’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Strengthening Democracyǣƒ‹‰–Š‡‘†‡Ž‡‰ƒŽŽ›‡ˆ‘” ‡ƒ„Ž‡™‘—Ž†„‘Ž•–‡”†‡‘ ”ƒ ›„›‡•—”‹‰ˆƒ‹”ƒ†
–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡–‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
• Upholding the Rule of Lawǣƒ‹‰–Š‡‘†‡Ž‡‰ƒŽŽ›‡ˆ‘” ‡ƒ„Ž‡™‘—Ž†—’Š‘Ž†–Š‡”—Ž‡‘ˆŽƒ™ǡ’”‡˜‡–‹‰–Š‡
‹•—•‡‘ˆ’‘™‡”„›’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•Ǥ

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• Feasibilityǣ Šƒ•‘’’‘•‡†–Š‹•ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘–Šƒ–‡Ž‡ –‹‘•—•–„‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡†‹ƒ•Š‘”––‹‡ƒ†Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ

’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•–ƒ‡ƒŽ‘‰‡”–‹‡ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹–‹•‘–ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡–‘ƒ‡‹–‡ˆ‘” ‡ƒ„Ž‡„›Žƒ™Ǥ
• Consistencyǣ‡‰ƒŽ‡ˆ‘” ‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›™‘—Ž†’”‘‘–‡ ‘•‹•–‡–‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‘†‡ǡ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‰†‹•’ƒ”‹–‹‡•‹
‹–•ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Clarityǣ ‡‰ƒŽ ‡ˆ‘” ‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ™‘—Ž† „”‹‰ Žƒ”‹–› –‘ ™Šƒ– ‘•–‹–—–‡• ƒ ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘†‡ǡ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰ ‹–•
‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–Ǥ

WAY FORWARD:
• Strengthening penalties: Š‡ Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ȋ Ȍ ƒ ‘•‹†‡” •–”‡‰–Š‡‹‰ ’‡ƒŽ–‹‡• ˆ‘”
˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž ‘†‡ ‘ˆ ‘†— –Ǥ For exampleǡ ‹ –Š‡ ʹͲͳͻ ‘ ƒ„Šƒ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ –Š‡   †‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ
ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ˆ‘”–Š”‡‡›‡ƒ”•ˆ‘”˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡‘†‡„›•‡‡‹‰˜‘–‡•‹–Š‡ƒ‡‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ
• Improved monitoring: Š‡  ƒ‹’”‘˜‡‹–•‘‹–‘”‹‰‡ Šƒ‹••–‘†‡–‡ –˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‘†‡Ž‘†‡‘ˆ
‘†— –ǤFor exampleǡ‹–Š‡ʹͲͳͻ‘ƒ„Šƒ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ–Š‡ —•‡†‘„‹Ž‡ƒ’’•–‘‘‹–‘”‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ƒ’ƒ‹‰•
ƒ††‡–‡ –˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‘†‡Ǥ
• Addressing loopholes: Š‡  ƒƒ††”‡••–Š‡Ž‘‘’Š‘Ž‡•‹–Š‡‘†‡Ž‘†‡‘ˆ‘†— –„›—’†ƒ–‹‰‹–•’”‘˜‹•‹‘•
–‘‹ Ž—†‡ƒ„ƒ‘–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘‘” ƒ•–‡‹‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ƒ’ƒ‹‰•ǤFor exampleǡ‹–Š‡ʹͲͳͻ‘ƒ„Šƒ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ
–Š‡ ‹••—‡†‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•–‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•–‘”‡ˆ”ƒ‹ˆ”‘—•‹‰–Š‡ƒ”‡†ˆ‘” ‡•ˆ‘”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ†ƒǤ
• Awareness campaigns: Š‡  ƒŽƒ— Šƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ƒ’ƒ‹‰•–‘‡†— ƒ–‡˜‘–‡”•ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ„‘—––Š‡
‘†‡Ž‘†‡‘ˆ‘†— –ƒ†‹–•’”‘˜‹•‹‘•ǤFor exampleǡ‹–Š‡ʹͲͳͻ‘ƒ„Šƒ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ–Š‡ Žƒ— Š‡†ƒ˜‘–‡”
ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ƒ’ƒ‹‰ ƒŽŽ‡†̶̶–‘‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡˜‘–‡”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”‘‘–‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽ˜‘–‹‰Ǥ


Š‡‘†‡Ž‘†‡‘ˆ‘†‡‹•‹Š‡”‡–Ž›ƒ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‘”›‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡ƒ† ƒ‘–„‡—•‡†ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡•‘‡”—Ž‡„‘‘„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ
‘—”–‘ˆŽƒ™ǤŠ‡™ƒ”‹‰•„›–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘ƒ”‡–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‘—”•‡‘ˆƒ –‹‘‹ ƒ•‡‘ˆ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘†‡Ž
‘†‡‘ˆ‘†— –Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹ˆ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘•ˆƒŽŽ—†‡”–Š‡ †‹ƒ‡ƒŽ‘†‡ǡͳͺ͸Ͳǡƒ†–Š‡‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡‘’Ž‡
 –ǡͳͻͷͳǡ–Š‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ›•‡”‹‘—•”‡’‡” —••‹‘•ǡƒ†–Š‡˜‹‘Žƒ–‘” ‘—Ž†‡˜‡‰‘–‘Œƒ‹ŽǤ


KEYWORDS: ††”‡••‹‰Ž‘‘’Š‘Ž‡•ǡ—Ž‡‘ˆƒ™ǡ‹‡Ǧ‘—†ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••ǡ‹‰‹–ƒŽ‰‡ǡ‹‹–‡†ˆ‘” ‡‡–‘™‡”ǡ

›„‘Ž‹ ‰‡•–—”‡Ǥ

ELECTION FUNDING
Š‡’”‘ ‡••„›™Š‹ Š’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•”ƒ‹•‡ˆ—†•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹” ƒ’ƒ‹‰•ƒ†ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰”‡ƒ Š‹‰‘—––‘˜‘–‡”•ǡ
‹•‘™ƒ•‡Ž‡ –‹‘ˆ—†‹‰Ǥ‘ ‡”•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡”ƒ‹•‡†„›–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–ƒ„‘—––Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹•—•‡‘ˆˆ—†•
‘„–ƒ‹‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ„‘†•ˆ‘”’—”’‘•‡••— Šƒ••—’’‘”–‹‰–‡””‘”‹•‘”‹•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰˜‹‘Ž‡–’”‘–‡•–•Ǥ
CHALLENGES WITH ELECTION FUNDING:
• Anonymity concerns with electoral bonds: Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ„‘†•‹ʹͲͳ͹Šƒ•”ƒ‹•‡†™‘””‹‡•ƒ„‘—–
–Š‡ƒ‘›‹–›‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‘ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒŽŽ‘™‹‰—Ž‹‹–‡†ƒ‘›‘—• ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•ˆ”‘ ‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ†‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰
–Š‡”‹•‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‹ ‹–ˆ—†‹‰‹ˆŽ—‡ ‹‰‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
• Opacity in funding sources:  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ƒ ”‡’‘”– „› –Š‡ ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ‡ˆ‘”• ȋȌǡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ
’ƒ”–‹‡•‹ †‹ƒ”‡ ‡‹˜‡ƒŠ‹‰Š’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‹ ‘‡ˆ”‘—‘™•‘—” ‡•ǡ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰‹••—‡•™‹–Š‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ
ˆ—†‹‰ǤŠ‹•Žƒ ‘ˆ–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›ƒ‡•‹–†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘–”ƒ –Š‡ˆŽ‘™‘ˆ‘‡›ƒ†‹†‡–‹ˆ›’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ•‘—” ‡•‘ˆ
‘””—’–‹‘Ǥ
• Escalating campaign expenses: Ž‡ –‹‘•‹ †‹ƒƒ”‡ ‘•–Ž›ǡ”‡“—‹”‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•–‘‰ƒ–Š‡”
•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽˆ—†•ˆ‘” ƒ’ƒ‹‰‹‰ǤŠ‹• ƒ”‡•—Ž–‹–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆƒˆˆŽ—‡–†‘‘”•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆ—Žƒ™ˆ—Ž
‡ƒ•–‘ˆ‹ƒ ‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Transparency challenges: Š‡ †‹ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽˆ—†‹‰•›•–‡Žƒ •–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›ǡƒ‹‰‹– ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰–‘Š‘Ž†
’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ‡”–ƒ‹–›•—””‘—†•–Š‡‘”‹‰‹•‘ˆ†‘ƒ–‹‘•ǡ™‹–Šƒ› ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•ƒ†‡
ƒ‘›‘—•Ž›Ǥ
• Limited public funding: Ž–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ’”‘˜‹†‡• •‘‡ ˆ—†‹‰ ˆ‘” ‡Ž‡ –‹‘Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡† ‡š’‡•‡•ǡ –Š‡
ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ’—„Ž‹  ˆ—†‹‰ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ‹• ”‡•–”‹ –‡†Ǥ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹‡• ƒ† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡• ”‡Ž› ‘ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡
†‘ƒ–‹‘•ǡ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ™‡ƒŽ–Š›†‘‘”•Ǥ


Electoral Bond Issue:

 ƒ Žƒ†ƒ” Œ—†‰‡– ‘ ‡„”—ƒ”› ͳͷǡ ʹͲʹͶǡ ƒ ˆ‹˜‡ǦŒ—†‰‡ ‡ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– ‘ˆ †‹ƒ †‡ Žƒ”‡† –Š‡

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‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ„‘†• Š‡‡unconstitutionalǤŠ‹•™ƒ•ƒ• Š‡‡™Š‹ Š‘’‡‡†–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘†‰ƒ–‡•‘ˆ—Ž‹‹–‡†ƒ‘›‘—•

ˆ—†‹‰‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ† ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡†–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ„‹‰‘‡›‹–Š‡ †‹ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•›•–‡Ǥ

CONCERNS ADVANTAGES

• The Supreme Court •–ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– ƒ‘›‘—• ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ „‘†• • Enhanced Transparencyǣ ”‘‘–‡•
˜‹‘Žƒ–‡–Š‡‹‰Š––‘ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡ –‹‘ͳͻȋͳȌȋƒȌǤ –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ › –Š”‘—‰Š ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ™‹–Š
• Selective Anonymity and Confidentiality:Š‡ ‘—”–•ƒ‹†–Šƒ– ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡’—„Ž‹ Ǥ
the scheme provides for “selective anonymity” and “selective • Preservation of Donor Anonymityǣ
confidentiality” as the details of electoral bonds are available ŽŽ‘™• ‘ˆ‹†‡–‹ƒŽ †‘ƒ–‹‘• „›
™‹–Š–Š‡–ƒ–‡ƒ‘ˆ †‹ƒȋ Ȍƒ† ƒƒŽ•‘„‡ƒ ‡••‡†„› ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
–Š‡Žƒ™‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–ƒ‰‡ ‹‡•Ǥ • Accountability Assuranceǣ ‘ƒ–‹‘•
• Right to Know Source of Funding: Š‡ ‘—”– ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡† –Š‡ ƒ”‡ ”‡†‹–‡† –‘ †‹• Ž‘•‡† ’ƒ”–› „ƒ
government’s contention that voters do not have the right to ƒ ‘—–•ǡ ‡•—”‹‰ ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ˆ—†
‘™–Š‡•‘—” ‡‘ˆˆ—†‹‰‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•Ǥ —–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Need for a New Balanced SystemǣŠ‡ ‘—”–ƒ††‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ • Discouragement of Cash Transactions:
‹‘ ‰‘˜‡”‡– •Š‘—Ž† ‘•‹†‡” †‡•‹‰‹‰ ƒ ‡™ •›•–‡ ‡“—‹”‡• ’ƒ›‡–• –Š”‘—‰Š †‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†
–Šƒ– „ƒŽƒ ‡• ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† ’ƒ˜‡• –Š‡ ™ƒ› ˆ‘” ƒ Ž‡˜‡Ž „ƒ•ǡ”‡†— ‹‰ ƒ•Š—•‡Ǥ
’Žƒ›‹‰ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ
Way Forward:
• National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (2001)ǣ‡ ‘‡†‡†•–ƒ–‡ˆ—†‹‰‘ˆ
‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ƒ•ƒƒ–‹Ǧ ‘””—’–‹‘‡ƒ•—”‡‹ˆ ‡”–ƒ‹–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ › ‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ”‡‡–Ǥ
o State Funding of Elections‹’Ž‹‡•–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ˆ—†•–‘•—’’‘”––Š‡‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ‡š’‡•‡•‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•
ƒ† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Chilean Experiment –‡•‡”˜‡†‘–”‹„—–‹‘•ǣ†‡”‹–ǡ–Š‡†‘‘”• ‘—Ž†–”ƒ•ˆ‡”–Š‡‘‡›–Š‡›™‹•Š‡†–‘
†‘ƒ–‡–‘’ƒ”–‹‡•–‘–Š‡Š‹Ž‡ƒŽ‡ –‘”ƒŽ‡”˜‹ ‡ǤŠ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ‡”˜‹ ‡™‘—Ž†–Š‡ˆ‘”™ƒ”†–Š‡•—–‘–Š‡’ƒ”–›
without revealing the donor’s identity.

State Funding of Elections:  •–ƒ–‡ ˆ—†‹‰ ‘ˆ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ ’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡ ƒ† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡ ˆ—†• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹ 
‡š Š‡“—‡”Ȁ•–ƒ–‡„—†‰‡–”ƒ–Š‡”–ŠƒŠƒ˜‹‰–‘”ƒ‹•‡‘‡›‡–‹”‡Ž›‘–Š‡‹”‘™Ǥ

NEED CHALLENGES

Lack of Transparency in Political Funding: Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘ The burden on Taxpayers: •‹‰ ’—„Ž‹  ˆ—†•
Ž‹‹–• ‘ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ •’‡†‹‰ ‘” ƒ†ƒ–‘”› †‹• Ž‘•—”‡• ‘ˆ ˆ‘” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ‹‰• ’Žƒ ‡• ƒ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ
•‘—” ‡•‘ˆˆ—†•ˆ‘”’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•Ǥ „—”†‡Ǥ
Potential for Corruption: ”‹˜ƒ–‡ ˆ—†‹‰ ƒ Ž‡ƒ† –‘ –Š‡ Potential Misuse of Public Funds: ‹–Š‘—–
‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ™‡ƒŽ–Š› ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǡ „—•‹‡••‡•ǡ ‘” ‹–‡”‡•– ’”‘’‡”‘˜‡”•‹‰Š–ƒ†ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‡ Šƒ‹••ǡ
‰”‘—’•‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘•Ǥ there’s a risk that public money could be wasted
Policy Capture:‘‘”•ƒ† ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡–Š‡ ‘”—•‡†ˆ‘”—‹–‡†‡†’—”’‘•‡•Ǥ
’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹‡•–Š‡›ˆ—†ǤŠ‹• ƒŽ‡ƒ†–‘ ”‘›‹• Unfair to Non-Political Causes: –ƒ–‡ ˆ—†‹‰
ƒ†’‘Ž‹ › ƒ’–—”‡Ǥ ƒ›†‹˜‡”–”‡•‘—” ‡•ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”‡••‡–‹ƒŽ’—„Ž‹ 
Unequal Playing Field: Š‘•‡ ™‹–Š ƒ ‡•• –‘ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” •‡”˜‹ ‡•Ž‹‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Šǡƒ†‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡
ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•Šƒ˜‡ƒ ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ǡ™Š‹ Š ƒ –Šƒ–”‡“—‹”‡ƒ––‡–‹‘ƒ†ˆ—†‹‰Ǥ
Š‹†‡” –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡”• ȋŠƒ˜‹‰ Ž‡••‡” ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ No Guarantee of Fairness: ŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘ ”‹–‡”‹ƒ
”‡•‘—” ‡•ȌǤ ƒ††‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‡ Šƒ‹•• ƒ„‡ƒ‹’—Žƒ–‡†
Black Money and Illicit Funding: – ƒ ‘’”‘‹•‡ –Š‡ ‘” „‹ƒ•‡†ǡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ˆƒ˜‘”‹‰ ‡”–ƒ‹ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ
‹–‡‰”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡•• ƒ† ‡”‘†‡ ’—„Ž‹  –”—•– ‹ ’ƒ”–‹‡•‘” ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•Ǥ
–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•›•–‡Ǥ Free Speech Concerns: ‡•–”‹ –‹‘• ‘ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡
Frivolous Spending:  –Š‡ ƒ„•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ •’‡†‹‰ Ž‹‹–•ǡ ˆ—†‹‰ ƒ› Ž‹‹– –Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ƒ†
’ƒ”–‹‡• ‹†—Ž‰‡ ‹ ƒ ƒ”• ”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡š’‡•‡• ‘ ”ƒŽŽ‹‡•ǡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒ† ˜‹‘Žƒ–‡ –Š‡‹” ”‹‰Š– –‘ ‡š’”‡••
ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‹‰ǡ‡– Ǥǡ™Š‹ Šƒ›„‡™ƒ•–‡ˆ—ŽǤ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•Ǥ

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Voter Manipulation:  Š‡ ‡† •’‡†‹‰ ‘ ˜‘–‡” ‰‹ˆ–•ǡ Government Influence: ƒ”–‹‡• ƒ› „‡ ‘‡
ƒ•Šˆ‘”˜‘–‡•ǡ‡– Ǥǡƒ‹’—Žƒ–‡•‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ‘—– ‘‡•–Š”‘—‰Š ‘˜‡”Ž›†‡’‡†‡–‘–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ˆ‘”ˆ—†‹‰ǡ
‘‡›’‘™‡”Ǥ ‘’”‘‹•‹‰ –Š‡‹” ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ ƒ† ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘
Criminal Nexus: ƒ ‘—–‡†ˆ—†‹‰ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡•–Š‡‡š—• ƒ –ƒ•ƒ Š‡ ‘–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
„‡–™‡‡ ”‹‹ƒŽ•ǡ™‡ƒŽ–Š›„—•‹‡••‡ǡƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ•Ǥ One-size-fits-all approach: ‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ”‡‰‹‘•ǡ
’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡ ƒ† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡• ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ ˜ƒ”›‹‰‡‡†•ǡ
ƒ†ƒ‘‡Ǧ•‹œ‡Ǧˆ‹–•ǦƒŽŽƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ›‘–ƒ††”‡••
–Š‡•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ

Committees:
• Indrajit Gupta Committee on State Funding of Elections (1998):‡ ‘‡†‡†’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡ˆ—†‹‰‹
–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆŽ‹‹–‡†‹†‹”‡ –•—„•‹†‹‡•ˆ‘” ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•ƒ†”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†’ƒ”–‹‡•Ǥ
• Law Commission Report on Electoral Reforms (1999):†˜‘ ƒ–‡†’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡”‡‹„—”•‡‡–‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –‹‘
‡š’‡•‡•–‘”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•–‘”‡†— ‡ ‘””—’–‹‘Ǥ
• Second Administrative Reforms Commission Report (2008Ȍǣ†‘”•‡†•–ƒ–‡ˆ—†‹‰‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ƒ•’ƒ”–
‘ˆƒ’ƒ ƒ‰‡‘ˆ”‡ˆ‘”•–‘–ƒ Ž‡ ‘””—’–‹‘ƒ† ”‹‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‹’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ
• National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (2001)ǣ‡ ‘‡†‡†•–ƒ–‡ˆ—†‹‰‘ˆ
‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ƒ•ƒƒ–‹Ǧ ‘””—’–‹‘‡ƒ•—”‡‹ˆ ‡”–ƒ‹–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ › ‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ”‡‡–Ǥ

WAY FORWARD:
• Digital transactions: ’Ž‡‡–‹‰ ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡ •Š‹ˆ– –‘ †‹‰‹–ƒŽ –”ƒ•ƒ –‹‘• ˆ‘” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ †‘ƒ–‹‘• –‘ ‡Šƒ ‡
–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›ƒ†”‡†— ‡–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‹ ‹–ˆ—†‹‰Ǥ
• Limiting anonymous donations: ‡•–”‹ –‹‰ƒ‘›‘—•†‘ƒ–‹‘•–‘ƒƒš‹—‘ˆʹͲΨ–‘ —”„–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ
‘”’‘”ƒ–‡Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡š—•Ǥ
• Transparency through RTI: ”‹‰‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•—†‡”–Š‡’—”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‹‰Š––‘ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ȋ Ȍ –ǡ
•‹‹Žƒ”–‘’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‹Š—–ƒƒ† ‡”ƒ›ǡ–‘‡•—”‡–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›‹–Š‡‹”ˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ǥ
• National electoral fund: •–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽˆ—†™Š‡”‡†‘‘”• ‘–”‹„—–‡ǡƒ†ˆ—†•ƒ”‡†‹•–”‹„—–‡†
ƒ‘‰’ƒ”–‹‡•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡‹”’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡‹–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
• State funding of elections: š’Ž‘”‹‰–Š‡”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ ‘††‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡‡ˆ‘”•‘‹••‹‘
ȋʹ†Ȍˆ‘”•–ƒ–‡ˆ—†‹‰‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡Š‹‰Š ‘•–•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ
• Expenditure cap on political parties: ’‘•‹‰ ƒ ƒ’ ‘ –Š‡ ‡š’‡†‹–—”‡ ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡† ƒ• ƒ
—Ž–‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒš‹—’”‡• ”‹„‡†Ž‹‹–ˆ‘”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•ƒ†–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•
ˆ‹‡Ž†‡†Ǥ

KEYWORDS: š’‡†‹–—”‡ ƒ’ǡ–ƒ–‡ˆ—†‹‰‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ‹‰‹–ƒŽ–”ƒ•ƒ –‹‘•ǡƒ‘›‘—•†‘ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‘Ž‹ ›ƒ’–—”‡ǡ

”‹˜‘Ž‘—•’‡†‹‰ǡ”‹‹ƒŽ‡š—•ǡ‡Ǧ•‹œ‡Ǧˆ‹–•ǦƒŽŽƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǡ‡“—ƒŽŽƒ›‹‰ ‹‡Ž†Ǥ

CRIMINALIZATION OF POLITICS
Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–”‡ ‡–Ž›‹••—‡†‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•–‘‘‹–‘”–Š‡•’‡‡†›†‹•’‘•ƒŽ‘ˆ ”‹‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡•ǡƒ††”‡••‹‰–Š‡ƒŽƒ”‹‰
‹••—‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‹‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ •ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‡„‡”•‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ȋ•Ȍƒ†‡„‡”•‘ˆ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡••‡„Ž‹‡•
ȋ•ȌǤ
• ˆ–‡” –Š‡ ʹͲͳͻ ‘ ƒ„Šƒ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ Ͷ͵Ψ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡™Ž›Ǧ‡Ž‡ –‡† • Šƒ† ’‡†‹‰ ”‹‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ǡ
Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‹‰–Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆ”‹‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘Ž‹–‹ •ǤŠ‡••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ‡ˆ‘”•ȋȌ‹•ƒƒ†˜‘ ƒ ›
‰”‘—’ˆ‘ —•‡†‘‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ”‡ˆ‘”•Ǥ
• •’‡”‡†‹ƒ”‡’‘”–•‘ˆ ‡„”—ƒ”›ʹͲʹʹǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‡†‹‰ ”‹‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–•‹––‹‰ƒ†ˆ‘”‡”•ƒ†
•Šƒ†”‹•‡–‘ Ž‘•‡–‘ͷǡͲͲͲ–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡†‘ˆ‡ ‡„‡”ʹͲʹͳǤ
DEFINITION
• Š‡ ”‹‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ •”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡‹ˆ‹Ž–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™‹–Š ”‹‹ƒŽ„ƒ ‰”‘—†•‹–‘–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ
ƒ”‡ƒǡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ –Š‡‹” ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘• ƒ† •—„•‡“—‡– ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ƒ• ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ȋȌ ‘”
‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡••‡„Ž›ȋȌǤ

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REASON FOR THE CRIMINALIZATION OF POLITICS

POLITICAL LEGAL & VOTERS RELATED ECI

Nexus between politicians Disqualification after conviction: Trust deficit: ‡Žƒ›‡† ƒ –‹‘ ƒ‰ƒ‹•–
and bureaucracy: Š‹• Š‡‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡‘’Ž‡ –ǡ ”—Ž‹‰’ƒ”–› ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•ƒ†‘’‡ˆŽ‘—–‹‰
—†‡•‹”ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† †ƒ‰‡”‘—• ͳͻͷͳ †‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡• ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ˆ”‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡‘†‡Ž‘†‡‘ˆ‘†— –‡”‘†‡’—„Ž‹ 
”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ –Š‡ „‡‹‰•Ȁ•ƒˆ–‡” ‘˜‹ –‹‘ǡ„—– –”—•–‹–Š‡ Ǥ
‹ˆ‹Ž–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‹‹ƒŽ•ǡ ‹–†‘‡•̵–’”‘Š‹„‹––Š‡ˆ”‘Š‘Ž†‹‰ Lack of infrastructure: šƒ’Ž‡ǣ
Žƒ™„”‡ƒ‡”•ǡ ƒ† ‘””—’– ’‘•‹–‹‘•™‹–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ”–›Ǥšƒ’Ž‡ǣ ‹‹–‡† ƒ’‘™‡”ǡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ‹–‘ –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ ‘˜‹ –‡† ‘ˆ ƒ ”‹‹ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ ƒ† Ž‘‰‹•–‹ ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ƒ
•›•–‡Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ ʹ  ‘ˆˆ‡•‡ƒ›„‡†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡†ˆ”‘„‡‹‰ ƒ‡ ‹– †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– ˆ‘” –Š‡   –‘
•’‡ –”— • ƒǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ‡Ž‡ –‡†”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡„—– ƒ•–‹ŽŽ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡Ž› ‘‹–‘” ƒ’ƒ‹‰
‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ• ƒ† Š‘Ž† ‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ ’ƒ”–› ’‘•‹–‹‘• ‘” ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ†‡ˆ‘” ‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘”—Ž‡•Ǥ
„—”‡ƒ— ”ƒ–•ǡ ™ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š‡” ‹•‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”’ƒ”–› Limited powers: Š‡   Žƒ • –Š‡
„‹‰‰‡•– ‘””—’–‹‘• ƒ†ƒŽ•‹ ƒˆˆƒ‹”•Ǥ ’‘™‡”ǡ —†‡” ‡ –‹‘ ͺ ‘ˆ –Š‡
†‹ƒ̵•Š‹•–‘”›Ǥ Narrow interest: ‡•’‹–‡ ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‘’Ž‡  –ǡ –‘
Corruption: ‡˜‡”›‡Ž‡ –‹‘ǡ ‘ˆ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•̵ ”‹‹ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”›ǡ˜‘–‡”• †‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ› ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡• „‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘˜‹ –‹‘Ǥ
’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹‡• ’—– —’ ‘ˆ–‡ ’”‹‘”‹–‹œ‡ ƒ””‘™ ‹–‡”‡•–• Ž‹‡ šƒ’Ž‡ǣ ƒ›‘–Šƒ˜‡–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›
ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡• ™‹–Š ƒ ”‹‹ƒŽ ƒ•–‡ ‘” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ™Š‡ ƒ•–‹‰ –Š‡‹” –‘ †‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ› –Š‡ ˆ”‘ ‘–‡•–‹‰
„ƒ ‰”‘—†ǡ ƒ† –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ˜‘–‡•Ǥ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•—–‹Žƒ ‘˜‹ –‹‘‹••‡ —”‡†Ǥ
‡˜‹†‡– Ž‹ „‡–™‡‡ Vote-buying: Š‡ ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ Lower conviction rate: Š‡ Ž‘™
”‹‹ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†–Š‡’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ˜‘–‡”• –‘ ƒ‹’—Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘˜‹ –‹‘ ”ƒ–‡ ‹ ”‹‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡• ƒ‰ƒ‹•–
‘ˆ™‹‹‰Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹–Š‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‘ˆ „—›‹‰ ˜‘–‡• —†‡”‹‡• • ƒ† • ”‡ƒ–‡• ƒ ’‡” ‡’–‹‘ ‘ˆ
ʹͲͳͻ ‘ ƒ„Šƒ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ šƒ’Ž‡ǣ ‹’—‹–› ƒ† ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡• –Š‡ ‡–”› ‘ˆ
Ͷ͵Ψ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡• ™Š‘ •–ƒ ‡• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ”‡’‘”–‡† ™Š‡”‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ™‹–Š ”‹‹ƒŽ „ƒ ‰”‘—†•
™‘ Šƒ† ”‹‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡• ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ• †‹•–”‹„—–‡ ‘‡›ǡ ‰‹ˆ–•ǡ ‘” ‹–‘’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥšƒ’Ž‡ǣŠ‡ ‘˜‹ –‹‘”ƒ–‡
ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡Ǥ ‘–Š‡” ‹ ‡–‹˜‡• –‘ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ˜‘–‡”•̵ ˆ‘” ”‹‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–•ƒ†•
Š‘‹ ‡•ǡ ‘’”‘‹•‹‰–Š‡‹–‡‰”‹–›‘ˆ ‹• ‘Ž› ͸Ψǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› Ž‘™‡”
‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ –Šƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‘˜‹ –‹‘”ƒ–‡
‘ˆͶ͸Ψ—†‡”–Š‡ †‹ƒ‡ƒŽ‘†‡Ǥ
CONSEQUENCES OF CRIMINALIZATION OF POLITICS:
• Parliament's credibility undermined: ”‹‹ƒŽŽƒ™ƒ‡”•™‡ƒ‡–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†‡”‘†‡’—„Ž‹ –”—•–
‹‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ
• Corruption breeding ground: Š‡‹ˆŽ—š‘ˆ‘‡›ˆ‘•–‡”•ƒ–ƒ‹–‡††‡‘ ”ƒ ›†‘‹ƒ–‡†„›ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽƒ†—• Ž‡
’‘™‡”Ǥ
• Limited voter choice: Criminal ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•”‡•–”‹ –‘’–‹‘•ǡ ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‹‰ˆ”‡‡ƒ†ˆƒ‹”‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
• Poor governance impact: —„•–ƒ†ƒ”† Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡š Ž—•‹‘ƒ”› ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡ ƒ† ‘””—’–‹‘ Š‹†‡” ’—„Ž‹  •‡”˜‹ ‡
†‡Ž‹˜‡”›Ǥ
• Judicial faith in question: ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ‹’—Žƒ–‹‘”ƒ‹•‡•†‘—„–•ƒ„‘—–ƒ‹’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŒ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›̵•‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ
• Disrupting social harmony: ”‹‹ƒŽ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ••‡–‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡”‘Ž‡‘†‡Ž•ǡ’”‘‘–‹‰ƒ —Ž–—”‡‘ˆ˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡Ǥ
STEPS TAKEN BY SUPREME COURT

JUDGEMENT IMPORTANCE
‘––‘•—•’‡†–Š‡ ‘˜‹ –‹‘‘ˆƒ’‡”•‘‘ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‹ˆ ‘˜‹ –‡†ƒ†
ͳͻͻ͹Œ—†‰‡–
•‡–‡ ‡†–‘‹’”‹•‘‡–—†‡”–Š‡‘ǡͳͻͺͺǤ
˜•‘ ǡʹͲͲʹ ‘–‡•–‹‰ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡–‘†‹• Ž‘•‡’‡†‹‰ ”‹‹ƒŽ ‘˜‹ –‹‘•
—–‘ƒ–‹ †‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ†—’‘ ‘˜‹ –‹‘–‘ʹ›‡ƒ”•Œƒ‹Ž
‹Ž›Š‘ƒ•˜•‘ ǡʹͲͳ͵
–‡”Ǥ
People’s Union for Civil Liberties
‹‰Š––‘‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡˜‘–‡ǡ–‘’—–‘”ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•
˜•‘  ƒ•‡ǡʹͲͳͶ
—„Ž‹ ‹–‡”‡•–ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘˜•‘ ǡ
‘’Ž‡–‡’‡†‹‰–”‹ƒŽ•‘ˆƒ† ƒ•‡•™‹–Š‹ͳ›‡ƒ”
ʹͲͳͶǤ

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ƒ†ƒ–‘”›†‹• Ž‘•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—” ‡‘ˆ‹ ‘‡‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•ƒ•™‡ŽŽ
‘”ƒŠƒ”‹•  ƒ•‡ʹͲͳͺ
ƒ•–Š‡‹”†‡’‡†‡–•ƒ†ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡•Ǥ
—„Ž‹ ‹–‡”‡•–ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ ƒ•‡ ‹• Ž‘•‡’‡†‹‰ ”‹‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•–Š”‘—‰ŠƬ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ
ʹͲͳͺ ’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ†’—„Ž‹ ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡–Š”‘—‰Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‡†‹ƒǤ
—„Ž‹  –‡”‡•– ‘—†ƒ–‹‘Ƭ”•Ǥ ƒ†ƒ–‘”›ˆ‘”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•–‘’—„Ž‹•Š†‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘ˆ’‡†‹‰ ”‹‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡•
•Ǥ‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒƬ”ǤʹͲʹͲ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•Ƭ”‡ƒ•‘•–‘•‡Ž‡ ––Š‡‘˜‡”‘–Š‡”•

Recent SC Judgement on Vote for Bribe issue:

Š‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– ”—Ž‡† –Šƒ– Žƒ™ƒ‡”• ƒ‘– Žƒ‹ ‹—‹–› ˆ”‘ ’”‘•‡ —–‹‘ ‹ „”‹„‡”› ƒ•‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‘—”–
‡š’Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ––Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”‘–‡ –‹‘’”‘˜‹†‡†–‘•ƒ†•—†‡””–‹ Ž‡•ͳͲͷƒ†ͳͻͶ‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘†‘‡•
‘–•Š‹‡Ž†–Š‡‹ ƒ•‡•‘ˆƒ ‡’–‹‰„”‹„‡•ˆ‘”˜‘–‡•‘”•’‡‡ Š‡•‹–Š‡ ‘—•‡Ǥ‹–Š–Š‹•˜‡”†‹ –ǡ–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–
‘˜‡””—Ž‡† –Š‡ ͳͻͻͺ  ƒ”ƒ•‹Šƒ ”—Ž‹‰ ™Š‹ Š Š‡Ž† –Šƒ– • ƒ† • ™Š‘ –ƒ‡ „”‹„‡• ˆ‘” ˜‘–‹‰ ƒ† ƒ•‹‰
“—‡•–‹‘•‹–Š‡ ‘—•‡‡Œ‘›‹—‹–›ƒ•’‡”–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ

STEPS TAKEN BY THE ELECTION COMMISSION:

• ͳͻͻ͹ǣ‡–—”‹‰ˆˆ‹ ‡”•–‘”‡Œ‡ ––Š‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•™Š‘•–ƒ† ‘˜‹ –‡†‘–Š‡†ƒ›‘ˆˆ‹Ž‹‰‘‹ƒ–‹‘
’ƒ’‡”•‡˜‡‹ˆ–Š‡‹”•‡–‡ ‡‹••—•’‡†‡†
• Ž›‹‰•“—ƒ†•–‘•‡‹œ‡„Žƒ ‘‡›†—”‹‰‡Ž‡ –‹‘•
• ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•ƒ”‡–‘ˆ—”‹•Šƒƒˆˆ‹†ƒ˜‹– ‘–ƒ‹‹‰‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—– ”‹‹ƒŽƒ–‡ ‡†‡–•ǡ–Š‡‹”ƒ••‡–•ǡŽ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†
‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘
• ‘–‡”ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ƒ’ƒ‹‰•—•‡–‘‘Ž•Ž‹‡ƒ†—•‹‰ ‡Ž‡„”‹–‹‡•–‘•’”‡ƒ†ƒ‡••ƒ‰‡–‘‘–•‡ŽŽ–Š‡‹”˜‘–‡Ǥ
Way Forward:
• Strengthening of legal framework: ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ™Š‘ Šƒ”‰‡• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ˆ”ƒ‡† ‹ ‘—”– ˆ‘” •‡”‹‘—•
‘ˆˆ‡•‡••Š‘—Ž†„‡†‹•ƒŽŽ‘™‡†ˆ”‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰‹‡Ž‡ –‹‘•„›ƒ‹‰ƒƒ‡†‡––‘–Š‡ǡͳͻͷͳǤŠ‡ʹͶͶ–Š
ƒ™ ‘‹••‹‘ ”‡ ‘‡†• †‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ– –Š‡ •–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ˆ”ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ Šƒ”‰‡•ǡ ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡† „› ‘–Š‡” Ž‡‰ƒŽ
•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†•Ǥ
• nternal Democracy In Political Parties: ‘˜‹ –‡† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ• ƒ› ‘–‹—‡ –‘ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ Žƒ™Ǧƒ‹‰ „›
‘–”‘ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡’ƒ”–›ƒ†ˆ‹‡Ž†‹‰’”‘š› ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•‹–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡ͳͻͷͳ†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡•ƒ•‹––‹‰
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‘”‘”ƒ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‘ ‡”–ƒ‹‰”‘—†•ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‘”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‘˜‡”–Š‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡–•–‘‘ˆˆ‹ ‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ”–›Ǥ
• State Fundingǣ ’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡ˆ—†‹‰‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡƒ•”‡ ‘‡†‡†„›‹‡•Š ‘•™ƒ‹ƒ†–Š‡ †‡”Œ‡‡–
‘‹––‡‡Ǥ
• Right to Recall: ”ƒ–‹‰˜‘–‡”•–Š‡’‘™‡”–‘”‡ ƒŽŽ‘Ǧ’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰‡Ž‡ –‡†”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ
• Bar on Contesting:ƒ””‹‰‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• Šƒ”‰‡†™‹–Š‘ˆˆ‡•‡•’—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡„›‘”‡–Šƒˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•ˆ”‘ ‘–‡•–‹‰
‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
• Timely Trials and Disqualificationǣ‘’Ž‡–‡–”‹ƒŽ•™‹–Š‹‘‡›‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ †‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒˆ–‡”‘‡›‡ƒ”Ǥ
• Law Commission:‡†‡–•–‘–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•‡ –‹‘•‘ˆǡͳͻͷͳǣ Disqualification Groundǣ‡ –‹‘ͳʹͷǦ
‘˜‹ –‹‘ƒ•ƒ‰”‘—†ˆ‘”†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘—†‡”‡ –‹‘ͺȋͳȌǤ False Affidavits:‡ –‹‘ͳʹͷǦ‹‹—–™‘Ǧ›‡ƒ”
•‡–‡ ‡ˆ‘”ˆ‹Ž‹‰ˆƒŽ•‡ƒˆˆ‹†ƒ˜‹–•Ǥ Corrupt Practiceǣ‡ –‹‘ͳʹ͵Ǧ  Ž—†‡ˆ‹Ž‹‰ˆƒŽ•‡ƒˆˆ‹†ƒ˜‹–•ƒ•ƒ ‘””—’–’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ


KEYWORDS: ƒ™‘‹••‹‘ǡ‹‹–‡†˜‘–‡” Š‘‹ ‡ǡ†‹•”—’–‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽŠƒ”‘›ǡ ”‡†‹„‹Ž‹–›—†‡”‹‡†ǡƒ””‘™

‹–‡”‡•–ǡ‘–‡—›‹‰Ǥ

INTERNAL PARTY DEMOCRACY

–”ƒ’ƒ”–›†‡‘ ”ƒ ›‹ †‹ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰‹–‡”ƒŽƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ‹ Ž—•‹˜‡†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧ
ƒ‹‰ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ’”‘ ‡•• ™‹–Š‹ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ –‡”ƒŽ ’ƒ”–› †‡‘ ”ƒ ›
‡ƒ•–‘—’Š‘Ž†–Š‡†‡ ‹•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–›‡„‡”•ǡ‹ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡™‹–Š–Š‡‹””‡•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
The lack of democratic functioning of the parties is mainly manifested in two fundamental aspects:
• Not open and inclusive Procedure: Š‡’”‘ ‡†—”‡ˆ‘”†‡–‡”‹‹‰–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ƒ† ‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹‡•
‹•‘– ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›‘’‡ƒ†‹ Ž—•‹˜‡ǤŠ‹•ƒ†˜‡”•‡Ž›‹’ƒ –•–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ”‹‰Š–‘ˆƒŽŽ ‹–‹œ‡•–‘‡“—ƒŽ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ
‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹’‘Ž‹–‹ •ƒ† ‘–‡•–‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
• Centralized mode of functioning: Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†‘†‡‘ˆˆ— –‹‘‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡•–”‹‰‡–
anti- defection law ‘ˆͳͻͺͷ†‡–‡”•’ƒ”–›Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‘”•ˆ”‘˜‘–‹‰‹–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡•ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘
–Š‡‹”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•Ǥ


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POLITICS OF FREEBIE
A webinar titled ‘Freebies Culture and its Impact on Indian Politics & Democracy’ was organized by the Association
ˆ‘”‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ‡ˆ‘”•ȋȌ‹˜‹‡™‘ˆƒ’—„Ž‹ ‹–‡”‡•–Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ȋ Ȍ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰ˆ”‡‡„‹‡•Ǥ
Freebies:
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in a bulletin in June 2022 defined ‘freebies’ as “a public welfare measure that is
’”‘˜‹†‡† ˆ”‡‡ ‘ˆ Šƒ”‰‡Ǥ – ‹ Ž—†‡• ’”‘˜‹•‹‘• Ž‹‡ ˆ”‡‡ ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›ǡ ™ƒ–‡”ǡ ’—„Ž‹  –”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ™ƒ‹˜‡” ‘ˆ
‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰—–‹Ž‹–›„‹ŽŽ•ǡƒ†ˆƒ”Ž‘ƒ™ƒ‹˜‡”•Ǥ
Concerns associated with excessive use of freebies:
• Heavy Tax Burden on Statesǣƒ›•–ƒ–‡•ƒ”‡„—”†‡‡†™‹–Š•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ†‡„–•ǡŽ‹‹–‹‰–Š‡‹” ƒ’ƒ ‹–›–‘‹˜‡•–‹
‘”‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–™‡Žˆƒ”‡’”‘‰”ƒ•ǤPunjab’s electricity subsidy constitutes over 16 percent of its total revenues.
• Against Constitutional Principlesǣƒ‹‰’”‘‹•‡•™Š‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•Žƒ ‘‡›–‘‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•
ƒ†‹’Ž‡‡–†‹”‡ –‹˜‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‹•ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•Ǥ
• Shrinkage of fiscal spaceǣŠ‡•—„•‹†›„—”†‡‡‡†•–‘„‡–‘„‡ˆ—†‡†–Š”‘—‰Š†‡„–ǡ™Š‹ Š™‹ŽŽ”‡•—Ž–‹‘—–‹‰
†‡ˆ‹ ‹–•Ǥ –™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ†–‘„”‡ƒ Š‘ˆ ‹• ƒŽ‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†—†‰‡–ƒƒ‰‡‡–ȋ Ȍ”—Ž‡•ƒ†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•‡†‹‰
—’‹ƒ†‡„––”ƒ’Ǥ
• Violation of the principle of a level-playing fieldǣ ”‡‡„‹‡•‰‹˜‡•–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•—†—‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡„›ƒ‹‰
’”‘‹•‡•–‘’”‘˜‹†‡’”‹˜ƒ–‡‰‘‘†•ˆ‘”‘Ž›ƒ•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ˜‘–‡”•Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ’”‘‹•‹‰ › Ž‡•ˆ‘”‰‹”Ž•–—†‡–•‘”
Žƒ’–‘’•ˆ‘” ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡•–—†‡–•ǡ‘”‰”‹†‡”•ˆ‘”Š‘—•‡™‹˜‡•ǡ‡– Ǥ
• Social Impact: Despite receiving more resources, the RBI’s study reveals a decline in social sector spending by
•–ƒ–‡•ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹˜‹–ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•Ž‹‡Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Environmental concernsǣ –ƒ–‡• ‘ˆˆ‡” ˆ”‡‡ ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–› –‘ ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘ ‘˜‡”—•‡ ‘ˆ ‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡” ƒ† –Š‡
‘–‹—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‘’’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ —Œƒ„ƒ† ƒ”›ƒƒǡ–Š‡‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”‡š–”ƒ –‹‘•–ƒ†•ƒ–ͳ͸ͳΨƒ†
ͳ͵ͶΨƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ͸ͳΨ†—‡–‘Š‹‰ŠŽ›•—„•‹†‹œ‡†‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›Ǥ
Challenges in curtailing Freebie Culture:
• Lack of regulatory powers with ECIǣŠ‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒȋ ȌŠƒ••–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–‹–Žƒ •–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›
–‘ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‡ ‘” ’‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹‡• ˆ‘” ƒ‹‰ ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ ’”‘‹•‡•Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡  ǡ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ‘”
†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‡‡„‹‡•ǡ‡‹–Š‡”„‡ˆ‘”‡‘”ƒˆ–‡”ƒ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ǡˆƒŽŽ•—†‡”–Š‡Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡’ƒ”–›Ǥ
• No assessment of financial viability of populist policiesǣ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•‘ˆ–‡ˆƒ‹Ž–‘ Žƒ”‹ˆ›–Š‡ˆ—†‹‰•‘—” ‡•
ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘‹•‡•ƒ†‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆˆ”‡‡„‹‡•Ǥ
• Lack of Information to the Votersǣ They don’t delve into the financial aspects of freebies, prompting political
’ƒ”–‹‡•–‘ ‘’‡–‡ˆ‘”’”‘‹•‹‰ˆ”‡‡„‹‡•Ǥ
Supreme Court response on Freebies:
• Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–‡ Š‹ƒ”‡ ‡–Œ—†‰‡–’”‘’‘•‡†–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘‘ˆƒƒ’‡š„‘†›ǡ–‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆ
ˆ”‡‡„‹‡•ƒ†’‘ŽŽ’”‘‹•‡•Ǥ
• –™‹ŽŽ ‘’”‹•‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•Ž‹‡–Š‡‹–‹ƒ›‘‰ǡƒ™‘‹••‹‘ǡ ‹ƒ ‡‘‹••‹‘ǡ‡•‡”˜‡ƒ‘ˆ
†‹ƒƒ†‡„‡”•‘ˆ”—Ž‹‰’ƒ”–›ƒ†‘’’‘•‹–‹‘’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡ
• The reference is a shift from the court’s own stand in the S. Subramaniam Balaji vs Tamil Nadu judgment of 2013.
• S. Subramaniam Balaji vs Tamil Nadu judgment of 2013:Š‡ ‘—”–Šƒ†Š‡Ž†–Šƒ–ƒ‹‰’”‘‹•‡•‹‡Ž‡ –‹‘
manifestos does not amount to a ‘corrupt practice’ under Section 123 of the Representation of PeopleȋȌ –ǡ
ͳͻͷͳǤ
Way Forward:
• Responsibility of votersǣ‘–‡”•‡‡†–‘„‡˜‹‰‹Žƒ–ƒ†‹“—‹”‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡’‘’—Ž‹•–
’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Ǥ
• Empowering the ECI with greater authorityǣ–ƒ–—–‘”›’”‘˜‹•‹‘•ƒ•ƒ„ƒ —’‘”™ƒ”‹‰•‘–Š‡—•‡‘ˆˆ—†•
ƒ”‡‡‡†‡†Ǥ
• Model Manifestoǣ  ‘—Ž†„”‹‰‹ ‡”–ƒ‹‡ƒ•—”‡•—†‡”–Š‡–‘‹–”‘†— ‡ƒ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡™ƒ›‘ˆƒ‹‰
’”‘‹•‡•–‘–Š‡’—„Ž‹ Ǥ‘–‡”•‡‡†–‘†‡ ‹†‡™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ƒ’ƒ‹‰‹• ”‡†‹„Ž‡ƒ†™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡’”‘‹•‡•
ƒ†–Š‡ˆ”‡‡„‹‡•ƒ”‡‹–Š‡‹”‹–‡”‡•–Ǥ
• Fixing limit of welfare schemes: ‹š‹‰•’‡†‹‰‘ˆͳΨ‘ˆ ‘”ͳΨ‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡‘™–ƒš ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘•‘”•–ƒ–‡”‡˜‡—‡
‡š’‡†‹–—”‡™‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’–‘‹’Ž‡‡–™‡Žˆƒ”‡• Š‡‡•’”‘’‡”Ž›Ǥ

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• Tracking social sector budgetary allocations: ”‹‘”‹–‹œ‹‰ Š‹‰Š‡” ”‡•‘—” ‡ ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ • Š‡‡• ‹•
needed. India’s spending on health and education, at 4.7%, lags behind that of other developing countries, such as
•—„ǦƒŠƒ”ƒˆ”‹ ƒǡ™Š‹ Š•’‡†•͹ΨǤ
Pronab Sen,economist and former chief statistician of Indiaǡ•ƒ›•–Š‡ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽŽƒ†• ƒ’‡‘ˆ•‘‡•–ƒ–‡•™‘—Ž†
Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘”‡†ƒƒ‰‹‰Šƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•‹’Ž‡‡–‡†‡˜‡”›’”‘‹•‡–Š‡›Šƒ†ƒ†‡™Š‡–Š‡› ƒ‡–‘’‘™‡”Ǥ
“The actual impact of freebies on the Indian economy is still limited because some promises remain unfulfilled,” The
legacy subsidies are the real problem. “At times voters don’t mind if a promise is not fully implemented. But once a
ˆ”‡‡„‹‡is given, no political party will dare to withdraw it, fearing a backlash,”. (Economics Times)
AI AND ELECTIONS
”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ –‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ ‡ȋ Ȍ”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡•‹—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ—ƒ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ ‡‹ƒ Š‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡’”‘‰”ƒ‡†–‘–Š‹Ž‹‡
Š—ƒ• ƒ† ‹‹  –Š‡‹” ƒ –‹‘•Ǥ – ‹ Ž—†‡• –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• Ž‹‡ ƒ Š‹‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ ’ƒ––‡” ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ǡ „‹‰ †ƒ–ƒǡ •‡ŽˆǦ
ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š•‡– Ǥ
SIGNIFICANT POTENTIAL OF AI IN ELECTIONS
• Increased and Effective Voter Engagementǣ › •’”‡ƒ†‹‰ ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• –Š”‘—‰Š •‘ ‹ƒŽ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”• ‹ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘
ƒ’ƒ‹‰•ǡ   ƒ Š‡Ž’ –Š‡ ˜‘–‡”• –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ ‹••—‡• ƒ† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž› ”‡•—Ž– ‹
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†‹ˆ‘”˜‘–‡”•‘”‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
• Promoting Inclusivenessǣ‹–Š–Š‡Š‡Ž’‘ˆ Ǧ„ƒ•‡†’’•Ž‹‡Šƒ•Š‹‹ǡ–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡ƒ†‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‹
—Ž–‹’Ž‡ †‹ƒ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Ǥ Š‹• ™‹ŽŽ„‡Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž ˆ‘” –Š‡ †‡’”‹˜‡† •‡ –‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ  –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ Š‡Ž’
˜‘–‡”•™‹–Š†‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ•— Šƒ•–Š‘•‡™Š‘ƒ”‡˜‹•—ƒŽŽ›‹’ƒ‹”‡†ǡƒ‹‰–Š‡˜‘–‹‰’”‘ ‡••‘”‡ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡ƒ†
‹ Ž—•‹˜‡Ǥ
• Election Transparency and Securityǣ  ƒŠ‡Ž’‹–Š‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡–ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‹‰’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡ”‘ŽŽ‹‰
‘—– ‘–‡–Žƒ„‡Ž•ǡƒ†”‡•–”‹ –‹‰‡Ž‡ –‹‘Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†“—‡”‹‡•–‘ ‘„ƒ–‹•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Š‡ Ǧ„ƒ•‡† Šƒ–„‘– ƒ„‡‹–”‘†— ‡†‘–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘™‡„•‹–‡–‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‡‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡•Ǥ –‘‘Ž•™‹ŽŽ
‘‹–‘” ’‘ŽŽ‹‰ ’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡ ƒƒŽ›œ‡ †ƒ–ƒǡ ƒ† ‡•—”‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ‹–‡‰”‹–› –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ Š‹‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š• ƒ†
’”‡˜‡–‹˜‡‡ƒ•—”‡•Ǥ
• Strengthened DemocracyǣŠ‡ ‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ‹‰‘’–‹——•‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›™‹–Š‘’–‹‘•Ž‹‡‘Ž‹‡˜‘–‡”
registration and releasing the voter’s list on the website. They can use AI and Social Media to create awareness and
„”‘ƒ†‡””‡ƒ Šƒ†ƒ††”‡••‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡•Ǥ
CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF AI IN ELECTIONS
• Misinformation & Disinformationǣ‡‡’ˆƒ‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡” Ǧ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ‘–‡– ƒ ”‡ƒ–‡Š›’‡”Ǧ”‡ƒŽ‹•–‹ †‹‰‹–ƒŽ
ˆƒŽ•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› „‡ —•‡† –‘ †ƒƒ‰‡ ”‡’—–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ˆƒ„”‹ ƒ–‡ ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ǡ ƒ† —†‡”‹‡ –”—•– ‹
†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ
• Social Media Amplificationǣ‘ ‹ƒŽ‡†‹ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡••— Šƒ• ƒ ‡„‘‘ƒ†™‹––‡” ‘’‘—†–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ƒ†
‹•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘”‹••ǡ™Š‹ Š•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› —––Š‡‹”ˆƒ –Ǧ Š‡ ‹‰ƒ†‡Ž‡ –‹‘‹–‡‰”‹–›–‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Microtargetingǣ–Š”‘—‰Š‹ ”‘Ǧ–ƒ”‰‡–‹‰–‡ Š‹“—‡•ǡ ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š• ƒ„‡—•‡†–‘ƒ‹’—Žƒ–‡˜‘–‡”’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•
ƒ†—†‡”‹‡–Š‡ˆƒ‹”‡••‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•„›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‹‰˜‘–‡”•Ǥ
• Privacy ConcernsǣŠ‡ƒ‹’”‹˜ƒ › ‘ ‡”••—””‘—†‹‰ ‹•–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”†ƒ–ƒ„”‡ƒ Š‡•ƒ†—ƒ—–Š‘”‹œ‡†
ƒ ‡••–‘’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‹–Š•‘— Š†ƒ–ƒ„‡‹‰ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†ƒ†’”‘ ‡••‡†ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ”‹•–Šƒ–‹– ‘—Ž†ˆƒŽŽ
‹–‘–Š‡™”‘‰Šƒ†•ǡ‡‹–Š‡”–Š”‘—‰ŠŠƒ ‹‰‘”‘–Š‡”•‡ —”‹–›„”‡ƒ Š‡•Ǥ
• Erosion of Trust:Š‡‡”‡‡š‹•–‡ ‡‘ˆ Ǧ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ‘–‡– ƒˆ‘•–‡”ƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‘ˆ†‹•–”—•–ǡ™Š‡”‡
people question the authenticity of all information. This phenomenon is known as the liar’s dividend.
• No Specific Lawǣ †‹ƒŽƒ ••’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Žƒ™•–‘ƒ††”‡••†‡‡’ˆƒ‡•ƒ† Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡† ”‹‡•ǡ„—–’”‘˜‹•‹‘•—†‡”ƒ›
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘• ‘—Ž†‘ˆˆ‡” ‹˜‹Žƒ† ”‹‹ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‡ˆǤ
o Example:‡ –‹‘͸͸‘ˆ–Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› –ǡʹͲͲͲȋ  –Ȍ‹•ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„Ž‡‹ ƒ•‡•‘ˆ†‡‡’ˆƒ‡ ”‹‡•
that involve the capture, publication, or transmission of a person’s images in mass media, thereby violating their
’”‹˜ƒ ›Ǥ
o Such an offense is punishable with up to 3 years of imprisonment or a fine of ₹2 lakh. 
ACTIONS TAKEN BY INDIA
• Issuance of Advisory to Digital Platforms: TŠ‡ †‹ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–Šƒ•ƒ•‡††‹‰‹–ƒŽ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•–‘’”‘˜‹†‡–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ
ƒ†„—•‹‡••’”‘ ‡•••‘Ž—–‹‘•–‘’”‡˜‡–ƒ†™‡‡†‘—–‹•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ– ƒŠƒ”•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ††‡‘ ”ƒ ›Ǥ
• Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–•ƒ‹†ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ƒ‰ƒ‹•–†‡‡’ˆƒ‡•ƒ††‹•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡ˆ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
The government also said companies should not generate illegal responses under Indian laws or “threaten the
‹–‡‰”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••”. 

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• Google-ECI Partnershipǣ ‘‘‰Ž‡Šƒ•’ƒ”–‡”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒȋ Ȍ–‘’”‡˜‡––Š‡•’”‡ƒ†
‘ˆ ˆƒŽ•‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ ‘‘‰Ž‡ ‹• ‘‹––‡† –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†
’”‡˜‡–‹‰†‡ ‡’–‹˜‡ Ǧ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ‘–‡–Ǥ
WAY FORWARD
• Regulation FrameworkǣŠ‡”‡‹•ƒ‡‡†–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ƒ’”‡ ‹•‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ‡ Šƒ‹• ˆ‘”–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ ‹
‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ•— Šƒ•”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•‘†ƒ–ƒ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ǡ–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›‹ Ǧ†”‹˜‡ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‹‰ƒ†•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ˆ‘”–Š‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽ
—•‡‘ˆ Ǥ
• Collaborationǣ ‘˜‡”‡–• ƒ† ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ „‘†‹‡• —•– ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡ ™‹–Š –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‘’ƒ‹‡• –‘ ‘„ƒ–
‹•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•‡ —”‡‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‡•Ǥ
• Public Awarenessǣ†— ƒ–‹‰–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ„‘—––Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‘ˆ Ǧ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†‹•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‡’‘™‡”˜‘–‡”•
–‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›Ǥ
• Technological Solutionsǣ Š‡ –‹‡ Šƒ• ‘‡ –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’   •›•–‡• ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ †‡–‡ –‹‰ ƒ† ˆŽƒ‰‰‹‰ ˆƒŽ•‡
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‡‡’ˆƒ‡•Ǥ
CONCLUSION
Š‹•‹•ƒ‡”ƒ™Š‡”‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‹•‹‡˜‹–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•™Š‹Ž•–—–‹Ž‹œ‹‰–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›
ˆ‘”ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡– ƒŽŽ•ˆ‘”•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ––Š‘—‰Š–ƒ† ‘•–ƒ–‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡’”‘’‡”‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡†‹ƒ
ƒ† ™‹ŽŽ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‹• ‘—”•‡ƒ††‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ˆ‘”›‡ƒ”•–‘ ‘‡ƒ•Šƒ”ƒ–‘˜‡•–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡”‹–ƒƒŽ
‘ˆ‹–•†‡‘ ”ƒ ›Ǥ

ELECTORAL LITERACY: Initiatives by ECI

An Electoral Literacy Club ‹• ƒ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘” –‘ ‡‰ƒ‰‡ • Š‘‘Ž •–—†‡–• –Š”‘—‰Š ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ† Šƒ†•Ǧ‘
‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡–‘•‡•‹–‹œ‡–Š‡‘–Š‡‹”‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•ƒ†ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”‹œ‡–Š‡™‹–Š–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ”‡‰‹•–”ƒ–‹‘
ƒ†˜‘–‹‰Ǥ•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘’”‡•‡–‹ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡•ƒ†”—”ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ–•ǡŽ‡ƒ”‹‰‹•ˆ—Ǥ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ† ƒ‡•
ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰‡†–‘•–‹—Žƒ–‡ƒ†‘–‹˜ƒ–‡•–—†‡–•ǡ’”‘˜‘‹‰–Š‡–‘–Š‹ƒ†ƒ•“—‡•–‹‘•ǤŠ”‘—‰ŠǡŽ‡ –‹‘
‘‹••‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒǡƒ‹•ƒ–•–”‡‰–Š‡‹‰–Š‡ —Ž–—”‡‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ƒ‘‰›‘—‰ƒ†ˆ—–—”‡˜‘–‡”•Ǥ
Systematic Voters’ Education and Electoral Participation (SVEEP) Programmeƒ”‡—†‡”–ƒ‡–‘‡†— ƒ–‡–Š‡
‡Ž‡ –‘”•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰’”‘ ‡†—”‡”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘”‡‰‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‡‹Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ‘ŽŽǡ ‘””‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‡š‹•–‹‰’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”•‹
Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ‘ŽŽƒ††‡Ž‡–‹‘‘ˆƒ‡‘ˆ•Š‹ˆ–‡†ƒ††‡ ‡ƒ•‡†ˆƒ‹Ž›‡„‡”•Ǥ

ENCORE:
Š‡ Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ȋ Ȍ Šƒ• —˜‡‹Ž‡† 'ENCORE' (Enabling Communications on Real-time
Environment)ǡƒ•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘†‡•‹‰‡†–‘‡Šƒ ‡–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•ƒ†‡Ž‡ –‹‘’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•Ǥ
Š‹•‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•‹’Ž‹ˆ‹‡•–Š‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••„›ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡ˆ‘”•‘Ž‹‡ǡ
™Š‹ Š ƒ–Š‡„‡’”‹–‡†ƒ†•—„‹––‡†‘ˆˆŽ‹‡ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š”‡“—‹”‡††‘ —‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•ƒ”‡’”‘˜‹†‡†–Š‡
‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘”‡‰‹•–‡”ƒ ‘—–•‘–Š‡ ̵•‘Ž‹‡’‘”–ƒŽǡ‰”ƒ–‹‰ƒ ‡••–‘‘‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”•ǡ–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘•—„‹–
•‡ —”‹–› †‡’‘•‹–•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘’–‹‘ –‘ ƒ””ƒ‰‡ ƒ’’‘‹–‡–• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡–—”‹‰ ˆˆ‹ ‡”Ǥ  ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡• –Š‡
•‡ƒŽ‡••’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ˆ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ—–Š‡–‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒˆˆ‹†ƒ˜‹–•ǡ‡’‘™‡”‹‰‡–—”‹‰ˆˆ‹ ‡”•
–‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž›ƒƒ‰‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘•—„‹••‹‘•ƒ†ƒˆˆ‹†ƒ˜‹–˜‡”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

KEYWORDS: ”‘•‹‘ ‘ˆ ”—•–ǡ ”‡‡„‹‡•ǡ  ‘”‡ǡ ‹–‡”ƒŽ ’ƒ”–› †‡‘ ”ƒ ›ǡ †›ƒ•–‹  ’‘Ž‹–‹ •ǡ ”‹‹ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
politics, MCC, 2ND ARC, Misinformation, microtargeting, Systematic Voters’ Education and Electoral Participation
ȋȌǡ‹•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ƭ‹•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Previous Year Questions
ͳǤ –Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ”‡ ‡– ‘–”‘˜‡”•›”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡—•‡‘ˆŽ‡ –”‘‹ ‘–‹‰ƒ Š‹‡•ȋȌǡ™Šƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡ ʹͲͳͺ
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒ–‘‡•—”‡–Š‡–”—•–™‘”–Š‹‡••‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•‹ †‹ƒǫ
ʹǤ ‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—• ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‘ ƒ„Šƒ ƒ† –Š‡ –ƒ–‡ ••‡„Ž‹‡• ™‹ŽŽ Ž‹‹– –Š‡ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ –‹‡ ƒ† ʹͲͳ͹
money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’ Discuss. 
͵Ǥ ‘‡Šƒ ‡–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ†‡‘ ”ƒ ›‹ †‹ƒ–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒŠƒ•’”‘’‘•‡†‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ ʹͲͳ͸
”‡ˆ‘”•‹ʹͲͳ͸ǤŠƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†”‡ˆ‘”•ƒ†Š‘™ˆƒ”ƒ”‡–Š‡›•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ––‘ƒ‡†‡‘ ”ƒ ›
•— ‡••ˆ—Žǫ

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19 DELIMITATION COMMISSION

BACKGROUND
• Š‡‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘‘‹••‹‘‹ †‹ƒ‹•ƒstatutory body ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”†‡–‡”‹‹‰–Š‡„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•
‘•–‹–—‡ ‹‡•‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›ˆ‘”–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS

Article 81: ˜‡”› •–ƒ–‡ ƒ†  ™‘—Ž† „‡ ƒŽŽ‘––‡† •‡ƒ–• ‹ –Š‡ ‘ ƒ„Šƒ ‹ •— Š ƒ ƒ‡” –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘–‘•‡ƒ–••Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ•‡“—ƒŽƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡ƒ ”‘•••–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
Article 82: ‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”› ‘•–‹–—‡ ‹‡• ƒˆ–‡” ‡˜‡”› ‡•—• „› ‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘
‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†„›–Š‡ ‘ —†‡”‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘‘‹••‹‘ –Ǥ
Article 170: –ƒ–‡•‰‡–†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–‡””‹–‘”‹ƒŽ ‘•–‹–—‡ ‹‡•ƒ•’‡”‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘ –ƒˆ–‡”‡˜‡”›‡•—•Ǥ
84th Constitutional amendment act: ”‡‡œ‹‰‘ˆ†‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘–‹ŽŽʹͲʹ͸Ǥ
o Reasons: ƒ‹Ž›’Žƒ‹‰ƒ†’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•–ƒ„‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ
o Implications: ‹‘Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”–‹ Ž‡ͺͳ†—‡–‘—‡“—ƒŽ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ ”‘•• ‘•–‹–—‡ ‹‡•Ǥ

DELIMITATION COMMISSION
• Appointment: Š‡‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘‘‹••‹‘‹ †‹ƒ‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‡†„›–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ƒ†™‘”•‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š
–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒȋ ȌǤ
• Composition: – ‘’”‹•‡• ƒ ”‡–‹”‡† —’”‡‡ ‘—”– Œ—†‰‡ǡ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘‡”ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡
–ƒ–‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘‡”•Ǥ
• Authority: –‹•ƒŠ‹‰ŠǦ’‘™‡”‡†„‘†›™‹–Š‹–•‘”†‡”•Šƒ˜‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘” ‡‘ˆŽƒ™ƒ† ƒ‘–„‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†‹ ‘—”–Ǥ
• Reporting: Š‡ ‘‹••‹‘̵• ‘”†‡”• ƒ”‡ ’”‡•‡–‡† „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ‘ ƒ„Šƒ ƒ† –ƒ–‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ••‡„Ž‹‡•ǡ „—–
‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡‘–’‡”‹––‡†Ǥ
FUNCTIONS OF THE DELIMITATION COMMISSION
• Boundary Determination: ‡–‡”‹‡•–Š‡„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ƒ†—„‡”‘ˆ ‘•–‹–—‡ ‹‡•ǡ‡•—”‹‰’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‡“—ƒŽ‹–›
ƒ‘‰–Š‡Ǥ
• Seat Allocation for SC/ST: ‡ ‹†‡•‘–Š‡ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‡ƒ–•ˆ‘” Š‡†—Ž‡†ƒ•–‡•ȋȌƒ† Š‡†—Ž‡†”‹„‡•ȋȌ
‹ƒ”‡ƒ•™‹–Š•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ȁ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•ȋƒ•’‡””–‹ Ž‡•͵͵Ͳƒ†͵͵ʹȌǤ
• Readjusting the representation of territorial constituencies: ‡ƒ†Œ—•– –Š‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –‡””‹–‘”‹ƒŽ
‘•–‹–—‡ ‹‡•‹–Š‡‘ƒ„Šƒȋ ‘—•‡‘ˆ‡‘’Ž‡Ȍƒ†‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡••‡„Ž‹‡•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡Žƒ–‡•–’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‡•—•
•–ƒ–‹•–‹ •Ǥ
• Recommendations and Public Participation: —„Ž‹•Š‡• †”ƒˆ– ”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ ƒœ‡––‡ ‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ •–ƒ–‡
‰ƒœ‡––‡•ǡƒ†”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ‡†‹ƒǤ‘†— –•’—„Ž‹ Š‡ƒ”‹‰•–‘ ‘•‹†‡”’—„Ž‹ ‘’‹‹‘•ǡ‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‰‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ•
‡ ‡••ƒ”›Ǥ
• Majority Decision: †‘’–•–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›†‡ ‹•‹‘‹ ƒ•‡‘ˆ†‹••‡–ƒ‘‰‘‹••‹‘‡„‡”•Ǥ
84TH CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT ACT (2002)
• Delimitation Freeze: Š‡ͺͶ–Š‡†‡–ˆ”‘œ‡–Š‡†‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘ƒ„Šƒƒ†–ƒ–‡••‡„Ž›•‡ƒ–•—–‹Ž–Š‡
ˆ‹”•–‡•—•ƒˆ–‡”ʹͲʹ͸Ǥ
• Objective and reasonsǣ
o For Population Stabilization: ‡‡’‹‰‹˜‹‡™–Š‡’”‘‰”‡••‘ˆˆƒ‹Ž›’Žƒ‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ‡•‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’ƒ”–•
‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǡ–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡–ǡƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘Ž‹ ›•–”ƒ–‡‰›ǡ†‡ ‹†‡†–‘‡š–‡†–Š‡ˆ”‡‡œ‡
‘—†‡”–ƒ‹‰ˆ”‡•Š†‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘—’–‘–Š‡›‡ƒ”ʹͲʹ͸ƒ•ƒ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ƒ•—”‡–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡–Š‡–ƒ–‡ ‘˜‡”‡–
–‘’—”•—‡–Š‡ƒ‰‡†ƒˆ‘”’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•–ƒ„‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ


International Practices:
• In a federation like the U.S,–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ•‡ƒ–•‹–Š‡ ‘—•‡‘ˆ‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•ȋ–Š‡‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–‘ˆ‘—”‘
ƒ„ŠƒȌ Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ’’‡† ƒ– Ͷ͵ͷ •‹ ‡ ͳͻͳ͵Ǥ Š‡ •‡ƒ–• ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ –ƒ–‡• ƒ”‡ ”‡†‹•–”‹„—–‡† ƒˆ–‡” ‡˜‡”› ‡•—•

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–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ ‘method of equal proportion’ǤŠ‹•†‘‡•‘– ”‡•—Ž–‹ƒ›•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‰ƒ‹‘”Ž‘••ˆ‘”ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡

–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• In the European Union (EU) Parliament ™Š‹ Š ‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ ͹ʹͲ ‡„‡”•ǡ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ •‡ƒ–• ‹• †‹˜‹†‡†
between 27 member countries based on the principle of ‘degressive proportionality’Ǥ†‡”–Š‹•’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡
”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ•‡ƒ–••ŠƒŽŽ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ƒ•–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ

Significance of Delimitation commission Challenges

Supreme Authority: Š‡ ‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘ Southern States' Concerns: Š‡•‘—–Š‡”•–ƒ–‡•ǡ™‹–Š

‘‹••‹‘̵• †‡ ‹•‹‘• ƒ† ‹•–”— –‹‘• ƒ”‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘–”‘Ž‡ƒ•—”‡•ƒ†Š‹‰Š‡”’‡”
ƒ†— ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ƒ„Ž‡„›Žƒ™‘”–Š‡ ‘—”–•Ǥ ƒ’‹–ƒ ”‡˜‡—‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ˆ‡ƒ”‡† Ž‘•‹‰ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž
Responsible For Equitable Representation: Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡”
‘‹••‹‘ •‡–• ‘•–‹–—‡ › „‘—†ƒ”‹‡• ƒ† •–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
—„‡”• –‘ ‡•—”‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ‡“—ƒŽ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ Disenfranchisement and Economic Contributions:
†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• ‡•—”‡• ˆƒ‹” ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ – ‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘ „ƒ•‡† •‘Ž‡Ž› ‘ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡
—’Š‘Ž†•–Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡‘ˆ“One vote, one value”. ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ› †‹•‡ˆ”ƒ Š‹•‡† ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ› †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†
Fair Regional Distribution: –‡•—”‡•ˆƒ‹””‡‰‹‘ƒŽ •‘—–Š‡” •–ƒ–‡•ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ‰‘˜‡”‡–
†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ –‘ ’”‡˜‡– ‘‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–› ˆ”‘ ‘–‹—‡† –‘ „‡‡ˆ‹– ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹” ‡ ‘‘‹ 
‘—–’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰‘–Š‡”•‹ƒ‡Ž‡ –‹‘Ǥ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•Ǥ
Identifying Reserved Seats: Š‡ ‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘ Amendments and Postponement: ‘ ƒ††”‡•• –Š‡•‡
‘‹••‹‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• •‡ƒ–• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ”‡•‡”˜‡† ˆ‘” ‘ ‡”•ǡ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ™ƒ• ƒ‡†‡† †—”‹‰ –Š‡
 Š‡†—Ž‡†ƒ•–‡•ȋȌƒ† Š‡†—Ž‡†”‹„‡•ȋȌ‹ ‡”‰‡ ›”—Ž‡‹ͳͻ͹͸ǡ•—•’‡†‹‰†‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘—–‹Ž
ƒ”‡ƒ• ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡•‡ ‘—‹–‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ʹͲͲͳǤ —„•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ ƒ‘–Š‡” ƒ‡†‡– ˆ—”–Š‡”
’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• ‡•—”‡• –Š‡‹” ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’‘•–’‘‡†‹–—–‹ŽʹͲʹ͸ǡ™‹–Š –Š‡Š‘’‡‘ˆƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰ƒ
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ —‹ˆ‘”’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‰”‘™–Š”ƒ–‡„›–Š‡Ǥ

CRITICISM OF THE DELIMITATION COMMISSION

• Population Control Bias: –ƒ–‡•’”‘‘–‹‰ˆƒ‹Ž›’Žƒ‹‰”‹•Šƒ˜‹‰–Š‡‹”•‡ƒ–•”‡†— ‡†ǡ™Š‹Ž‡•–ƒ–‡•™‹–ŠŽ‡••
‡’Šƒ•‹•‘’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘–”‘Žƒ›‰ƒ‹‘”‡•‡ƒ–•Ǥ
• Outdated Seat Allocation: ‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘†‘‡‹ʹͲͲͺ™ƒ•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ʹͲͲͳ ‡•—•ǡ„—––Š‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ•‡ƒ–•
”‡ƒ‹‡†— Šƒ‰‡†•‹ ‡ͳͻ͹ͳǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘ƒ†‹•’ƒ”‹–›„‡–™‡‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‰”‘™–Šƒ†”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Constitutional Seat Limits: ‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ˆ‡™‡”•‡ƒ–•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ȋͷͷͲˆ‘”–Š‡‘ƒ„Šƒƒ†ʹͷͲˆ‘”–Š‡ƒŒ›ƒ
ƒ„ŠƒȌǡˆ‡™‡””‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ƒ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›”‡’”‡•‡–Žƒ”‰‡”’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Unequal Representation: ‹š‡†•‡ƒ–ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‰”‘™–ŠŽ‡ƒ†–‘—‡“—ƒŽ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹’ƒ –‹‰
–Š‡˜‘‹ ‡ƒ†‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ‰”‘™‹‰’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ


KEYWORDS: ‡“—ƒŽ ‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘–”‘Ž ‹ƒ•ǡ ƒ‹” ‡‰‹‘ƒŽ ‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ǡ ‹•‡ˆ”ƒ Š‹•‡‡–
ƒ† ‘‘‹ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•ǡ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ‘”“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ


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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

20 ATTORNEY GENERAL OF INDIA

INTRODUCTION
The Attorney General of India (AGI) is the highest legal officer and chief legal advisor to the government of India.
Appointed by the President of India, the Attorney General represents the government in legal matters, provides legal
advice, and represents the government in the Supreme Court of India.
ABOUT AGI
DUTIES
• Advising the Government: Š‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡•Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ†˜‹ ‡–‘–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒ‘ƒ––‡”•”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘–Š‡
„›–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ǤŠ‡›‘ˆˆ‡”–Š‡‹”‡š’‡”–‹•‡ƒ†‰—‹†ƒ ‡‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹••—‡•Ǥ
• Performing Assigned Legal Duties: Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”•‘–Š‡”Ž‡‰ƒŽ†—–‹‡•ƒ••‹‰‡†–‘–Š‡„›–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ǤŠ‡•‡
†—–‹‡• ƒ› ˜ƒ”› ƒ† ƒ ‹ Ž—†‡ ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‘’‹‹‘•ǡ †”ƒˆ–‹‰ Ž‡‰ƒŽ †‘ —‡–•ǡ ƒ† ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ –Š‡
‰‘˜‡”‡–‹Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ––‡”•Ǥ
• Discharging Constitutional and Legal Functions: Š‡   ƒ””‹‡• ‘—– ˆ— –‹‘• ‘ˆ‡””‡† —’‘ –Š‡ „› –Š‡
‘•–‹–—–‹‘‘”ƒ›‘–Š‡”Žƒ™ǤŠ‹•‹˜‘Ž˜‡•—’Š‘Ž†‹‰ƒ†•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ
• Representation in Presidential References: Š‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒ‹ƒ›”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ƒ†‡
„›–Š‡”‡•‹†‡––‘–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–—†‡””–‹ Ž‡ͳͶ͵‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǤŠ‹•”‡ˆ‡”•–‘ ƒ•‡•™Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–
•‡‡•–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–̵•‘’‹‹‘‘ ‡”–ƒ‹ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‘”Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ––‡”•Ǥ
• Representation in the Supreme Court: Š‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒ‹ƒŽŽ ƒ•‡•„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡—’”‡‡
‘—”– ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‹• ƒ ’ƒ”–›Ǥ Š‡› ’”‡•‡– ƒ”‰—‡–• ƒ† ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡ ‘ „‡ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–̵•
’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ
• Representation in High Courts: Š‡ ”‡“—‹”‡† „› –Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡– ‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ –Š‡   ƒ’’‡ƒ”• ‹ Š‹‰Š ‘—”–• –‘
”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‹ ƒ•‡•™Š‡”‡–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‹•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ
LIMITATIONS
• ‘––‘ƒ†˜‹•‡‘”Š‘Ž†ƒ„”‹‡ˆƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ
• ‘––‘ƒ†˜‹•‡‘”Š‘Ž†ƒ„”‹‡ˆ‹ ƒ•‡•‹™Š‹ ŠŠ‡‹• ƒŽŽ‡†—’‘–‘ƒ†˜‹•‡‘”ƒ’’‡ƒ”ˆ‘” ‘ Ǥ
• ‘––‘†‡ˆ‡†ƒ —•‡†’‡”•‘•‹ ”‹‹ƒŽ’”‘•‡ —–‹‘•™‹–Š‘—––Š‡’‡”‹••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘ Ǥ
• ‘––‘ƒ ‡’–ƒƒ’’‘‹–‡–ƒ•ƒ†‹”‡ –‘”‹ƒ› ‘’ƒ›™‹–Š‘—––Š‡’‡”‹••‹‘‘ˆ ‘ Ǥ
• ‘––‘ƒ†˜‹•‡ƒ›‹‹•–”›Ȁ†‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ ‘ Ȁƒ›•–ƒ–—–‘”›‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ȁ—Ž‡••–Š‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ‘”ƒ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡
ˆ‘”–Š‹•‹•”‡ ‡‹˜‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽˆˆƒ‹”•Ǥ

KEYWORDS: ‡‰ƒŽ —–‹‡•ǡ ‹• Šƒ”‰‹‰ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ‡‰ƒŽ — –‹‘•ǡ ”‹‡˜ƒ ‡ ‡†”‡••ƒŽǡ ’”‡ƒ†‹‰
™ƒ”‡‡••ǡ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

21 NATIONAL AND STATE HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION

INTRODUCTION
•  ‹•ƒstatutory body established in 1993 —†‡”–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.
–‹•–Š‡watchdog of human rights ‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ –™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ ‘ˆ‘”‹–›™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ”‹•”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ȋͳͻͻͳȌ
ƒ†‘’–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘‘–‹‘ƒ†’”‘–‡ –‹‘‘ˆŠ—ƒ”‹‰Š–•Ǥ

FUNCTIONS CHALLENGES

• “—‹”‡‹–‘ƒ›˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘Ȁ‡‰Ž‹‰‡ ‡‘ˆŠ—ƒ • Absence of investigation mechanism: –‹•†‡’‡†‡–‘

”‹‰Š–• „› ƒ ’—„Ž‹  •‡”˜ƒ–ǡ ‡‹–Š‡” •—‘Ǧ‘–— ‘” ‡–”ƒŽƒ† ‘ ‡”‡†–ƒ–‡ ‘˜‡”‡–•ˆ‘”‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘
‘ƒ’‡–‹–‹‘’”‡•‡–‡†–‘‹–‘”‘ƒ‘”†‡”‘ˆƒ ‘ˆ–Š‡Š—ƒ”‹‰Š–˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ•‡•Ǥ
‘—”–Ǥ • Non-binding orders:   Šƒ• ‘ ’‘™‡” –‘ ‡ˆ‘” ‡ ‹–•
• –‡”˜‡‡ ‹ ƒ› ’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰ ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ƒ †‡ ‹•‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‘ˆ–‡ ‘—– ”‹‰Š–Ž› ”‡Œ‡ –• –Š‡
ƒŽŽ‡‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ—ƒ”‹‰Š–•’‡†‹‰ ”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Ǥ
„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ ‘—”– • Lack of Infrastructure: ‡•’‹–‡ƒͳͶͷͲΨ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹ ƒ•‡•
• ‡˜‹‡™ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” Ž‡‰ƒŽ „‡–™‡‡ͳͻͻͷǦʹͲͲͷǡ‹–••–”‡‰–ŠŠƒ•„‡‡”‡†— ‡†„›ͳ͸ΨǤ
•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†•ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘–‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆŠ—ƒ”‹‰Š–• Š‹•Ž‹‹–• ƒ•‡•Šƒ†Ž‡†„› Ǥ
ƒ† ”‡ ‘‡† ‡ƒ•—”‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ • Pendency and delaysǣ –‹•‘˜‡”Ǧ„—”†‡‡†™‹–Š ƒ•‡•–Šƒ–
‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Šƒ˜‡”‡•—Ž–‡†‹‘”‡–ŠƒͳͲͲͲͲ ƒ•‡•’‡†‹‰™‹–Š‹–Ǥ
• –—†› –”‡ƒ–‹‡• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ • Staff-related issue: ƒš‹—‘ˆ‹–••–ƒˆˆ‹•‘†‡’—–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
‹•–”—‡–• ‘ Š—ƒ ”‹‰Š–• ƒ† ƒ‡ ƒ› –‹‡• ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”• „‡Ž‘‰ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ —•‡†
”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ •‡”˜‹ ‡™Š‹ Š”‡•—Ž–•‹ƒ ‘ˆŽ‹ –‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–Ǥ
‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ • Š‡ ǤǤǦ”‡ ‘‰‹•‡† Ž‘„ƒŽ ŽŽ‹ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —ƒ
• ”‘‘–‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆŠ—ƒ”‹‰Š–• ‹‰Š–• •–‹–—–‹‘•ȋ   Ȍ†‡ˆ‡””‡†–Š‡ƒ ”‡†‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
ƒ† ’”‡ƒ† Š—ƒ ”‹‰Š–• Ž‹–‡”ƒ › ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —ƒ ‹‰Š–• ‘‹••‹‘ǡ †‹ƒ ȋ Ǧ †‹ƒȌ
’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ ‹–‹‰‘„Œ‡ –‹‘•Ž‹‡ǣ
• ‹•‹– Œƒ‹Ž• ƒ† †‡–‡–‹‘ ’Žƒ ‡• –‘ •–—†› –Š‡ o ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡‹ƒ’’‘‹–‡–•Ǥ
Ž‹˜‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ‹ƒ–‡•Ǥ o ˜‘Ž˜‹‰ –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹ ‡ ‹ ’”‘„‡• ‹–‘ Š—ƒ ”‹‰Š–•
• ‡˜‹‡™–Š‡ˆƒ –‘”•‹Š‹„‹–‹‰–Š‡‡Œ‘›‡–‘ˆ ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
Š—ƒ”‹‰Š–•‹ Ž—†‹‰ƒƒ –‘ˆ–‡””‘”‹•ƒ† o ‘‘” ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š ‹˜‹Ž•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
”‡ ‘‡†”‡‡†‹ƒŽ‡ƒ•—”‡•Ǥ o ƒ ‘ˆ†‹˜‡”•‹–›‹•–ƒˆˆƒ†Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥ
•  ‘—”ƒ‰‡ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‘”–• ‘ˆ  • ™‘”‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ o •—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ƒ –‹‘–‘’”‘–‡ –ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†‰”‘—’•Ǥ
ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆŠ—ƒ”‹‰Š–•Ǥ • ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•–‘Šƒ†Ž‡ ƒ•‡•ǣ
Role played by NHRC: o NHRC can’t investigate complaints registered after one
• It has issued the following guidelinesǣ”‹•‘ ›‡ƒ”‘ˆ–Š‡‹ ‹†‡–Ǥ
”‡ˆ‘”•ǡ”‡’‘”–‹‰‘ˆ —•–‘†‹ƒŽ†‡ƒ–Š™‹–Š‹Ͷͺ o Š‡ ‡š Ž—•‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡† ˆ‘” ‡• ƒ† ’ƒ”ƒ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ˆ‘” ‡•
Š‘—”•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ’—„Ž‹  ˆ”‘‹–•ƒ„‹–Ǥ
ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Šƒ—ƒŽ• ƒ˜‡‰‹‰Ǥ o   –ƒ‡• ƒ•‡• •‘Ž‡Ž› ‘ ‡†‹ƒ ”‡’‘”–• ƒ† ‘–
• Criticized laws like POTA, and TADA ™‹–Š–Š‡ –Š”‘—‰Š‹–•‘Ǧˆ‹‡Ž†™‘”Ǥ
’‘••‹„Ž‡ • ‘’‡ ‘ˆ ‹•—•‡ ˆ‘” ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‰ Š—ƒ o – ƒ‘– ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ –Š‡ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ Žƒ™•ǣ —’”‡‡ ‘—”–
”‹‰Š–•Ǥ ‹’Ž‡ƒ†• ǡ‹—•Ž‹’‡”•‘ƒŽŽƒ™ ƒ•‡Ǥ
• Going beyond physical human right • Remarks by Soli Sorabjee: “India’s teasing illusion due to
violation –‘’”‘–‡ ––Š‡•‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹ ”‹‰Š–• ‹–•‹ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›–‘”‡†‡”ƒ›’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‡ˆ–‘–Š‡ƒ‰‰”‹‡˜‡†
‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ Ž‹‡ ’‘˜‡”–› ƒ† •–ƒ”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‹ party”.
Odisha’s Kalahandi. • Remarks by Supreme court: It is a “toothless tiger”.

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (AMENDMENTS) ACT, 2019

• Composition:
o —†‰‡‘ˆ ƒƒŽ•‘„‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡†ƒ• Šƒ‹”ƒǤ
o  ”‡ƒ•‡†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–ŠŠ—ƒ”‹‰Š–•‘™Ž‡†‰‡–‘–Š”‡‡™‹–Šƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘‡™‘ƒǤ
o Šƒ‹”’‡”•‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ǡ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘‹••‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‘–‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‹Ž† ‹‰Š–•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ
‘‹••‹‘‡”ˆ‘”‡”•‘•™‹–Š‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹ Ž—†‡†ƒ•‡šǦ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹‘‡„‡”•Ǥ
• Term of officeǣ‡†— ‡†‘ˆˆ‹ ‡–‡”–‘͵›‡ƒ”•ˆ”‘ͷ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ
• Union territories: ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ ‘ˆ‡”ˆ— –‹‘•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘Š—ƒ”‹‰Š–• ƒ•‡•‘ˆ‘‡ƒ”„› Ǥ
• ‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡ǣ
o ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘’Ž‹ƒ ‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ”‹• ”‹ ‹’Ž‡• ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ƒ—–‘‘›ǡ ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ǡ ƒ† ’Ž—”ƒŽ‹• –‘ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›
’”‘–‡ –ƒ†’”‘‘–‡Š—ƒ”‹‰Š–•Ǥ
o ƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘•–‘ ‹˜‹Ž•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
o  ”‡ƒ•‡†ƒ ‡••‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘Š—ƒ”‹‰Š–• ‘—”–•–‘ ‹–‹œ‡•‘ˆ‹‘–‡””‹–‘”‹‡•Ǥ
o ”‡†— ‡†ƒ‰‡Ž‹‹–™‹ŽŽ‡•—”‡–Š‡–‹‡Ž›ˆ‹Ž‹‰‘ˆ˜ƒ ƒ ‹‡•Ǥ
Recent News:
‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —ƒ ‹‰Š–• ‘‹••‹‘ ȋ Ȍ Šƒ• ƒŽŽ‡† ˆ‘” ƒ ƒ –‹‘ –ƒ‡ ”‡’‘”– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ †‹•Šƒ
‰‘˜‡”‡–”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡ƒŽƒ•‘”‡–”ƒ‹ƒ ‹†‡–Ǥ
Š‡ —„Ǧ‘‹––‡‡ ‘  ”‡†‹–ƒ–‹‘ ȋȌ ‘ˆ    ‹• ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡  ̵• ƒ ”‡†‹–ƒ–‹‘ •–ƒ–—•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™‹ŽŽ
†‡ ‹†‡‹ˆ‹–”‡–ƒ‹•‹–•̶•–ƒ–—•̶ˆ‘”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹Š—ƒ”‹‰Š–•„‘†‹‡•Ǥ

WAY FORWARD
• Enforceable Powers: ‡ ‹•‹‘•‘ˆ •Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ†‡‡ˆ‘” ‡ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ
• Commission's compositionǣ ”‡ƒ–‡” ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‹˜‹Ž •‘ ‹‡–›ǡ Š—ƒ ”‹‰Š–• ƒ –‹˜‹•–•ǡ ‡– Ǥ •–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ‡šǦ
„—”‡ƒ— ”ƒ–•ǤŠ‹•™‹ŽŽ‡•—”‡–Š‡‹†‡’‡†‡–ˆ— –‹‘‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡„‘†›Ǥ
• Ahmadi commission recommendationsǣ‡‘˜‡‘‡Ǧ›‡ƒ” ‡‹Ž‹‰–‘–ƒ‡ ƒ•‡•„› ǤŽ•‘ǡ–Š‡–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡
”‡†ˆ‘” ‡•ŠƒŽŽ‘–‹ Ž—†‡’ƒ”ƒ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ˆ‘” ‡•Ǥ
• Independent staff: ††‡†‹ ƒ–‡†‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰–‡ƒ–‘‡•—”‡–‹‡Ž›†‹•’‘•ƒŽ‘ˆ ƒ•‡•Ǥ
• Coordination mechanism: ‡‡†–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘‡ Šƒ‹•„‡–™‡‡ ƒ† Ǥ
• Diversify the role of NHRC: ‘™ƒ”†•‡™‡‡”‰‹‰ ‘ ‡”•Ž‹‡”‹‰Š–•‘ˆ ǡ‹†—•–”‹‡•ƒ†Š—ƒ”‹‰Š–•ǡ
‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‹’ƒ –‘Š—ƒ”‹‰Š–•ǡ‡– Ǥ
CONCLUSION
•  Šƒ•’Žƒ›‡†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹ƒ› ƒ•‡••‹ ‡‹–•‹ ‡’–‹‘Ǥ‹•’‘•ƒŽ‘ˆ‘”‡–ŠƒͳͷŽƒ • ƒ•‡•ƒ†‘”‡
–ŠƒͳͲͲ”ƒ•˜‹ –‹ ‘’‡•ƒ–‹‘”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹–••— ‡••Ǥ
• ‘•‹†‡”‹‰”‹•‹‰ ƒ•‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡•‡ –‹‘•‹–‹•Š‹‰Š–‹‡–‘•–”‡‰–Š‡ ‘‹••‹‘‹ƒŽŽ•’Š‡”‡•–‘‡•—”‡
ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•‡•Š”‹‡†‹–Š‡ †‹ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ”‡‡Œ‘›‡†„›‡˜‡”›‘‡Ǥ


KEYWORDS: Enforceable Powers, Coordination mechanism, investigation mechanism, ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǡ
•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ƒ –‹‘ǡ Ž‘„ƒŽŽŽ‹ƒ ‡‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —ƒ‹‰Š–• •–‹–—–‹‘•ȋ   ȌǤ

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INTRODUCTION
• Š‡ ‹•ƒŠ‹‰ŠǦ’‘™‡”‡†‹†‡’‡†‡–ƒ†•–ƒ–—–‘”›„‘†›–‘Ž‘‘‹–‘–Š‡ ‘’Žƒ‹–•ƒ†‡–‘‹–ƒ„‘—–‘ˆˆ‹ ‡•ǡ
ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ•ǡ‡– Ǥ—†‡”–Š‡‡–”ƒŽ ‘˜‡”‡–ƒ†–Š‡‹‘‡””‹–‘”‹‡•Ǥ

Functions Challenges

• “—‹”› ‹–‘ ‘’Žƒ‹–• ƒ† †‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”› ƒ –‹‘ • Removal of the fixed term: •–‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ͷ›‡ƒ”•
ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•ǣ ‘™ –‡”• ‘ˆ  ǡ  ƒ†  • ™‹ŽŽ „‡ †‡ ‹†‡† „› –Š‡
o ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ •—„‹– ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡“—‡•– †—‡ –‘ ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
‘Ǧƒ’’‘‹–‡– ‘ˆ ƒ —„Ž‹  ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ • ‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒŽƒ”›„› ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ
ˆˆ‹ ‡” –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” •–ƒ–—• ‘ˆ ‡“—ƒŽ‹–› ™‹–Š Š‹‡ˆ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘
o ‡ˆ—•‡†”‡“—‡•–‡†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘–”‡ ‡‹˜‡†ƒ ‘‹••‹‘‡”ȋ‹ ƒ•‡‘ˆ Ȍƒ†Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘‡”
”‡•’‘•‡–‘ƒ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘”‡“—‡•–™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ȋ  ƒ•‡‘ˆ •ȌǤ
•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†–‹‡Ž‹‹–•Ǥ • Delayed appointments: •’‡”–Š‡ ǡ•‹ ‡ʹͲͳͶ 
o ‡‡• Šƒ”‰‡†ƒ”‡—”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡ ™ƒ• ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ™‹–Š‘—– ƒ Š‹‡ˆ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘
o ‡‡Ž• –Šƒ– ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‰‹˜‡ ‹• ‹ ‘’Ž‡–‡ǡ ‘‹••‹‘‡” ˆ‘” ‘”‡ –Šƒ ͶͲͲ †ƒ›• ƒ† Šƒ• ‘–
‹•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ǡ‘”ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ ˆ— –‹‘‡†ƒ–ˆ—ŽŽ•–”‡‰–Šˆ‘”‘”‡–ŠƒͶ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ
• Suo-moto powerǣ – ƒ‘”†‡”ƒ‹“—‹”›‹–‘ƒ› • Pendency: •’‡”–Š‡”‡’‘”–„›ƒ–ƒ”ƒ‰”‹ƒ‰ƒ–Šƒ
ƒ––‡”‹ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡‰”‘—†• ˜‡” ͵Ǥʹ ŽƒŠ ’Ž‡ƒ• ƒ”‡ ’‡†‹‰ „‡ˆ‘”‡ ʹ͹ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘
• Powers of a civil court ™Š‹Ž‡‹“—‹”‹‰Ǥ ‘‹••‹‘•ƒ ”‘•• ‘—–”›Ǥ
• Examine any record: ŽŽ’—„Ž‹ ”‡ ‘”†•—•–„‡ • Delayed case disposal: • ’‡” –Š‡ ”‡’‘”– „› ƒ–ƒ”
‰‹˜‡–‘–Š‡ †—”‹‰‹“—‹”›ˆ‘”‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ƒ‰”‹ ƒ‰ƒ–Šƒ   –ƒ‡• ƒ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ͵ͺͺ †ƒ›• –‘
• ‡ —”‡ ‘’Ž‹ƒ ‡–‘‹–•†‡ ‹•‹‘•ˆ”‘–Š‡’—„Ž‹  †‹•’‘•‡‘ˆƒ ƒ•‡ˆ”‘–Š‡†ƒ–‡–Šƒ–‹–™ƒ•ˆ‹Ž‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡
ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ ‘‹••‹‘Ǥ
• Promote good governance:  ’”‘‘–‡• ‹–‹œ‡ • Poor judgments: ‘˜‡”‡– ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ• ‹ ‘Ž› ʹǤʹΨ ‘ˆ
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ƒ† ’”‘‘–‡• ƒ•‡• ˆƒ ‡ ƒ› ’—‹•Š‡– ˆ‘” ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ Žƒ™ †‡•’‹–‡
–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›ƒ†ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Ǥ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒƒŽ›•‡••Š‘™‹‰ƒ”ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ„‘—–ͷͻΨ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ


Issues highlighted by Satark Nagrik Sangathan report:

• Missing during Covid-19 pandemic: ʹͳ—–‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽʹͻ•–—†‹‡† •ǡ™‡”‡‘–Š‘Ž†‹‰ƒ›Š‡ƒ”‹‰•
• Absence of a centralized database ‘ˆ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–•ƒ––Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‘”•–ƒ–‡Ž‡˜‡ŽŽ‡ƒ†•–‘‹ƒ —”ƒ–‡ƒ—ƒŽ 
”‡’‘”–•ƒ†ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ
• No adequate authority: Š‡ –†‹†‘–‰‹˜‡ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘–Š‡ •–‘‡ˆ‘” ‡–Š‡‹”†‡ ‹•‹‘•Ǥ
• Inadequate Trained PIOs and First Appellate authority: Š‹• ”‡•—Ž–• ‹ „”‡ƒ‹‰ –Š‡ ͵Ͳ †ƒ›• –‹‡Ž‹‡ ˆ‘”
’”‘˜‹†‹‰‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ•†—‡–‘Žƒ ‘ˆ’”‘’‡”–”ƒ‹‹‰ •ƒ”‡‘–ƒ„Ž‡–‘’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ–‹‡
„‘—†ƒ‡”Ǥ
• No punishments: ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•†‘‘–ˆƒ ‡ƒ›’‡ƒŽ–›ˆ‘”Žƒ ‘ˆ–Š‡‹”†—–›‘”‹’”‘’‡”„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ

CONCLUSION
• RTI has been termed as historic legislation in India’s democratic history. To give teeth to RTI we need strong CIC
ƒ† •Ǥ ‡ ‡ƒŽŽ”‡ˆ‘”•—•–„‡–ƒ‡–‘‡•—”‡–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›ƒ†‘’‡‡••‹–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘‹‰‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ

KEYWORDS: ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡”ƒ‹‡†ǡ ‘‘† ‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ǡ—‘Ǧ‘–‘’‘™‡”ǡ—”‡ƒ— ”ƒ–‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ‡†‡ ›Ǥ

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Š‡‡–”ƒŽ‹‰‹Žƒ ‡‘‹••‹‘ȋȌ‹•ƒƒ’‡š‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ„‘†›‹ †‹ƒ–Šƒ–‹•”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ††”‡••‹‰‹••—‡•

”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ ‘””—’–‹‘ƒ†’”‘‘–‹‰–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›ƒ†‹–‡‰”‹–›‹’—„Ž‹ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ͳͻ͸Ͷ
„›ƒ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘–Š‡”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Santhanam Committee. ʹͲͲ͵ǡ–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ‘ˆ‡””‡†
ƒ•–ƒ–—–‘”›•–ƒ–—•‘–Š‡Ǥ –‹•–Š‡ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ ›ˆ‘”’”‡˜‡–‹‰ ‘””—’–‹‘‹–Š‡‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
INDEPENDENCE OF CVC
• Appointment: ›–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‘–Š‡”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ–Š”‡‡Ǧ‡„‡” ‘‹––‡‡ȋΪ ‘‡‹‹•–‡”Ϊ–Š‡
‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡’’‘•‹–‹‘‹–Š‡‘ƒ„ŠƒȌǤ
• Removal: ›’”‡•‹†‡–‘Ž›‘–Š‡‰”‘—†‡–‹‘‡†‹–Š‡•–ƒ–—–‡Ǥ
• Composition: ‡–”ƒŽ‹‰‹Žƒ ‡‘‹••‹‘‡”Ϊƒš‹—–™‘˜‹‰‹Žƒ ‡ ‘‹••‹‘‡”•Ǥ
• Fixed Tenure: Ͷ›‡ƒ”•Ȁ͸ͷ›‡ƒ”•™Š‹ Š‡˜‡”‹•‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ƒ†‹‡Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡”‡’Ž‘›‡–—†‡”–Š‡‡–”ƒŽ‘”ƒ
•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Fixed salary, allowances, and service conditionsǣ – ‹• •‹‹Žƒ” –‘ –Š‡ Šƒ‹”ƒ ‘ˆ  ȋ‹ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ
˜‹‰‹Žƒ ‡ ‘‹••‹‘‡”Ȍƒ†•‹‹Žƒ”–‘ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆȋ‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ˜‹‰‹Žƒ ‡ ‘‹••‹‘‡”ȌǤ
• Independent staff: CVC has its Secretariat, Chief Technical Examiners’ Wing, and a wing of Commissioners for
‡’ƒ”–‡–ƒŽ “—‹”‹‡•Ǥ

Functions Challenges

• Inquiry or investigation ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒ ƒŽŽ‡‰‡† ‡’Ž‘›‡‡ • Executive dependenceǣ Š‡ ƒ’’‘‹–‡– ‘ˆ  ‹•
‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ‘˜‡”‡– ˆ‘” ƒ ‘ˆˆ‡•‡ —†‡” –Š‡ ‹†‹”‡ –Ž› —†‡” –Š‡ ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ ‘Ž›ǡ Šƒ’‡”‹‰ ‹–•
”‡˜‡–‹‘‘ˆ‘””—’–‹‘ –ǡͳͻͺͺȋ‘ȌǤ ‹†‡’‡†‡–ˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ǥ
• Superintendence over the functioning of CBI ƒ† • Advisory and non-binding recommendations –‘
‰‹˜‹‰ †‹”‡ –‹‘• –‘   ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹‹•–”‹‡•ƒ†‰‘˜‡”‡–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
‘ˆˆ‡•‡•—†‡”–Š‡‘Ǥ • Delay in case handling: Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ Š—‰‡ †‡Žƒ› ‹ –Š‡
• Superintendence over the vigilance administration ƒ•‡• –Šƒ–  Šƒ†Ž‡•ǡ Š‡ ‡ ‹– †‘‡• ‘– ƒ – ƒ• ƒ
‹–Š‡‹‹•–”‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡–”ƒŽ ‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡†‡–‡””‡–Ǥ
• Doing preliminary inquiry ‹–‘ ‘’Žƒ‹–•”‡ˆ‡””‡†„› • Duplication of efforts: —‡–‘‘˜‡”Žƒ’’‹‰Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘
‘’ƒŽ‹”‡•’‡ –‘ˆ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•‘ˆ ”‘—’•ǡǡƬǤ ‘ˆ ǡǡƒ†‘’ƒŽǤ
• Working as Competent Authority: ‘’‡–‡– • Limitation on CVC: Š‡ ‡‡† ‘ˆ ’”‹‘” ‘•‡– ‘ˆ
ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›—†‡”–Š‡Š‹•–Ž‡Ǧ„Ž‘™‡”’”‘–‡ –‹‘ƒ –ǡʹͲͳͶ ‹‹•–”‹‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ Œ‘‹– •‡ ”‡–ƒ”›ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•ǡ
ˆ‘” ƒ ’‡”•‘ –‘ ƒ‡ ƒ ’—„Ž‹  ‹–‡”‡•– †‹• Ž‘•—”‡ ‘ ƒ† ‡š‡’–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• Ž‹‹–• ‹–• ”‘Ž‡ ‹
‘””—’–‹‘Ǥ ƒ††”‡••‹‰–Š‡ ‘””—’–‹‘ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹ ƒŽŽ›Ǥ
• Sensitization of citizens: –‡’•Ž‹‡˜‹‰‹Žƒ ‡™‡‡ǡƒ† • Pending Cases: Lack of funds and human resources
‹–‡‰”‹–›’Ž‡†‰‡Š‡Ž’–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹ŽŽ ”‡•—Ž–•‹Š—‰‡’‡†‡ ›‘ˆ ƒ•‡•Ǥ
‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ ‘””—’–‹‘Ǥ

WAY FORWARD
• •—”‡–Š‡‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‹••‹‘Ǥ
• ‹‡Ž›ƒ’’‘‹–‡–‘ˆƒ†ƒ†‡•—”‡†‹˜‡”•‹–›‹ ‘‹••‹‘ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ
• †‡“—ƒ–‡ˆ—†‹‰ǣŠ‡”‡•ŠƒŽŽ„‡ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ˆ—†•–‘‡•—”‡‘†‡”‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ˆ‘”‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ǥ
• †‘’–‹‘‘ˆ‘†‡”–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ž‹‡ ǡ‹‰ƒ–ƒƒ††‹‰‹–‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ǥ
• ˜‘‹†‘˜‡”Žƒ’’‹‰Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ‰‡ ‹‡•Ž‹‡‘’ƒŽǡƒ† „›‡•—”‹‰”‘Ž‡ Žƒ”‹–›Ǥ
CONCLUSION
• ‘””—’–‹‘‹•–Š‡„‹‰‰‡•––Š”‡ƒ––‘‹ Ž—•‹˜‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ•‘•–‡’•—•–„‡–ƒ‡–‘•–”‡‰–Š‡„‘†‹‡•Ž‹‡ǡ ǡ
ƒ†‘’ƒŽ–‘‡•—”‡‘‹•‹’Ž‡‡–‡†‹Ž‡––‡”ƒ†•’‹”‹–Ǥ
• ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡„‘†‹‡•‹’Ž‹‡•–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡””‘Ž‡ƒ†”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›‹–Š‡†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ •–ƒ–—•‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǡƒ† ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘–‡ –‹‘•‡•—”‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–ƒ––Š‡‡” ›‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
KEYWORDS: †‡’‡†‡ ‡ǡ†‡“—ƒ–‡ˆ—†‹‰ǡ‘˜‡”Žƒ’’‹‰Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘•ǡ‡•‹–‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‹–‹œ‡•.

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INTRODUCTION
Š‡‘”‰ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡––Šƒ–’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›Ž‘‘•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘‘ˆ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‹• ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡
‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡Š‡ƒ†•‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ†–Š‡‹”‹‹•–‡”•ǡ•ƒ††Ž‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–
’‘Ž‹ ›ǡƒ”‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”‘™ƒ•–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ǡ–Š‘•‡”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”†ƒ›–‘†ƒ›ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡
’‡”ƒ‡–‡š‡ —–‹˜‡Ǥ
Comparison of Union executive and State executive:
Union Executive State Executive
”–‹ Ž‡•ͷʹ–‘͹ͺ‹ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘†‡ƒŽ ”–‹ Ž‡•ͳͷ͵–‘ͳ͸͹‹ƒ”– ‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š
™‹–Š–Š‡‹‘‡š‡ —–‹˜‡Ǥ –Š‡•–ƒ–‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡Ǥ
Š‡‹‘ ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ ‘•‹•–•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ǡ –Š‡ Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ ‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‘”ǡ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ
‹ ‡Ǧ ”‡•‹†‡–ǡ –Š‡ ”‹‡ ‹‹•–‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž ‘ˆ ‹‹•–‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž ‘ˆ ‹‹•–‡”• ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡
‹‹•–‡”•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ––‘”‡›‰‡‡”ƒŽ‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ
Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡– ‹• –Š‡ ‘‹ƒŽ ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ Š‡ƒ† Š‡‰‘˜‡”‘”‹•–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡Š‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ—–ǡ
™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡‹•–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡Š‡ƒ†Ǥ Ž‹‡–Š‡’”‡•‹†‡–ǡŠ‡‹•ƒ‘‹ƒŽ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡Š‡ƒ†ȋ–‹–—Žƒ”
‘” ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽŠ‡ƒ†ȌǤ‹•–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡Š‡ƒ†Ǥ
š‡ —–‹˜‡ ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‘ ‹• ˜‡•–‡† ‹ –Š‡ Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‹•˜‡•–‡†‹–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‘”ǡ
”‡•‹†‡–ƒ†‹•‡š‡” ‹•‡†„›Š‹‡‹–Š‡”†‹”‡ –Ž›‘” ƒ† ‹– ‹• ‡š‡” ‹•‡† „› Š‹ ‡‹–Š‡” †‹”‡ –Ž› ‘” –Š”‘—‰Š
–Š”‘—‰Šofficer’s•—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡–‘Š‹‹ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡ officer’s •—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡ –‘ Š‹ ‹ ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡ ™‹–Š –Š‹•
™‹–Š–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ȋ”–‹ Ž‡ͷ͵ȌǤ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ȋ”–‹ Ž‡ͳͷͶȌǤ
Š‡’”‡•‹†‡–Šƒ•–‘ƒ –‹ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡™‹–Šƒ‹†ƒ† Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”Šƒ•–‘ƒ –‹ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡™‹–Šƒ‹†ƒ†ƒ†˜‹ ‡
ƒ†˜‹ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž ‘ˆ ‹‹•–‡”• Š‡ƒ†‡† „› –Š‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•Š‡ƒ†‡†„›–Š‡ǡ‡š ‡’–Š‹•
’”‹‡‹‹•–‡”ȋ”–‹ Ž‡͹ͶȌǤ †‹• ”‡–‹‘ƒ”›ˆ— –‹‘•ȋ”–‹ Ž‡ͳ͸͵ȌǤ

THE PRESIDENT OF INDIA

Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‹• –Š‡Š‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ–ƒ–‡Ǥ ‡‹• –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‹–‹œ‡ ‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ†‹• ƒ•›„‘Ž‘ˆ•‘Ž‹†ƒ”‹–›ǡ—‹–›ǡƒ†
‹–‡‰”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
IMPEACHMENT
• Reason for Impeachment: The President can be removed for ‘violation of the Constitution’.
• Impeachment Resolution: – ƒ„‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†„›‡‹–Š‡” ‘—•‡‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ǤŠ‡•‡ Šƒ”‰‡••Š‘—Ž†„‡•‹‰‡†„›
‘‡Ǧfourth members of the House (that framed the charges), and a 14 days’ notice should be given to the President.
• 2/3rd majority of the total membership in the first House (where the process has been initiated): ˆ–‡”–Š‡
‹’‡ƒ Š‡–”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‹•’ƒ••‡†„›ƒƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–™‘Ǧ–Š‹”†•‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ‡„‡”•Š‹’‘ˆ–Šƒ– ‘—•‡ǡ‹–‹••‡––‘–Š‡
‘–Š‡” ‘—•‡ǡ™Š‹ Š•Š‘—Ž†‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡ Šƒ”‰‡•Ǥ
• 2/3rd majority of the total membership in the second House: Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‹•”‡‘˜‡†ˆ”‘‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡
†ƒ–‡–Š‡‹’‡ƒ Š‡–”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‹•’ƒ••‡†‹ˆ–Š‡‘–Š‡” ‘—•‡ƒŽ•‘—’Š‘Ž†•–Š‡ƒŽŽ‡‰ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†˜‘–‡•‹ˆƒ˜‘”‘ˆ‹–„›
ƒƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–™‘Ǧ–Š‹”†•‘ˆ‹–•‡„‡”•Ǥ
ISSUES WITH IMPEACHMENT
• Term ‘violation of constitution’ is a very vague term & has not been defined anywhere in the constitution’.
• Ž‡ –‡†‡„‡”•‘ˆŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ••‡„Ž‹‡•Šƒ˜‡‘”‘Ž‡–‘’Žƒ›‹‹’‡ƒ Š‡–’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒ”‘Ž‡
‹‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ
• ‘‹ƒ–‡†‡„‡”•‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Šƒ˜‡–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘˜‘–‡‹ ƒ•‡‘ˆ‹’‡ƒ Š‡–ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‘˜‘–‹‰”‹‰Š–‹‡Ž‡ –‹‘
‘ˆ”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ
• ”‘ ‡†—”‡Ƭƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡ Šƒ”‰‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Šƒ˜‡‘–„‡‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†‘”ƒ›†‡ˆ‹‹–‡–‹‡
’‡”‹‘†Šƒ•„‡‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†Ǥ

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USA IMPEACHMENT INDIA IMPEACHMENT

Grounds ”‡ƒ•‘ǡ”‹„‡”›ǡ‘”‘–Š‡”Š‹‰Š ”‹‡•ƒ†‹•†‡‡ƒ‘”•Ǥ ‹‘Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘

Voting ‹’Ž‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—•‡‘ˆ‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ ʹȀ͵”†‘ˆ–‘–ƒŽ‡„‡”•Š‹’‘ˆ

’‡ ‹ƒŽƒŒ‘”‹–›‹–Š‡•‡ƒ–‡‹•”‡“—‹”‡†Ǥ ‡ƒ Š ‘—•‡Ǥ

Houses Involved ‘—•‡‘ˆ‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•ƒ†‡ƒ–‡ ‘ƒ„Šƒƒ†ƒŒ›ƒƒ„Šƒ

Initiation › ‡„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—•‡ ‘ˆ ‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ƒ ’‡ƒ Š‡– Šƒ”‰‡• ƒ „‡
‹–”‘†— ‡ƒ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ‹’‡ƒ Š‡– ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡† „› ‡‹–Š‡” ‘—•‡ ‘ˆ
ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–

Examples Š”‡‡  ”‡•‹†‡–• †”‡™ ‘Š•‘ ‹ ͳͺ͸ͺǡ ǡ ‹ŽŽ ‘–‹ †‹ƒ
Ž‹–‘‹ͳͻͻͺƬ‘ƒŽ†”—’‹ʹͲͳͻǡ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›™‡”‡
‹’‡ƒ Š‡†„›–Š‡ ‘—•‡„—–ƒ “—‹––‡†„›–Š‡‡ƒ–‡Ǥ

CRITICISM OF THE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT

• Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‹•„‘—†„›–Š‡ƒ‹†ƒ†ƒ†˜‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•Ǥ
• ”–‹ Ž‡͵ͷʹǡ͵ͷ͸ƒ†͵͸Ͳ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ‘ˆ‡”•—’‘–Š‡”‡•‹†‡––Š‡’‘™‡”–‘†‡ Žƒ”‡‡‡”‰‡ ›ǡƒ†–Š‹•
•‘Ǧ ƒŽŽ‡†’‘™‡”–‘†‡ Žƒ”‡‘”’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‡‡‡”‰‡ ›‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡™‹†‡Ž›ƒ„—•‡†‘”˜‹‘Žƒ–‡†’”‘˜‹•‹‘•Ǥ
• Misuse of the power to promulgate ordinance:
o ‡ ƒŒ‘” ‹••—‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”†‹ƒ ‡ ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’”‡•‹†‡– ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› †‘‡•̵– ‡š‡” ‹•‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ †‹• ”‡–‹‘ǡ –Š‡
’”‡•‹†‡–‘Ž›’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‡•–Š‡ǡ‹–‹•–Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž‹‹•–‡”•™Š‘‹”‡ƒŽ‹–›†‡ ‹†‡‹ˆ–Š‡‘”†‹ƒ ‡‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽǤ
Š‹•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹•–‡”•ƒ›ƒ––‹‡•Ž‡†–‘ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”‹‡••Ǥ
o Š‡ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ †‘̵– •’‡ ‹ˆ› ƒ› ƒš‹— Ž‹‹– ‘ˆ ‘”†‹ƒ ‡• ™Š‹ Š ƒ „‡ ’ƒ••‡† „› –Š‡
’”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–‹‡ǤŠ‹•Žƒ ‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ›Ž‡ƒ†–‘–Š‡’”‡•‹†‡––‘’ƒ••ƒ•ƒ›‘”†‹ƒ ‡•ƒ•
Š‡™‹•Š‡•—†‡”–Š‡ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•–Šƒ––Š‡’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–‹•‘–‹•‡••‹‘ƒ†–Š‡‡ ‡••‹–›‘ˆƒ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ƒ –‹‘
‹•‡–Ǥ
o Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹••—‡‘”’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘”†‹ƒ ‡•ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘–Š‡”‡Ǧ’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘”†‹ƒ ‡•ǡ–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘
‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡›•Š‘—Ž†„‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ‘”— ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ƒ†‡„ƒ–‡™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•„‡‡‰‘‹‰‘ˆ‘”“—‹–‡•‘‡–‹‡Ǥ
Krishna Kumar Singh vs State of Bihar (2017)– –Š‹• ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡’‡š ‘—”–Š‡Ž†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡Ǧ’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ
‘”†‹ƒ ‡‹•ƒˆ”ƒ—†‘–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†ƒŽ•‘”—Ž‡†–Šƒ––Š‡•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ƒ† ‘˜‡”‘”™Š‹Ž‡
‹••—‹‰ƒ‘”†‹ƒ ‡‹••—„Œ‡ ––‘Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™Ǥ
RC Cooper Case 1970ǣ—’”‡‡‘—”–‹‘‘’‡”˜•Ǥ‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒȋͳͻ͹ͲȌŠ‡Ž†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡•‹†‡–̵•†‡ ‹•‹‘–‘
’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‡ ‘”†‹ƒ ‡ ‘—Ž† „‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‰”‘—†• –Šƒ– ̵‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ ƒ –‹‘̵ ™ƒ• ‘– ”‡“—‹”‡†ǡ ƒ† –Š‡
‘”†‹ƒ ‡Šƒ†„‡‡‹••—‡†’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›–‘„›’ƒ••†‡„ƒ–‡ƒ††‹• —••‹‘‹–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ
D C Wadhwa vs State of Bihar (1987): Š‡ ‘—”– Šƒ†Š‡Ž† –Šƒ– •— ‡••‹˜‡ ‡Ǧ’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡‘”†‹ƒ ‡•
Šƒ˜‹‰–Š‡•ƒ‡–‡š–•ƒ†™‹–Š‘—–ƒ––‡’–‹‰–‘’ƒ••–Š‡„‹ŽŽ•™‹ŽŽƒ‘—––‘ƒ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ

THE VICE PRESIDENT OF INDIA

Š‡‹ ‡Ǧ”‡•‹†‡–‘ —’‹‡•–Š‡•‡ ‘†Š‹‰Š‡•–‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǤŠ‹•‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‹•‘†‡Ž‡†‘–Š‡Ž‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡”‹ ƒ
‹ ‡Ǧ”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
Article Subject
63 Š‡‹ ‡Ǧ”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒǣŠ‡”‡•ŠƒŽŽ„‡ƒ‹ ‡Ǧ”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ
64 Š‡‹ ‡Ǧ”‡•‹†‡––‘„‡‡š‘ˆˆ‹ ‹‘Šƒ‹”ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ–ƒ–‡•ǣŠ‡‹ ‡Ǧ”‡•‹†‡–•ŠƒŽŽ„‡‡š‘ˆˆ‹ ‹‘
Šƒ‹”ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ–‡•ƒ†•ŠƒŽŽ‘–Š‘Ž†ƒ›‘–Š‡”‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ’”‘ˆ‹–Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
POWERS & FUNCTIONS OF VICE- PRESIDENT
Ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha: ‡ƒ –•ƒ•–Š‡ Right of the Chairman to interpret the Constitution
‡šǦ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹‘Šƒ‹”ƒ‘ˆƒŒ›ƒƒ„ŠƒǤ ‹•”‘Ž‡ƒ•–Š‡ and Rules:
Šƒ‹”ƒƒ”‡ǣ –‹•–Š‡”‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ‹”ƒ–‘‹–‡”’”‡––Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†
• As Presiding Officer of the House: • –Š‡ ”—Ž‡• •‘ ˆƒ” ƒ• ƒ––‡”• ‹ ‘” ”‡Žƒ–‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‘—•‡ ƒ”‡
”‡•‹†‹‰ ˆˆ‹ ‡”ǡ –Š‡ Šƒ‹”ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒŒ›ƒ ‘ ‡”‡†ǡ ƒ† ‘ ‘‡ ƒ ‡–‡” ‹–‘ ƒ› ƒ”‰—‡– ‘”
ƒ„Šƒ ‹• –Š‡ — ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡† ‰—ƒ”†‹ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘–”‘˜‡”•›™‹–Š–Š‡Šƒ‹”ƒ‘˜‡”•— Š‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘
’”‡•–‹‰‡ƒ††‹‰‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—•‡Ǥ • Maintenance of Order in the House: ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ
• ‡‡•—”‡•–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—•‡ƒ”‡ ‘”†‡”‹–Š‡ ‘—•‡‹•ƒˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ†—–›‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ‹”ƒ
‘†— –‡† ‹ ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ƒ† Š‡ Šƒ• „‡‡ ‹˜‡•–‡† ™‹–Š ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ‡ ‡••ƒ”›
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘•ǡ ”—Ž‡•ǡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ† †‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”›’‘™‡”•—†‡”–Š‡”—Ž‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡’—”’‘•‡Ǥ
‘˜‡–‹‘•ƒ†–Šƒ–†‡ ‘”—‹•ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†‹ • References by the Chairman: – ‹• —•–‘ƒ”› ˆ‘” –Š‡
–Š‡ ‘—•‡Ǥ • –Š‡ ”‹ ‹’ƒŽ ’‘‡•ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Šƒ‹”ƒ–‘ƒ‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹–Š‡ ‘—•‡‘
‘—•‡ǣ Š‡ Šƒ‹”ƒ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ ’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ •‘Ž‡‘ ƒ•‹‘•Ž‹‡ƒ‹˜‡”•ƒ”›‘ˆ‹˜‡”•ƒŽ‡ Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘
•’‘‡•ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—•‡ ƒ† ”‡’”‡•‡–• ‹–• ‘ˆ —ƒ ‹‰Š–• „› ǤǤǡ ƒ”–›”• ƒ›ǡ —‹– †‹ƒ ƒ›ǡ
‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡˜‘‹ ‡–‘–Š‡‘—–•‹†‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ ƒ‹˜‡”•ƒ”›‘ˆ„‘„‹‰‘ˆ ‹”‘•Š‹ƒǡƒ‰ƒ•ƒ‹ǡ‡– Ǥ
• Casting of Vote by the Chairman: †‡” –Š‡ • Powers relating to Bills passed in Rajya Sabha: Š‡
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ Šƒ‹”ƒ ‡š‡” ‹•‡• ‘Ž› ƒ Šƒ‹”ƒ‹•‡’‘™‡”‡†—†‡”–Š‡”—Ž‡•–‘ ‘””‡ –’ƒ–‡–
ƒ•–‹‰˜‘–‡‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ˜‘–‡• ‡””‘”•‹ƒ‹ŽŽƒˆ–‡”‹–Šƒ•„‡‡’ƒ••‡†„›–Š‡ ‘—•‡ƒ†–‘
• Powers and Duties of the Chairman, as laid ƒ‡•— Š‘–Š‡” Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡‹ŽŽ ‘•‡“—‡–‹ƒŽ‘–Š‡
down by the Constitution of India: ‡ ‹• ƒ‡†‡–•ƒ ‡’–‡†„›–Š‡ ‘—•‡Ǥ
‡’‘™‡”‡†–‘ƒ†Œ‘—”–Š‡ ‘—•‡‘”–‘•—•’‡† • Powers relating to the Rajya Sabha Secretariat and
‹–••‹––‹‰‹–Š‡‡˜‡–‘ˆƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆ“—‘”—Ǥ Precincts of Rajya Sabha: Š‡ ƒŒ›ƒ ƒ„Šƒ ‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹ƒ–
Role in the Deliberations of the House: ˆ— –‹‘•—†‡”–Š‡ ‘–”‘Žƒ††‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ‹”ƒǤ
• Š‡ Šƒ‹”ƒ †‘‡• ‘– –ƒ‡ ’ƒ”– ‹ –Š‡ †‹••‹‘ –‘ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‰ƒŽŽ‡”‹‡• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ”‡•• ƒŽŽ‡”›ǡ ‹•
†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—•‡ ‡š ‡’– ‹ –Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‡†—†‡”–Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ‹”ƒǤ
†‹• Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆŠ‹•†—–‹‡•ƒ•–Š‡”‡•‹†‹‰ˆˆ‹ ‡”Ǥ • Duties conferred on the Chairman: ‘‡ •–ƒ–—–‡• ƒŽ•‘
• ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘ ƒ ’‘‹– ‘ˆ ‘”†‡” ”ƒ‹•‡† ‘” ‘ Š‹• ‘ˆ‡” †—–‹‡• ‘ –Š‡ Šƒ‹”ƒǤ ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ ”—Ž‡• ƒ†‡
‘™ǡŠ‡ƒ›ƒ††”‡••–Š‡ ‘—•‡ƒ–ƒ›–‹‡‘ƒ —†‡”–Š‡ƒŽƒ”›ǡŽŽ‘™ƒ ‡•ƒ†‡•‹‘‘ˆ‡„‡”•‘ˆ
ƒ––‡” —†‡” ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒ ˜‹‡™ –‘ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–  –ǡ ͳͻͷͶǡ †‘ ‘– –ƒ‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ – —–‹Ž –Š‡› ƒ”‡
ƒ••‹•–‹‰‡„‡”•‹–Š‡‹”†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ’’”‘˜‡†ƒ† ‘ˆ‹”‡†„›–Š‡Šƒ‹”ƒƒ†–Š‡’‡ƒ‡”Ǥ
• Powers Conferred on the Chairman under Acting President:
the Rules of Procedure of the Rajya Sabha: • ‡ƒ –•ƒ•”‡•‹†‡–™Š‡ƒ˜ƒ ƒ ›‘ —”•‹–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ
ƒ”‹‘—•’‘™‡”•ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ‡””‡†‘–Š‡Šƒ‹”ƒ –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡– †—‡ –‘ Š‹• ”‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ ”‡‘˜ƒŽǡ †‡ƒ–Š ‘”
—†‡”–Š‡—Ž‡•‘ˆ”‘ ‡†—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŒ›ƒƒ„Šƒ ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡Ǥ
‹ ‘‡ –‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—•‡ǡ • ‡ ƒƒ –ƒ•”‡•‹†‡–‘Ž›ˆ‘”ƒƒš‹—’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ•‹š
‘‹––‡‡• ƒ† •— Š ‘–Š‡” ƒ––‡”• ƒ• ‘–Š•™‹–Š‹™Š‹ Šƒ‡™”‡•‹†‡–Šƒ•–‘„‡‡Ž‡ –‡†Ǥ
“—‡•–‹‘•ǡ ƒŽŽ‹‰ ƒ––‡–‹‘ǡ ‘–‹‘•ǡ • —”‹‰–Š‹•’‡”‹‘†ǡ–Š‡‹ ‡Ǧ”‡•‹†‡–Šƒ•ƒŽŽ–Š‡’‘™‡”•ǡ
”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǡƒ‡†‡–•–‘‹ŽŽ•ǡƒ—–Š‡–‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‹—‹–‹‡• ƒ† ’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡– ƒ† ”‡ ‡‹˜‡•
‘ˆ‹ŽŽ•ǡ’‡–‹–‹‘•ǡ’ƒ’‡”•–‘„‡Žƒ‹†‘–Š‡ƒ„Ž‡ǡ ‡‘Ž—‡–•ƒ†ƒŽŽ‘™ƒ ‡•’ƒ›ƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ
’‡”•‘ƒŽ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘•ǡ‡– Ǥ
ELECTIONS OF PRESIDENT & VICE-PRESIDENT
Comparison of election of president & vice president:
Election of President Election of Vice-President
Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‘•‹•–Ž›‡Ž‡ –‡†‡„‡”•ˆ”‘‘ Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ ‘•‹•– „‘–Š ‡Ž‡ –‡† ƒ† ‘‹ƒ–‡†
ƒ„Šƒ Ϊ ƒŒ›ƒ ƒ„Šƒ Ϊ ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ••‡„Ž‹‡• ‘ˆ –ƒ–‡ Ϊ ‡„‡”•ˆ”‘‘ƒ„ŠƒΪƒŒ›ƒƒ„Šƒ‘Ž›Ǥ
‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ••‡„Ž‹‡•‘ˆ•ȋ‡ŽŠ‹ƒ†—†— Š‡””›‘Ž›Ȍ
Ž‡ –‡† ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ••‡„Ž‹‡• ƒ”‡ š Ž—†‡–Š‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ••‡„Ž‹‡•Ǥ
‹ Ž—†‡†

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TERM, QUALIFICATION & REMOVAL OF THE PRESIDENT AND THE VICE PRESIDENT

President Vice – President

‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡ ‹–‹œ‡‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ ‘’Ž‡–‡† ‡ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ ‹–‹œ‡ ‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ ‘’Ž‡–‡† ͵ͷ
Qualification ͵ͷ›‡ƒ”•‘ˆƒ‰‡ǡ“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡†ˆ‘”‡Ž‡ –‹‘ƒ•ƒ ›‡ƒ”•‘ˆƒ‰‡ǡ“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡†ˆ‘”‡Ž‡ –‹‘ƒ•ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ
‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘ƒ„Šƒ –Š‡ƒŒ›ƒƒ„ŠƒǤ

Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ‡‹–Š‡” ‘—•‡ Š‘—Ž† ‘– „‡ ƒ ‡„‡” ‘ˆ ‡‹–Š‡” ‘—•‡ ‘ˆ
‘ˆ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ‘” ƒ ‘—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ‘” ƒ ‘—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡
Conditions of office
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Š‘—Ž†‘–Š‘Ž†ƒ›‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ Š‘—Ž† ‘– Š‘Ž† ƒ› ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ‘ˆ ’”‘ˆ‹– —†‡” –Š‡
’”‘ˆ‹–—†‡”–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
Term ͷ›‡ƒ”• ͷ›‡ƒ”•
Resignation ‘‹ ‡”‡•‹†‡– ‘”‡•‹†‡–

‡ ƒ „‡ ”‡‘˜‡† „› ƒ ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ ‹–”‘†— ‡†

› ƒ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ‹’‡ƒ Š‡– ˆ‘”
Removal ƒ†’ƒ••‡†„›‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‹ƒŒ›ƒƒ„Šƒ
‘violation of the Constitution.
ƒ†•‹’Ž‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‹‘ƒ„ŠƒǤ
Re-election Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ˆ‘””‡Ǧ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ˆ‘””‡Ǧ‡Ž‡ –‹‘
THE GOVERNOR OF STATE
• Š‡head of the state is the governorƒ†–Š‡executive power of the state is vested in him.
• ‡‹•appointed by the president of India™Š‘Š‘Ž†•–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡†—”‹‰–Š‡pleasure of the president.
• Appointment (Article 155): ‡‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‡†„›–Š‡’”‡•‹†‡–„›™ƒ””ƒ–—†‡”Š‹•Šƒ†ƒ†•‡ƒŽǤ ƒ™ƒ›ǡŠ‡‹•ƒ
‘‹‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
TERM OF GOVERNOR (ARTICLE 156)
• ‰‘˜‡”‘”Š‘Ž†•‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‡”‘ˆˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•Ǣ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‹•–‡”‘ˆˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•‹••—„Œ‡ ––‘–Š‡’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡
”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ
• ‡ ƒ”‡•‹‰ƒ–ƒ›–‹‡„›ƒ††”‡••‹‰ƒ”‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ž‡––‡”–‘–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ
•  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ǡ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–̵•’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡‹•‘–Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡”‡‹•‘–‡”Ž‹‹–ƒ†‘–‡—”‡•‡ —”‹–›ˆ‘”–Š‡
‰‘˜‡”‘”Ǥ
• Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘†‘‡•‘–Žƒ›†‘™ƒ›‰”‘—†•—’‘™Š‹ Šƒ‰‘˜‡”‘”ƒ›„‡”‡‘˜‡†„›–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ
QUALIFICATION (ARTICLE 157)]
• Provided in Constitution: ‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ ‹–‹œ‡‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ†Š‡•Š‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡†–Š‡ƒ‰‡‘ˆ͵ͷ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ
• Two Conventions developed regarding appointment of governor:
o ‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ‘—–•‹†‡”ǡ–Šƒ–‹•ǡŠ‡•Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡Ž‘‰–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡™Š‡”‡Š‡‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‡†ǡ•‘–Šƒ–Š‡‹•‡—–”ƒŽ–‘
Ž‘ ƒŽ’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ
o ‘”†‡”–‘‡•—”‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡̵• ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽƒ Š‹‡”›ǡ–Š‡’”‡•‹†‡–‹•‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‡†–‘
‘•—Ž––Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ‹‹•–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†•–ƒ–‡„‡ˆ‘”‡ Š‘‘•‹‰–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‘”Ǥ
• Other conditions (similar to President):
o ‡•Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ‡‹–Š‡”Š‘—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–‘”Š‘—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ
o ‡•Š‘—Ž†‘–Š‘Ž†ƒ›‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ’”‘ˆ‹–—†‡”–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
NOMINATED V/S ELECTED GOVERNOR

Arguments For Nominated Governor Arguments For Elected Governor

• Š‡†‹”‡ –‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”‹•‹ ‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡™‹–Š • ‡‹‰ƒ‘—–•‹†‡”ǡŠ‡ƒ›‘–„‡ƒ™ƒ”‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡
–Š‡’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›•›•–‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ —Ž–—”‡ǡŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–—”‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡
• Š‡ ‘†‡ ‘ˆ †‹”‡ – ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ‹• ‘”‡ Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ •–ƒ–‡Ǥ
‘ˆŽ‹ –•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”ƒ†–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ‹‹•–‡”Ǥ • Š‡”‡‹•‡“—ƒŽŽ‹‡Ž‹Š‘‘†‘ˆˆ”‹ –‹‘‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ
‘‹ƒ–‡†‰‘˜‡”‘”•Ǥ

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• Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”„‡‹‰‘Ž›ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽȋ‘‹ƒŽȌŠ‡ƒ†ǡ • ‘‹ƒ–‡† ‰‘˜‡”‘”• ˜‹‘Žƒ–‡ –Š‡ –”—‡ •’‹”‹– ‘ˆ
–Š‡”‡‹•‘ ’‘‹– ‹ ƒ‹‰‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–•ˆ‘” ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•Ǥ
Š‹•‡Ž‡ –‹‘ƒ†•’‡†‹‰Š—‰‡ƒ‘—–•‘ˆ‘‡›Ǥ • ƒ••”‡‘˜ƒŽ• ƒ„‡ƒ˜‘‹†‡†Ǥ
•  ‡Ž‡ –‡† ‘˜‡”‘” ™‘—Ž† ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ› „‡Ž‘‰ –‘ ƒ ’ƒ”–› • ’’‘‹–‡†‰‘˜‡”‘”•ƒ›–”›–‘†‡•–ƒ„‹Ž‹œ‡•–ƒ–‡
ƒ†™‘—Ž†‘–„‡ƒ‡—–”ƒŽ’‡”•‘ƒ†ƒ‹’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŠ‡ƒ†Ǥ ‰‘˜‡”‡–•—†‡”‹•–”— –‹‘•ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‡–‡”Ǥ
• Š‡ •›•–‡ ‘ˆ ”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ ‘‹ƒ–‹‘ ‡ƒ„Ž‡• –Š‡ • ƒŒ Šƒ˜ƒ –‡†• –‘ „‡ ‘‡ ƒ ”‡Šƒ„‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘
‡–”‡–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹–• ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ ‡–‡”Ƭ‘ˆ–‡—•‡†ˆ‘”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Š‡  ™‘—Ž† Ž‹‡ Š‹• ‘‹‡‡ –‘ ‘–‡•– ˆ‘”
‰‘˜‡”‘”•Š‹’Ǥ ‡ ‡ǡ ƒ •‡ ‘†Ǧ”ƒ–‡ ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”—Ž‹‰
’ƒ”–›‹•‡Ž‡ –‡†ƒ• ‘˜‡”‘”Ǥ
POWERS OF PRESIDENT & GOVERNOR
EXECUTIVE POWERS:
President Governor
ŽŽ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ –‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ”‡ ŽŽ ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ ƒ –‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‘ˆ ƒ •–ƒ–‡ ƒ”‡
ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›–ƒ‡‹Š‹•ƒ‡Ǥ ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›–ƒ‡‹Š‹•ƒ‡
‡ ƒ’’‘‹–• –Š‡ ’”‹‡ ‹‹•–‡” ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‡ƒ’’‘‹–•–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ‹‹•–‡”ƒ†‘–Š‡”‹‹•–‡”•ǤŠ‡›
‹‹•–‡”•ǤŠ‡›Š‘Ž†‘ˆˆ‹ ‡†—”‹‰Š‹•’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡Ǥ ƒŽ•‘ Š‘Ž† ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ †—”‹‰ Š‹• ’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡Ǥ ‡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ’’‘‹–•
”‹„ƒŽ ‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‹‹•–‡”• ‹ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ ŠŠƒ––‹•‰ƒ”Šǡ
Šƒ”Šƒ†ǡƒ†Š›ƒ”ƒ†‡•Šƒ††‹•ŠƒǤ
‡ ƒ’’‘‹–• –Š‡ ƒ––‘”‡› ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ƒ† ‡ ƒ’’‘‹–• –Š‡ ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‘ˆ ƒ •–ƒ–‡ ƒ†
†‡–‡”‹‡• Š‹• ”‡—‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ƒ––‘”‡› ‰‡‡”ƒŽ †‡–‡”‹‡•Š‹•”‡—‡”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŠ‘Ž†•
Š‘Ž†•‘ˆˆ‹ ‡†—”‹‰–Š‡’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡†—”‹‰–Š‡’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‘”
‡ƒ’’‘‹–•–Š‡ ǡ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘‡” ‡ ƒ’’‘‹–• –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘‡” ƒ†
ƒ†‘–Š‡”‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘‡”•ǡ–Š‡ Šƒ‹”ƒƒ† †‡–‡”‹‡•Š‹• ‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ•‡”˜‹ ‡ƒ†–‡—”‡‘ˆ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡ
‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ǡ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‘”• ‘ˆ •–ƒ–‡•ǡ –Š‡ ‡ ƒ’’‘‹–• Šƒ‹”ƒ ƒ† ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ’—„Ž‹ 
Šƒ‹”ƒƒ†‡„‡”•‘ˆˆ‹ƒ ‡ ‘‹••‹‘‡– Ǥ •‡”˜‹ ‡ ‘‹••‹‘Ǥ
‡ ƒƒ’’‘‹–ƒ ‘‹••‹‘–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡‹–‘–Š‡ ‡ ƒ”‡ ‘‡†–Š‡‹’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ
‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ•ǡ•ƒ†‘–Š‡”„ƒ ™ƒ”† Žƒ••‡•Ǥ ‡‡”‰‡ ›‹ƒ•–ƒ–‡–‘–Š‡’”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ
‡ ƒ ƒ’’‘‹– ƒ ‹–‡”Ǧ•–ƒ–‡ ‘— ‹Ž –‘ ’”‘‘–‡ ‡ƒ –•ƒ•–Š‡ Šƒ ‡ŽŽ‘”‘ˆ —‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ ‡
‡–”‡–•–ƒ–‡ƒ†‹–‡”•–ƒ–‡ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡†‹”‡ –Ž› ƒŽ•‘ ƒ’’‘‹–• –Š‡ ˜‹ ‡Ǧ Šƒ ‡ŽŽ‘”• ‘ˆ —‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡• ‹ –Š‡
ƒ†‹‹•–‡”• –Š‡ —‹‘ –‡””‹–‘”‹‡• –Š”‘—‰Š •–ƒ–‡Ǥ
ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‘”•ƒ’’‘‹–‡†„›Š‹
‡ Šƒ• –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› –‘ †‡•‹‰ƒ–‡ ƒ› ’Žƒ ‡ ƒ• ƒ Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Šƒ••’‡ ‹ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•™‹–Š
• Š‡†—Ž‡†ƒ”‡ƒƒ†–‘‘˜‡”•‡‡–Š‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ”‡•’‡ ––‘–”‹„ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡• Š‡†—Ž‡†ƒ”‡ƒ—†‡”
„‘–Š• Š‡†—Ž‡†ƒ†–”‹„ƒŽ–‡””‹–‘”‹‡•Ǥ –Š‡ˆ‹ˆ–Š• Š‡†—Ž‡Ǥ
LEGISLATIVE POWERS:
President Governor
‡ ƒ •—‘ ‘” ’”‘”‘‰—‡ –Š‡ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ƒ† ‡ ƒ •—‘ ‘” ’”‘”‘‰—‡ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ ƒ†
†‹••‘Ž˜‡ –Š‡ ‘ ƒ„ŠƒǤ ‡ ƒ ƒŽ•‘ •—‘ ƒ Œ‘‹– †‹••‘Ž˜‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ••‡„Ž›Ǥ
•‹––‹‰‘ˆ„‘–Š–Š‡ ‘—•‡•‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ
‡ ƒƒ††”‡••–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ––Š‡ ‘‡ ‡‡– ‡ ƒ ƒ††”‡•• –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ ƒ– –Š‡
‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•‡••‹‘ ƒˆ–‡”‡ƒ Š ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ƒ†ƒ– ‘‡ ‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– •‡••‹‘ ƒˆ–‡” ‡ƒ Š ‰‡‡”ƒŽ
–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•‡••‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ Š›‡ƒ”Ǥ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ƒ†–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•‡••‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ Š›‡ƒ”Ǥ
‡ ‘‹ƒ–‡• ͳʹ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒŒ›ƒ ƒ„Šƒ ˆ”‘ ‡ ‘‹ƒ–‡• ‘‡Ǧ•‹š–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡
ƒ‘‰•– ’‡”•‘• Šƒ˜‹‰ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘” Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ‘— ‹Žˆ”‘ƒ‘‰•–’‡”•‘•Šƒ˜‹‰•’‡ ‹ƒŽ
’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‹ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ • ‹‡ ‡ǡ ƒ”– ƒ† ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘”’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ• ‹‡ ‡ǡ
•‘ ‹ƒŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡Ǥ ƒ”–ǡ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‘˜‡‡–ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡Ǥ
‡ ƒ‘‹ƒ–‡–™‘‡„‡”•–‘–Š‡‘ƒ„Šƒˆ”‘ ‡ ƒ› ‘‹ƒ–‡ ‘‡ ‰Ž‘Ǧ †‹ƒ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡
–Š‡ ‰Ž‘Ǧ †‹ƒ ‘—‹–› ȋŽ‡ƒ•‡ •‡‡ ‘–‡ ‰‹˜‡ •–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ƒ••‡„Ž›ǤȋŽ‡ƒ•‡•‡‡‘–‡‰‹˜‡„‡Ž‘™
„‡Ž‘™–Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡ȌǤ –Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡Ȍ

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‡ †‡ ‹†‡• ‘ “—‡•–‹‘• ƒ• –‘ †‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‡†‡ ‹†‡•‘–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡„‡”•
‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ǡ ‹ ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡‹ ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘
Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘Ǥ ‘‹••‹‘Ǥ
‹•’”‹‘””‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘‘”’‡”‹••‹‘‹•‡‡†‡†–‘ ‡ ƒ•‡†‡••ƒ‰‡•–‘–Š‡Š‘—•‡‘”Š‘—•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡
‹–”‘†— ‡ ‡”–ƒ‹–›’‡•‘ˆ„‹ŽŽ•‹–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ǡ™‹–Š”‡•’‡ ––‘ƒ„‹ŽŽ’‡†‹‰‹–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡
‘” ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ ȋ‹‹Žƒ” ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡– ™”–
’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›„‹ŽŽȌǤ
‡ ƒƒ‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡’‡ƒ ‡ǡ’”‘‰”‡••ƒ† ‡ ƒ’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‡‘”†‹ƒ ‡•™Š‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡
‰‘‘† ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ †ƒƒ ƒ† ‹ ‘„ƒ” ‹• ‘– ‹ •‡••‹‘Ǥ ȋŠ‡ ”‡•‹†‡– ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‡•
•Žƒ†•ǡ ƒ•Šƒ†™‡‡’ǡ ƒ†”ƒ ƒ† ƒ‰ƒ” ƒ˜‡Ž‹ ƒ† ‘”†‹ƒ ‡™Š‡’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–‹•‘–‹•‡••‹‘ȌǤ
ƒƒƒ†‹—Ǥ
‡–‘ ’‘™‡”• ™‹–Š ”‡‰ƒ”†• –‘ •–ƒ–‡ ƒ† ‡–”ƒŽ ‡–‘‘™‡”™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
‡ Žƒ›• –Š‡ ”‡’‘”–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘’–”‘ŽŽ‡” ƒ† —†‹–‘” ‡Žƒ›•–Š‡”‡’‘”–•‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ–‡ ‹ƒ ‡‘‹••‹‘ǡ–Š‡
‡‡”ƒŽǡ ‹‘ —„Ž‹  ‡”˜‹ ‡ ‘‹••‹‘ǡ ‹ƒ ‡ –ƒ–‡—„Ž‹ ‡”˜‹ ‡‘‹••‹‘ƒ†–Š‡‘’–”‘ŽŽ‡”ƒ†
‘‹••‹‘ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”•ǡ„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– —†‹–‘”Ǧ ‡‡”ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ ‘—–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ǡ
„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ
NOTE: In January 2020, The Anglo-Indian Reserved Seats In The Parliament And State Legislatures Of India
Were Discontinued By The 126th Constitutional Amendment Bill Of 2019, When Enacted As The 104th
Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019.
FINANCIAL POWERS
President Governor
‘‡› „‹ŽŽ• ƒ „‡ ‹–”‘†— ‡† ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ‘Ž› ‘‡›„‹ŽŽ• ƒ„‡‹–”‘†— ‡†‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡
™‹–ŠŠ‹•’”‹‘””‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘Ž›™‹–ŠŠ‹•’”‹‘””‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
‡ ‹• –‘ Žƒ› „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– –Š‡ ƒ—ƒŽ ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ‡ •‡‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ —ƒŽ ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ –ƒ–‡‡– ȋ•–ƒ–‡
•–ƒ–‡‡–ȋ–Š‡‹‘—†‰‡–ȌǤ „—†‰‡–Ȍ‹•Žƒ‹†„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ
‘†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ‰”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„Šƒ ƒ„‡ƒ†‡™‹–Š‘—– ‘ †‡ƒ† ˆ‘” ƒ ‰”ƒ– ‹ –Š‡ ‹†Šƒ ƒ„Šƒ ƒ „‡
Š‹•”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ƒ†‡™‹–Š‘—–Š‹•”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
‡ ƒ ƒ‡ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡• ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘–‹‰‡ › ˆ—† ‘ˆ ‡ ƒƒ‡ƒ†˜ƒ ‡•‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡‘–‹‰‡ › —†‘ˆ
†‹ƒ–‘‡‡–ƒ›—ˆ‘”‡•‡‡‡š’‡†‹–—”‡Ǥ –Š‡•–ƒ–‡–‘‡‡–ƒ›—ˆ‘”‡•‡‡‡š’‡†‹–—”‡Ǥ
‡ ‘•–‹–—–‡• ƒ ˆ‹ƒ ‡ ‘‹••‹‘ ƒˆ–‡” ‡˜‡”› ˆ‹˜‡ ‡ ‘•–‹–—–‡• ƒ ˆ‹ƒ ‡ ‘‹••‹‘ ƒˆ–‡” ‡˜‡”› ˆ‹˜‡
›‡ƒ”• –‘ ”‡ ‘‡† –Š‡ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡˜‡—‡• ›‡ƒ”• –‘ ”‡˜‹‡™ –Š‡ ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‡–”‡ƒ†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ ’ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–•ƒ†–Š‡—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–‹‡•Ǥ
JUDICIAL POWERS
President Governor
‡ƒ’’‘‹–•–Š‡Š‹‡ˆ —•–‹ ‡ƒ†–Š‡Œ—†‰‡•‘ˆ—’”‡‡ ‡‹• ‘•—Ž–‡†„›–Š‡’”‡•‹†‡–™Š‹Ž‡ƒ’’‘‹–‹‰–Š‡
‘—”–ƒ†Š‹‰Š ‘—”–• Œ—†‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘ ‡”‡†•–ƒ–‡Š‹‰Š ‘—”–Ǥ
‡ ƒ‰”ƒ–’ƒ”†‘ǡ”‡’”‹‡˜‡ǡ”‡•’‹–‡ƒ†”‡‹••‹‘‘ˆ ‡ ƒ ’ƒ”†‘ǡ ”‡’”‹‡˜‡ǡ ”‡•’‹–‡ǡ ”‡‹–ǡ •—•’‡† ‘”
’—‹•Š‡–ǡ‘”•—•’‡†ǡ”‡‹–‘” ‘—–‡–Š‡•‡–‡ ‡ ‘—–‡ –Š‡ ’—‹•Š‡–Ȁ•‡–‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ› ’‡”•‘
‘ˆƒ›’‡”•‘ ‘˜‹ –‡†‘ˆƒ›‘ˆˆ‡•‡ ‘˜‹ –‡†‘ˆƒ›‘ˆˆ‡ ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ•–ƒ–‡Žƒ™Ǥ

OTHER POWERS OF PRESIDENT:
Diplomatic Powers Military Powers Emergency Powers
• Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ –”‡ƒ–‹‡• ƒ† • ‡‹•–Š‡•—’”‡‡ ‘ƒ†‡”‘ˆ • Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘‰‹˜‡•
ƒ‰”‡‡‡–• ƒ”‡ ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‡† ƒ† –Š‡†‡ˆ‡•‡ˆ‘” ‡•‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ –Šƒ– ‡š–”ƒ‘”†‹ƒ”›’‘™‡”•–‘
‘ Ž—†‡† ‘ „‡ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ǡŠ‡ƒ’’‘‹–•–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ•‘ˆ –Š‡”‡•‹†‡––‘
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ •—„Œ‡ – –‘ –Š‡ –Š‡ ”›ǡ –Š‡ ƒ˜› ƒ† –Š‡ ‹” ’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‡–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰
ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ ‘” ‡Ǥ –Š”‡‡–›’‡•‘ˆ
• ‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–• †‹ƒ ‹ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡‡”‰‡ ‹‡•ǣ
ˆ‘”—• ƒ† ƒˆˆƒ‹”• ƒ† •‡†• ƒ†

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”‡ ‡‹˜‡• †‹’Ž‘ƒ–• Ž‹‡ ƒ„ƒ••ƒ†‘”•ǡ • ‡ ƒ †‡ Žƒ”‡ ™ƒ” ‘” ‘ Ž—†‡ o ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡”‰‡ ›
Š‹‰Š ‘‹••‹‘‡”•ǡƒ†•‘‘Ǥ ’‡ƒ ‡ǡ •—„Œ‡ – –‘ –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ ‘ˆ ȋ”–‹ Ž‡͵ͷʹȌǢ
–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ o President’s —Ž‡ ȋ”–‹ Ž‡
͵ͷ͸Ƭ͵͸ͷȌǢ
o ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ‡”‰‡ ›
ȋ”–‹ Ž‡͵͸ͲȌǤ
PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES ENJOYED BY PRESIDENT & GOVERNOR (ARTICLE 361)
• Art. 361 (1): ”‡•‹†‡–ǡ ‘” –Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘” ‘ˆ ƒ –ƒ–‡ǡ •ŠƒŽŽ ‘– „‡ ƒ•™‡”ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ƒ› ‘—”– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡š‡” ‹•‡ ƒ†
’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‘™‡”•ƒ††—–‹‡•‘ˆŠ‹•‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‡š ‡’––Š‡’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ—–Š‘”‹œ‡†ƒ›–”‹„—ƒŽǡ ‘—”–‘”„‘†›ˆ‘”
–Š‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Šƒ”‰‡—†‡””–Ǥ͸ͳǤ
• Art. 361 (2): ‘ ”‹‹ƒŽ’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰ ƒ„‡‹•–‹–—–‡†‘” ‘–‹—‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–”‡•‹†‡–‘” ‘˜‡”‘”™Š‹Ž‡‹‘ˆˆ‹ ‡
• Art. 361 (3): ‘’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ””‡•–‘”‹’”‹•‘‡–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‘” ‘˜‡”‘”•ŠƒŽŽ„‡†‘‡„›ƒ› ‘—”–
™Š‹Ž‡‹‘ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǥ
• Art. 361 (4): ‹˜‹Ž’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ ‘˜‡”‘”‘””‡•‹†‡–ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‹‰•†‘‡„›Š‹‹Š‹•’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›
can be done only with a previous 2 months’ notice.
COMPARISON OF VETO POWER OF PRESIDENT & GOVERNOR
President Governor
• ‹–Š‡‰ƒ”†–‘”†‹ƒ”›‹ŽŽ•‘ˆ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Š‡ • ‹–Š‡‰ƒ”†–‘–Š‡”†‹ƒ”›‹ŽŽǡŠ‡ƒ›‰‹˜‡Š‹•ƒ••‡–Ȁ
ƒ› ‰‹˜‡ Š‹• ƒ••‡– Ȁ ™‹–ŠŠ‘Ž† Š‹• ƒ••‡– Ȁ ™‹–ŠŠ‘Ž†Š‹•ƒ••‡–Ȁ”‡–—”–Š‡„‹ŽŽˆ‘””‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
”‡–—” –Š‡ „‹ŽŽ ˆ‘” ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š‡ ‘—•‡•Ȁ ”‡•‡”˜‡ –Š‡ „‹ŽŽ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘—•‡•Ǥ ”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ
• Š‡ƒ•–ƒ–‡„‹ŽŽ‹•”‡•‡”˜‡†„›–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‘” • Š‡–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‘””‡•‡”˜‡•ƒ„‹ŽŽˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡–ǡ Š‡ ƒ –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡–ǡ Š‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‘– Šƒ˜‡ ƒ› ˆ—”–Š‡” ”‘Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡
‰‹˜‡ Š‹• ƒ••‡–Ȁ ™‹–ŠŠ‘Ž† Š‹• ƒ••‡–Ȁ ”‡–—” ‡ƒ –‡–‘ˆ–Š‡„‹ŽŽǤ
–Š‡„‹ŽŽˆ‘””‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—•‡•Ǥ • ˆ –Š‡ „‹ŽŽ ‹• ”‡–—”‡† „› –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡– ˆ‘” –Š‡
•  ƒ•‡‘ˆ”‡–—”‹‰ˆ‘””‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡ ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—•‡‘” ‘—•‡•ƒ†‹•’ƒ••‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ
„‹ŽŽ‹•’ƒ••‡†„›–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ†’”‡•‡–‡†–‘–Š‡ –Š‡„‹ŽŽ—•–„‡’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽƒ••‡–
’”‡•‹†‡– ˆ‘” Š‹• ƒ••‡–ǡ –Š‡ ’”‡•‹†‡– ‹• ‘– ‘Ž›‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡƒ••‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”‹•‘Ž‘‰‡””‡“—‹”‡†Ǥ
„‘—†–‘‰‹˜‡Š‹•ƒ••‡––‘–Š‡„‹ŽŽǤ
• ‹–Š ‡‰ƒ”† –‘ ‘‡› ‹ŽŽ•ǡ Š‡ ƒ› ‰‹˜‡ Š‹• • ‹–Š‡‰ƒ”†–‘‘‡›‹ŽŽ•ǡŠ‡ƒ›‰‹˜‡Š‹•ƒ••‡––‘–Š‡
ƒ••‡– –‘ –Š‡ „‹ŽŽ Ȁ ™‹–ŠŠ‘Ž† Š‹• ƒ••‡– –‘ –Š‡ „‹ŽŽ Ȁ ™‹–ŠŠ‘Ž† Š‹• ƒ••‡–Ȁ ”‡•‡”˜‡ –Š‡ „‹ŽŽ ˆ‘” –Š‡
„‹ŽŽ „—– ƒ‘– ”‡–—” ƒ ‘‡› „‹ŽŽ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡•‹†‡–„—– ƒ‘– ”‡–—”ƒ‘‡›
”‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ „‹ŽŽˆ‘”–Š‡”‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ
• Š‡ƒ‘‡›‹ŽŽ‹•”‡•‡”˜‡†„›–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘” • Š‡ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‘” ”‡•‡”˜‡• ƒ ‘‡› „‹ŽŽ ˆ‘” –Š‡
ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ǡŠ‡ƒ› ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ǡŠ‡™‹ŽŽ‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒ›ˆ—”–Š‡”
‰‹˜‡Š‹•ƒ••‡–Ȁƒ›‰‹˜‡Š‹•ƒ••‡–„—– ƒ‘– ”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡‡ƒ –‡–‘ˆ–Š‡„‹ŽŽǤ ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‰‹˜‡•Š‹•
”‡–—”ƒ‘‡›„‹ŽŽˆ‘”–Š‡”‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ƒ••‡––‘–Š‡„‹ŽŽǡ‹–„‡ ‘‡•ƒ –Ǥ
–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡
• ‹–Š ‡‰ƒ”† –‘ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ‡†‡– • ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽƒ‡†‡–„‹ŽŽ• ƒ‘–„‡‹–”‘†— ‡†‹–Š‡
Bills He Can only ratify. He can’t reject or •–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ
”‡–—”–Š‡„‹ŽŽǤ
ORDINANCE MAKING POWER OF THE PRESIDENT & GOVERNOR
• Š‡‘”†‹ƒ ‡Ǧƒ‹‰’‘™‡”‹•–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ
• Article 123 ‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘‡’‘™‡”•–Š‡”‡•‹†‡––‘’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‡‘”†‹ƒ ‡•†—”‹‰–Š‡”‡ ‡••‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ
• Š‡‘”†‹ƒ ‡ƒ‹‰’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”‰‹˜‡—†‡””–Ǥʹͳ͵‹••‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‰‹˜‡—†‡”
”–Ǥͳʹ͵ȌǤ
• Why ‹•‘”†‹ƒ ‡’‘™‡” conferred?
o Š‡’‘™‡”–‘‹••—‡‘”†‹ƒ ‡–‘’”‡•‹†‡–ƒ†‰‘˜‡”‘”Šƒ•„‡‡ ‘ˆ‡””‡†–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š—ˆ‘”‡•‡‡‘”—”‰‡–
ƒ––‡”•Ǥ

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o –‡ƒ„Ž‡•–Š‡š‡ —–‹˜‡–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Šƒ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–ƒ›•—††‡Ž›ƒ†‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›ƒ”‹•‡™Š‡–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–
‹•‘–‹•‡••‹‘Ǥ
Characteristics of Ordinance:
• ”†‹ƒ ‡ ƒ‘–ƒ„”‹†‰‡‘”–ƒ‡ƒ™ƒ›ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•Ǥ
• ‘”†‹ƒ ‡Ž‹‡ƒ›‘–Š‡”Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ„‡”‡–”‘•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡ–Šƒ–‹•ǡ‹–ƒ› ‘‡‹–‘ˆ‘” ‡ˆ”‘ƒ„ƒ †ƒ–‡Ǥ
• Š‡•‡‘”†‹ƒ ‡•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡•ƒ‡ˆ‘” ‡ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡ –ƒ•ƒƒ –‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ȁ•–ƒ–‡ǡ„—–ƒ”‡‹–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–‡’‘”ƒ”›
Žƒ™•Ǥ
• Š‡ƒš‹—Ž‹ˆ‡‘ˆƒ‘”†‹ƒ ‡ ƒ„‡•‹š‘–Š•ƒ†•‹š™‡‡•ǡ‹ ƒ•‡‘ˆ‘Ǧƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ„›–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ȁ•–ƒ–‡
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡„‡ ƒ—•‡͸‘–Š•‹•–Š‡ƒš‹—‰ƒ’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘•‡••‹‘•‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ȁ•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ
• ”†‹ƒ ‡ ƒƒŽ–‡”‘”ƒ‡†ƒ–ƒšŽƒ™ƒŽ•‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹– ƒ‘–„‡‹••—‡†–‘ƒ‡†–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
President Governor
• ‡ ƒ’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‡ƒ‘”†‹ƒ ‡‘Ž›™Š‡„‘–Š • ‡ ƒ ’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‡ ƒ ‘”†‹ƒ ‡ ‘Ž› ™Š‡ –Š‡
–Š‡ ‘—•‡• ‘ˆ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ƒ”‡ ‘– ‹ •‡••‹‘ ‘” Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ••‡„Ž›ȋ‹ ƒ•‡‘ˆƒ—‹ ƒ‡”ƒŽŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ȍ
‡‹–Š‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘ ‘—•‡• ‘ˆ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ‹• ‘– ‹ ‹•‘–‹•‡••‹‘‘”ȋ‹ ƒ•‡‘ˆƒ„‹Ǧ ƒ‡”ƒŽŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ȍ
•‡••‹‘Ǥ ™Š‡„‘–Š–Š‡ ‘—•‡•Ȁ‡‹–Š‡”‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘ ‘—•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡
•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡‹•‘–‹•‡••‹‘Ǥ

• ‡ ƒ ƒ‡ ƒ ‘”†‹ƒ ‡ ‘Ž› ™Š‡ Š‡ ‹• • ‡ ƒƒ‡ƒ‘”†‹ƒ ‡‘Ž›™Š‡Š‡‹••ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†–Šƒ–
•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•‡š‹•––Šƒ–”‡†‡” –Š‡ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•‡š‹•––Šƒ–”‡†‡”‹–‡ ‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘”Š‹
‹–‡ ‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘”Š‹–‘–ƒ‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ƒ –‹‘Ǥ –‘–ƒ‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ƒ –‹‘Ǥ

• ‹•‘”†‹ƒ ‡Ǧƒ‹‰’‘™‡”‹• ‘Ǧ‡š–‡•‹˜‡™‹–Š • ‹• ‘”†‹ƒ ‡Ǧƒ‹‰ ’‘™‡” ‹• ‘Ǧ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡
–Š‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ Š‹• Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ–
‡ƒ•–Šƒ–Š‡ ƒ‹••—‡‘”†‹ƒ ‡•‘Ž›‘–Š‘•‡ Š‡ ƒ‹••—‡‘”†‹ƒ ‡•‘Ž›‘–Š‘•‡•—„Œ‡ –•‘™Š‹ Š
•—„Œ‡ –•‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ƒƒ‡Žƒ™•Ǥ –Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ ƒƒ‡Žƒ™•Ǥ

•  ‘”†‹ƒ ‡ ‹••—‡† „› Š‹ Šƒ• –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ˆ‘” ‡ •  ‘”†‹ƒ ‡ ‹••—‡† „› Š‹ Šƒ• –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ˆ‘” ‡ ƒ†
ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡ –ƒ•ƒƒ –‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ ‡ˆˆ‡ –ƒ•ƒƒ –‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ
• ‡ ƒ™‹–Š†”ƒ™ƒ‘”†‹ƒ ‡ƒ–ƒ›–‹‡Ǥ • ‡ ƒ™‹–Š†”ƒ™ƒ‘”†‹ƒ ‡ƒ–ƒ›–‹‡Ǥ
• ‘™‡”‘ˆ‘”†‹ƒ ‡Ǧƒ‹‰‹•‘–ƒ†‹• ”‡–‹‘ƒ”› • ‘™‡” ‘ˆ ‘”†‹ƒ ‡Ǧƒ‹‰ ‹• ‘– ƒ †‹• ”‡–‹‘ƒ”›
’‘™‡”ǡ ƒ† Š‡ ƒ ’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‡ ‘” ™‹–Š†”ƒ™ ƒ ’‘™‡”ǡ ƒ† Š‡ ƒ ’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‡ ‘” ™‹–Š†”ƒ™ ƒ
‘”†‹ƒ ‡ ‘Ž› ‘ –Š‡ ƒ†˜‹ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž ‘ˆ ‘”†‹ƒ ‡‘Ž›‘–Š‡ƒ†˜‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•
‹‹•–‡”•Š‡ƒ†‡†„›Ǥ Š‡ƒ†‡†„›Ǥ
• ‘”†‹ƒ ‡‹••—‡†„›Š‹•Š‘—Ž†„‡Žƒ‹†„‡ˆ‘”‡ • ‘”†‹ƒ ‡‹••—‡†„›Š‹•Š‘—Ž†„‡Žƒ‹†„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡
„‘–Š –Š‡ ‘—•‡• ‘ˆ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ™Š‡ ‹– • Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ••‡„Ž› ‘” „‘–Š –Š‡ ‘—•‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡
”‡ƒ••‡„Ž‡•Ǥ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ ȋ‹ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ „‹ ƒ‡”ƒŽ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ȍ ™Š‡ ‹–
”‡ƒ••‡„Ž‡•Ǥ
• ‘”†‹ƒ ‡‹••—‡†„›Š‹ ‡ƒ•‡•–‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡‘ •  ‘”†‹ƒ ‡ ‹••—‡† „› Š‹ ‡ƒ•‡• –‘ ‘’‡”ƒ–‡ ‘ –Š‡
–Š‡ ‡š’‹”› ‘ˆ •‹š ™‡‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ••‡„Ž› ‘ˆ ‡š’‹”› ‘ˆ •‹š ™‡‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ••‡„Ž› ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡
ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ
• – ƒ› ‡ƒ•‡ –‘ ‘’‡”ƒ–‡ ‡˜‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ • –ƒ› ‡ƒ•‡–‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡‡˜‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”–Šƒ–Š‡’”‡• ”‹„‡†
’”‡• ”‹„‡† •‹š ™‡‡•ǡ ‹ˆ „‘–Š –Š‡ ‘—•‡• ‘ˆ •‹š™‡‡•ǡ‹ˆƒ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘†‹•ƒ’’”‘˜‹‰‹–‹•’ƒ••‡†„›–Š‡
ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–’ƒ••”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•†‹•ƒ’’”‘˜‹‰‹–Ǥ • Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ••‡„Ž› ƒ† ‹• ƒ‰”‡‡† –‘ „› –Š‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡
‘— ‹Žȋ‹ ƒ•‡‘ˆƒ„‹ ƒ‡”ƒŽŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ȍ
• ‡‡‡†•‘‹•–”— –‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ‹‰ƒ‘”†‹ƒ ‡Ǥ • ‡ ƒ‘–ƒ‡ƒ‘”†‹ƒ ‡™‹–Š‘—––Š‡‹•–”— –‹‘•
ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‹–Š”‡‡ ƒ•‡•ǣ

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ͳȌ ˆ ƒ „‹ŽŽ ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘• ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡

”‡“—‹”‡†ǡ–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—••ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ˆ‘”‹–•
‹–”‘†— –‹‘‹–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ
ʹȌ ˆŠ‡™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡†‡‡‡†‹–‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘”‡•‡”˜‡ƒ„‹ŽŽ
‘–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡•ƒ‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ
͵Ȍ ˆ ƒ ƒ – ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ •ƒ‡
’”‘˜‹•‹‘•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹˜ƒŽ‹†™‹–Š‘—–”‡ ‡‹˜‹‰
the President’s assent.
• ‘”†‹ƒ ‡‹••—‡†„›Š‹‹••—„Œ‡ ––‘–Š‡•ƒ‡ •  ‘”†‹ƒ ‡ ‹••—‡† „› Š‹ ‹• •—„Œ‡ – –‘ –Š‡ •ƒ‡
Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘• ƒ• ƒ ƒ – ‘ˆ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ Š‹• ‡ƒ• Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ•ƒƒ –‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•
–Šƒ–ƒ‘”†‹ƒ ‡‹••—‡†„›Š‹™‹ŽŽ„‡‹˜ƒŽ‹†–‘ –Šƒ– ƒ ‘”†‹ƒ ‡ ‹••—‡† „› Š‹ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‹˜ƒŽ‹† –‘ –Š‡
–Š‡ ‡š–‡– ‹– ƒ‡• ƒ› ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ‡š–‡–‹–ƒ‡•ƒ›’”‘˜‹•‹‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡
ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ƒ‘–ƒ‡Ǥ ƒ‘–ƒ‡Ǥ
Re-promulgation Of Ordinances: A Violation To The Spirit Of Constitution?
• Š‡†‡ ‹•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡––‘”‡Ǧ’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‡‘‹••‹‘ˆ‘”‹”—ƒŽ‹–›ƒƒ‰‡‡–‹–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‡‰‹‘ƒ††Œ‘‹‹‰”‡ƒ•”†‹ƒ ‡ǡʹͲʹͲŠƒ•Ž‡†–‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ“—‡•–‹‘•„‡‹‰”ƒ‹•‡†”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡
‘ˆ–Š‡‹••—‹‰‘”†‹ƒ ‡•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‘”†‹ƒ ‡•„‡‹‰”‡Ǧ’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‡†Ǥ
• Cases relating to Re-promulgation of ordinances are:
o D C Wadhwa vs State of Bihar (1987) : Š‡ ‘—”– Šƒ† Š‡Ž† –Šƒ– •— ‡••‹˜‡ ‡Ǧ’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘”†‹ƒ ‡• Šƒ˜‹‰–Š‡•ƒ‡–‡š–•ƒ†™‹–Š‘—–ƒ––‡’–‹‰–‘’ƒ••–Š‡„‹ŽŽ•™‹ŽŽƒ‘—––‘ƒ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡
‘•–‹–—–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒ
o Krishna Kumar Singh & Anr vs State Of Bihar (2017): Š‹•‹•–Š‡Žƒ†ƒ”Œ—†‰‡–‹™Š‹ Š‹–™ƒ•Š‡Ž†–Šƒ–
–Š‡‡Ǧ’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘”†‹ƒ ‡•ƒ”‡ƒˆ”ƒ—†–‘–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ –Š‹• ƒ•‡–Š‡͹„‡ ŠŒ—”›Š‡Ž†–Šƒ––Š‡
’‘™‡” ‘ˆ‡””‡†–‘–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡†‘‡•̵–ƒ‡‹–ƒ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡ŽŽƒ™ƒ‹‰ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ
• Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–‹ͳͻͺ͸Šƒ†”—Ž‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‡Ǧ’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘”†‹ƒ ‡• ‘–”ƒ”›–‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ•
‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†ƒ•—„˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡ–Š‡‡ Šƒ‹• ‘—Ž†„‡˜‡”›Ž‹‡Ž›—•‡†ƒ•
ƒ‡š‡” ‹•‡‘ˆ’‘™‡”„›–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡––‘‹‰‘”‡–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ
• Issues:
o •—”’ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡’‘™‡”Ǥ
o Š‡†‘ –”‹‡‘ˆ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”•‹•—†‡”‹‡†Ǥ
o –˜‹‘Žƒ–‡•–Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
Why is the ordinance route considered undemocratic?
• ‹ʹͲͳ͹”—Ž‡†–Šƒ–”‡Ǧ’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘”†‹ƒ ‡•‹•ƒˆ”ƒ—†‘–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†ƒ•—„˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
• ”‹ƒ”›Žƒ™Ǧƒ‹‰’‘™‡””‡•–•™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ƒ†‘––Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡Ǥ”†‹ƒ ‡‹•ƒ—†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ”‘—–‡–‘
Žƒ™Ǧƒ‹‰ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡Œ‘„‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ
• Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡‹•‘Ž›‰‹˜‡–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡’‘™‡”–‘‹••—‡ƒ‘”†‹ƒ ‡–‘‡‡–ƒ‡‡”‰‡–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š—•‹–•ŠƒŽŽ
‘–„‡‹˜‘‡†ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›Ǥ
• ‡Ǧ’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‹‘ ”‡’”‡•‡–• ƒ ‡ˆˆ‘”– –‘ ‘˜‡””‡ƒ Š –Š‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ™Š‹ Š ‹• –Š‡ ’”‹ƒ”› •‘—” ‡ ‘ˆ Žƒ™Ǧ
ƒ‹‰‹ƒ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›†‡‘ ”ƒ ›Ǥ
• ”†‹ƒ ‡‹•ƒ„ƒ †‘‘”–‘‡• ƒ’‡–Š‡’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›• ”—–‹›ǡ†‡„ƒ–‡•ǡ†‹• —••‹‘•‡– Ǥ
Way forward:
• •‰‘˜‡”‡–•ǡ„‘–Šƒ––Š‡ ‡–‡”ƒ†•–ƒ–‡ǡƒ”‡˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‰–Š‹•’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡ ‘—”–••Š‘—Ž† Š‡ 
–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǤŠƒ–‹•™Šƒ–•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”•ƒ†–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ Š‡ •ƒ†„ƒŽƒ ‡•‡ƒ•Ǥ›‘– Š‡ ‹‰–Š‹•
’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ–Š‡‘–Š‡”–™‘‘”‰ƒ•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ„†— –‹‰–Š‡‹””‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
PARDONING POWER OF THE PRESIDENT & GOVERNOR
• Articles 72 and 161 of the Constitution ‡’‘™‡” –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡– ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ƒ† –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‘”• ‘ˆ •–ƒ–‡• –‘ ‰”ƒ–
’ƒ”†‘‘”•—•’‡†ǡ”‡‹–‘” ‘—–‡•‡–‡ ‡•‹ ‡”–ƒ‹ ƒ•‡•Ǥ
• Š‡’ƒ”†‘‹‰’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Ȁ ‘˜‡”‘”‹•‹†‡’‡†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ —†‹ ‹ƒ”›Ǣ‹–‹•ƒ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡’‘™‡” ‘ˆ‡””‡†
–‘‡‡’–Š‡†‘‘”‘’‡ˆ‘” ‘””‡ –‹‰ƒ›Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‡””‘”•‹–Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽƒ™ƒ†–‘ƒˆˆ‘”†”‡Ž‹‡ˆˆ”‘ƒ•‡–‡ ‡ǡ
™Š‹ Š–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Ȁ ‘˜‡”‘””‡‰ƒ”†•ƒ•—†—Ž›Šƒ”•ŠǤ

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• –Š‡ƒ”—ƒ˜•‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒ‹ͳͻͺͲǡƒ†ŠƒƒŒ‘›Šƒ––‡”Œ‡‡˜•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡•–‡‰ƒŽ‹ͳͻͻͶǡ–Š‡Šƒ•
”—Ž‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Šƒ•–‘ƒ –‘–Š‡ƒ†˜‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•™Š‹Ž‡†‡ ‹†‹‰‡” ›’Ž‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Epuru Sudhakar & Another vs Andhra Pradesh (2006)
o ‘™‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‘” ‘˜‡”‘”—†‡””–‹ Ž‡•͹ʹƒ†ͳ͸ͳƒ”‡•—„Œ‡ ––‘Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™Ǥ
o Š‡‹”†‡ ‹•‹‘ ƒ„‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†‘–Š‡‰”‘—†–Šƒ–ǣ
▪ –™ƒ•’ƒ••‡†™‹–Š‘—–ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹†
▪ –‹•ƒŽƒˆ‹†‡
▪ –™ƒ•’ƒ••‡†‘‡š–”ƒ‡‘—•‘”™Š‘ŽŽ›‹””‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•
▪ ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•™‡”‡‡’–‘—–‘ˆ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘
▪ –•—ˆˆ‡”•ˆ”‘ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”‹‡••Ǥ


 Pardoning power of the President

Pardon Š‡‡˜‡”ƒ ‘˜‹ –‹• ”ƒ–‡†’ƒ”†‘„›–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒ—†‡””–‹ Ž‡͹ʹǡŠ‡‹• ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›
„•‘Ž˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡’—‹•Š‡–‹’‘•‡†‘Š‹ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ˆ”‘ƒŽŽ’‡ƒŽ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•
Commutation Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ƒ› Šƒ‰‡ƒ—‹•Š‡––‘‘‡‘ˆƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‘”––Šƒ–Šƒ–‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ™ƒ”†‡†„›
–Š‡‘—”–Ǥ
Remission – ‡ƒ• –Š‡ ”‡†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡–‡ ‡ ™‹–Š‘—– Šƒ‰‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ–—”‡ ‘” –Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡
’—‹•Š‡–ƒ™ƒ”†‡†„›–Š‡ ‘—”–Ǥ
Respite Š‹• ‘”†‡” ”‡•—Ž–• ‹ –‡’‘”ƒ”› •—•’‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ •‡–‡ ‡ ‹ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡• •— Š ƒ• –Š‡
’”‡‰ƒ ›‘ˆƒ™‘ƒ•‡–‡ ‡†™‹–Š†‡ƒ–Š’‡ƒŽ–›‘”‹•ƒ‹–›‘ˆƒ ‘˜‹ –Ǥ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•‹–‹•ƒ
’‘•–’‘‡‡–‘ˆ‡š‡ —–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–‡ ‡–‘–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ
Reprieve –•‹’Ž›•–ƒ›•–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ–‡’‘”ƒ”›’‡”‹‘†ǡ‘”’‘•–’‘‡ƒ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ•‡–‡ ‡‘”–ƒ‡„ƒ 
‘”™‹–Š†”ƒ™•‡–‡ ‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‡Ǥ
Difference between pardoning powers of president & governor:
President Governor
‡ ƒ’ƒ”†‘ǡ”‡’”‹‡˜‡ǡ”‡•’‹–‡ǡ”‡‹–ǡ•—•’‡†‘” ‘—–‡–Š‡ ‡ ƒ’ƒ”†‘ǡ”‡’”‹‡˜‡ǡ”‡•’‹–‡ǡ”‡‹–ǡ•—•’‡†
’—‹•Š‡–Ȁ•‡–‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ› ’‡”•‘ ‘˜‹ –‡† ‘ˆ ƒ› ‘ˆˆ‡•‡‘” ‘—–‡ –Š‡ ’—‹•Š‡–Ȁ•‡–‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ›
ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ‡–”ƒŽŽƒ™Ǥ ’‡”•‘ ‘˜‹ –‡†‘ˆƒ›‘ˆˆ‡ ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ•–ƒ–‡
Žƒ™Ǥ
‡ ƒ’ƒ”†‘ǡ”‡’”‹‡˜‡ǡ”‡•’‹–‡ǡ”‡‹–ǡ•—•’‡†‘” ‘—–‡ƒ ‘˜‡”‘” ƒ•—•’‡†ǡ”‡‹–‘” ‘—–‡„—–Š‡
†‡ƒ–Š•‡–‡ ‡Ǥ ƒ‘–’ƒ”†‘ƒ†‡ƒ–Š•‡–‡ ‡Ǥ
‡Šƒ•’ƒ”†‘‹‰’‘™‡”‹”‡•’‡ ––‘’—‹•Š‡–‘”•‡–‡ ‡„› He doesn’t possess any such ’‘™‡”Ǥ
ƒ ‘—”–Ǧƒ”–‹ƒŽǤ
DISCRETIONARY POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT & GOVERNOR
• Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”Šƒ•„‘–Š•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ† ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ†‹• ”‡–‹‘„—––Š‡’”‡•‹†‡–Šƒ•‘Ž›•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‹• ”‡–‹‘Ǥ
• ˆ–‡”–Š‡Ͷʹ†‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‡†‡–ȋͳͻ͹͸Ȍǡ‹‹•–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†˜‹ ‡Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ†‡„‹†‹‰‘–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ǡ„—–
‘•— Š’”‘˜‹•‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ†‡™‹–Š”‡•’‡ ––‘–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‘”Ǥ
President Governor
’’‘‹–‡–‘ˆ”‹‡‹‹•–‡”™Š‡‘’ƒ”–›Šƒ•ƒ ’’‘‹–‡– ‘ˆ ƒ Š‹‡ˆ ‹‹•–‡” ‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ™Š‡”‡ ‘
Ž‡ƒ” ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‹ –Š‡ ‘ ƒ„Šƒ ‘” ™Š‡ –Š‡ ”‹‡ ’ƒ”–›Šƒ•ƒ Ž‡ƒ”ƒŒ‘”‹–›‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ••‡„Ž›
‹‹•–‡” ‹ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ †‹‡• •—††‡Ž› ƒ† –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ ‘”™Š‡ƒ‹ —„‡– Š‹‡ˆ‹‹•–‡”’ƒ••‡•ƒ™ƒ›
‘„˜‹‘—••— ‡••‘”Ǥ —‡š’‡ –‡†Ž›ƒ†‘‘„˜‹‘—• ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ ƒ–ƒ‡Š‹•’Žƒ ‡Ǥ
‹•‹••ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•™Š‡‹– ƒ‘– ‹•‹••ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•™Š‡‹– ƒ‘–’”‘˜‡
’”‘˜‡–Š‡ ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘ƒ„ŠƒǤ –Š‡ ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ••‡„Ž›Ǥ

‹••‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ ƒ„Šƒ ‹ˆ –Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž ‘ˆ ‹••‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ••‡„Ž›‹ˆ–Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž
‹‹•–‡”•Šƒ•Ž‘•–‹–•ƒŒ‘”‹–›Ǥ ‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•Šƒ•Ž‘•–‹–•ƒŒ‘”‹–›Ǥ
Discretionary powers of Governor:
• Governor has constitutional discretion in the following cases:
o ‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ„‹ŽŽˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ
o Recommendation for the imposition of the President’s Rule in the state.

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o Š‹Ž‡‡š‡” ‹•‹‰Š‹•ˆ— –‹‘•ƒ•–Š‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‘”‘ˆƒƒ†Œ‘‹‹‰—‹‘–‡””‹–‘”›ȋ‹ ƒ•‡‘ˆƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ Šƒ”‰‡ȌǤ
o ‡–‡”‹‡• –Š‡ ƒ‘—– ’ƒ›ƒ„Ž‡ „› –Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡– ‘ˆ ••ƒǡ ‡‰ŠƒŽƒ›ƒǡ ”‹’—”ƒ ƒ† ‹œ‘”ƒ –‘ ƒ
ƒ—–‘‘‘—•”‹„ƒŽ‹•–”‹ –‘— ‹ŽǤ
o ‡‡‹‰‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ‹‹•–‡”™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘–Š‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ––‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ

ISSUES RELATED TO GOVERNOR

• Arbitrary removal: Š‡ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›”‡‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‡š’‹”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‹•–‡—”‡Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘„‡‡ƒ
‹’‘”–ƒ–‹••—‡‹–Š‡”‡ ‡–’ƒ•–Ǥ
• Rehabilitative appointments: Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡”‡†— ‡†–‘„‡ ‘‹‰ƒ”‡–‹”‡‡–’ƒ ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ•ˆ‘”
„‡‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›ˆƒ‹–Šˆ—Ž–‘–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ›Ǥ
• Abuse of position: There are various examples of the Governor’s position being abused, usually by the ruling party
ƒ––Š‡‡–”‡Ǥ
• Misuse of discretionary powers: Governor’s discretionary powers to invite the leader of the largest party/alliance
–‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Šƒ•‘ˆ–‡„‡‡‹•—•‡†Ǥ
• Partisanship Role: ‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”‘ˆƒŒƒ•–ŠƒŠƒ•„‡‡ Šƒ”‰‡†™‹–Š–Š‡˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘†‡Ž ‘†‡‘ˆ
‘†— –Ǥ ‹••—’’‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡”—Ž‹‰’ƒ”–›‹•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡•’‹”‹–‘ˆ‘Ǧ’ƒ”–‹•ƒ•Š‹’–Šƒ–‹•‡š’‡ –‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡’‡”•‘
•‹––‹‰‘ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ’‘•–•Ǥ
• Misuse of power under Art. 356: The imposition of President’s rule (Art.356) in case of breakdown of
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽƒ Š‹‡”›‹ƒ–ƒ–‡Šƒ•„‡‡ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›‹•—•‡†„›–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Mere rubber stamp or puppet: ‘˜‡”‘”‹•„‘—†„›–Š‡ƒ‹†ƒ†ƒ†˜‹ ‡‘ˆŠ‹• ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•Ǥ

Recent examples:
• The Governor refused to read some parts of the Governor’s address which was prepared by the State govt in
Tamil Nadu.
• In Maharashtra, The Governor removed the Governor’s rule and administered oath to a ™Š‘†‹†‘–Šƒ˜‡
ƒŒ‘”‹–›•—’’‘”–‹–Š‡Š‘—•‡Ǥ
• Š‡WB Assembly passed a Billˆ‘””‡’Žƒ ‹‰–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”ˆ”‘–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†ƒ‹‰–Š‡Š‹‡ˆ‹‹•–‡”–Š‡
Šƒ ‡ŽŽ‘”‘ˆ–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• ‹•’—–‡™‹–Š•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‘˜‡”–Š‡ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•‹ŽŽ•‹ Kerala, similar issue is in Telangana as
well.

RECOMMENDATIONS OF SARKARIA COMMISSION

• Related to Article 356:
o ”–Ǥ ͵ͷ͸ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ —•‡† ‹ ˜‡”› ”ƒ”‡ ƒ•‡• ™Š‡ ‹– „‡ ‘‡• —ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ”‡•–‘”‡ –Š‡ „”‡ƒ†‘™ ‘ˆ
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽƒ Š‹‡”›‹–Š‡–ƒ–‡Ǥ –•Š‘—Ž†„‡—•‡†ƒ•ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆŽƒ•–”‡•‘”–Ǥ
o ‡ˆ‘”‡–ƒ‹‰ƒ –‹‘—†‡””–Ǥ͵ͷ͸ǡƒ™ƒ”‹‰•Š‘—Ž†„‡‹••—‡†–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡––Šƒ–‹–‹•‘–ˆ— –‹‘‹‰
ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
• Related to Governor:
o ‘˜‡”‘”••Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡†‹ ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡Š‹‡ˆ‹‹•–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ–‡ǡ‹ ‡Ǧ”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ†
–Š‡’‡ƒ‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘ƒ„ŠƒǤ
o ‹•–‡—”‡‘ˆ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡—•–„‡‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡†ƒ†•Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡†‹•–—”„‡†‡š ‡’–ˆ‘”‡š–”‡‡Ž› ‘’‡ŽŽ‹‰”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ
o ”‹–‡”‹ƒˆ‘”•‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘ˆ ‘˜‡”‘”ǣ
ȋ‹Ȍ ‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡‡‹‡–‹•‘‡™ƒŽ‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡Ǥ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ’‡”•‘ˆ”‘‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡–ƒ–‡Ǥ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ ‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ†‡–ƒ Š‡†ˆ‹‰—”‡ƒ†‘––‘‘‹–‹ƒ–‡Ž› ‘‡ –‡†™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ’‘Ž‹–‹ •‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ–‡Ǥ
ȋ‹˜Ȍ ‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ’‡”•‘™Š‘Šƒ•‘––ƒ‡–‘‘‰”‡ƒ–ƒ’ƒ”–‹’‘Ž‹–‹ •‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ƒ†’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹–Š‡”‡ ‡–
’ƒ•–Ǥ
• Related to appointment of CM:
o ˆ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ•‹‰Ž‡’ƒ”–›Šƒ˜‹‰ƒƒ„•‘Ž—–‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‹–Š‡••‡„Ž›ǡ–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–›•Š‘—Ž†ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›
„‡ƒ•‡†–‘„‡ ‘‡–Š‡Š‹‡ˆ‹‹•–‡”Ǥ
o –Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆ•— Šƒ’ƒ”–›ǡ–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”•ŠƒŽŽ Š‘‘•‡ƒ„›Š‘Ž†‹‰Š‡ƒ”‹‰•™‹–Š‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰
’ƒ”–‹‡•‘”‰”‘—’•‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹‡•‹–Š‡‘”†‡”‘ˆ’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ž‹•–‡†„‡Ž‘™ǣ
▪ ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹‡•–Šƒ–™ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†’”‹‘”–‘–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ

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▪ Š‡ ƒ”‰‡•– ‹‰Ž‡ ƒ”–› •–ƒ‹‰ ƒ Žƒ‹ –‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ™‹–Š –Š‡ •—’’‘”– ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡”•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰
‹†‡’‡†‡–•Ǥ
▪ ’‘•–Ǧ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ ‘ƒŽ‹–‹‘™‹–ŠƒŽŽ’ƒ”–‡”•Œ‘‹‹‰–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
▪  ’‘•–Ǧ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡ ™‹–Š •‘‡ ’ƒ”–‹‡• Œ‘‹‹‰ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡ƒ‹‹‰ •—’’‘”–‹‰ ˆ”‘
‘—–•‹†‡
• Others:
o Š‡ –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡– ™‹–ŠŠ‘Ž†• Š‹• ƒ••‡– –‘ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ „‹ŽŽ•ǡ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘• •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡
‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
o Š‡’”‘ ‡†—”‡‘ˆ ‘•—Ž–‹‰–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ‹‹•–‡”‹–Š‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‘”•Š‘—Ž†„‡’”‡• ”‹„‡†‹
–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘‹–•‡ŽˆǤ
o Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘” ƒ‘–†‹•‹••–Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”••‘Ž‘‰ƒ•‹– ‘ƒ†•ƒƒŒ‘”‹–›‹–Š‡ƒ••‡„Ž›


KEYWORDS: ‘— ‹Ž ‘ˆ ‹‹•–‡”•ǡ ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–›ǡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–ǡ †‹• ”‡–‹‘ƒ”› ’‘™‡”•ǡ ‡Šƒ„‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹˜‡
ƒ’’‘‹–‡–•ǡ„—•‡‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹‘ǡƒ”†‘ǡ”‡•’‹–‡ǡ”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘”†‹ƒ ‡Ǥ

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122
PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

25 PRIME MINISTER & CHIEF MINISTER

Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Ȁ ‘˜‡”‘”‹•–Š‡‘‹ƒŽ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ȋ†‡Œ—”‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡Ȍƒ†”‹‡‹‹•–‡”Ȁ Š‹‡ˆ‹‹•–‡”‹•

–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ȋ†‡ˆƒ –‘‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ȌǤ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–Š‡’”‡•‹†‡–Ȁ‰‘˜‡”‘”‹•–Š‡Š‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ–‡™Š‹Ž‡
–Š‡”‹‡‹‹•–‡”ȀŠ‹‡ˆ‹‹•–‡”‹•–Š‡Š‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
Article Prime Minister: Subject matter Article Chief Minister: Subject matter
74 ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•–‘ƒ‹†ƒ†ƒ†˜‹•‡”‡•‹†‡– 163 ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•–‘ƒ‹†ƒ†ƒ†˜‹•‡ ‘˜‡”‘”

75 –Š‡”’”‘˜‹•‹‘•ƒ•–‘‹‹•–‡” 164 –Š‡”’”‘˜‹•‹‘•ƒ•–‘‹‹•–‡”•

77 ‘†— –‘ˆ„—•‹‡••‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒ 166 ‘†— – ‘ˆ „—•‹‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡– ‘ˆ ƒ
–ƒ–‡
78 —–‹‡• ‘ˆ ”‹‡ ‹‹•–‡” ƒ• ”‡•’‡ –• –Š‡ 167 —–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ‹‹•–‡” ƒ• ”‡•’‡ –• –Š‡
ˆ—”‹•Š‹‰‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ǡ‡–  ˆ—”‹•Š‹‰‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”ǡ‡– Ǥ


Important Judgements:
• Delhi HC (1980): Š‡”‡“—‹”‡‡––Šƒ–ƒ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ˆ‘”’”‹‡‹‹•–‡”†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡Š‹•‘”Š‡”ƒŒ‘”‹–›‹–Š‡
‘ ƒ„Šƒ ‹• ‘– ƒ†ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡– ƒ› ˆ‹”•– ƒ‡ Š‹ ƒ• ’”‹‡ ‹‹•–‡” „‡ˆ‘”‡
”‡“—‡•–‹‰–Šƒ–Š‡†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡Š‹•ƒŒ‘”‹–›‹–Š‡‘ƒ„Šƒ™‹–Š‹ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ–‹‡Ǥȋƒ‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡•
ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•ȌǤ
• The Supreme Court (1997): ’‡”•‘™Š‘‹•‘–ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ‡‹–Š‡” ‘—•‡‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ›„‡ Š‘•‡’”‹‡
‹‹•–‡”ˆ‘”ƒ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ•‹š‘–Š•ǡ†—”‹‰™Š‹ Š–‹‡Š‡—•–Œ‘‹‡‹–Š‡” ‘—•‡‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–‹‘”†‡”–‘”‡–ƒ‹
Š‹•’‘•‹–‹‘ǤȋŽ•‘–”—‡‘ˆȌǤ

POWERS & FUNCTIONS OF PM & CM

Power & Functions of PM w.r.t. Parliament Power & Functions of CM w.r.t. State Legislature
Š‡‹•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘™‡” ‘—•‡ȋ‘ƒ„ŠƒȌ Š‡‹•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ••‡„Ž›
‡ƒ†˜‹•‡•–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘•—‘‹‰ ‡ƒ†˜‹•‡•–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‘”™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘•—‘‹‰ƒ†
ƒ†’”‘”‘‰—‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•‡••‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ ’”‘”‘‰—‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•‡••‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ
‡ ƒ ”‡ ‘‡† †‹••‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ ƒ„Šƒ –‘ ‡ ƒ ”‡ ‘‡† †‹••‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡
–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ƒ–ƒ›–‹‡Ǥ ƒ••‡„Ž›–‘–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‘”ƒ–ƒ›–‹‡Ǥ
‡ƒ‘— ‡•‰‘˜‡”‡–’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•‘–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡ ƒ‘— ‡• ‰‘˜‡”‡– ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ‘ –Š‡ ˆŽ‘‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘—•‡Ǥ ‘—•‡

Power & Functions of PM w.r.t President Power & Functions of CM w.r.t. Governor
• ‹•–Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ Šƒ‡Ž‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ȋ”–Ǥ •  ‹• –Š‡ ’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ Šƒ‡Ž ‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ȋ”–Ǥ
͹ͺȌ„‡–™‡‡–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ƒ†–Š‡‘ ͳ͸͹Ȍ„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‘”ƒ†‘Ǥ
It is the duty of the PM: It is the duty of the CM:
• ‘ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡–‘–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ƒŽŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘•ȋ”–Ǥ • ‘ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‘” ƒŽŽ †‡ ‹•‹‘• ȋ”–Ǥ
͹ͺȌ‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ǥ ͳ͸͹Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡‘ǡ
• ‘ ˆ—”‹•Š ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡Žƒ–‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ • ‘ ˆ—”‹•Š •— Š ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡Žƒ–‹‰ –‘ –Š‡
ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ ˆ‘” Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ•–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‘”ƒ› ƒŽŽˆ‘”ƒ†
”‡•‹†‡–ƒ› ƒŽŽˆ‘”Ǥ • ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‘” •‘ ”‡“—‹”‡•ǡ –‘ •—„‹– ˆ‘” –Š‡
• ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡– •‘ ”‡“—‹”‡•ǡ –‘ •—„‹– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘’ƒ› ƒ––‡” ‘ ™Š‹ Š ƒ
‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ ƒ––‡” ‘ ™Š‹ Š ƒ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

†‡ ‹•‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡–ƒ‡„›ƒ‹‹•–‡”„—–™Š‹ ŠŠƒ• †‡ ‹•‹‘ Šƒ• „‡‡ –ƒ‡ „› ƒ ‹‹•–‡” „—– ™Š‹ Š Šƒ•
‘–„‡‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†„›–Š‡ ‘— ‹ŽǤ ‘–„‡‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†„›–Š‡ ‘— ‹ŽǤ
• ‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ’’‘‹–‡– ‘ˆ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– • ‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ’’‘‹–‡– ‘ˆ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•
ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡• Ž‹‡ –Š‡ Šƒ‹”’‡”•‘ ƒ† ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ Ž‹‡–Š‡†˜‘ ƒ–‡ ‡‡”ƒŽǡ–Š‡ Šƒ‹”ƒƒ†‡„‡”•
–Š‡ ǡ ––‘”‡› ‡‡”ƒŽ ‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ ‘’–”‘ŽŽ‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ’—„Ž‹  •‡”˜‹ ‡ ‘‹••‹‘ǡ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡
ƒ† —†‹–‘” ‡‡”ƒŽ ‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ ƒ† •‘ ‘ǡ –Š‡  ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘‡”ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”•ǡ’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ†˜‹ ‡
”‡ ‘‡†•–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ –‘–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‘”Ǥ

In relation to council of ministers:
o Ȁ”‡ ‘‡†•’‡”•‘•™Š‘ ƒ„‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡†ƒ•‹‹•–‡”•„›–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Ȁ ‘˜‡”‘”Ǥ
o Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Ȁ ‘˜‡”‘” ƒƒ’’‘‹–‘Ž›–Š‘•‡’‡”•‘•ƒ•‹‹•–‡”•™Š‘ƒ”‡”‡ ‘‡†‡†„›–Š‡Ȁ
o ‡ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‡•ƒ†”‡•Š—ˆˆŽ‡•˜ƒ”‹‘—•’‘”–ˆ‘Ž‹‘•ƒ‘‰–Š‡‹‹•–‡”•Ǥ
o ‡ ƒ ƒ• ƒ ‹‹•–‡” –‘ ”‡•‹‰ ‘” ƒ†˜‹•‡ –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡–Ȁ ‘˜‡”‘” –‘ †‹•‹•• Š‹ ‹ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‘ˆ
‘’‹‹‘Ǥ
o ‡’”‡•‹†‡•‘˜‡”–Š‡‡‡–‹‰‘ˆ‘ƒ†‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡•‹–•†‡ ‹•‹‘•Ǥ
o ‡‰—‹†‡•ǡ†‹”‡ –•ǡ ‘–”‘Ž•ƒ† ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡•–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡‹‹•–‡”•Ǥ
o ‹•†‡ƒ–Š‘””‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ƒ„”‹‰–Š‡ ‘ŽŽƒ’•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ǥ


Other power & functions of PM: Other power & functions of CM:
o ‘™‡”Ƭ — –‹‘•‘ˆ™Ǥ”Ǥ–Ǥ–Š‡ƒ„‹‡–ǣ • ‘™‡” Ƭ — –‹‘• ‘ˆ  ™Ǥ”Ǥ–Ǥ
o Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‡•–Š‡ ƒ„‹‡–ƒ†ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‡•’‘”–ˆ‘Ž‹‘•Ǥ ƒ„‹‡–
o ‡•—‘• ƒ„‹‡–‡‡–‹‰•ƒ†ƒŽ•‘†‡ ‹†‡•–Š‡ƒ‰‡†ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ o  ‘•–‹–—–‡• –Š‡ ƒ„‹‡– ƒ†
‡‡–‹‰Ǥ ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‡•’‘”–ˆ‘Ž‹‘•Ǥ
o It is the PM’s privilege to consult any person on any matter he o ‡ •—‘• ƒ„‹‡– ‡‡–‹‰•
†‡‡• ˆ‹– ƒ† ‹– ‹• Š‹• †‹• ”‡–‹‘ –‘ ƒ – ‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ› ™‹–Š‘—– ƒ› ƒ†ƒŽ•‘†‡ ‹†‡•–Š‡ƒ‰‡†ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡
‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡‡–‹‰Ǥ
• ‘™‡”Ƭ — –‹‘•‘ˆ™Ǥ”Ǥ–Ǥ–Š‡Žƒ‹‰ǣ • –Š‡”‘™‡”•ƒ† — –‹‘•‘ˆ
o ‡ ‹• –Š‡ ”‹•‹• ƒƒ‰‡”Ǧ‹Ǧ Š‹‡ˆ ƒ– –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Ž †—”‹‰ o ‡‹•ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”Ǧ–ƒ–‡
‡‡”‰‡ ‹‡•Ǥ ‘— ‹Žƒ†–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‹‰‘— ‹Ž
o ‡‹•Šƒ‹”’‡”•‘‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ƒ•–‡”ƒƒ‰‡‡–—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ ‘ˆ  ƒ›‘‰ȋ„‘–ŠŠ‡ƒ†‡†„›–Š‡
• ‘™‡”Ƭ — –‹‘•‘ˆ™Ǥ”Ǥ–Ǥ–Š‡ƒ„‹‡– ‘‹––‡‡•ǣ ȌǤ
o Š‡•‡–•—’ƒ„‹‡–‘‹––‡‡•ƒ†ƒ”‡Š‡ƒ†‡†„›Š‹™Š‡ o  ‹• Šƒ‹”ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –ƒ–‡
Š‡‹•ƒ‡„‡”Ǥ Žƒ‹‰‘ƒ”†Ǥ
o Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs (Known as “SuperǦCabinet”) o  ‹• ˜‹ ‡Ǧ Šƒ‹”ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡
– ‘ ‡”‡† œ‘ƒŽ ‘— ‹Ž „›
o ƒ„‹‡–‘‹––‡‡‘ ‘‘‹ ˆˆƒ‹”•– ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ǡ Š‘Ž†‹‰ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ˆ‘” ƒ
o ƒ„‹‡–‘‹––‡‡‘’’‘‹–‡–•– ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ‘‡›‡ƒ”ƒ–ƒ–‹‡Ǥ
• ‘™‡”Ƭ — –‹‘•‘ˆ™Ǥ”Ǥ–Ǥ–Š‡š–‡”ƒŽƒˆˆƒ‹”•ǣ o ‡‹•–Š‡ ”‹•‹•ƒƒ‰‡”Ǧ‹Ǧ Š‹‡ˆƒ–
o Š‹•†‘ƒ‹Šƒ•„‡‡’‡”•‘ƒŽŽ›†‹”‡ –‡†„›–Š‡Ǥ –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Ž †—”‹‰
o ˆ –Š‡  ‹• ”‡•’‡ –‡† „› ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ ‹– ƒ Š‡Ž’ ‡‡”‰‡ ‹‡•Ǥ
Š‹ƒ “—‹”‡‰”‡ƒ–‡””‡•’‡ –†‘‡•–‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ o  ‹• Šƒ‹”’‡”•‘ ‘ˆ –ƒ–‡
o ‡ ’Žƒ›• ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹ •Šƒ’‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ’‘Ž‹ › ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹•ƒ•–‡” ƒƒ‰‡‡– —–Š‘”‹–›
‘—–”›Ǥ ȋȌ

KEYWORDS: ƒ–Š•‘ˆ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡ‘†— –‘ˆ„—•‹‡••ǡ”‡ƒŽ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ȋ†‡ˆƒ –‘‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ȌǡŽ‘••‘ˆ ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡ǡ
‘ƒŽ‹–‹‘ǡ•–ƒ–‡‹•ƒ•–‡”ƒƒ‰‡‡–—–Š‘”‹–›ȋȌǡ

124
PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

26 COUNCIL OF MINISTER

• Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›•›•–‡‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ”‡‘–’”‘˜‹†‡†‹†‡–ƒ‹Ž‹–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
• ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ”–‹ Ž‡•‹Ǥ‡͹Ͷƒ†͹ͷ†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š–Š‡‡–”ƒŽ ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•ƒ†ͳ͸͵ƒ†ͳ͸Ͷ†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š–Š‡–ƒ–‡‘— ‹Ž
‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•‹ƒ„”‘ƒ†ǡ•‡– Š›ƒ†‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ‡”Ǥ
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
CENTRAL COUNCIL OF MINISTERS (COM) STATE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS (COM)
• Art. 74: Š‡”‡•ŠƒŽŽ„‡ƒ‘™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ––Š‡ • Art. 163: Š‡”‡•ŠƒŽŽ„‡ƒ‘™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ•–Š‡Š‡ƒ†–‘
Š‡ƒ† –‘ ƒ‹† ƒ† ƒ†˜‹•‡ –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡– ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‹† ƒ† ƒ†˜‹•‡ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘” ‹ –Š‡ ‡š‡” ‹•‡ ‘ˆ Š‹•
‡š‡” ‹•‡ ‘ˆ Š‹• ˆ— –‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ Ͷʹ† ƒ† ͶͶ–Š functions, except governor’s discretionary power.
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ‡†‡–  –• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ†‡ –Š‡ • SC Judgement (1971): ƒ ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•—•–ƒŽ™ƒ›•
ƒ†˜‹ ‡„‹†‹‰‘–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ ‡š‹•––‘ƒ†˜‹•‡–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‘”ǡ‡˜‡ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡†‹••‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ
• SC Judgement (1971): ˜‡ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡†‹••‘Ž—–‹‘ –Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ••‡„Ž›‘””‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ
‘ˆ–Š‡‘ƒ„Šƒǡ–Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•†‘‡•‘– ‹‹•–‡”•Ǥ ‡ ‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ‹‹•–”› ƒ› ‘–‹—‡ ‹
‡ƒ•‡–‘Š‘Ž†‘ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǥ –Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡—–‹Ž‹–••— ‡••‘”ƒ••—‡• Šƒ”‰‡Ǥ
• SC Judgement (1974): WŠ‡”‡˜‡” –Š‡ • SC Judgement (1974): Š‡”‡˜‡” –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ”‡“—‹”‡• –Š‡ •ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡“—‹”‡•–Š‡•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‘”ǡ–Š‡•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘
”‡•‹†‡–ǡ –Š‡ •ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ ‹• ‘– –Š‡ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‹•‘––Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‘”„—–‹–‹•–Š‡
•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡– „—– ‹– ‹• –Š‡ •ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•Ǥ
•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•Ǥ • Art. 164ǣ Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘” •ŠƒŽŽ ƒ’’‘‹– –Š‡  ƒ† ‘–Š‡”
• Art. 75: Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘” •ŠƒŽŽ ƒ’’‘‹– –Š‡  ƒ† ‹‹•–‡”•‘–Š‡ƒ†˜‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ǥ
‘–Š‡”‹‹•–‡”•‘–Š‡ƒ†˜‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ǥ • 91st Amendment Act of 2003: Š‡–‘–ƒŽ•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ‘ǡ
• 91st Amendment Act of 2003 Ǧ Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ǡ•ŠƒŽŽ‘–‡š ‡‡†ͳͷΨ‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ•–”‡‰–Š
•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ‘ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ǡ•ŠƒŽŽ‘–‡š ‡‡†ͳͷ ‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ••‡„Ž›ƒ†•ŠƒŽŽ‘–„‡Ž‡••–ŠƒͳʹǤ
Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‘ƒ„ŠƒǤ • 91st Amendment Act of 2003:  ‡„‡” ‘ˆ ‡‹–Š‡”
• 91stAmendment Act of 2003 Ǧ  ‡„‡” ‘ˆ ‘—•‡ ‘ˆ •–ƒ–‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ †‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‰”‘—† ‘ˆ
Ȁ †‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‰”‘—† ‘ˆ †‡ˆ‡ –‹‘ †‡ˆ‡ –‹‘ •ŠƒŽŽ ƒŽ•‘ „‡ †‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡† –‘ „‡ ƒ’’‘‹–‡† ƒ• ƒ
•ŠƒŽŽ ƒŽ•‘ „‡ †‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡† –‘ „‡ ƒ’’‘‹–‡† ƒ• ƒ ‹‹•–‡”Ǥ
‹‹•–‡”Ǥ • Term: Š‡‹‹•–‡”••ŠƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‘ˆˆ‹ ‡†—”‹‰–Š‡’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡
• Term Ǧ Š‡ ‹‹•–‡”• •ŠƒŽŽ Š‘Ž† ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ †—”‹‰ ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”Ǥ
’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ • Collective Responsibility: Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”••ŠƒŽŽ
• Collective Responsibility Ǧ Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž ‘ˆ „‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ –‘ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡
‹‹•–‡”• •ŠƒŽŽ „‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ –‘ –Š‡ ••‡„Ž›Ǥ
‘ƒ„ŠƒǤ • Oath: Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘” •ŠƒŽŽ ƒ†‹‹•–‡” –Š‡ ‘ƒ–Š• ‘ˆ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡
• Oath ǦŠ‡”‡•‹†‡–•ŠƒŽŽƒ†‹‹•–‡”–Š‡‘ƒ–Š•‘ˆ ƒ†•‡ ”‡ ›–‘ƒ‹‹•–‡”Ǥ
‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ƒ†•‡ ”‡ ›–‘ƒ‹‹•–‡”Ǥ • Disqualification: ‹‹•–‡”™Š‘‹•‘–ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡
• Disqualification Ǧ  ‹‹•–‡” ™Š‘ ‹• ‘– ƒ •–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ˆ‘”ƒ›’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ•‹š ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡‘–Š•
‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ȋ‡‹–Š‡”Š‘—•‡Ȍˆ‘”ƒ› •ŠƒŽŽ ‡ƒ•‡–‘„‡ƒ‹‹•–‡”Ǥ
’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ•‹š ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡‘–Š••ŠƒŽŽ ‡ƒ•‡–‘„‡ • Š‡ •ƒŽƒ”‹‡• ƒ† ƒŽŽ‘™ƒ ‡• ‘ˆ ‹‹•–‡”• •ŠƒŽŽ „‡
ƒ‹‹•–‡”Ǥ †‡–‡”‹‡†„›–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ
• Š‡•ƒŽƒ”‹‡•ƒ†ƒŽŽ‘™ƒ ‡•‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”••ŠƒŽŽ„‡ • Art 177: ˜‡”›‹‹•–‡”Šƒ•–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘•’‡ƒƒ†–ƒ‡
†‡–‡”‹‡†„›–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ ’ƒ”–‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡••‡„Ž›Ȁ ‘— ‹Žƒ†ƒ›
• Art 88ǣ˜‡”›‹‹•–‡”Šƒ•–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘•’‡ƒƒ† ‘‹––‡‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –ƒ–‡ ‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š Š‡ ‹• ƒ
–ƒ‡’ƒ”–‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•‘ˆ‡‹–Š‡” ‘—•‡ǡƒ› ‡„‡”Ǥ—–Š‡ ƒ˜‘–‡‘Ž›‹–Š‡ ‘—•‡‘ˆ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡‹•
Œ‘‹–•‹––‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—•‡•ƒ†ƒ›‘‹––‡‡‘ˆ ƒ‡„‡”Ǥ
ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ‘ˆ™Š‹ Š Š‡‹•ƒ‡„‡”Ǥ —– Š‡ ƒ
˜‘–‡‘Ž›‹–Š‡ ‘—•‡‘ˆ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡‹•ƒ‡„‡”


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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution
RESPONSIBILITY OF MINISTERS

INDIVIDUAL COLLECTIVE

”–‹ Ž‡͹ͷƬ”–‹ Ž‡ͳ͸ͶƒŽ•‘ ‘–ƒ‹–Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡‘ˆ • Š‡ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› ‹• –Š‡
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ –•–ƒ–‡•–Šƒ––Š‡‹‹•–‡”• ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ —†‡”Ž›‹‰ –Š‡ ™‘”‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡
Š‘Ž† ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›•›•–‡‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡–Ȁ ‘˜‡”‘” ”‡‘˜‡• ƒ • Š‡›™‘”ƒ•ƒ–‡ƒƒ†•wim or sink together.Š‡
‹‹•–‡”‘Ž›‘–Š‡ƒ†˜‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ȀǤ –Š‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ••‡„Ž› ’ƒ••‡• ƒ ‘Ǧ ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡ ‘–‹‘
 ƒ•‡‘ˆƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆ‘’‹‹‘‘”†‹••ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•ǡƒŽŽ–Š‡‹‹•–‡”•Šƒ˜‡–‘
™‹–Š–Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡‘ˆƒ‹‹•–‡”ǡ–Š‡Ȁ ƒ ”‡•‹‰ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‘•‡ ‹‹•–‡”• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡
ƒ•Š‹–‘”‡•‹‰‘”ƒ†˜‹•‡–Š‡”‡•‹†‡––‘†‹•‹•• Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ‘— ‹ŽǤ
Š‹Ǥ • ”–‹ Ž‡ ͹ͷ Ž‡ƒ”Ž› •–ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž ‘ˆ ‹‹•–‡”• ‹•
‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡–‘–Š‡‘ƒ„ŠƒǤŠ‡”‡ƒ•”–‹ Ž‡
ͳ͸Ͷ Ž‡ƒ”Ž› •–ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž ‘ˆ ‹‹•–‡”• ‹•
‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡–‘–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ••‡„Ž›‘ˆ–Š‡
•–ƒ–‡Ǥ
• Ž–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž ‘ˆ ‹‹•–‡”• ƒ ƒ†˜‹•‡ –Š‡
”‡•‹†‡–Ȁ‰‘˜‡”‘”–‘†‹••‘Ž˜‡–Š‡‘ƒ„ŠƒȀŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡
ƒ••‡„Ž›‘–Š‡‰”‘—†–Šƒ––Š‡ ‘—•‡†‘‡•‘–”‡’”‡•‡–
–Š‡ ˜‹‡™• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡ ˆƒ‹–Šˆ—ŽŽ› ƒ† ƒŽŽ ˆ‘” ˆ”‡•Š
‡Ž‡ –‹‘•
• Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡‘ˆ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ•–Šƒ–
–Š‡ ƒ„‹‡–†‡ ‹•‹‘•„‹†ƒŽŽ ƒ„‹‡–‹‹•–‡”•ȋƒ†‘–Š‡”
‹‹•–‡”•Ȍ‡˜‡‹ˆ–Š‡›†‡ˆ‡””‡†‹–Š‡ ƒ„‹‡–‡‡–‹‰Ǥ ˆ
ƒ›‹‹•–‡”†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡•™‹–Šƒ ƒ„‹‡–†‡ ‹•‹‘ƒ†‹•‘–
’”‡’ƒ”‡†–‘†‡ˆ‡†‹–ǡŠ‡—•–”‡•‹‰Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ”
„‡†ƒ” ”‡•‹‰‡† „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ Š‹• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ™‹–Š Š‹•
‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•‘–Š‡ ‹†—‘†‡‹ŽŽ‹ͳͻͷ͵Ǥ

KEYWORDS: Swim or sink together, ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ǡ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›•›•–‡ǡ ‹†—‘†‡‹ŽŽ‹ͳͻͷ͵ǡ
‹‡–›Ǧ ‹”•–‡†‡– –ǡʹͲͲ͵Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

27 CABINET SYSTEM IN INDIA

• •ƒŽŽ‡”„‘†› ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ„‹‡–‹•–Š‡— Ž‡—•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•Ǥ – ‘•‹•–•‘ˆ‘Ž›–Š‡ ƒ„‹‡–‹‹•–‡”•Ǥ –‹•

–Š‡”‡ƒŽ ‡–‡”‘ˆƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‹–Š‡ ‡–‡”Ȁ•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
ROLE OF CABINET
• –‹•–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‹‘—”’‘Ž‹–‹ ‘Ǧƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡•›•–‡Ǥ
• –‹•–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ’‘Ž‹ ›ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‰„‘†›‘ˆ–Š‡‡–”ƒŽȀ•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• –‹•–Š‡•—’”‡‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‡–”ƒŽȀ•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• –‹•–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‘”‘ˆ‡–”ƒŽȀ•–ƒ–‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• –‹•ƒƒ†˜‹•‘”›„‘†›–‘–Š‡’”‡•‹†‡–Ȁ ‘˜‡”‘”ƒ†‹–•ƒ†˜‹ ‡‹•„‹†‹‰‘Š‹Ǥ
• –‹•–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ”‹•‹•ƒƒ‰‡”ƒ†–Š—•†‡ƒŽ•™‹–ŠƒŽŽ‡‡”‰‡ ›•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• –†‡ƒŽ•™‹–ŠƒŽŽƒŒ‘”Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽƒ––‡”•Ǥ
• –‡š‡” ‹•‡• ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”Š‹‰Š‡”ƒ’’‘‹–‡–•Ž‹‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ƒ†•‡‹‘”•‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹ƒ–ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‘”•Ǥ
• –†‡ƒŽ•™‹–ŠƒŽŽˆ‘”‡‹‰’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ƒ†ˆ‘”‡‹‰ƒˆˆƒ‹”•ȋ ‡–”ƒŽƒ„‹‡–ȌǤ

Kitchen Cabinet: –‹•ƒ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ„‘†› ‘•‹•–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡”‹‡‹‹•–‡”ƒ†–™‘–‘ˆ‘—”‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•‹

™Š‘Š‡Šƒ•ˆƒ‹–Šƒ†™‹–Š™Š‘Š‡ ƒ†‹• —••‡˜‡”› ’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ –ƒ†˜‹•‡•–Š‡’”‹‡‹‹•–‡”‘‹’‘”–ƒ–
’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ†ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡‹••—‡•ƒ†ƒ••‹•–•Š‹‹ƒ‹‰ ”— ‹ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘•Ǥ
–‹• ‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ‘–‘Ž› ƒ„‹‡–‹‹•–‡”•„—–ƒŽ•‘‘—–•‹†‡”•Ž‹‡ˆ”‹‡†•ƒ†ˆƒ‹Ž›‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡’”‹‡‹‹•–‡”Ǥ

MERITS OF KITCHEN CABINET DEMERITS OF KITCHEN CABINET
—‡ –‘ –Š‡ •ƒŽŽ —‹–ǡ ƒ — Š ‘”‡ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– †‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧ ‡†— ‡• –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ƒ† •–ƒ–—• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‹‡– ƒ• –Š‡
ƒ‹‰„‘†›–ŠƒƒŽƒ”‰‡ ƒ„‹‡–Ǥ Š‹‰Š‡•–†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰„‘†›Ǥ

‡„‡”• ƒ ‡‡– ‘”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ ƒ† †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š „—•‹‡•• ‹” —˜‡–• –Š‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡•• „› ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘—–•‹†‡
— Š‘”‡‡š’‡†‹–‹‘—•Ž›Ǥ ’‡”•‘•–‘’Žƒ›ƒ‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ”‘Ž‡Ǥ 

‡Ž’• ‹ ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ •‡ ”‡ › ‹ ƒ‹‰ †‡ ‹•‹‘• ‘ ‘—Ž†‹†— ‡ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ‹•–”—•–ƒ‘‰‘–Š‡”‡„‡”•

‹’‘”–ƒ–’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹••—‡•Ǥ ‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ„‹‡–Ǥ

CABINET COMMITTEES
• Š‡ ƒ„‹‡–™‘”•–Š”‘—‰Š˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‘‹––‡‡• ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ„‹‡– ‘‹––‡‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡•‡–—’„›–Š‡Ȁƒ ‘”†‹‰
–‘–Š‡‡š‹‰‡ ‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡–‹‡ƒ†”‡“—‹”‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡ ‡ǡ–Š‡‹”—„‡”ǡ‘‡ Žƒ–—”‡ƒ† ‘’‘•‹–‹‘
˜ƒ”›ˆ”‘–‹‡–‘–‹‡Ǥ
• Š‡›‘–‘Ž›•‘”–‘—–‹••—‡•ƒ†ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ„‹‡–„—–ƒŽ•‘–ƒ‡†‡ ‹•‹‘•Ǥ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ ƒ„‹‡– ƒ”‡˜‹‡™–Š‡‹”†‡ ‹•‹‘•Ǥ
Features of Cabinet Committees:
• Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‡š–”ƒǦ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ‘– ‡–‹‘‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ —Ž‡• ‘ˆ —•‹‡•• ’”‘˜‹†‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡‹”
‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–Ǥ
• Š‡›ƒ”‡‘ˆ–™‘–›’‡•—•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ†ƒ†Š‘ ǤŠ‡ˆ‘”‡”‹•‘ˆƒ’‡”ƒ‡–ƒ–—”‡™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡Žƒ––‡”ƒ”‡‘ˆƒ–‡’‘”ƒ”›
ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
Advantages Disadvantages

• Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‡˜‹ ‡–‘”‡†— ‡–Š‡‡‘”‘—• • Š‡› †‘ ‘– ‘˜‡” ƒŽŽ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ
™‘”Ž‘ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‹‡–Ǥ ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ǥ
• Š‡›ƒŽ•‘ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡‹Ǧ†‡’–Š‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘Ž‹ ›‹••—‡• • Š‡› ƒ –ƒ‡ —’ ƒ ƒ––‡” ‘Ž› ™Š‡ ‹– ‹•
ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘„›–Š‡‹‹•–‡” ‘ ‡”‡†‘”„›–Š‡
• ‘‹––‡‡• ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– —–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –‹‡ ƒ† ƒ„‹‡–Ǥ
Š—ƒ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

• ƒ˜‡• –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ –‹‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‹‡–Ǥ ‘”‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ • Š‡›†‘‘–‡‡–”‡‰—Žƒ”Ž›ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ž›
†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘†—‡–‘•ƒŽŽ‡”•‹œ‡Ǥ ‡ ‡••ƒ”›ǡ‹ˆ•—•–ƒ‹‡†ƒ––‡–‹‘‹•–‘„‡‰‹˜‡–‘
• – Š‡ • ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”› ƒ –‹‘• „› ‹‹•–‡”•Ǥ Š‡› Š‡Ž’ ‹ ‘’Ž‡š ’”‘„Ž‡• ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‘‰”‡•• ‹
•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡‘ˆ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ƒ†
• –Š‡Ž’•‹ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”‹ƒŽ‡š’‡”–‹•‡Ǥ ’”‘‰”ƒ‡•‹•–‘„‡‡’–—†‡” ‘•–ƒ–”‡˜‹‡™Ǥ

Previous Year Questions

ͳǤ ‹• —••–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹ ‡–”‡•‹†‡–•‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ•–Š‡ Šƒ‹”ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŒ›ƒƒ„ŠƒǤ ʹͲʹʹ

ʹǤ ‹• —••–Š‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”‡š‡” ‹•‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡’‘™‡”•„›–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”Ǥ‹• —••–Š‡ ʹͲʹʹ

Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ ”‡Ǧ ’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘”†‹ƒ ‡• „› –Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘” ™‹–Š‘—– ’Žƒ ‹‰ –Š‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡
‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡
͵Ǥ •–ƒ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–̵•†‡Žƒ›‹ ‘—–‹‰†‡ƒ–Š•‡–‡ ‡•Šƒ• ‘‡ —†‡”’—„Ž‹ †‡„ƒ–‡ƒ• ʹͲͳͶ
†‡‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ Œ—•–‹ ‡Ǥ Š‘—Ž† –Š‡”‡ „‡ ƒ –‹‡ Ž‹‹– •’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡– –‘ ƒ ‡’–Ȁ”‡Œ‡ – •— Š
’‡–‹–‹‘•ǫƒŽ›œ‡
ͶǤ Š‡•‹œ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ„‹‡–•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ•„‹‰ƒ•‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ™‘”Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡•ƒ†ƒ•„‹‰ƒ•–Š‡”‹‡‹‹•–‡” ʹͲͳͶ
ƒƒƒ‰‡ƒ•ƒ–‡ƒǤ ‘™ˆƒ”–Š‡‡ˆˆ‹ ƒ ›‘ˆƒ‰‘˜‡”‡––Š‡‹•‹˜‡”•‡Ž›”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡•‹œ‡‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒ„‹‡–ǫ‹• —••

KEYWORDS: ‹– Š‡ƒ„‹‡–, •—’”‡‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ǡ Š‹‡ˆ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‘”ǡ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹‰ǡ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡
†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‘Ǧƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡•›•–‡Ǥ

UPSC OPTIONAL COURSE 2025

Hinglish / �ह�ी

Anthropology PSIR History

Sociology Geography Public Administration

Mathematics �ह�ी सा�ह�

At Just COUPON CODE FOR

EXTRA
₹ 8,999/- PWOIAS500 DISCOUNT

128
PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

28 MINISTRIES OF GOVERNMENT

Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡• ˆ‘” ƒ ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”› ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‘†‡Ž‡† ‘ –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ‘†‡ŽǤ Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž ‘ˆ
‹‹•–‡”•ǡŠ‡ƒ†‡†„›–Š‡’”‹‡‹‹•–‡”ǡ‹•–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‹‘—”’‘Ž‹–‹ ‘Ǧƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡•›•–‡Ǥ
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
Article 74 ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•–‘ƒ‹†ƒ†ƒ†˜‹•‡–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ǤŠ‹•ƒ†˜‹ ‡•ŠƒŽŽ‘–„‡‹“—‹”‡†‹ƒ› ‘—”–
‘ˆŽƒ™Ǥ
Article 75 Š‡‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”••ŠƒŽŽ„‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡–‘–Š‡‘ƒ„ŠƒǤ
‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•ǣƒš‹—ͳͷΨ‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆǤȋͻͳ•–‡†‡– –‘ˆʹͲͲ͵Ȍ
†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹•–‡”–‘–Š‡’”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ
Article 77 Š‡”‡•‹†‡–•ŠƒŽŽƒ‡”—Ž‡•ˆ‘” ‘˜‡‹‡––”ƒ•ƒ –‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡„—•‹‡••‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘ Ǥ
HIERARCHY OF MINISTERS IN INDIA
• Š‡‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”• ‘•‹•–•‘ˆ–Š”‡‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•ǡƒ‡Ž›ǡ ƒ„‹‡–‹‹•–‡”•ǡ‹‹•–‡”•‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡ǡƒ†
†‡’—–›‹‹•–‡”•ǤŠ‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Ž‹‡•‹–Š‡‹””‡•’‡ –‹˜‡”ƒ•ǡ‡‘Ž—‡–•ǡƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡Ǥ


Cabinet Minister Other Ministers

• Š‡›ƒ”‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ„‹‡–ǡƒ––‡†‹–•‡‡–‹‰•ƒ†’Žƒ›ƒ • Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ ‹‹•–‡”• ‘–Š‡” –Šƒ ƒ„‹‡–
‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹ †‡ ‹†‹‰ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡‹” ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ‹‹•–”‹‡•Ǥ
‡š–‡†‘˜‡”–Š‡‡–‹”‡‰ƒ—–‘ˆ–Š‡‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ • Š‡•‡ ‹‹•–”‹‡• ƒ”‡ Š‡ƒ†‡† „› –Š‡
• Š‡›—•‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”‹’‘”–ƒ–’‘”–ˆ‘Ž‹‘•Ž‹‡–Š‡ ‹‹•–‡”‘ˆ–ƒ–‡Ǥ
‘‡‹‹•–”›‡– Ǥ

PARLIAMENTARY SECRETARIES
• ‡‹•ƒ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”‹ƒ™Š‘Š‡Ž’•ƒ•‡‹‘”‹‹•–‡”™‹–Š†—–‹‡•ǤŠ‡›—•—ƒŽŽ›Šƒ˜‡–Š‡”ƒ‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”‘ˆ–ƒ–‡ǡ
‡Œ‘›–Š‡•ƒ‡’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡•ǡƒ†ƒ”‡–ƒ•‡†™‹–Š™‘”‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ‰‡ ›Ǥ

Reasons for Appointment Criticism

• Article 75 and 164:  ‘”†‹‰–‘”–‹ Ž‡•͹ͷƒ† • Against Separation of Powersǣ ˆƒŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‘”„‡ ‘‡•
ͳ͸Ͷǡ ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”› •‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹‡• ƒ”‡ ‘– ‹‹•–‡”• ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡–Š‡Š‡Ȁ•Š‡ ƒ‘–ˆ— –‹‘‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž›Ǥ
„‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‘– ƒ’’‘‹–‡† ‡‹–Š‡” „› –Š‡ • Misuse of Article 102: Š‹• ƒŽŽ‘™• ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– –‘
”‡•‹†‡–‘” ‘˜‡”‘”‘”‰‹˜‡–Š‡‘ƒ–Š‘ˆ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ‡š Ž—†‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ’”‘ˆ‹–ǤŠ‡
ƒ†•‡ ”‡ ›Ǥ ‡š Ž—•‹‘‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›•‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹‡•”‡•—Ž–•‹ƒ†”ƒ‹
• Increased workload: Š‡› ƒ••‹•– ‹‹•–‡”• –‘ ‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ‘‡›†—‡–‘‘˜‡”•‹œ‡† ƒ„‹‡–ǡƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ
†‹• Šƒ”‰‡ ˆ— –‹‘ •— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ› †‡•’‹–‡ –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹•†—‡–‘ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›—•‡‘ˆƒ‡†‡–•
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ™‘”Ž‘ƒ†ǡ •‘‡–Š‹‰ –Šƒ– ƒ› •–ƒ–‡• • Violation of Constitutional spiritǣ›‡š Ž—†‹‰‹–ˆ”‘
ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– Šƒ˜‡ †‘‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡  –Š‡ †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹‹•–‡”•ǡ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
•—’’‘”–‡†–Š‹•‹–Š‡ƒƒ ƒ•‡Ǥ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”› ‡ ”‡–ƒ”› ‹• ‹•—•‡† –‘ ‹” —˜‡– –Š‡
• Constitutional power: Š‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ Šƒ• –Š‡ ͳͷΨ ‡‹Ž‹‰•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•ǤȋͳͲΨ‹
ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› –‘ ‡ƒ – Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ ‡š‡’–‹‰ ƒ› –Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ‡ŽŠ‹ȌǤ
‘ˆˆ‹ ‡Š‘Ž†‡”Ǥ • Political motiveǣŠ‡›ƒ”‡‹•—•‡†–‘ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ
• No independent charge: Š‡›ƒ”‡•‹’Ž›–‹‡†–‘ ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ • ™Š‘ ‘—Ž†̵– ‰‡– ƒ ‹‹•–‡”‹ƒŽ
‹‹•–‡”•‹‘”†‡”–‘ ƒ””›‘—––Š‡‹”†—–‹‡•Ǣ–Š‡›ƒ”‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ
‘–‰‹˜‡ƒ›ˆ—”–Š‡”ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ

CONCLUSION
• Š‡†‡„ƒ–‡‘ˆ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›•‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹‡•‹• ‡–‡”‡†‘–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ’”‘ˆ‹– ‘ ‡”Ǥƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‡ƒ Š•–ƒ–‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰
ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’”‘˜‹•‹‘ǡ‹–‹•Š‹‰Š–‹‡–Šƒ––Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–ƒ‡•‘‡Œ—†‰‡–ǡƒ†–Š‡•ƒ‡•ŠƒŽŽ„‡ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„Ž‡
–‘ƒŽŽ•–ƒ–‡•ƒ†–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

29 PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEES

INTRODUCTION
It means a committee that is elected by the house or nominated by Speaker/chairman, works under and submits
reports to the speaker/chairman, and has a secretariat provided by the Lok Sabha/ Rajya Sabha.
ROLE OF PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEES
• Specialized jobs: –ƒ†‹‰ ‘‹––‡‡’‡”ˆ‘”••’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†Œ‘„•ƒ†ƒ†ǦŠ‘  ‘‹––‡‡•ƒ”‡ ‘•–‹–—–‡†–‘’‡”ˆ‘”
•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ –ƒ••ƒ† ‡ƒ•‡–‘‡š‹•–—’‘–Š‡‹” ‘’Ž‡–‹‘Ǥ
• Financial prudence: ‡˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ „—†‰‡–ƒ”› ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘• ‡ƒ„Ž‡ ‹– –‘ ‡•—”‡ ‡ ‘‘› ƒ† ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ › ‹ ’—„Ž‹ 
‡š’‡†‹–—”‡Ǥ
• Engaging stakeholders: —”‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ •—„Œ‡ –• –Š‡•‡ ‘‹––‡‡• •‡‡ ˆ‡‡†„ƒ  ˆ”‘  •ǡ ‡š’‡”–•ǡ
‹–‹œ‡•ǡ‡– Ǥ‡‰Ǥ ‹ƒ ‡‘‹––‡‡—‘‡†–Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‘”‘–Š‡†‡‘‡–‹œƒ–‹‘•—„Œ‡ –Ǥ
• In-depth scrutiny: ‘”‹‰„‡›‘†’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›•‡••‹‘•‡ƒ„Ž‡•‹Ǧ†‡’–Š• ”—–‹›‘ˆ„‹ŽŽ•™Š‹ Š• ƒ̵–†‘
†—‡–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†™‘”Ž‘ƒ†Ǥ
• Resolving issues in Bills: —Ž–‹ǦŽƒ›‡”‡† ’”‡ǦŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ • ”—–‹› ”‡•—Ž–• ‹ ‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‹••—‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‹ŽŽ ‰‡––‹‰
ƒ††”‡••‡†ǤǤ‰Ǥ‡†”‡••ƒŽ‘ˆ‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ••—‡•‹–Š‡”‡˜‡–‹‘‘ˆ‘””—’–‹‘‡†‡–‹ŽŽƒˆ–‡”‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘„›
–™‘’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”› ‘‹––‡‡•Ǥ
• Forum for consensus-building: –‹Ǧ†‡ˆ‡ –‹‘ Žƒ™ †‘‡• ‘– ƒ’’Ž› –‘ –Š‡•‡ ‘‹––‡‡•Ǥ Š‹• ‡ƒ„Ž‡• ‹’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ
ˆ— –‹‘‹‰„‡›‘†’ƒ”–›Ž‹‡•–‘„—‹Ž† ‘•‡•—•‘‹’‘”–ƒ–‹••—‡•Ǥ
ISSUES FACED BY COMMITTEES
• Dip in the number of Bills referred:  ‡†‡– –ȋʹͲͳͻȌǡƒ†‡†‡– –ȋʹͲͳͻȌ™‡”‡’ƒ••‡†
™‹–Š‘—–”‡ˆ‡””‹‰–Š‡–‘–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”› ‘‹––‡‡Ǥ
• Absenteeism of Members: Š‡ ƒ––‡†ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ„‘—– ͷͲΨ •‹ ‡ ʹͲͳͶǦͳͷ ‹ ‘‹––‡‡ ‡‡–‹‰• ‹• ƒ ƒ—•‡ ˆ‘”
‘ ‡”Ǥ
• Lack of expertiseǣ‘‹––‡‡‡„‡”•Žƒ –Š‡–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ‡š’‡”–‹•‡”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘”†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–‘’‹ ••— Šƒ•
ƒ ‘—–‹‰ƒ†ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•Ǥ
• The politicization of meetings: ‡„‡”• Šƒ˜‡ •–ƒ”–‡† –ƒ‹‰ •–”‹ – ’ƒ”–› Ž‹‡• ‹ ‡‡–‹‰• ‘ ••—‡• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡
‰‡––‹‰’—„Ž‹ ƒ––‡–‹‘Ǥ
• Short tenureǣ ‡ ›‡ƒ” –‡—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‘‹––‡‡• ‹• ˜‡”› Ž‹––Ž‡ –‹‡ ˆ‘” •’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ˆ‹‹•Š‹‰ ƒ
†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† ”‡˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ ‘’Ž‡š –‘’‹ •Ǥ Ex. the IT panel could not complete deliberations on “Safeguarding citizens”
”‹‰Š–• ƒ† ’”‡˜‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹•—•‡ ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽȀ‘Ž‹‡ ‡™• ‡†‹ƒ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ‡’Šƒ•‹• ‘ ™‘‡̵•
•‡ —”‹–›‹–Š‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽ•’ƒ ‡Ǥ
• Non-binding recommendations: Ž› ‡”–ƒ‹†‡„ƒ–‡•ƒ‡”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘•‘‡”‡’‘”–•ƒ†‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡”‡’‘”–•
ƒ”‡‘––ƒ‡ˆ‘”†‹• —••‹‘‹–Š‡’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–•‡••‹‘Ǥ
WAY FORWARD
The NCRWC Šƒ•”‡ ‘‡†‡†–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–‡’•–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”› ‘‹––‡‡•ǣ
• Increase in tenure: ‡ ‡–Ž›ƒŒ›ƒƒ„Šƒ‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹ƒ–‹• ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ƒʹ›‡ƒ”•–‡—”‡ˆ‘”•‘–Šƒ––Š‡’ƒ‡Ž•
‰‡–‡‘—‰Š–‹‡–‘™‘”‘–Š‡•—„Œ‡ –••‡Ž‡ –‡†„›–Š‡Ǥ
• Adopt Best Practicesǣ”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ž‹‡ƒ ‘ ‡”‡†‹‹•–‡”ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹‰„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ ‘‹––‡‡–‘‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡ƒ††‡ˆ‡†
–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ”‹–‡”‹ƒˆ‘””‡ˆ‡””‹‰„‹ŽŽ•–‘ƒ ‘‹––‡‡ǡ‡– •ŠƒŽŽ„‡ƒ†‘’–‡†Ǥ
• Institutional Research Support: Š‹• ™‹ŽŽ ƒŽŽ‘™ ‘‹––‡‡• –‘ ‡šƒ‹‡ –‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‘’Ž‡š ’‘Ž‹ › ‹••—‡•
Š‘Ž‹•–‹ ƒŽŽ›Ǥ
• Periodic review: Objective criteria for a regular assessment of the committee’s performance and making a required
‘—”•‡ ‘””‡ –‹‘Ǥ
CONCLUSION
Considering the steadily declining sittings of Parliament from 100-150 (1950s) to 60-70 in 2021-22, strengthening the
committee system can go a long way in improving the quality of laws drafted and minimizing potential implementation
challenges.


130
PRAHAAR 2024: Indian Polity and Constitution

30 REPRESENTATION OF PEOPLES’ ACT

INTRODUCTION
• Š‡ Representation of Peoples’ Act, 1950 ™ƒ• ‡ƒ –‡† „› –Š‡ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ƒŽ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ‘ˆ †‹ƒ „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•–
‡‡”ƒŽ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›—†‡””–‹ Ž‡͵ʹ͹‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ –’”‘˜‹†‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‡ƒ–•ƒ†–Š‡
†‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘•–‹–—‡ ‹‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ ‘ ƒ„Šƒ ƒ† –ƒ–‡ ‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ “—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ
˜‘–‡”•ǡ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ”‘ŽŽ•ǡƒ†ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰—’•‡ƒ–•‹ƒŒ›ƒƒ„Šƒ„›–Š‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•‘ˆ‹‘‡””‹–‘”‹‡•Ǥ
• Š‡ Representation of Peoples’ Act, 1951 ’”‘˜‹†‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ –—ƒŽ ‘†— – ‘ˆ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—•‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ†–‘–Š‡ ‘—•‡‘” ‘—•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‡ƒ Š–ƒ–‡Ǥ
KEY FEATURES OF THE ACT
• –”‡‰—Žƒ–‡•Š‘™‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ƒ†„›Ǧ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ƒ”‡Š‡Ž†Ǥ
• –’”‘˜‹†‡•–Š‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ˆ‘”Š‘Ž†‹‰‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
• –†‡ƒŽ•™‹–Š’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–›”‡‰‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• –†‡ˆ‹‡•–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ƒ††‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘” ‘—•‡‡„‡”•Š‹’Ǥ
• – ‘•‹•–•‘ˆŽƒ™•–‘ ‘„ƒ– ‘””—’–‹‘ƒ†‘–Š‡”‘ˆˆ‡•‡•Ǥ
• –‘—–Ž‹‡•–Š‡’”‘ ‡†—”‡ˆ‘””‡•‘Ž˜‹‰’”‘„Ž‡•ƒ† ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹‡•”‡•—Ž–‹‰ˆ”‘‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ

Significance Challenges

• Implementation of democracy: Š‡ –’”‘˜‹†‡• • Ruling party advantage: Š‡ • †‘ ‘– ‘–ƒ‹
ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ” ’”‘˜‹•‹‘• ƒ† ‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡• ‘ ”‡†— ‹‰ –Š‡
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ƒ† ‡•—”‡• –Šƒ– †‡‘ ”ƒ › ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ –‘ –Š‡ ”—Ž‹‰ ’ƒ”–› ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ‹•—•‡ ‘ˆ
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹œ‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‘—–”› ƒ† ˆ‹ŽŽ• ˜‘‹†• •— Š ƒ• ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ ƒ Š‹‡”› ƒ† ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ ˆ—†‹‰Ǥ Ǥ‰Ǥ   Šƒ•
–Š‡–‡”‘ˆƒŒ›ƒƒ„Šƒ‡„‡”•‡– Ǥ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ƒ”‘—† ͻͷΨ ‘ˆ ‹–• ˆ—†‹‰ –Š”‘—‰Š ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ
• Ensuring equality: Š‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘•‘ˆ‘‡‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ „‘†•Ǥ
”‘ŽŽ ˆ‘” ‘ ƒ„Šƒ ƒ† ƒ••‡„Ž› ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ • Stopping criminal elements: ˜‡ƒˆ–‡”’”‘˜‹•‹‘•‹
’”‘Š‹„‹–‹‰ ”‡‰‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‘”‡ –Šƒ ‘‡ •ƒ”‘—†Ͷ͵Ψ‘ˆ•‹–Š‡’”‡•‡–‘ƒ„ŠƒŠƒ˜‡
‘•–‹–—‡ ›‡•—”‡•‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ ‹–‹œ‡•Ǥ ”‹‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡•’‡†‹‰ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡Ǥ
• Decriminalization: Š‡ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ • Social mediaǣ ‘ ‹ƒŽ ‡†‹ƒ Šƒ• „Ž—””‡† –Š‡ •‹Ž‡ ‡
†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ ‡„‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ƒ’ƒ‹‰‹‰ƒ†ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ„Ž‡•‹ ”‘Ǧ
ƒ† –ƒ–‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ ‡•—”‡ †‡ ”‹‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ž‡˜‡Ž–ƒ”‰‡–‹‰‘ˆ˜‘–‡”•Ǥ
’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ • Power to de-register parties:  †‘‡•‘–Šƒ˜‡–Š‡
• Transparency: Š‡ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ ’‘™‡” –‘ †‡Ǧ”‡‰‹•–‡” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹‡• –Šƒ– †‘ ‘–
†‡ Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ••‡–• ƒ† Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ ”‹‰Š– –‘ ‘–‡•–‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ƒ†ƒ”‡‡”‡Ž›ˆ‘””‡ ‡‹˜‹‰ˆ—†•Ǥ
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡Ž‡ –‘”• ‡– Ǥ ‡•—”‡ –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ › • Bureaucratisation of politics:   †‘‡• ‘– Šƒ˜‡ ‹–•
”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•‹–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ ‘™ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ ƒ Š‹‡”› ƒ† Šƒ• –‘ †‡’‡† ‘ –Š‡
• Free and fair elections: Š‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ‘– ‘†— ‹˜‡ –‘ ˆ”‡‡ ƒ† ˆƒ‹”
‘””—’–’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ†‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•’”‘˜‹†‡ˆ‘” ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
–Š‡†‡ ”‹‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ

PROVISIONS REGARDING DISQUALIFICATIONS IN RPA, 1951

Section 8 addresses the disqualification of representatives for Other offenses:

specific offenses. Among the different sub-clauses are: ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘ ‹• ‘˜‹ –‡† ‘ˆ ƒ› ”‹‡ ƒ†
8 (1):  ’‡”•‘ ‘˜‹ –‡† ‘ˆ ƒ ‘ˆˆ‡•‡ ’—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡ —†‡” ‡”–ƒ‹ •‡–‡ ‡†–‘–™‘‘”‘”‡›‡ƒ”•‹Œƒ‹ŽǡŠ‡‘”
ƒ –•‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ‡ƒŽ‘†‡ǡ”‘–‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‹˜‹Ž‹‰Š–• –ͳͻͷͷǡ •Š‡‹•†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡†Ǥ
Žƒ™ˆ—Ž  –‹˜‹–‹‡• ȋ”‡˜‡–‹‘Ȍ  – ͳͻ͸͹ǡ ”‡˜‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆƒ’‡”•‘Šƒ•‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹ ‘””—’–’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ
‘””—’–‹‘ –ͳͻͺͺǡ”‡˜‡–‹‘‘ˆ‡””‘”‹• –ʹͲͲʹǡ‡– Ǥǡ•ŠƒŽŽ ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘ ‹• †‹•‹••‡† ˆ”‘ ƒ ‰‘˜‡”‡–
„‡†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡†‹ˆ•‡–‡ ‡†–‘ǣ ’‘•‹–‹‘†—‡–‘ ‘””—’–‹‘‘”†‹•Ž‘›ƒŽ–›Ǥ
‘Ž›ˆ‹‡ǡˆ‘”ƒ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ•‹š›‡ƒ”•ˆ”‘–Š‡†ƒ–‡‘ˆ•— Š ‘˜‹ –‹‘Ǥ

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‹’”‹•‘‡–ǡ ˆ‘” ƒ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ •‹š ›‡ƒ”• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ †ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ •— Š ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘ Šƒ• ƒ ‘–”ƒ – ™‹–Š –Š‡
‘˜‹ –‹‘ƒ†•ŠƒŽŽ ‘–‹—‡Ǥ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‹ –Š‡ ‘—”•‡ ‘ˆ ‘‡” ‡ ‘”
8 (2): ’‡”•‘‰—‹Ž–›‘ˆ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‰ǣ „—•‹‡•• ‘” •—’’Ž‹‡• ‰‘‘†• –‘ –Š‡
ƒ›Žƒ™’”‘Š‹„‹–‹‰•–‘ ’‹Ž‹‰‘”’”‘ˆ‹–‡‡”‹‰Ǣ‘” ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
ƒ›Žƒ™’”‘Š‹„‹–‹‰–Š‡ƒ†—Ž–‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ‘‘†‘”‡†‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǣ‘” ˆƒ’‡”•‘‹•ƒƒƒ‰‹‰ƒ‰‡–ǡƒƒ‰‡”ǡ‘”
ƒ›’”‘˜‹•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‘™”›”‘Š‹„‹–‹‘ –ǡͳͻ͸ͳǤ •‡ ”‡–ƒ”› ‘ˆ ƒ› ‘’ƒ› ‘” ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘
8 (3):  ’‡”•‘ ‘˜‹ –‡† ‘ˆ ƒ› ‘ˆˆ‡•‡ ƒ† •‡–‡ ‡† –‘ ȋ‘–Š‡” –Šƒ ƒ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ •‘ ‹‡–›Ȍ ‹ ™Š‹ Š
‹’”‹•‘‡–ˆ‘”‘–Ž‡••–Šƒ–™‘›‡ƒ”•ȏ‘–Š‡”–Šƒƒ›‘ˆˆ‡•‡ –Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‘™•ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ʹͷΨǤ
”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘‹•—„•‡ –‹‘ȋͳȌ‘”ȋʹȌȐ‹•†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡†ƒ–‡‘ˆ ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘ ˆƒ‹Ž• –‘ ˆ‹Ž‡ ƒ ƒ ‘—– ‘ˆ Š‹•
•— Š ‘˜‹ –‹‘ƒ†”‡ƒ‹•†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡†ˆ‘”ƒ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ•‹š›‡ƒ”• ‡Ž‡ –‹‘‡š’‡•‡•‘–‹‡Ǥ
ƒˆ–‡”Š‹•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡Ǥ

‡‡†‹‡•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡†’‡”•‘•ǣ ‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”˜‘–‹‰ǣ

Approach to ECI under Section 11: Š‡†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡†’‡”•‘ ƒ A person is disqualified from voting at any
ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘ˆ‘””‡‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ election for a period of six years if he is
—†‡”‡ –‹‘ͳͳ‘ˆ–Š‡ –ȋ‡š ‡’–†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡‰”‘—† convicted of:
‘ˆ ‘””—’–’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ȌǤ IPC, 1860: ˆˆ‡•‡ ‘ˆ „”‹„‡”› ƒ† —†—‡
Approach to SC under Section 116 A: ˆ–Š‡†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Šƒ• ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘”’‡”•‘ƒ–‹‘ƒ–ƒ‡Ž‡ –‹‘
”‡•—Ž–‡† †—‡ –‘ ƒ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ’‡–‹–‹‘ ˆ‹Ž‡† ‹ ‹‰Š ‘—”–ǡ –Š‡ –Š‡ RPA, 1951: ˆˆ‡•‡ ‘ˆ ’”‘‘–‹‰ ‡‹–›
’‡”•‘ ƒƒ’’”‘ƒ Š—’”‡‡‘—”–ˆ‘”ƒ’’‡ƒŽ—†‡”‡ –‹‘ͳͳ͸Ǥ „‡–™‡‡ Žƒ••‡• ‹ ‘‡ –‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡
‡Ž‡ –‹‘Ǣ ”‡‘˜ƒŽ ‘ˆ „ƒŽŽ‘– ’ƒ’‡”• ˆ”‘
’‘ŽŽ‹‰ •–ƒ–‹‘•Ǣ ˆ”ƒ—†—Ž‡–Ž› †‡ˆƒ ‹‰ ‘”
ˆ”ƒ—†—Ž‡–Ž› †‡•–”‘›‹‰ ƒ› ‘‹ƒ–‹‘
’ƒ’‡”Ǥ

Judgements

The Supreme Court overturned a fourth subsection, 8 (4), in 2013 (Lily Thomas case): Š‹••‡ –‹‘ƒŽŽ‘™‡†
‘˜‹ –‡†Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‘”•–‘‡‡’–Š‡‹”•‡ƒ–•‹ˆ–Š‡›ˆ‹Ž‡†ƒƒ’’‡ƒŽ™‹–Š‹–Š”‡‡‘–Š•‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ‘˜‹ –‹‘Ǥ
Š‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– ‹ Lily Thomas v. Union of India case, 2013 Š‡Ž† –Š‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘ –Šƒ– †‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ
‡„‡”‘ˆƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ†–ƒ–‡‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡•ŠƒŽŽ‘––ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡—–‹Ž–Š”‡‡‘–Š•ˆ”‘–Š‡†ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‘˜‹ –‹‘ǡƒ•
— ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡†ˆ‘”‹‡†‹ƒ–‡†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ ‘˜‹ –‹‘Ǥ
ʹͲͳ͵ǡ–Š‡Patna High Courtˆ‘”„ƒ†‡ƒ›„‘†›‹Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‘”’‘Ž‹ ‡†‡–‡–‹‘ˆ”‘ ‘–‡•–‹‰ƒ‡Ž‡ –‹‘Ǥ
Š‡”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡244th report of the Law Commission •Š‘—Ž†„‡‹’Ž‡‡–‡†ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘
ƒ––Š‡•–ƒ‰‡‘ˆˆ”ƒ‹‰‘ˆ Šƒ”‰‡•ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š‘–Š‡”Ž‡‰ƒŽ•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†•–‘ —”„ ”‹‹ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ

REGISTRATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES

Registration of Political Parties with the Election Commission of India:
• Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘Ž‹•–•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ•Ǧ
o ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ”–›ǡ
o –ƒ–‡’ƒ”–›‘”
o ‡‰‹•–‡”‡†—”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†’ƒ”–›Ǥ
• Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘›„‘Ž•ȋ‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ŽŽ‘–‡–Ȍ”†‡”ǡͳͻ͸ͺ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡•–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ˆ‘”„‡‹‰ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ƒ
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘”•–ƒ–‡’ƒ”–›Ǥ
• ‘””‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ƒ•ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘”•–ƒ–‡’ƒ”–›ǡƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–›Šƒ•ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‡†ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǣ
National Party State Party
͸Ψ ˜ƒŽ‹† ˜‘–‡• ‹ ‘ ƒ„Šƒ ‘” ͸Ψ˜ƒŽ‹†˜‘–‡•‹‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡••‡„Ž›‡Ž‡ –‹‘•‹•–ƒ–‡Ϊʹ••‡„Ž›
‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ••‡„Ž› ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ‹ Ͷ ‘” •‡ƒ–•
‘”‡•–ƒ–‡•ΪͶ‘ƒ„Šƒ•‡ƒ–•
͸Ψ˜ƒŽ‹†˜‘–‡•‹‘ƒ„Šƒ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•‹•–ƒ–‡Ϊͳ‘ƒ„Šƒ•‡ƒ–
ʹΨ‘ƒ„Šƒ•‡ƒ–•ˆ”‘͵•–ƒ–‡• ͵Ψ‘”͵‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡••‡„Ž›•‡ƒ–•ǡ™Š‹ Š‡˜‡”‹•‘”‡
ͳȀʹͷ‘ƒ„Šƒ•‡ƒ–•

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–ƒ–‡’ƒ”–›‹Ͷ•–ƒ–‡• ͺΨ˜ƒŽ‹†˜‘–‡•‹‘ƒ„Šƒ‘”‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡••‡„Ž›‡Ž‡ –‹‘•‹ƒ•–ƒ–‡

The following political parties registered with the Election Commission are considered Registered
”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡† Parties:
• ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ”‡‡™Ž›”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡ
• ’ƒ”–‹‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡‘–”‡ ‡‹˜‡†ƒ•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ˜‘–‡•‹••‡„Ž›‘” ‡‡”ƒŽŽ‡ –‹‘•–‘„‡ ‘‡•–ƒ–‡
’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡƒ†
• ’ƒ”–‹‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡‡˜‡” ‘–‡•–‡†‡Ž‡ –‹‘••‹ ‡„‡‹‰”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†Ǥ
Benefits to Recognised Political Parties:
• Exemptions from proposers: ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•‘ˆ”‡ ‘‰‹•‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•†‘‘– ”‡“—‹”‡ƒ •—„• ”‹’–‹‘ˆ”‘–‡
’”‘’‘•‡”•ƒ––Š‡–‹‡‘ˆˆ‹Ž‹‰‘ˆ‘‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Allocation of an equitable share of timeǣ–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ’ƒ•–’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ǡ”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†”‡ ‘‰‹•‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•
‰‡–„”‘ƒ† ƒ•–Ȁ–‡Ž‡ ƒ•–ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘˜‡”ƒ•Š˜ƒ‹Ȁ‘‘”†ƒ”•Šƒ†—”‹‰‰‡‡”ƒŽ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
• Travel expenses of star campaigners: –ƒ” ƒ’ƒ‹‰‡”•̵–”ƒ˜‡Ž‡š’‡•‡•ƒ”‡‘– ƒ ‘—–‡†ˆ‘”‹–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘
‡š’‡•‡”‡ ‘”†•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”’ƒ”–›̵• ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Free supply of copies of electoral rolls: –‘–Š‡ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•‘ˆ”‡ ‘‰‹•‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•Ǥ
• Reserved symbols: ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•‘ˆ”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†”‡ ‘‰‹•‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•‰‡–”‡•‡”˜‡†•›„‘Ž•Ǥ
• Adjournment of polls: –Š‡†‡ƒ–Š‘ˆƒ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‘ˆ”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†”‡ ‘‰‹•‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡–—”‹‰‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”
ƒ†Œ‘—”•–Š‡’‘ŽŽ•–‘ƒŽƒ–‡”†ƒ–‡Ǥ

KEYWORDS: “—‹–ƒ„Ž‡•Šƒ”‡‘ˆ–‹‡ǡ‡ –‹‘͸ʹ‘ˆ–Š‡‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡‘’Ž‡ –ǡͳͻͷͳǡ–Š‡ƒ™‘‹••‹‘ǡ

•—”‹‰‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ†‡ ”‹‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡˆ”‡‡ƒ†ˆƒ‹”‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ

RIGHT TO KNOW
Right to Information:  ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡Šƒ•–‘ˆ—”‹•Š‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‹Š‹•‘‹ƒ–‹‘’ƒ’‡”ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”ǣ
• ‡‹•ƒ —•‡†‘ˆƒ›‘ˆˆ‡•‡’—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡™‹–Š‹’”‹•‘‡–ˆ‘”–™‘›‡ƒ”•‘”‘”‡ǡ™Š‡”‡ Šƒ”‰‡•ƒ”‡ˆ”ƒ‡†„›ƒ
‘’‡–‡– ‘—”–Ǣ
• ‡‹• ‘˜‹ –‡†‘ˆƒ›‘ˆˆ‡•‡ƒ†•‡–‡ ‡†–‘‹’”‹•‘‡–ˆ‘”‘‡›‡ƒ”‘”‘”‡Ǥ
SUPREME COURT RULING ON RIGHT TO INFORMATION OF ELECTORS
Case Supreme Court Ruling

Association for ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ Šƒ• –‘ ˆ—”‹•Š ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ƒ› ”‹‹ƒŽ ƒ–‡ ‡†‡–ǡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
Democratic Reforms v. “—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ••‡–•Ǥ
Union of India, 2002

People’s Union for ‘–‡”• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ”‹‰Š– –‘ ‘™ –Š‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– “—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡• ˆ‘”
Civil Liberties v. ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹”‹ ‘‡ƒ†ƒ••‡–•Ǥ
Union of India, 2003  ‘”†‹‰Ž›ǡ•‡ –‹‘ ͵͵‘ˆ –Š‡ ǡ ͳͻͷͳǡ ™Š‹ Š •–ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡• ‘—Ž† ‘– „‡
‘’‡ŽŽ‡† –‘ †‹• Ž‘•‡ ƒ› ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ‘–Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‡‹” ”‹‹ƒŽ
”‡ ‘”†•ǡ™ƒ•Š‡Ž†— ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽǤ
Resurgence India Case, ƒ†‡‹– ‘’—Ž•‘”›ˆ‘”‡–—”‹‰ˆˆ‹ ‡”•–‘”‡Œ‡ ––Š‘•‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘’ƒ’‡”•™Š‹ Šƒ”‡
2013 ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†„›‹ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ȁ„Žƒƒˆˆ‹†ƒ˜‹–•Ǥ
Krishnamurthy v. Š‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– ”—Ž‡† –Šƒ– ƒ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡̵• ”‹‹ƒŽ ƒ–‡ ‡†‡–• ȋ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›
Sivakumar & Ors, 2015 ‡‰”‡‰‹‘—• ”‹‡•Ȍ —•– „‡ †‹• Ž‘•‡† ƒ– –Š‡ –‹‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‹Ž‹‰ –Š‡ ‘‹ƒ–‹‘ ’ƒ’‡”ǡ ƒ•
”‡“—‹”‡†„›Žƒ™Ǥ
Lok Prahari v. Election Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–†‹”‡ –‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‡–”‡ƒŽ–‡”–Š‡‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡†‹• Ž‘•—”‡
Commission, 2018 ˆ‘”’”‡•‡–‡†„› ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š–Š‡‹”‘‹ƒ–‹‘’ƒ’‡”•–‘‹ Ž—†‡ƒ•‘—” ‡‘ˆ
‹ ‘‡ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡‹”•’‘—•‡•ƒ††‡’‡†‡–•Ǥ
• Declaration of Assets and Liabilities: ‡ –‹‘͹ͷ‘ˆͳͻͷͳ”‡“—‹”‡•‡˜‡”›‡Ž‡ –‡† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ˆ‘”ƒ ‘—•‡‘ˆ
ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡––‘’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡Šƒ‹”ƒȀ’‡ƒ‡”™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‹‹‡–›†ƒ›•‘ˆ–ƒ‹‰–Š‡‘ƒ–Šǣ

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o –Š‡‘˜ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‹‘˜ƒ„Ž‡’”‘’‡”–›‘ˆ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡ǡŠ‹••’‘—•‡ǡƒ†Š‹•†‡’‡†‡– Š‹Ž†”‡ƒ”‡Œ‘‹–Ž›‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽŽ›
‘™‡”•‘”„‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒ”‹‡•Ǣ
o Š‹•Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•–‘ƒ›’—„Ž‹ ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ‡–”ƒŽ‘”–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Speaker & Chairman have the power to make rules: Š‡Šƒ‹”ƒȀ’‡ƒ‡” ƒƒ‡”—Ž‡•‹–Š‹•”‡‰ƒ”†ƒ†
™‹Žˆ—Ž ‘–”ƒ˜‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”—Ž‡• ƒ„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•ƒ„”‡ƒ Š‘ˆ’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡Ǥ
• Account of Election Expenses: ‡ –‹‘͹͹‘ˆͳͻͷͳ”‡“—‹”‡•‡ƒ Š ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡–‘‡‡’ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ƒ† ‘””‡ –
ƒ ‘—–‘ˆƒŽŽ‡š’‡•‡•‹ —””‡†‹ ‘‡ –‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡†ƒ–‡‘ˆ‘‹ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡†ƒ–‡‘ˆ”‡•—Ž–
†‡ Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•ƒ ‘—–—•–„‡‰‹˜‡–‘–Š‡†‹•–”‹ –‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”™‹–Š‹–Š‹”–›†ƒ›•‘ˆƒ› ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡̵•‡Ž‡ –‹‘Ǥ
”ƒ˜‡Ž ‡š’‡•‡• ‹ —””‡† „› •–ƒ” ƒ’ƒ‹‰‡”• ‘ˆ ƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–› „› ƒ‹” ‘” ‘–Š‡” ‡–Š‘†• ƒ”‡ ‘– ‘•‹†‡”‡†
‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•„›–Š‡ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‹–Š‹•”‡‰ƒ”†Ǥ
CORRUPT PRACTICES
Provisions regarding corrupt practices in RPA, 1951: Section 123 of the Act defines corrupt practices -
• Promotion of enmity or hatred: Š‡ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‡– ‘ˆ Š‘•–‹Ž‹–› ‘” Šƒ–”‡† ƒ‘‰•– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– Žƒ••‡• ‘ˆ †‹ƒ
‹–‹œ‡•‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ”ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ•–‡ǡ ‘—‹–›ǡ‘”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ
• Commission of sati or its glorification: Š‡ ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‘” –Š‡ ‘‹••‹‘ ‘ˆ •ƒ–‹ ‘” ‹–•
‰Ž‘”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Briberyǣƒ›‰‹ˆ–ǡ‘ˆˆ‡”‘”’”‘‹•‡„›ƒ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‘”Š‹•ƒ‰‡––‘ƒ›’‡”•‘–‘•–ƒ†‘”‘––‘•–ƒ†‘”–‘™‹–Š†”ƒ™
‘”‘––‘™‹–Š†”ƒ™ˆ”‘„‡‹‰ƒ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‘”–‘˜‘–‡‘””‡ˆ”ƒ‹ˆ”‘˜‘–‹‰Ǥ
• Undue influenceǣ†‹”‡ –‘”‹†‹”‡ –‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ”‡‡‡š‡” ‹•‡‘ˆƒ›‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ”‹‰Š–Ǥ –‹ Ž—†‡•–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰
ƒ›‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‘”‡Ž‡ –‘”Ǥ
• Religious appealǣŠ‡ƒ’’‡ƒŽ„ƒ•‡†‘Š‹•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ”ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ•–‡ǡ ‘—‹–›ǡ‘”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ‘”–Š‡ƒ’’‡ƒŽ–‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•›„‘Ž•ǡ•— Šƒ•–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽˆŽƒ‰‘”–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡„Ž‡Ǥ
• Obtaining assistance from any government official: „–ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ‹† ȋ‘–Š‡” –Šƒ ˜‘–‹‰Ȍ ˆ”‘ ‰ƒœ‡––‡† ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•ǡ
•–‹’‡†‹ƒ”›Œ—†‰‡•ƒ†ƒ‰‹•–”ƒ–‡•ǡ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡†ˆ‘” ‡•ǡ‡š ‹•‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•ǡ”‡˜‡—‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•ǡƒ†•‘‘Ǥ
• Booth capturing: In the 2019 general elections, a polling agent in Faridabad was arrested over video of ‘booth
capture’.
• False publicationǣŠ‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ›ˆƒŽ•‡•–ƒ–‡‡–‘ˆˆƒ –‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘” ‘†— –‘ˆ
ƒ› ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡Ǥ
• Contravention of authorizing expenditure: Š‡‹ —””‹‰‘”ƒ—–Š‘”‹œ‹‰‘ˆ‡š’‡†‹–—”‡‹ ‘–”ƒ˜‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡
‘Account of election expenses and maximum limit’ prescribed under Section 77 of RPA, 1951.
• Use of any vehicle or vessel for the free conveyance of any elector: ȋ‘–Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ Š‹•‡Žˆǡ –Š‡
‡„‡”•‘ˆŠ‹•ˆƒ‹Ž›‘”Š‹•ƒ‰‡–Ȍ–‘‘”ˆ”‘ƒ›’‘ŽŽ‹‰•–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Š‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– ‹ „Š‹”ƒ ‹‰Š̵• ƒ•‡ǡ ʹͲͳ͹ Š‡Ž† –Šƒ– ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ‹• ƒ •‡ —Žƒ” ‡š‡” ‹•‡ ƒ† ƒ ƒ’’‡ƒŽ ˆ‘” ˜‘–‡•
during elections on the basis of religion, caste, race, community or language amounts to a ‘corrupt practice’.

KEYWORDS: ‘‘–Š ƒ’–—”‹‰ǡ ƒŽ•‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ’’‡ƒŽǡ†—‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ǡŽ‡ –‹‘š’‡•‡•ǡ”‘‘–‹‘

‘ˆ‡‹–›Ǥ

ELECTORAL OFFENSES
Electoral ˆˆ‡•‡• listed in RPA, 1951ǣChapter III of RPA, 1951 provide the following electoral ‘ˆˆ‡•‡• -
• Disturbances at public meetings: ‘”–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ’”‡˜‡–‹‰–Š‡–”ƒ•ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡„—•‹‡••Ǥ
• Publication of results of exit polls: —„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‹••‡‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ‡š‹–’‘ŽŽ•ǡ‡– ˆ”‘–Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰
‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘–‘ŠƒŽˆƒŠ‘—”ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡’‘ŽŽ•
• Printing material: ”‹–‹‰ ‘ˆ ’ƒ’ŠŽ‡–•ǡ ’‘•–‡”•ǡ ‡–  ™‹–Š‘—– –Š‡ ƒ‡• ƒ† ƒ††”‡••‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‹–‡” ƒ† –Š‡
’—„Ž‹•Š‡”Ǥ
• Promoting hatred between classes: ”‘‘–‹‰ Žƒ••‡‹–›‹ ‘‡ –‹‘™‹–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘•„ƒ•‡†‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ”ƒ ‡ǡ
ƒ•–‡ǡ ‘—‹–›ǡ‘”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ
• Providing false information: ‘ ‡ƒŽ‹‰‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹Š‹•‘‹ƒ–‹‘’ƒ’‡”‘”ƒˆˆ‹†ƒ˜‹–ǣ
• Holding public meetings exceeding authorized time: —”‹‰–Š‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆˆ‘”–›Ǧ‡‹‰Š–Š‘—”•‡†‹‰™‹–ŠƒŠ‘—”
ˆ‹š‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‘ŽŽ
• ‘‘–Š ƒ’–—”‹‰‹•ƒ ”‹‡Ǥ
• ‡ˆƒ ‹‰ǡ†ƒƒ‰‹‰ǡ‘””‡‘˜‹‰ƒ›Ž‹•–ǡ‘–‹ ‡ǡ‘”‘–Š‡”†‘ —‡–ƒˆˆ‹š‡†„›‘”—†‡”–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‘ˆƒ”‡–—”‹‰
‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”ǡ‡– Ǥ

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• ƒ‹Ž—”‡–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹˜‘–‹‰•‡ ”‡ ›Ǥ
• ˆˆ‹ ‡”•ǡ‡– Ǥǡƒ”‡‘–ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ˆ‘” ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•‘”‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡˜‘–‡•Ǥ
• Š‡”‡‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ„ƒŽŽ‘–’ƒ’‡”•ˆ”‘˜‘–‹‰’Žƒ ‡•Ǥ
• Other ‘ˆˆ‡•‡•:
o ƒ˜ƒ••‹‰‹‘”ƒ”‘—†ƒ˜‘–‹‰’Žƒ ‡‘‡Ž‡ –‹‘†ƒ›Ǥ
o –Š‡†ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘ǡ†‹•‘”†‡”Ž› ‘†— –ƒ–‘”‡ƒ”˜‘–‹‰’Žƒ ‡•Ǥ
o ‹• ‘†— –ƒ––Š‡’‘ŽŽ‹‰„‘‘–ŠǤ
o ƒ‹Ž—”‡–‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š‡˜‘–‹‰’”‘ ‡†—”‡Ǥ
o ”‡ƒ Š‘ˆ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ†—–›‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ‡Ž‡ –‹‘Ǥ
o Ž‡ –‹‘ƒ‰‡–•ǡ’‘ŽŽ‹‰ƒ‰‡–•ǡƒ† ‘—–‹‰ƒ‰‡–•ƒ”‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‡’Ž‘›‡‡•Ǥ
o ”‹‰‹‰ƒˆ‹”‡ƒ”–‘‘”‡ƒ”ƒ’‘ŽŽ‹‰’Žƒ ‡Ǥ
o ’Ž‘›‡‡•ƒ”‡‘–‰‹˜‡’ƒ‹†–‹‡‘ˆˆ‘‡Ž‡ –‹‘†ƒ›Ǥ
o ‡Ž‡ –‹‘†ƒ›ǡ‘‘‡ƒ›•‡ŽŽǡ‰‹˜‡ǡ‘”†‹•–”‹„—–‡Ž‹“—‘”Ǥ

PAID NEWS
• ›‡™•‘”ƒƒŽ›•‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹‰‹‡†‹ƒȋ’”‹–Ƭ‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ Ȍˆ‘”ƒ’”‹ ‡‹ ƒ•Š‘”‹†ƒ• ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥȋ”‡••
‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ †‹ƒȌǤ
Negative impacts of paid news:
• Reflection of money power: –Š‡ ’ƒ›‡– ‹• ‘•–Ž› ƒ†‡ ‹ ƒ•Š ‘” ‹† ƒ† ˜‹‘Žƒ–‡• ‹ ‘‡ –ƒš ƒ† ‡Ž‡ –‹‘
‡š’‡†‹–—”‡Žƒ™•Ǥ
• Hits the bottom of democracyǣ— Š‡™•Šƒ•ƒ„‹‰‹’ƒ –‘˜‘–‡”˜‘–‹‰„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•‹ ‡–Š‡˜‹‡™‡”†‘‡•‘–
‘„–ƒ‹ƒ Ž‡ƒ”’‹ –—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡̵•’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–›‘”’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ƒ†Š‡ ‡ ƒ‘–†‡–‡”‹‡™Š‘–‘˜‘–‡ˆ‘”Ǥ
Š‹•—†‡”‹‡•–Š‡„ƒ•‹ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ†‡‘ ”ƒ ›Ǥ
• Affects peoples’ thinking and opinionǣ„›‘–Ž‡––‹‰–Š‡‘™–Šƒ––Š‡‡™•‹•‹ˆƒ –ƒƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡–ƒ†
†‡‹‡•–Š‡–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Affects free and fair elections „›•’”‡ƒ†‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ‰‡†ƒƒ†‰‹˜‹‰ƒ‡†‰‡–‘’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š ‘‡ –‹‘•™‹–Š
‡™• Šƒ‡Ž•Ǥ
• Affects independence of media: Š‹•‹•–Š‡ˆ‘—”–Š’‹ŽŽƒ”‘ˆ†‡‘ ”ƒ ›ƒ†„”‹‰•–Š‡ˆƒ‹–Š‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡‹‡†‹ƒ†‘™Ǥ
Implications of Paid news not being an electoral ‘ˆˆ‡•‡:
• Lacunae in paid NEWS: ‘–‡•–ƒ–•™Š‘—•‡’ƒ‹†‡™• ƒ‘Ž›„‡Šƒ—Ž‡†—’ˆ‘”ˆƒ‹Ž‹‰–‘‹ Ž—†‡–Š‡‡š’‡•‡•
‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡‹” ƒ’ƒ‹‰ƒ ‘—–•Ǥ
• ‘‡•‘–”‡“—‹”‡–Š‡ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡–‘†‹•–ƒ ‡Š‹•‡ŽˆȀŠ‡”•‡Žˆˆ”‘’ƒ‹†‡™•‘”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‹‡ƒ†‘–’‘•–ˆƒ –‘Ǥ
• Bias & False News: Š‡’—„Ž‹ †‘‡•‘–‰‡–ƒ ‘””‡ –’‹ –—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–›‘”–Š‡ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ǡƒ•–Š‡‡™•
’—„Ž‹•Š‡†”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡‹”™‘”‹•„‹ƒ•‡†ƒ†ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ
Way forward:
• According to the Department-Related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Information Technology:
o —„Œ‡ –‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽƒ ‘—–•‘ˆ‡†‹ƒŠ‘—•‡•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›”‡˜‡—‡•‘—” ‡•ˆ‘”•—•’‡ –‡†’ƒ‹†‡™•Ǥ
• •–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ƒ•‹‰Ž‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ˆ‘”„‘–Š’”‹–ƒ†‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ‡†‹ƒǤ
• ‘”—Žƒ–‹‰•–”‹‰‡–‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ˆ‘”‡™•‡†‹ƒ‘’‘ŽŽ ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡„›–Š‡”‡••‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ
• ƒ‹‰ƒ†•Šƒ‹‰‘ˆ‡†‹ƒŠ‘—•‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹’ƒ‹†‡™•Ǥ
• ‡ˆ‹‡’ƒ‹†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡™••‘–Šƒ––Š‡”‡••‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ †‹ƒ ƒ‹••—‡•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•Ǥ
• –‹•‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘‘†‹ˆ›–Š‡‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡‘’Ž‡ –‘ˆͳͻͷͳ–‘ƒ‡̵’ƒ‹†‡™•̵ƒ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ‘ˆˆ‡•‡Ǥ
• ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•—•– Ž‘•‡Ž›ƒ†Š‡”‡–‘–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘̵•‡š’‡†‹–—”‡ ‡‹Ž‹‰•Ǥ
• Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ •‡•‹–‹œ‡† „› ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ƒ‘‰ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ† •‡‡‹‰ ’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’• ™‹–Š ƒŽŽ
•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ†‡†‹ƒǤ
• Š‡ƒ™‘‹••‹‘”‡ ‘‡†‡†–Šƒ–’ƒ‹†‡™•„‡ƒ†‡ƒ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ‘ˆˆ‡•‡‹‹–•ʹͷͷ–Š”‡’‘”–‘̵Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ
‡ˆ‘”•ǡ̵™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‰‹˜‡–‘–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‹ƒ” ŠʹͲͳͷǤ


Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆ’ƒ‹†‡™•’‘•‡•ƒ‡™ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‹–‹•˜‹–ƒŽ–Šƒ––Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆ’ƒ‹†

‡™•‹•–ƒ Ž‡†–‘‡•—”‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ƒ”‡ˆ”‡‡ƒ†ˆƒ‹”Ǥ
KEYWORDS: –”‹‰‡– ‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ǡ ƒ —ƒ‡ ‹ ’ƒ‹† ǡ ‹–• –Š‡ „‘––‘ ‘ˆ †‡‘ ”ƒ ›ǡ ‘‡› ’‘™‡”ǡ ˆƒŽ•‡
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡š‹–’‘ŽŽ•ǡ‹ƒ•Ƭ ƒŽ•‡‡™•Ǥ

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VOTING RIGHTS TO NON-RESIDENT INDIANS THROUGH POSTAL BALLOT
• ȋŽ‡ –”‘‹ ƒŽŽ›”ƒ•‹––‡†‘•–ƒŽƒŽŽ‘–›•–‡ȋȌ‹•–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘‹••‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵•ˆŽƒ‰•Š‹’ 
’”‘‰”ƒǤ –‹•ƒ–›’‡‘ˆ’‘•–ƒŽ˜‘–‹‰‹™Š‹ Š„ƒŽŽ‘–’ƒ’‡”•ƒ”‡†‹•–”‹„—–‡†‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒŽŽ›–‘˜‘–‡”•ƒ†”‡–—”‡†„›
’‘•–ǤŠ‡•‡”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†˜‘–‡”•ƒ”‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•‡”˜‹ ‡‘–‡”•Ǥ
• ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡ǡ‹–‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘”‡‰‹•–‡”ƒ•ƒ‡”˜‹ ‡‘–‡”‘Ž‹‡–Š”‘—‰Šƒ†‡†‹ ƒ–‡†’‘”–ƒŽǤ –‹•ƒˆ—ŽŽ›•‡ —”‡†
•›•–‡™‹–Š–™‘•‡ —”‹–›Žƒ›‡”•ǤŠ‡—•‡‘ˆƒ† ‡•—”‡•–Š‡ ‘ˆ‹†‡–‹ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ˜‘–‹‰Ǥ –Šƒ•ƒ—‹“—‡
‘†‡‹–Š‡’‘”–ƒŽ–Šƒ–’”‡˜‡–•†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ƒ•–‡†Ǥ
• ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡ʹͲͳͶ‘ƒ„Šƒ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡƒͳʹǦ‡„‡” ‘‹––‡‡™ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ˜‘–‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š
–Š”‡‡ Šƒ‡Ž•ǣ˜‘–‹‰„›’‘•–ǡ˜‘–‹‰ƒ–ƒ †‹ƒ‹••‹‘ƒ„”‘ƒ†ǡƒ†‹–‡”‡–˜‘–‹‰Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹ʹͲͳͷǡ–Š‡’ƒ‡Ž
•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ– •„‡‘ˆˆ‡”‡†̶ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‘’–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ǧ’‘•–ƒŽ„ƒŽŽ‘–ƒ†’”‘š›˜‘–‹‰̶‹ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘
˜‘–‹‰‹’‡”•‘Ǥ
Existing process for NRIs -
• Voting rights introduced in 2011: ‘–‹‰”‹‰Š–•ˆ‘” •™‡”‡‹–”‘†— ‡†‘Ž›‹ʹͲͳͳǡ–Š”‘—‰Šƒƒ‡†‡–
–‘–Š‡‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡‘’Ž‡ –ͳͻͷͲǤ
• NRI can vote in his constituency:   ƒ˜‘–‡‹–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—‡ ›Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‹Š‹•ȀŠ‡”’Žƒ ‡‘ˆ”‡•‹†‡ ‡ǡƒ•
‡–‹‘‡†‹–Š‡’ƒ••’‘”–Ǥ
• Can vote only in person: ‡Ȁ•Š‡ ƒ‘Ž›˜‘–‡‹’‡”•‘ƒ†™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡–‘’”‘†— ‡Š‡”’ƒ••’‘”–‹‘”‹‰‹ƒŽƒ––Š‡
’‘ŽŽ‹‰•–ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ
Challenges:
• Identification of voters: —‡•–‹‘•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡‹†‡–‹–›‘ˆ˜‘–‡”• ƒ„‡”ƒ‹•‡†ƒ•”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ
’ƒ”–‹‡•ƒ›‘–„‡’”‡•‡–ƒ––Š‡˜‡—‡‘ˆ˜‘–‹‰Ǥ
• Policing and security: Š‡™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡–‘ ‘‡—’™‹–Š™ƒ›•–‘‡•—”‡Š‘™–Š‡•‡˜‡—‡• ƒ „‡’‘Ž‹ ‡†ƒ†
•‡ —”‡†Ǥ
• Model Code of Conduct: ‘”‡‹‰‰‘˜‡”‡–•ƒ”‡‘–„‘—†–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹ƒ•‹Ž‡ ‡’‡”‹‘†„‡ˆ‘”‡’‘ŽŽ‹‰ǡ•‘‹–™‹ŽŽ
Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡†‹• —••‡†Š‘™‹•‘–„”‡ƒ Š‡†Ǥ
Way forward:
• Need to address logistical challenges: As per the Ministry of External Affairs, “huge logistical challenges” need to
be addressed and “a realistic assessment of requirements” needs to be made before –Š‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ‹•‹’Ž‡‡–‡†Ǥ
• Voting facilitation at embassies are insufficient:  –—ƒŽ ˜‘–‹‰ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ˜‘–‡” ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ˜‘–‹‰
Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡‡˜‡––Šƒ–‡„ƒ••‹‡•ƒ† ‘•—Žƒ–‡•ƒ”‡‹•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡––‘ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‡ƒŽŽ˜‘–‡”•Ǥ

Previous Year Questions
1. ‹• —••–Š‡’”‘ ‡†—”‡•–‘†‡ ‹†‡–Š‡†‹•’—–‡•ƒ”‹•‹‰‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘ˆƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ʹͲʹʹ
ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–‘”–ƒ–‡‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡—†‡”Š‡‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡‘’Ž‡ –ǡͳͻͷͳǤŠƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡
‰”‘—†•‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘ˆƒ›”‡–—”‡† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ƒ›„‡†‡ Žƒ”‡†˜‘‹†ǫŠƒ–”‡‡†›‹•
ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‡ƒ‰‰”‹‡˜‡†’ƒ”–›ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡†‡ ‹•‹‘ǫ‡ˆ‡”–‘–Š‡ ƒ•‡Žƒ™•Ǥ
2. “There is a need for simplification of procedure for disqualification of persons found guilty of ʹͲʹͲ
corrupt practices under the Representation of Peoples Act” Comment. (Answer in 150 words)

3. ™Šƒ–‰”‘—†•ƒ’‡‘’Ž‡̵•”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ„‡†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡†—†‡”–Š‡‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ʹͲͳͻ

‡‘’Ž‡• –ǡͳͻͷͳǫŽ•‘ǡ‡–‹‘–Š‡”‡‡†‹‡•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘•— Šƒ’‡”•‘ƒ‰ƒ‹•–Š‹•
†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǤȋʹͷͲ™‘”†•ǡͳͷƒ”•Ȍ

KEYWORDS: ‡”ƒ —Žƒ” Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǡ ƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ ‡‡†„ƒ  ‡ Šƒ‹•ǡ Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒŽŽ› ”ƒ•‹––‡† ‘•–ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‘–
›•–‡ǡ ƒŽ•‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘‘–Š ƒ’–—”‹‰ǡ—”‡ƒ— ”ƒ–‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ǡˆ”‡‡ƒ†ˆƒ‹”‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ

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31 COMPARISON OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTIONAL SCHEME WITH OTHER COUNTRIES

INDIA AND USA

Attributes USA INDIA

• Š‡ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡• ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ‹• –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– • †‹ƒ̵• ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ‹• –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†̵•
†”ƒˆ–‡†ƒ†•Š‘”–‡•– ‘•–‹–—–‹‘‹Š‹•–‘”›Ǥ Ž‘‰‡•–Ǧ™”‹––‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
Nature of the
• ‹–Š ‘Ž› •‡˜‡ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ƒ† –™‡–›Ǧ•‡˜‡ • – ‘•‹•–•‘ˆͶ͹Ͳƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‹ʹͷ’ƒ”–•ǡͳʹ
Constitution
ƒ‡†‡–•ǡ–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‘•–‹–—–‹‘ • Š‡†—Ž‡•ǡƒ†ͷƒ’’‡†‹ ‡•Ǥ
‹•ƒŠ‹‰ŠŽ›”‡•–”‹ –‹˜‡‹•–”—‡–Ǥ

• Š‡  ‹• ƒ unbreakable union of • †‹ƒ ‹• ƒ ‹†‡•–”— –‹„Ž‡ —‹‘ ‘ˆ
unbreakable nations.‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ †‡•–”— –‹„Ž‡•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•‡ƒ ŠŠƒ˜‡–Š‡‹” • Š‡”‡‹•‘Ž›‘‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘‹ †‹ƒǡ
‘™ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘•ƒ††‘‘–‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡™‹–Š ƒ† ‹– ˆ‘”„‹†• –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ‰‘˜‡”‡–
‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”̵•‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ˆ”‘‹–‡”ˆ‡”‹‰™‹–Š•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–
• ›‡–”‹ ƒŽˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•ǣ “—ƒŽ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ •–ƒ–‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‡ƒ–‡ • ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣ ‡•‡”˜‹‰ •–ƒ–‡ „‹ŽŽ• ˆ‘”
—†‡”•›‡–”‹ ƒŽˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•Ǥ –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡–̵• ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽǡ ’’‘‹–‹‰
• Š‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‹• Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž› ‰‘˜‡”‘”•ǡ ƒ† ‹’‘•‹‰ –Š‡
‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† „› –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡•Ǥ ‘” ”‡•‹†—ƒŽ ”‡•‹†‡–̵•”—Ž‡‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
Nature of
•—„Œ‡ –•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡ ‡ Šƒ‹• • •›‡–”‹ ƒŽ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹•ǣ –ƒ–‡• Šƒ˜‡
federalism
’”‘˜‹†‡†Ǥ „‡‡ ‰‹˜‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ƒŒ›ƒ
ƒ„Šƒ ‹ ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡‹”
’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Š‡ ‡˜‡–Š  Š‡†—Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ †‹˜‹†‡• Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ’‘™‡”
„‡–™‡‡
• Š‡ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ ƒ† •–ƒ–‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–•Ǥ
Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ”‡•‹†—ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–• ˆ‘” –Š‡
Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ


•  ’”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ •›•–‡ ‘ˆ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‹ • †‹ƒ‘™Šƒ•ƒ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›•›•–‡

™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡ Š‘‘•‡• –Š‡ Š‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
•–ƒ–‡Ǥ • Š‡ ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ „”ƒ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ
• Š‡”‡•‹†‡–Šƒ•‰”‡ƒ–ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ƒ†‹•‘– ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‹• Ž‡† „› –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡– ‘ˆ
•—„Œ‡ ––‘–Š‡ ‘—•‡‘ˆ‘‰”‡••Ǥ †‹ƒǤ ‡ ‹• ‹†‹”‡ –Ž› Š‘•‡ „› –Š‡
Government • Š‡‡”‹ ƒ’”‡•‹†‡–̵•–‡”‹•ˆ‘—”›‡ƒ”• •–ƒ–‡ƒ†ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡•ƒ†‹•‘–
Structure Ž‘‰ǡ ƒ† Š‡ ‹• ‘Ž› ’‡”‹––‡† –‘ •‡”˜‡ ‹ ƒ•™‡”ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ Š‡
–Šƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–› –™‹ ‡Ǥ Š‡ ’”‡•‹†‡– Šƒ• ƒ –‡”‘ˆ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ †‹ƒ”‡•‹†‡–
˜ƒŽ‹†˜‡–‘Ǥ ‹•ˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥ
• ‡‹•‡Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡–‘„‡‡Ž‡ –‡†ƒ›—„‡”
‘ˆ –‹‡•Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ “—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡† ˜‡–‘
ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‡’”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ
•  ‘–”ƒ•– –‘ –Š‡ ǡ –Š‡ †‹ƒ
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ †‘‡• ‘– ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ
†‡ƒ†Ž‹‡ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡•‹†‡––‘•‹‰ƒ„‹ŽŽǤ

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Impeachment of • ”‡ƒ•‘ǡ „”‹„‡”›ǡ ƒ† Š‹‰Š ”‹‡• ‘ˆ ƒ •  –Š‡ †‹ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ
the ‹•†‡‡ƒ‘”ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ •›•–‡ ‘ˆ ‹’‡ƒ Š‡– ˆ‘”
President ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

•  ‹ ‡ ”‡•‹†‡– ƒ› „‡ ‘‡ ƒ ”‡•‹†‡– • Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ‹ ‡”‡•‹†‡–

„‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ˜ƒ ƒ › ‹ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹•‘†‡Ž‡†‘–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡ™‹–Š•‘‡
Office of the ”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•Ǥ
Vice- president • ‡ ‹• –Š‡ šǦ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹‘ Šƒ‹”’‡”•‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ • ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ Š‡ ƒ Š‘Ž† –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ‘ˆ
‡ƒ–‡ƒ†Šƒ•ƒ ƒ•–‹‰˜‘–‡Ǥ ’”‡•‹†‡–‹ ƒ•‡‘ˆƒ˜ƒ ƒ ›‘Ž›–‹ŽŽ
–Š‡‡™’”‡•‹†‡–‹•‘–‡Ž‡ –‡†Ǥ

• ‡‘’Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡• Šƒ˜‡ –™‘ • †‹ƒǡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ Šƒ• ƒ
‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’ǣ ‘‡ ƒ• ƒ ‹–‹œ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‡† ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡
Citizenship –ƒ–‡• ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ƒ• ƒ ‹–‹œ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ‘ˆ‹–•’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ

• – ‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ –™‘ Š‘—•‡•ǣ ‘—•‡ ‘ˆ • Š‡ ‘—•‡ ‘ˆ ‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ƒ†
‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•ƒ†–Š‡‡ƒ–‡Ǥ ‡ƒ–‡ƒ”‡˜‡”›— Š•‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡‘
• House of Representatives: ƒ„Šƒ ƒ† ƒŒ›ƒ ƒ„Šƒ ‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ
o ‡‘ˆ–Š‡™‡ƒ‡•–Ž‘™‡”Š‘—•‡•‹–Š‡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
™‘”Ž†Ǥ •  †‹ƒǡ–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ ‘‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡
o – ‘•‹•–•‘ˆͶ͵ͷ‡„‡”•Ǥ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ƒ†ˆƒŽŽ•—†‡”‹–•ƒ„‹–Ǥ
o ‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ› †‹ˆˆ‡” ‹ • Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‹•ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‹‘
—„‡”ˆ”‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ š‡ —–‹˜‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ •‹ ‡ –Š‡
• Senate: ”‡•‹†‡– —•– ƒ – ™‹–Š –Š‡ •—’’‘”–
o Š‡„‘†›‹•’‡”ƒ‡– ƒ† ‘—•‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•ǡ
o Š‡™‘”Ž†̵•‘•–’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž—’’‡”Š‘—•‡Ǥ –Š‡ ”‹‡ ‹‹•–‡” ƒ† –Š‡ Žƒ––‡”
Legislature o ”†‹ƒ”› „‹ŽŽ•ǡ ƒ‡†‡– „‹ŽŽ•ǡ ƒ† ‘•–‹–—–‡–Š‡‰‡—‹‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡Ǥ
‘‡›„‹ŽŽ•ƒŽŽˆƒŽŽ—†‡”‹–•Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘Ǥ
o ‡ƒ–‘”••‡”˜‡•‹šǦ›‡ƒ”–‡”•Ǥ˜‡”›–™‘
›‡ƒ”•ǡ ‘‡Ǧ–Š‹”† ‘ˆ –Š‡
‡„‡”•Ȁ‡ƒ–‘”•Ž‡ƒ˜‡Ǥ
o Š‡ –‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ ƒ† –Š‡
š‡ —–‹˜‡ ƒ”‡ „‘–Š ˆ‹š‡† ƒ†
‹†‡’‡†‡–‘ˆ‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ
o  ‡„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ š‡ —–‹˜‡ ƒ‘–„‡ƒ
‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡Ǥ

• ‘‘‡̵•Ž‹ˆ‡‘”ˆ”‡‡†‘ ƒ„‡–ƒ‡ƒ™ƒ› • ’‡”•‘̵•Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ†Ž‹„‡”–› ƒ„‡–ƒ‡

‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•™‹–Š‘—–̶†—‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ ƒ™ƒ› ‹ †‹ƒ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡
Žƒ™Ǥ̶ ̶’”‘ ‡†—”‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†„›Žƒ™Ǥ̶
Fundamental rights • —‡’”‘ ‡••”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡‡––Šƒ– • Š‡ ’Š”ƒ•‡ ̶’”‘ ‡†—”‡ †‡ˆ‹‡† „›
–Š‡•—„•–ƒ ‡ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™„‡Œ—•–ǡ •–ƒ–—–‡̶ ‰‹˜‡• –Š‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ „”‘ƒ†
‡“—ƒŽǡ ƒ† ‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ǡ ƒ• †‡–‡”‹‡† „›–Š‡ †‹• ”‡–‹‘ƒ”›’‘™‡”–‘Ž‹‹–Ž‹„‡”–›Ǥ
Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›Ǥ
• Š‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ’‘™‡” –‘ –ƒ‡ ƒ™ƒ› ƒ
’‡”•‘̵• Ž‹„‡”–› ‹• ”‡•–”‹ –‡†ǡ ƒ† –Š‡
Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›• ”—–‹‹œ‡•ƒ†‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡•‹–Ǥ

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• Š‡ †‘ –”‹‡ ‘ˆ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‘™‡”• ‹• •  †‹ƒ –Š‡ ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ ƒ† Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡
‡•Š”‹‡†‹–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ ƒ”‡ –‹‰Š–Ž› ‹–‡”™‘˜‡ ƒ† –Š‡
• Š”‘—‰ŠŒ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ‘˜‡”•‹‰Š–‘ˆ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ† Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”› ‹• ƒ –‹‰ •‘‡™Šƒ–
Checks and Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ –‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”› ‡‡’• ƒ ‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž›Ǥ
Balances ‡›‡‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”„”ƒ Š‡•‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ

• Š‡‡”‹ ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘†‘‡•‘–—•‡–Š‡ • ‡‡”‰‡ ›ƒ›„‡†‡ Žƒ”‡†‹ †‹ƒ

–‡”̶‡‡”‰‡ ›ǡ̶„—–‹–†‘‡••–ƒ–‡–Šƒ––Š‡ ‹ˆ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ™ƒ”‘”ƒ”‡†”‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘Ǥ
™”‹–‘ˆ ƒ„‡ƒ•‘”’—•ƒ›„‡•—•’‡†‡†‹ • ŽŽ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–•ǡ ™‹–Š –Š‡
–Š‡‡˜‡–‘ˆ”‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘ƒ†‹˜ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ’—„Ž‹  ‡š ‡’–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹‰Š– –‘ Ž‹ˆ‡ ȋ”–‹ Ž‡
Emergency •ƒˆ‡–›Ǥ ʹͳȌǡ ƒ› „‡ •—•’‡†‡† ‹ ƒ
‡‡”‰‡ ›Ǥ

• —†‰‡•ƒ”‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡†„›–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ƒ† • †‹ƒǡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ ‡’Ž‘›• ƒ

‘ˆ‹”‡† „› –Š‡ ‡ƒ–‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‹— ‡–Š‘† ˆ‘” ƒ’’‘‹–‹‰
”‡‘˜‡†„›–Š‡‘‰”‡••ƒ†–Š‡”‡•‹†‡– Œ—†‰‡•–‘–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡”Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›Ǥ
„›‹’‡ƒ Š‡–Ǥ
• Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡– ‘–”‘Ž• –Š‡‹” •ƒŽƒ”‹‡• ƒ†
Judiciary ‡‘Ž—‡–•Ǥ
• —†‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–ƒ”‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡†
™‹–Š‘—–”‡‰ƒ”†–‘ƒ›“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

• Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –™‘ ™ƒ›• –‘ ƒ‡† –Š‡ • †‹ƒ̵• ƒ‡†‡– ’”‘ ‡•• ‹• •‹’Ž‡
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǣ ƒ†ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡Ǥ
ͳǤ ”‘’‘•‡†„›–Š‡‘‰”‡••ƒ†”ƒ–‹ˆ‹‡† •  †‹ƒǡ ‘Ž› –Š‡ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– Šƒ• –Š‡
„›–Š‡–ƒ–‡•ǣ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘”‡ ‘‡† ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ
▪ ‡†‡– –‘ „‡ ’ƒ••‡† „› ʹȀ͵”† ƒ‡†‡–•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡• Šƒ˜‡ ‘
ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ„‘–Š–Š‡ ‘—•‡•Ǥ •ƒ›‹–Š‡ƒ––‡”Ǥ
▪ ‘ „‡ ”ƒ–‹ˆ‹‡† „› –Š‡ –ƒ–‡ • Ž–Š‘—‰Š •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”–‹ Ž‡• ƒ› „‡
‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡• ‘ˆ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ͵ȀͶ–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‡†‡† ™‹–Š ƒ •‹’Ž‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–›ǡ
–ƒ–‡•Ǥ ‘–Š‡”• ”‡“—‹”‡ ƒ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ƒŒ‘”‹–›ǡ ƒ†
Amendment of ʹǤ ”‘’‘•‡† „› –ƒ–‡• ƒ† ”ƒ–‹ˆ‹‡† „› –Š‡ •‘‡ ”–‹ Ž‡• ”‡“—‹”‡ ”ƒ–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ „›
the Constitution –ƒ–‡•ǣ ‘”‡–ŠƒŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
▪ ʹȀ͵”† ‘ˆ –Š‡ –ƒ–‡• •Š‘—Ž† ’ƒ•• ƒ
”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘–‘–Š‹•‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥ
▪ Š‡› ™‹ŽŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡
‘‰”‡••Ǥ Š‡ ‘‰”‡•• ™‹ŽŽ ƒŽŽ –Š‡
‘˜‡–‹‘Ǥ
▪ –Š‡ ‘˜‡–‹‘ǡ‹–Šƒ•–‘„‡”ƒ–‹ˆ‹‡†
„›͵ȀͶ–Š‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ–‡•Ǥ





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INDIA AND BRITAIN

•  –Š‡ ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ ˆ‘”ƒŽ ™”‹––‡ • Š‡ †‹ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ‹• ‘†‹ˆ‹‡† ‹–‘
‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‘” ˜ƒ”‹‘—•’ƒ”–•ƒ†• Š‡†—Ž‡•Ǥ
‘†‹ˆ‹‡† ˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š • Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ‹ ‘–”ƒ•–ǡ‹•both
‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ flexible as well as rigid.
• – ™ƒ• ‡˜‡” ˆ”ƒ‡† „› ƒ ‘•–‹–—‡– • ‡†‡”ƒŽ‘”—‹–ƒ”› ‘•–‹–—–‹‘•ƒ”‡–Š‡–™‘
ƒ••‡„Ž›Ǥ –›’‡•Ǥ
• Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ‹• ƒ flexible o  ƒ —‹–ƒ”› •›•–‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡–‡” ‘ˆ ’‘™‡”
Nature constitutional structure. ™‹‡Ž†• ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–̵• ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ǡ
• ‹ ‡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ †‹•–‹ –‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ƒ ™‹–Š–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•ƒ –‹‰ƒ•‹–•ƒ†Œ— –•Ǥ
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ o Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡•ƒ•’Ž‹–
‘”†‹ƒ”›Žƒ™ǡ‹– ƒ„‡’ƒ••‡†ǡ Šƒ‰‡†ǡ ‘ˆ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡• ƒ† –Š‡
‘””‡’‡ƒŽ‡†„›ƒSimple Majority ȋͷͲΨ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ ‡ƒ Š ‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š ‹•
‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡„‡”• ’”‡•‡– ƒ† ˜‘–‹‰Ȍ ‘ˆ •‘˜‡”‡‹‰‹‹–•‘™ƒ”‡ƒǤ
–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ • Š—• –Š‡ †‹ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ‹•ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ™‹–Š
—‹–ƒ”› ƒ•’‡ –•ǡ —‹–ƒ”› ™‹–Š ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ
‡Ž‡‡–•ǡƒ†“—ƒ•‹Ǧˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
• Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ǡ ƒ sovereign • ‡†‡”ƒŽ ƒ–—”‡Ǥ Powers are shared „› –Š‡
Nature of state body, Šƒ• ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–̵• ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–•Ǥ
’‘™‡”•Ǥ

• Š‡ ‘Ž› Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ „‘†› ‹ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ • ‡•’‹–‡ –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– •–ƒ–‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡• ‡š‹•–ǡ
Šƒ˜‹‰ Ž‹‹–Ž‡•• Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ‹• –Š‡ †‹ƒ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–̵• Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ ’‘™‡”
Sovereignty of –Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ›•–ƒ–—–‡ƒ› ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ‘’ƒ”‡•–‘–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡”‹–‹•Š
Parliament „‡’ƒ••‡†ǡƒ‡†‡†ǡ‘””‡’‡ƒŽ‡†„›‹–Ǥ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ
• Š‡Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›‘ˆŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘‡ƒ –‡†„› • —†‹ ‹ƒ”›‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ‘–”‘Ž•’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ†
–Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ƒ‘–„‡†‡ ‹†‡† ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡ ‡ Šƒ‹• ‘ˆ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
„›–Š‡ ‘—”–•Ǥ ’‘™‡”‡š‹•–•‹ †‹ƒǤ

• –‹•made up of –Š‡‹˜‹Ž‡”˜ƒ–•”‹˜› • ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡‹••‹‹Žƒ”‡š ‡’–  †‹ƒǡ–Š‡”‡

‘— ‹Žǡ–Š‡‡”ƒ‡–š‡ —–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹•‘‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
Executive ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•ȋ‘Ȍǡ–Š‡‹‰ƒ† • Š‡ š‡ —–‹˜‡ ‹• ƒ†‡ —’ ‘ˆ ‹‹•–‡”• ƒ†
–Š‡”‹‡‹‹•–‡”Ǥ —”‡ƒ— ”ƒ–•Ǥ
• Š‡ ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ Šƒ• individual legal
responsibility.

•  ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‘ƒ” Š›™Š‹ Š‹•‘– • Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‹•–Š‡ ‡”‡‘‹ƒŽŠ‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡

‹ ‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡™‹–Š†‡‘ ”ƒ ›Ǥ •–ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ –•ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ƒ‹†ƒ†ƒ†˜‹ ‡
• Š‡ ‹‰ †‘‡• not have any ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•Ǥ
Nature of discretionary authority. ‡Ȁ•Š‡ ‹• • Š‡”‡•‹†‡– ƒ„‡‹’‡ƒ Š‡†‹ˆŠ‡‘”•Š‡
head of the ”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•‘Golden Zero.' ˜‹‘Žƒ–‡•–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
state • ‹‰‹••ƒ‹†–‘Šƒ˜‡complete immunity
ƒ† ‹• —ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‘‹– ƒ›
™”‘‰†‘‹‰Ǥ

• Š‡ ”—Ž‡ ‘ˆ Žƒ™ ‹• ’”‘–‡ –‡† „› –Š‡ ˆƒ – • Š‡idea of 'Basic Structure' Šƒ•‰‹˜‡–Š‡
–Šƒ– Œ—†‰‡• ƒ ‘Ž› „‡ †‹•‹••‡† ˆ”‘ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”› ƒ ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž ‹•–”—‡– ™‹–Š ™Š‹ Š
‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ˆ‘” ƒ—•‡ǡˆ‘”serious ‹•„‡Šƒ˜‹‘” –‘•–‹ˆŽ‡ƒ›š‡ —–‹˜‡‘”‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ –‹˜‹–›
Judiciary ƒ† ‹ ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡ ™‹–Š ƒ ’”‘–‘ ‘Ž –Šƒ– –Šƒ– ‹– ‘•‹†‡”• –‘ „‡ ‘–”ƒ”› –‘ –Š‡
Šƒ•„‡‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†Ǥ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘̵•„ƒ•‹ •’‹”‹–Ǥ
• For removal, ‹– ‹• ‡ ‡••ƒ”› –‘ ‘„–ƒ‹ • Other provisions Ž‹‡ ƒ’’‘‹–‡– ƒ†
–Š‡ ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ ‘ˆ „‘–Š ‘—•‡• ‘ˆ ”‡‘˜ƒŽ ƒ”‡ ˜‡”› — Š •‹‹Žƒ” –‘ –Š‡ ̵•
ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ ‘†‡ŽǤ

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• The British Parliament is divided into • ‹ ƒ‡”ƒŽŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡™‹–Šˆ‹š‡†•‡ƒ–•‹„‘–Š

two chambers: –Š‡ ‘—•‡ ‘ˆ ‘”†•ǡ Š‘—•‡•Ǥ
™Š‘•‡ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ‹• —ˆ‹š‡†ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ • Š‡ ‘—•‡ ‘ˆ ‘”†• ‹• ˜‡”› — Š •‹‹Žƒ” –‘
‘—•‡‘ˆ‘‘•ǡ™Š‘•‡‡„‡”•Š‹’ –Š‡ƒŒ›ƒƒ„Šƒƒ†–Š‡ ‘—•‡‘ˆ‘‘•
Legislature ‹••‡–ƒ–͸ͷͲǤ ‹••‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡‘ƒ„ŠƒǤ
• Amendments: – ƒ› „‡ ’”‘’‘•‡† „›
–Š‡ ‘—•‡ ‘ˆ ‘”†• ƒ† ƒ’’”‘˜‡† „›
–Š‡Ǥ—–‹–‘Ž›Šƒ•Ž‹‹–‡†ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǣ‹ˆ
‹–”‡Œ‡ –•ƒ’‹‡ ‡‘ˆŽƒ™ǡ‹– ƒ‘Ž›†‡Žƒ›
’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”—’–‘ƒ›‡ƒ”Ǥ
• Once a Speaker, always a Speaker is • ‘•— Š’”‘˜‹•‹‘•Ȁ ‘˜‡–‹‘•‹ †‹ƒǤ –‹•
the rule in the United Kingdom. – ‘– necessary for the Speaker to resign
Speaker †‡‘–‡• –Šƒ– ƒ ’‡ƒ‡”̵• Ž‘ ƒŽ ˆ”‘Š‹•’ƒ”–›Ǥ
‘•–‹–—‡ ›‹•— ‘–‡•–‡†Ǥ
• Š‡ƒ’‡”•‘‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‡†’‡ƒ‡”ǡŠ‡
ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›”‡•‹‰•ˆ”‘Š‹•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–›Ǥ
• ”‹–ƒ‹ǡ‹–‹• —•–‘ƒ”›ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‹‡ • Š‡ ƒ„‡ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ‡‹–Š‡” ‘—•‡‘ˆ
Prime
‹‹•–‡” –‘ •‘Ž‡Ž› „‡ ƒ ‡„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ
Minister
‘—•‡‘ˆ‘‘•Ǥ
• Šƒ†‘™ ƒ„‹‡– ‡„‡”• • ‘’”‘˜‹•‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ•Šƒ†‘™ ƒ„‹‡–Ǥ
Shadow
 ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ ’ƒ”–› Š‘Ž† ƒ
cabinet
•‹‹Žƒ”’‘”–ˆ‘Ž‹‘ƒ•–Š‡‹‹•–‡”Ǥ
INDIA AND FRANCE
Attributes France India
• –Šƒ•ƒunitary form of government ƒ† • †‹ƒ ‹• ƒ Parliamentary
Nature ƒ•‡‹Ǧ’”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ form of democracy ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡–
ƒ•‹–•‘‹ƒŽŠ‡ƒ†Ǥ
• Š‡ ”‡ Š ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– lacks dominant • ‹–Š ”‡•’‡ – –‘ Žƒ™Ǧƒ‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ
law- making. Ž‹•– ƒ• ’‡” –Š‡ •‡˜‡–Š • Š‡†—Ž‡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡
• Š‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ Šƒ• ƒ Ž‹•– ‘ˆ •—„Œ‡ –• ‘ president has Ordinance making power
Law Making ™Š‹ Š‹–•Š‘—Ž†’ƒ••Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡ only.
Power ”‡•‹†‡–ƒ‡•–Š‡Žƒ™‘–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡
‹••—‡•Ǥ
• Š‡ ”‡ Š ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ‹• „‹ ƒ‡”ƒŽǡ • ƒŒ›ƒƒ„ŠƒŠƒ•‹‹–‡†’‘™‡”ƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡†
‘•‹•–‹‰ ‘ˆ –™‘ Š‘—•‡•ǣ National –‘‘ƒ„ŠƒǤ
Assembly and the Senate. • Ž›‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽƒ‡†‡–
Parliament • Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ••‡„Ž›̵• •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› ƒŒ›ƒƒ„Šƒ‹•‘ƒ‡“—ƒŽˆ‘‘–‹‰™‹–Š‘
‰”‡ƒ–‡”’‘™‡”•–Šƒ–Š‡‡ƒ–‡̵•ƒ‡–Š‡ ƒ„Šƒ‹ †‹ƒǤ
”‡ Š„‹ ƒ‡”ƒŽ•›•–‡ƒ—‡“—ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ
• The Senate cannot be dissolved.
• Follows the rigid principle of • †‹ƒ •‡ —Žƒ”‹• ”‡•’‡ –• ƒŽŽ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•
secularism: Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ †‘‡• ‘– •—’’‘”– ‡“—ƒŽŽ› ƒ† ‹• –Š‡ „‡•– ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ positive
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• „—– ƒŽ•‘ †‘‡• ‘– secularism.
‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡‹’”‹˜ƒ–‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ
Secularism • – prohibits any visible religious
symbols in public spaces. Š‹• ‘†‡Ž
Ž‡ƒ˜‡• ‘ • ‘’‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡Ǧ
•—’’‘”–‡†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•”‡ˆ‘”•Ǥ

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• ‘–Š –Š‡ ‘—•‡• ‘ˆ ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– Šƒ˜‡ –‘ • Ž‡†‘ˆˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡ƒ†”‹‰‹†Ǥ‘’”‘˜‹•‹‘•Ž‹‡

’ƒ••ƒ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘„›ƒ͵Ȁͷ–ŠƒŒ‘”‹–›Ǥ ”‡ˆ‡”‡†—•‡– Ǥ
Amendment • ‘”‹‰‹†‹ƒ–—”‡Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ƒ›ƒŽ•‘
Š‘‘•‡ –‘ ”‡ˆ‡” –‘ –Š‡ ƒ‡†‡– –‘ –Š‡
’‡‘’Ž‡„›”‡ˆ‡”‡†—Ǥ

• Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‹•‡Ž‡ –‡†ˆ‘”ƒˆ‹š‡†–‡”ȋͷ • No such bod› ‹ †‹ƒ president’s

›‡ƒ”•ȌǤŠ‡”‡•‹†‡–•ŠƒŽŽ„‡‡Ž‡ –‡†„›ƒ ‹’‡ƒ Š‡– ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™• ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ
President ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ˜‘–‡•’‘ŽŽ‡†(Second ’”‘˜‹•‹‘•ƒ†’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–‹•ƒ„‘†›–‘†‘•‘Ǥ
Ballot systemȌǤ
• The High Court of Justice ™‹ŽŽ ‹“—‹”‡
ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹’‡ƒ Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ

• Š‡ ”‡ Š ”‹‡ ‹‹•–‡” ‹• ƒ • Š‡”‡ƒŽŠ‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‹•–Š‡’”‹‡

ƒ†˜‹•‘”–‘–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–(concept ‹‹•–‡”Ǥ
of cohabitation).
• ‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘’‘•‹–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•
ƒ†‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆˆ— –‹‘•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ
ƒ†‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”Ǥ
Prime Minister • The French President is in
charge of foreign affairs and
domestic issues.
• Š‡ ǡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ ‹• ‹
Šƒ”‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘’ƒ›̵• †ƒ›Ǧ–‘Ǧ
†ƒ›‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• ‘ ƒŽ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ† †‘‡•–‹
ƒ––‡”•
• Š‡ High Council of Justice • Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡” Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”› ‡’Ž‘›• ƒ collegium
‘‹ƒ–‡•–Š‡Œ—†‰‡•Ǥ method for appointing judges –‘–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡”
• Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ƒ†‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›Ǥ
Judiciary Œ—†‹ ‹ƒ”›ƒ”‡‹ Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ–Š‹•„‘†›Ǥ • Oath is administered by the president ƒ†
• Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‹•ƒŽ•‘”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ• –Š‡ ‹’‡ƒ Š‡– ’”‘ ‡•• ‘’Ž‡–‡• —†‡”
–Š‡"Guardian of the Judiciary." –Š‡‘˜‡”•‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ

INDIA AND JAPAN

Attribute Japan India
• Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ‡•—”‡• ƒ parliamentary • ‘–ŠŠƒ˜‡ƒwritten constitution.
form of government ƒ†ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ„ƒ•‹ • †‹ƒ Šƒ• ƒ flexible and rigid ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ
Ž‹„‡”–‹‡•Ǥ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ ƒ’ƒ̵•”‹‰‘”‘—•‘‡Ǥ
Nature •  ‘”†‹‰–‘‹–•’”‘˜‹•‹‘•ǡ–Š‡Emperor of •  unitary state ‹• ’”‘˜‹†‡† ˆ‘” „› –Š‡
Japan serves as "the symbol of the State ƒ’ƒ‡•‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡—‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡̶ƒ†’‡”ˆ‘”•
‘Ž› ‡”‡‘‹ƒŽ †—–‹‡• ™‹–Š‘—– Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ›
ˆ‘”ƒŽƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ
• Š‡ Diet, ™Š‹ Š ‘’”‹•‡• –Š‡ ‘—•‡ ‘ˆ • Š‡ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–‹•–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡„‘†›
‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ƒ† –Š‡ ‘—•‡ ‘ˆ ‹„‘–Š ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ
‘— ‹ŽŽ‘”•ǡŠƒ•Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ • Š‡ No-Confidence motion ƒ—•‡† –Š‡
Legislature ‘—•‡–‘„‡†‹••‘Ž˜‡†ǡ— ŠŽ‹‡‹ †‹ƒǤ
• ‡„‡”•‘ˆ ƒ’ƒ̵•’’‡” ‘—•‡•‡”˜‡six-
year terms, ƒ† ‡ƒ Š ›‡ƒ”ǡ ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‡„‡”•Ž‡ƒ˜‡–Š‡ Šƒ„‡”Ǥ

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• Š‡’‡”‘”ǡ—†‡”–Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡–ǡ •  ƒ’ƒ ‹‹•–‡”• ƒ”‡ ƒ’’‘‹–‡† „› –Š‡

appoints the Prime Ministerǡ ™Š‘ •‡”˜‡• ”‹‡ ‹‹•–‡” „—– ‹ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ‹– ‹•
Executive ƒ•–Š‡Š‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹˜‡„”ƒ ŠǤ appointed by the President on the advice
• ‡—•–„‡„‘–Šƒcivilian and a member of the PM.
of one of the Diet's houses.
• Š‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– ƒ† Ž‘™‡” ‘—”–• ƒ”‡ • ƒ’ƒ ƒ† †‹ƒ •Šƒ”‡ ‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ Žƒ™•
‰‹˜‡ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ ƒ’ƒ ‹• –›’‹ ƒŽŽ› ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ appointment, removal, and
Judiciary ”‡‰ƒ”†‡† ‹ ƒ ƒ†‡‹  •–—†‹‡• ƒ• ƒ fixed retirement age of judges.
constitutional monarchy with a civil law • Š‡Diet appoints judges; Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•
system. ‘ˆ— –‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–‹ †‹ƒǤ
INDIA AND SOUTH AFRICA

Attributes About
• Š‡ ‡’—„Ž‹  ‘ˆ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ‹• †‡• ”‹„‡† ƒ• ƒ democratic and independent
Nature of the South nation in Section 1 ‘ˆ–Š‡‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
African Constitution • –”‡•–•‹–•‘”ƒŽ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘—‹˜‡”•ƒŽƒ†—Ž–•—ˆˆ”ƒ‰‡ǡŠ—ƒ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ†‹‰‹–›ǡ
‘Ǧ”ƒ ‹•ǡ–Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–‘ˆŠ—ƒ”‹‰Š–•ǡƒ†‘Ǧ•‡š‹•Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘•—’’‘”–•ƒ
—Ž–‹Ǧ’ƒ”–›•›•–‡ǡ–Š‡”—Ž‡‘ˆŽƒ™ǡƒ†ˆƒ‹”‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
• Š‡’”‘ ‡••–Š”‘—‰Š™Š‹ Šamendments ƒ”‡’—–‹–‘‡ˆˆ‡ –ƒˆ–‡””‡ ‡‹˜‹‰ƒ–™‘Ǧ
Borrowed from SA –Š‹”†•˜‘–‡‹ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ
Constitution • ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‹• —•‡† „› –Š‡ –ƒ–‡ ‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡• –‘ Š‘‘•‡ –Š‡ Rajya
Sabha's members.
• Š‡ ™‘”†• ̶‡ –Š‡ ‡‘’Ž‡̶ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ™‘”†• ‹ –Š‡ ̶”‡ƒ„Ž‡̶ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘•–‹–—–‹‘•‘ˆ„‘–Š ‘—–”‹‡•ǡ•‹‰‹ˆ›‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡•‘˜‡”‡‹‰ƒ†–Šƒ–
–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘†‡”‹˜‡•‹–•’‘™‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡Ǥ
• †‡”–Š‡ †‹ƒƒ†‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ
Similarities ‹‰Š–• ƒ† ‹ŽŽ ‘ˆ ‹‰Š–• •‡”˜‡ ƒ• –Š‡ ‘”‡”•–‘‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ •›•–‡ ƒ†
†‡‘ ”ƒ ›Ǥ
• ‘–Š‰‹˜‡–Š‡–ƒ–‡•‘‡Žƒ–‹–—†‡‹‹–•‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡Ž‘–‘ˆ–Š‡™‡ƒƒ†
ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǥ
• ‹‹Žƒ” –‘ –Š‡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ ƒ –™‘Ǧ–Š‹”†• ƒŒ‘”‹–›‹ ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ‹•
”‡“—‹”‡†–‘‘†‹ˆ›•‘‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
•  †‹ƒǡ–Š‡right to voteǡ™Š‹ Š‹•‡–‹‘‡†‹–Š‡‹ŽŽ‘ˆ‹‰Š–•ǡ‘Ž›Šƒ•–Š‡
•–ƒ–—•‘ˆƒ•–ƒ–—–‘”›ȀŽ‡‰ƒŽ”‹‰Š–Ǣ‹–‹•‘– ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ
”‹‰Š–•Ǥ
Differences • Š‡ ͶͶ–Š ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ‡†‡– ”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡† –Š‡ right to propertyǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹•
‹ Ž—†‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‹ŽŽ ‘ˆ ‹‰Š–•ǡ ˆ”‘ ƒ”–  ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ –‘ ”–‹ Ž‡ ͵ͲͲǡ
”‡†— ‹‰‹––‘–Š‡•–ƒ–—•‘ˆƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ”‹‰Š–Ǥ
• Š‡Bill of Rights' ‹ Ž—•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹•‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž›ƒŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡
”‹‰Š–‹ †‹ƒǤ

Previous Year Questions

1. ƒŽ›œ‡–Š‡†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‹‰ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹‰Š––‘“—ƒŽ‹–›‹–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ ʹͲʹͳ
ƒ† †‹ƒǤ
2. What can France learn from the Indian Constitution’s approach to secularism? (2019) ʹͲͳͻ
3. ‘’ƒ”‡ƒ† ‘–”ƒ•––Š‡”‹–‹•Šƒ† †‹ƒƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•–‘ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›•‘˜‡”‡‹‰–›ǤȋʹͲʹ͵Ȍ ʹͲʹ͵

KEYWORDS: „”‡ƒƒ„Ž‡—‹‘‘ˆ—„”‡ƒƒ„Ž‡ƒ–‹‘•Ǥǡ‹†‡•–”— –‹„Ž‡—‹‘‘ˆ†‡•–”— –‹„Ž‡•–ƒ–‡•ǡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ

˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ Šƒ†‘™ ƒ„‹‡–ǡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ‘ƒ” Š›ǡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ •‡ —Žƒ”‹•ǡ ‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ‡–”ƒŽ‹•ǡ Š‡ ‹‡–ǡ
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‘ƒ” Š›™‹–Šƒ ‹˜‹ŽŽƒ™•›•–‡Ǥ 

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