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Democracy against Its Enemies," Foreign Affairs 97, no. 1 (January/February 2018):
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 How to Stand Up to
the Kremlin
Defending Democracy Against Its Enemies
Joseph R. Biden, Jr., and Michael Carpenter
uring the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union

faced off in an existential struggle between two antithetical

systems. Either the Soviet bloc would "bury" the West, as
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev threatened in 1956, or Western
principles of democratic accountability, individual rights, and the
rule of law would triumph over Soviet totalitarianism. The eventual
outcome-the demise of the Soviet system and the expansion of the
U.S.-led international order-showed that military power is essential
to American national security but also that the United States must
advance its goals through the quiet resilience of democratic institutions
and the attractive pull of alliances.
After the Cold War, Western democracy became the model of
choice for postcommunist countries in central and eastern Europe.
Guided by the enlightened hands of NATO and the EU, many of
those countries boldly embarked on the transition from dictatorship
to democracy. Remarkably, most succeeded. Post-Soviet Russia also
had an opportunity to reinvent itself. Many in Europe and the
United States hoped that by integrating Russia into international
organizations (such as the Council of Europe, the World Bank, and
the International Monetary Fund), they could help Russia become
a responsible member of the rules-based international order and
develop a domestic constituency for democratic reforms. Many
Russians also dreamed of creating a democratic, stable, and prosperous
JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR., leads the Penn Biden Center for Diplomacy and Global Engage-
ment and served as Vice President of the United States from 2009 to 2017.

MICHAEL CARPENTER is Senior Director of the Penn Biden Center and served as U.S.
Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense from 2015 to 2017.

44 FOREIGN AFFAIRS
 How to Stand Up to the Kremlin

Russia. But that dream is now more distant than at any time since the
Cold War's end.
Today, the Russian government is brazenly assaulting the foundations
of Western democracy around the world. Under President Vladimir
Putin, the Kremlin has launched a coordinated attack across many
domains -military, political, economic, informational -using a variety
of overt and covert means. At the extreme, in the cases of Georgia
and Ukraine, Russia has invaded neighboring countries to block their
integration into NATO or the Eu and to send a message to other gov-
ernments in the region that pursuing Western-backed democratic
reform will bring dire consequences. More frequently and more
insidiously, it has sought to weaken and subvert Western democra-
cies from the inside by weaponizing information, cyberspace, energy,
and corruption.
At its core, this assault is motivated by the Kremlin's desire to
protect its wealth and power. The Russian regime that emerged from
the ashes of the Soviet collapse consolidated immense authority and
privilege in the hands of a small cabal of former intelligence officials
and oligarchs. They appear strong from the outside, but their power
remains brittle at the core-a fact that Putin and the top members
of his regime understand better than anyone. Without a chokehold
on civil society, the adoring applause and sky-high approval ratings
they generally enjoy could quickly descend into a storm of boos
and whistles, as Putin has discovered on more than one occasion.
The regime projects an aura of invincibility that masks the shallow
roots of its public support, particularly among younger, urban, and
educated Russians.
To safeguard its kleptocratic system, the Kremlin has decided to
take the fight beyond Russia's borders to attack what it perceives as
the greatest external threat to its survival: Western democracy. By
attacking the West, the Kremlin shifts attention away from corrup-
tion and economic malaise at home, activates nationalist passions
to stifle internal dissent, and keeps Western democracies on the
defensive and preoccupied with internal divisions. This allows Moscow
to consolidate its power at home and exert untrammeled influence
over its "near abroad."
To fight back, the United States must lead its democratic allies
and partners in increasing their resilience, expanding their capabilities
to defend against Russian subversion, and rooting out the Kremlin's

January/February2018 45
Joseph R. Biden, Jr., and Michael Carpenter

networks of malign influence. The United States has the capacity to

counter this assault and emerge stronger, provided that Washington
demonstrates the political will to confront the threat. However, since
the Trump administration has shown that it does not take the Russian
threat seriously, the responsibility for protecting Western democracy
will rest more than ever on Congress, the private sector, civil society,
and ordinary Americans.

TYRANNY BEGINS AT HOME

The first victim of the Kremlin's assault on democratic institutions
was Russia itself. Opposition politicians have been harassed, poisoned,
and even murdered. Basic freedoms of expression and assembly have
been restricted, and Russian elections have become choreographed
performances that are neither free nor fair. In recent years, Russian
human rights groups have even claimed that the horrific Soviet-era
practice of using psychiatric institutions to imprison dissidents has been
quietly revived.
In contrast to the Soviet Union, however, contemporary Russia offers
no clear ideological alternative to Western democracy. Russia's leaders
invoke nationalist, populist, and statist slogans or themes, but the
Kremlin's propaganda machine shies away from directly challenging the
core precepts of Western democracy: competitive elections, account-
ability for those in power, constitutionally guaranteed rights, and the
rule of law. Instead, the Kremlin carefully cultivates a democratic
facade, paying lip service to those principles even as it subverts them.
Thus, it grants nominal opposition parties representation in the Rus-
sian parliament but thoroughly co-opts and controls them. It allows
independent media to operate (although not in broadcast television),
but journalists are regularly threatened and sometimes beaten or
killed if they report on taboo subjects. It permits civil society groups
to exist but brands them as "foreign agents" and crushes them if they
demonstrate political independence. It oversees a vast repressive
apparatus -recently augmented by the creation of a new National
Guard force of around 350,000 members-to deter and respond to
dissent. In short, Russia's leaders have built a Potemkin democracy in
which democratic form masks authoritarian content.
This cynical and heavy-handed approach is driven by intense anx-
iety. Having watched with a mix of shock, horror, and sorrow as the
Soviet Union disintegrated, today's Russian leaders worry that their

46 FOREIGN AFFAIRS
 How to Stand Up to the Kremlin

This is what autocracy looks like: detaininga protester in St. Petersburg,February2014

own system could meet a similar fate. The Russian economy is utterly
dependent on hydrocarbon exports, so its health is tied to the price of
oil and gas; as those prices have plummeted in recent years, the state-
owned gas giant Gazprom's market capitalization has shrunk, from
about $368 billion in 2008 to around $52 billion today. Meanwhile,
long-term demographic decline is sapping Russian society; the Russian
Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
has projected a 20 percent decrease in the population by 2050. Accord-
ing to the ciA's World Factbook, life expectancy in Russia ranks 153rd
in the world, far below the world's developed democracies and lower
even than developing countries such as Nicaragua and Uzbekistan.
Finally, endemic corruption has stunted Russia's potential for economic
growth based on innovation and integration into global value chains,
portending a period of prolonged stagnation.

WEAKNESS DRESSED UP AS STRENGTH

In the face of these negative trends and the possibility that they could
contribute to organized resistance, the Kremlin appears to have con-
cluded that its best defense is a strong offense. But not content to merely
crush dissent at home, it is now taking the fight to Western democracies,
and especially the United States, on their turf.

January/February2018 47
Joseph R. Biden, Jr., and Michael Carpenter

From the Kremlin's perspective, the United States and its democratic
allies pose three distinct threats. First, Russia harbors an erroneous
but stubborn -perhaps even obsessive-belief that Washington is
actively pursuing regime change in Russia. There is no truth to
that idea; the United States has never
Russia's leaders have built sought to remove Putin. But Putin
and his associates have long peddled a
a Potemkin democracy in conspiracy theory that accuses the
which democraticform United States of engineering popular
masks authoritariancontent. uprisings in Serbia in 2000, Georgia
in 2003, Ukraine in 2004 and 2014,
Kyrgyzstan in 2005, and throughout
the Arab world in 2010-11. And they have apparently come to
believe their own propaganda, perceiving Washington's hand behind
the mass protests that erupted in Moscow and other Russian cities
in 2011-12. Tens of thousands of Russians took to the streets before
and after elections that returned Putin to the presidency after four
years in which he had ruled from the sidelines as prime minster.
Putin was apparently unable to comprehend that his attempt to
remain in power indefinitely might alienate some constituents or
that widely shared smartphone videos of ballot stuffing during
the parliamentary election held in December 2011 would offend
Russian citizens.
Second, the regime fears that Western support for democratic reforms
among Russia's neighbors, particularly measures to boost transparency
and fight corruption, will undermine the patronage networks that allow
Kremlin cronies to extract enormous rents in the "near abroad."
Third, democratic transformation in Russia's neighborhood would
serve as a powerful counterexample to Moscow's kleptocratic and
authoritarian rule and would delegitimize its authority over the long
run. So Russia waged wars against Georgia in 2008 and against Ukraine
in 2014 in order to undermine governments determined to pursue
further integration with NATO and the EU. Meanwhile, a third country
in the region, Moldova, has been partially occupied by Russian forces
since the early 1990s as leverage against any sudden movement toward
the West (despite a provision of constitutional neutrality that precludes
Moldova from joining foreign military alliances).
The Kremlin has justified its violations of these countries' sovereignty
on the grounds that they form part of Russia's "sphere of privileged

48 FOREIGN AFFAIRS
 How to Stand Up to the Kremlin

interests," as Dmitry Medvedev, Russia's then president and Putin's

junior partner, explained shortly after Russia's invasion of Georgia.
That term is telling. Kremlin insiders have long benefited from
privileged status in these three countries. For example, murky gas-
trading ventures with Kremlin-linked oligarchs in Ukraine have netted
billions of dollars in profits for Putin's cronies at the expense of the
Russian state.
The small Balkan nation of Montenegro lies almost a thousand miles
from the nearest Russian border and was never part of the Russian or
the Soviet empire. But it, too, finds itself tangled in Putin's web.
Montenegro became enveloped in Russia's "sphere of privileged inter-
ests" not owing to proximity but because Kremlin-linked oligarchs
and criminal groups invested their wealth and expanded their influ-
ence there following the dissolution of Yugoslavia. After Montenegro
became independent from Serbia in 2006, these Russian interests came
under threat as the Montenegrin government began to lobby for NATO
and EU membership. As a precondition for membership, Montenegro
was pressed by both organizations to establish a firmer rule of law.
Western officials pushed the country to appoint an independent
special prosecutor to combat organized crime and corruption and
demanded that it clean house in the defense and intelligence sectors.
Correctly perceiving these reforms as a direct threat to its interests,
the Kremlin responded almost immediately, coordinating a campaign
funded by Russian oligarchs to oppose Montenegro's NATO member-
ship and subsidizing a small anti-NATO and pro-Russian political party
in the country.
When that failed to slow Montenegro's march toward integration
with NATO, the Kremlin resorted to more coercive tactics. In the weeks
prior to Montenegro's parliamentary elections in October 2016, a
small group of Russian military intelligence agents hatched a plot to
carry out an armed coup d'etat using mercenaries recruited from
extremist nationalist groups in the region. The scheme unraveled
when one of the plotters tipped off the authorities, forcing the Kremlin
to dispatch an envoy to Serbia to bring home the stranded conspirators.

PUTIN'S SOFT SUBVERSION

The Kremlin has relied on subtler tools to subvert democracies in
western Europe and the United States. Although Russian operatives
have carried out at least one politically motivated assassination in the

January/February2018 49
Joseph R. Biden, Jr., and Michael Carpenter

West (and possibly more), Moscow's intelligence services are gener-

ally more cautious when operating on NATO territory, relying instead
on information operations and cyberattacks. Whereas Soviet intelli-
gence operatives occasionally tried to plant false stories in Western
media outlets, today the Kremlin subcontracts the task to proxies,
who spread customized disinformation
US. elections in 2018 and using fake accounts on social media.
These proxies need not even reside in
2020 will present fresh Russia since they can be contacted and
opportunitiesfor Russian compensated via the so-called Dark Web
meddling. (a parallel, closed-off internet) wher-
ever they live. Different messages can
be tailored to specific demographic
groups, depending on the Kremlin's goals, which have ranged from
discouraging voter turnout to boosting attendance at political rallies
held by Russia's preferred candidates. To maintain a modicum of plau-
sible deniability, Russia's "patriotic hackers" and trolls are typically
employed by entities loosely connected to the Kremlin rather than
directly by the government. For example, the Internet Research Agency,
a notorious "troll farm" based in St. Petersburg that reportedly pur-
chased thousands of ads on Facebook during the 2016 U.S. presidential
race, relies on the financial support of a close Putin associate.
During the 2016 U.S. campaign and the 2017 presidential contest
in France, Russia's intelligence services cultivated similar online
intermediaries to hack private e-mails and distribute the stolen infor-
mation to organizations such as WikiLeaks, which in turn disseminated
it more widely. Although Western cybersecurity experts and intel-
ligence agencies were able to identify the Russian military intelligence
agency as the main culprit behind both attacks, the disinformation
had already penetrated the mainstream media by the time it was
attributed to Russia.
In France, the widespread knowledge of Russia's prior involvement
in the U.S. campaign somewhat lessened the Kremlin's first-mover
advantage. But Russia has hardly given up, and it has taken similar steps
to sway political campaigns in a wide range of European countries,
including for referendums in the Netherlands (on Ukraine's integration
with Europe), Italy (on governance reforms), and Spain (on Catalonia's
secession). Russian support for Alternative for Germany, a far-right party,
aimed to increase the group's vote totals in last fall's parliamentary

50 FOREIGN AFFAIRS
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 How to Stand Up to the Kremlin

elections by amplifying its messaging on social media. A similar

Russian effort is now under way to support the nationalist Northern
League and the populist Five Star Movement in Italy's upcoming
parliamentary elections. Further down the road, the U.S. midterm
elections in 2018 and the presidential election in 2020 will present
fresh opportunities for Russian meddling.
The manipulation of energy markets is another important tool that
Russia uses for coercion and influence peddling. Russia has repeatedly
threatened to cut off gas to Ukraine, and in 2006 and 2009, Moscow
actually stopped the flow in the middle of winter. The clear message
was that leaders who crossed the Kremlin could literally see their
populations freeze to death. Russia again made threats to cut off gas
deliveries following its invasion of Ukraine in 2014, but thanks to
intense diplomacy by the United States and the EU, Kiev's neighbors
helped avert a crisis by ensuring an adequate supply.
Since then, new liquefied natural gas terminals in Lithuania and
Poland have helped diversify Europe's natural gas supplies, but this
has not stopped the Kremlin from continuing to use energy to pressure
European governments, particularly in the Baltic states, the Balkans,
and central Europe. Currently, for example, Russia is building a nu-
clear power plant in close proximity to the Lithuanian capital of
Vilnius, giving Moscow a powerful psychological weapon should it
choose to foment rumors of an accident.
In addition to using energy to coerce its neighbors, the Kremlin is
adept at using energy deals to curry influence with European political
and business leaders. The fruits of these influence operations can be
seen in Putin's close personal relationships with a host of current and
former European officials, many of which were facilitated by Western
political advisers with ties to the Russian energy sector.

WEAPONIZING CORRUPTION
Russia's disinformation operations, cyberattacks, and energy politics
have received a good deal of attention. Less well covered are the ways
in which Russia has managed to effectively export the corruption that
has warped its own politics and economy-weaponizing it, in a sense,
and aiming it at vulnerable societies elsewhere.
In Russia's crony capitalist system, success and survival in business
depend on the protection of powerful patrons who can shelter a business-
person or a company from raids by bigger competitors or overzealous

January/February2018 51
Joseph R. Biden, Jr., and Michael Carpenter

tax officials. Kremlin authorities and Russian intelligence officials

sit at the top of this pyramid, receiving bribes and payoffs in exchange
for such protection. But the state itself also benefits from this arrange-
ment, which gives the Kremlin enormous leverage over wealthy
Russians who do business in the West and over Western companies
that do business in Russia. Moscow can ask (or pressure) such busi-
nesspeople and companies to help finance its subversion of political
processes elsewhere-by making contributions to an anti-NATO
organization in Sweden, for example, or establishing anti-fracking
groups in Bulgaria and Romania to fight developments that might
threaten Russia's dominance of the eastern European gas market.
What makes corruption such an effective weapon is the difficulty of
proving that it even exists, or that its purpose is political. Occasionally,
however, cases appear that illuminate how Russia weaponizes corrupt
relationships to achieve its political goals. Consider, for example, the
fact that the far-right candidate in last year's French presidential race,
Marine Le Pen, secured (albeit legally) a multimillion-dollar loan for
her campaign from a Russian bank with alleged links to the Kremlin
while advocating a policy of lifting sanctions on Russia. (Le Pen, of
course, has denied that the funding influenced her positions.)
Money laundering is another example of how the Kremlin seeks to
infect Western democracies with the corruption virus. Western financial
institutions launder staggering amounts of illicit Russian money.
In January 2017, New York State banking regulators revealed that
Germany-based Deutsche Bank had helped Russian clients launder
$10 billion; the state hit the bank with a $425 million fine. Two months
later, the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, an
international network of investigative reporters, uncovered a complex
scheme that moved more than $20 billion of illicit Russian money
through numerous Western financial institutions. After being "cleaned,"
some of the money went to groups that advocated closer relations
between EU countries and Russia, including a Polish nongovernmen-
tal organization run by the political activist Mateusz Piskorski, who
also heads a pro-Kremlin political party-and who was arrested by
Polish authorities in 2016 on charges of spying for Russia. (He remains
detained and has yet to be tried.)
The scope of Russian corrupt influence is exceptionally wide, par-
ticularly since Russian oligarchs who made vast sums of money over
the last several decades have parked much of this wealth in the West,

52 FOREIGN AFFAIRS
 How to Stand Up to the Kremlin

including in luxury real estate markets in London, Miami, and New

York. These billions of dollars of investments have been used in many
cases to secure access to Western political and business elites. They
also serve as a ready source of financing for the Kremlin's influence
operations abroad. A good deal of this money has gone to support
antiestablishment candidates or movements in Europe-on both the
far right and the far left-that support closer partnership with Russia
or that publicly question the value of membership in NATO or the
EU. For the Kremlin, it hardly matters what specific ideology these
candidates or movements espouse; the more important goal is to
weaken and divide Western democracies internally.

HOW TO FIGHT BACK

Russia's assault on democracy and subversion of democratic political
systems calls for a strong response. The United States and its allies
must improve their ability to deter Russian military aggression and
work together more closely to strengthen their energy security and
prevent Russia's nonmilitary forms of coercion. They must also reduce
the vulnerability of their political systems, media environments, finan-
cial sectors, and cyber-infrastructure. Every country in the Kremlin's
cross hairs must also better coordinate its intelligence and law enforce-
ment activities to root out Russian disinformation and subversion
and find ways for authorities to cooperate with the private sector to
counteract such meddling.
But Washington and its partners cannot only play defense. They
also must agree to impose meaningful costs on Russia when they
discover evidence of its misdeeds. At the same time, to prevent
miscalculations, Washington needs to keep talking to Moscow.
The Kremlin would like nothing more than for Western leaders to
declare NATO obsolete and cut investments in collective defense. Given
Russia's aggression in Georgia and Ukraine, NATO must continue to
forward-deploy troops and military capabilities to eastern Europe
to deter and, if necessary, defeat a Russian attack against one of the
alliance's member states. But the threat of unconventional and non-
military coercion now looms larger than ever. More than a decade has
passed since Estonia became the first NATO country to see its govern-
ment institutions and media organizations attacked by hackers based in
Russia. In the intervening period, the risk of a far more debilitating at-
tack has increased, but planning for how to defend against it has lagged.

January/February2018 53
Joseph R. Biden, Jr., and Michael Carpenter

One step NATO members can take would be to broaden the responsibility
for such planning beyond their militaries and defense ministries. The
EU and the private sector need to be part of such efforts, so that Russian
strikes on infrastructure can be isolated and backup systems can be put
in place. Although much of the responsibility for cyberdefense cur-
rently rests with individual countries, the interconnectedness of allied
infrastructure makes greater coordination imperative.
Western democracies must also address glaring vulnerabilities in
their electoral systems, financial sectors, cyber-infrastructure, and media
ecosystems. The U.S. campaign finance system, for example, needs to
be reformed to deny foreign actors-from Russia and elsewhere-the
ability to interfere in American elections. Authorities can no longer turn
a blind eye to the secretive bundling of donations that allows foreign
money to flow to U.S. organizations (such as "ghost corporations")
that in turn contribute to super PACs and other putatively independent
political organizations, such as trade associations and so-called 501(c)
(4) groups. Congress must get serious about campaign finance reform
now; doing so should be a matter of bipartisan consensus since this
vulnerability affects Democrats and Republicans in equal measure.
The United States also needs more transparency in its financial and
real estate markets, which have become havens for corrupt foreign
capital, some of which undoubtedly seeps into politics. To expose and
prevent the money laundering behind that trend, Congress should pass
new legislation to require greater transparency in high-end real estate
investments and tighten loopholes that allow money to be laundered
through opaque law-firm bank accounts or shell companies. Authorities
in Washington and other Western capitals must also integrate law
enforcement and intelligence tools to neutralize corrupt networks
linked to Russia. The Kremlin has successfully fused organized criminal
groups, intelligence agencies, and corrupt businesses, as revealed in
great detail by a recent investigation carried out by Spanish authorities.
Nothing illustrates the tangled web linking organized crime, Russian
government officials, and the Kremlin's foreign influence operations
more clearly than the ongoing lobbying efforts in the United States on
behalf of the criminal syndicate responsible for the death of Sergei
Magnitsky, the Russian lawyer who was killed in a Moscow prison after
he uncovered a corrupt scheme to steal $230 million from the Russian
Treasury. In the United States, a dedicated interagency body should be
charged with coordinating efforts to neutralize such malign networks.

54 FOREIGN AFFAIRS
 How to Stand Up to the Kremlin

The United States' cyber-infrastructure, most of which is owned and

managed by the private sector, remains vulnerable to foreign hacking-
or, worse, a crippling systemwide attack. To protect the networks that
operate power plants, for example, or those that manage train and airline
traffic, government regulatory bodies and private operators must raise
their standards and apply them consistently. This means, among other
measures, ensuring that there are no back doors into networks that re-
main isolated from the public Internet, mandating that software patches
and updates be installed as soon as they become available, and conducting
regular network diagnostics. Similarly, state and local governments that
maintain electronic voting machines must address lapses in network se-
curity that have left open too many back doors to intrusion and potential
manipulation. Some immediate steps that authorities should take include
mandating an auditable paper trail of every ballot cast and protecting
voter registration rolls with the same vigor as vote tabulation systems.
Meanwhile, journalists and activists in the United States and Europe
must do more to expose and root out disinformation, especially on social
media. Civil society initiatives have taken the lead on this: the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania's FactCheck.org, Ukraine's StopFake.org, and the
German Marshall Fund's Hamilton 68 have all exposed propaganda by
debunking falsehoods and shedding light on the sources propagating
them. Social media companies such as Twitter, Facebook, and Google
must provide greater transparency about who funds the political adver-
tisements on their platforms, work harder to eliminate automated and
bot-generated content, and invest in the technological and human
resources to root out fake foreign accounts that spread disinformation.
In countries with extensive experience of Russian information warfare,
such as Estonia and Finland, officials and media professionals alike have
learned that the more light they shine on the methods foreign actors use
to sow disinformation, the less successful the propaganda becomes.

HANG TOUGH, BUT KEEP TALKING

In the short term, Putin and his allies are likely to continue their assault
on Western democracy. So Washington and its allies must stand firm and
impose costs on Russia for its violations of international law and other
countries' sovereignty-those it has already committed and those it is
likely planning. Maintaining the sanctions that the United States and the
EU levied on Russia in response to its invasion of Ukraine has been im-
portant not only in pressuring Moscow to resolve the conflict in the near

January/February2018 55
Joseph R. Biden, Jr., and Michael Carpenter

term but also as a signal to the Kremlin that the costs of such behavior
will eventually outweigh any perceived benefits. Having suffered few
lasting consequences for its 2007 cyberattack on Estonia and only a short
financial decline following its 2008 invasion of Georgia, the Kremlin er-
roneously concluded that it could act with relative impunity. It did so in
spite of the clear marker that the Obama administration laid down from
the very start. As one of us, Joe Biden, noted in a speech at the Munich
Security Conference in 2009, "We will not recognize any nation having
a sphere of influence. It will remain our view that sovereign states have
the right to make their own decisions and choose their own alliances." So
when Russia invaded Ukraine, the United States led the way by imposing
tough sanctions. Fortunately, the Countering America's Adversaries
Through Sanctions Act, a bill that Congress passed last August, codified
the sanctions on Russia that were put in place by the Obama administra-
tion and gave the current administration enhanced authorities to impose
lasting consequences on Russia for its interference in the 2016 election.
Even while defending U.S. interests and safeguarding liberal democ-
racy elsewhere, Washington must keep the channels of communication
open with Moscow. At the height of the Cold War, American and Soviet
leaders recognized that, whatever their differences, they could not afford
a miscalculation that might lead to war. They had to keep talking. The
same is true today: as two nuclear superpowers with military assets de-
ployed in close proximity in many different parts of the globe, the United
States and Russia have a mutual obligation to maintain strategic stability.
That means not only regulating the development and deployment of
strategic weapons but also communicating clearly to avoid misunder-
standings about what each side perceives as a strategic threat. For its part,
Washington needs to spell out clear consequences for interfering in the
U.S. democratic process or tampering with critical U.S. infrastructure.

MOBILIZING WHEN TRUMP WON'T

As two former government officials, we are, of course, no longer in a posi-
tion to implement such policies, which raises the question: What if these
recommendations are ignored? The White House seems unlikely to act.
Too many times, President Donald Trump has equivocated on whether
Russia interfered in the 2016 election, even after he received briefings
from top intelligence officials on precisely how Moscow did it. After
meeting privately with Putin at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
summit in Vietnam last November, Trump told reporters that Putin "said

56 FOREIGN AFFAIRS
 How to Stand Up to the Kremlin

he absolutely did not meddle in our election. He did not do what they
are saying he did." Pressed about whether he accepted Putin's denials,
Trump replied: "Every time he sees me, he says, 'I didn't do that,' and I
really believe that when he tells me that, he means it." Trump has made a
habit of lavishing praise on Putin and even reportedly sought to lift sanc-
tions against Russia shortly after his inauguration. We are not question-
ing Trumps motives, but his behavior forces us to question his judgment.
If this administration cannot or will not stand up to Russia, other
democratic institutions, including Congress and civil society organi-
zations, must mobilize. A starting point would be the creation of an
independent, nonpartisan commission to examine Russia's assault on
American democracy, establish a common understanding of the scope
and complexity of the Russian threat, and identify the tools required
to combat it. The 9/11 Commission allowed the United States to come
to terms with and address the vulnerabilities that made al Qaeda's
attacks possible. Today, Americans need a thorough, detailed inquest
into how Russia's strike on their democratic institutions was carried
out and how another one might be prevented.
In the absence of an independent commission with a broad man-
date, the United States will be left with only the relatively narrow
investigations led by the special counsel Robert Mueller, the congres-
sional intelligence committees, and the Senate Judiciary Committee.
The good news is that Congress has already demonstrated its clear
understanding of the Russian threat: in an overwhelmingly bipartisan
manner, it passed the Countering America's Adversaries Through
Sanctions Act by a margin of 419 to 3 in the House of Representatives
and by 98 to 2 in the Senate. Congress should continue to rigorously
exercise its oversight responsibilities to ensure that the administration
applies the letter and spirit of the legislation- and, if it does not, to
make sure the American people find out.
And finally, as more news breaks each day about the extent of Russia's
disinformation campaign and the tactics that Moscow used to manipulate
public opinion and exploit the fault lines within U.S. society, it falls on all
Americans to be aware and informed citizens. We must collectively reject
foreign influence over our democratic institutions and do more to address
the challenges within our own communities, rather than allowing dema-
gogues at home and tyrants abroad to drive us apart. Putin and his cronies
do not understand that the greatest strength of American democracy is an
engaged citizenry. Even if the president refuses to act, we can.0

January/February2018 57
 SPONSORED

BLO CKCHAIN S-8

The new life-changing technology and its cha tenges
udging by the news coverage around the world, cryptocurrencies ar
increasingly becoming more mainstream. More people have been movinc
more money and buying more things using cryptocurrencies, as seen by th(
popularization of Bitcoin.
With the continuing rise of this new medium
of exchange, ordinary consumers are gradually
finding out about blockchains, the technology
that forms the core of cryptocurrencies.
Experts have stated that several thousands
of cryptocurrencies are currently circulating
around the world. From Japan, there is one cryp-
tocurrency that hopes to distinguish itself from
the rest by serving as a bridge with another
country: the Philippines.
Conceived in Japan, Noah Ark Coin hopes to
address some of the downsides faced by thou-
sands of overseas Filipino workers, or OFWs,
Mayor Joseph Ejercito Estrada (4th from left) and representatives C
who remit hard-earned money to their families the City of Manila and J. Bros Construction Corporation at the sign
back home. Some estimates put these annual ing of the Memorandum of Agreement to build Horizon Manila, th,
remittances from OFWs at around $26.4 million, 419 hectare reclaimed development in Manila Bay

or about 10 percent of the GDP of the country's phone and electricity bills, school tuition fee
GDP. The amount is predicted to grow as long as and health insurance directly from their Noal
more Filipinos seek work abroad. Ark Coin wallets.
For these OFWs, particularly in Japan, unfavor- The usefulness of the Noah Ark Coin goes be
able exchange rates, large service fees, transac- yond the remittances of OFWs.
tion times and security are the most important In one section of the 419-hectare Horizot
concerns. To address these issues, Noah Ark Coin Manila reclamation project by the City of Manila
built the technology and formed partnerships the developers of this cryptocurrency are build
with the biggest blockchain company in the ing Noah City in partnership with Luxembourg
Philippines, Satoshi Citadel Industries (SCI), and based maritime construction, engineering ex
Japanese fintech company Nippon Pay. perts Jan De Nul Group and locally-based J. Bro
Through this partnership, any OFW in Japan Construction Corporation.
can exchange Japanese yen for Noah Ark Coins Visitors to Noah City will be able to make al
and add them to their Noah Ark Coin-enable their payments and transactions using Noah Arl
wallet (developed by SCI) via a terminal in any Coins in any of the stores and restaurants. Thi
store that offers Nippon Pay services. Right project developers predict a significant increas4
there, the OFW can transfer his Noah Ark Coins in the usage of Noah Ark Coins, which will resul
to the wallet of their families back home with in the sharp rise in the cryptocurrency's liquid
no service fees incurred. On the other end, ity. The development of Horizon Manila is also
their families can exchange Noah Ark Coins to expected to attract foreign investors, particu
Philippine pesos, which they can deposit to larly from Japan, and contribute to the develop
or withdraw from their local bank accounts. ment of the City of Manila.
Additionally, they can pay for their mobile Noah City is one component of this vision t(
 SPONSORED

build a new kind of community. On the island of

Mindanao, in the southern Philippines, the com-
pany is building a resort complex close to the
Dakak Beach Resort. Aside from having 50 luxu-
ry villas, an infinity pool, restaurants, and a spa,
Dakak Beach Resort also features a golf course
designed by golfing legend Greg Norman, one
of the country's largest amusement parks, the
longest zipline in Asia, a movie theater, and a
shopping center.
A joint project with NOAH Foundation, which
administers Noah Ark Coin, Dakak Beach Resort
and the new Noah Resort will allow all guests to A view of one of the holes in the Greg Norman-designed golf course
pay their bills in all its facilities using their new of Dakak Beach Resort, an amenity that will be accessible to all the
cryptocurrency from June 2018. guests of Noah Resort

Last year, Noah Foundation kicked off its com- ment of GrowKart, a revolutionary app that will
munity-building activities with an event called allow organic farmers to connect directly with
Organic Osmeha 2020, held in Sergio Osmefa supermarkets, restaurants, and consumers.
Sr., Zamboanga del Norte, in northwestern Robertson also explained that production
Mindanao. The initiative aims to convert all agri- management, distribution control, and sales
culture in the region to organic farming by 2020. management infrastructure for farmers will be
The event was attended by more than 700 built using blockchain technology and Noah Ark
organic farmers from 39 municipalities in the Coin.
region, as well as Senator Cynthia Villar, the This new infrastructure and platform will allow
Chairperson of the Committee on Agriculture farmers to eliminate middlemen and go directly
and Food, Representative Seth Frederick to retailers and consumers, which will increase
Jalosjos, as well as eight mayors from the re- profits and productivity. And for consumers, this
gion and representatives from the Department will mean more affordable produce.
of Tourism, Department of Agriculture, By taking full advantage of blockchain's smart
Department of Transportation, Department contract functionality, Noah Ark Coins can con-
of Labor and Employment, and TESDA tribute to many of the world's pressing prob-
(Technical Education and Skills Authority of the lems, such as uplifting the standards of living of
Philippines). subsistence farmers in the Philippines or in any
part of the world. Perhaps some cash-strapped
entrepreneur with a revolutionary idea can raise
needed funds by using peer-to-peer cryptocur-
rency transactions.
For its potential to improve the lives of mil-
lions more easily, blockchain technology might
be viewed soon as this century's most important
invention.

J. Bros Construction Corporation President Jesusito Legaspi Jr.

meets with Noah Ark Coin Promoter Tadashi Izumi during the
signing of the Memorandum of Agreement between Noah City and
Horizon Manila. NOAH

During the event, Ark Systems Technologies

CEO Clarke Robertson announced the develop-