Salim Mortuja-9874422674

𝟐. 𝟐. 𝟏𝟑. 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚: −
Let 𝑓 be a complex function define in a region 𝐷 = 𝐷𝑜𝑚 (𝑓 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧0 be a complex
number in 𝐷. If
𝑓 (𝑧) − 𝑓(𝑧0 )
lim … … . (1)
𝑧→𝑧0 𝑧 − 𝑧0
Exists and finite all approach towards 𝑧0. We can say that 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑧0 and
the limit denoted by 𝑓′(𝑧0) is called the derivative of 𝑓 𝑎𝑡 𝑧0. If 𝑧 = 𝑧0 + ℎ, where ℎ is a
complex number then (1) is equivalently written as
𝑓 (𝑧0 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑧0)
𝑓 ′ (𝑧0) = lim .
ℎ→0 ℎ
If 𝑓 is differentiable at every point of 𝐷 then we can say that 𝑓 is differentiable on 𝐷.
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒔: −
𝑓
(𝑖)Let 𝑓, 𝑔 be differentiable at 𝑧0 . Then 𝑘𝑓 (𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑛𝑡 ), 𝑓 ± 𝑔, 𝑓𝑔, where 𝑔(𝑧0) ≠
𝑔
0 are also differentiable at 𝑧0 .
(𝑖𝑖)Let 𝑓: 𝐷1 → ℂ, 𝑔: 𝐷2 → ℂ be such that 𝑓 (𝐷1) ⊂ 𝐷2 . If 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑧0 and 𝑔 is
differentiable at 𝑓 (𝑧0 ) = 𝑊0 , then the composite function 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑧0
and
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 )′ (𝑧0 ) = 𝑔′ (𝑤0 )𝑓 ′ (𝑧0).
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)Derivative of any constant function is zero.
(𝑖𝑣)Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 𝑛 , 𝑛(≥ 1) is an integer. Then for any fixed 𝑧0 ∈ ℂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 ≠ 𝑧0.
𝑓 (𝑧) − 𝑓(𝑧0 ) 𝑧 𝑛 − 𝑧0𝑛
= = 𝑧 𝑛−1 + 𝑧 𝑛−2. 𝑧0 + ⋯ … . . +𝑧0𝑛−1
𝑧 − 𝑧0 𝑧 − 𝑧0
𝑓 (𝑧) − 𝑓(𝑧0)
∴ lim = 𝑛. 𝑧0𝑛−1
𝑧→𝑧0 𝑧 − 𝑧0
Hence 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 𝑛 (𝑛 ≥ 1) is differentiable in the entire complex plane ℂ and 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) =
𝑛. 𝑧 𝑛−1.
(𝑣) Result (𝑖𝑣 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖) show that any polynomial 𝑃 (𝑧) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1𝑧 + ⋯ . +𝑎𝑛 𝑧 𝑛
differentiable on ℂ and at each 𝑧 ∈ ℂ, 𝑃′ (𝑧) = 𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 𝑧 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑧 𝑛−1.
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆: −
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧̅ 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: −

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𝑓 (𝑧 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑧) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧 + ℎ − 𝑧̅
=
ℎ ℎ
𝑧̅ + ℎ̅ − 𝑧̅
=
ℎ
̅
ℎ
=
ℎ
Let ℎ = ℎ1 + 𝑖ℎ2 . Let ℎ → 0 along the real axis, then ℎ1 → 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ2 = 0.
𝑓(𝑧 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑧) ℎ1
∴ lim = lim =1
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ1 →0 ℎ1

Let ℎ → 0 along the imaginary axis.

Then ℎ2 → 0 and ℎ1 = 0.
𝑓 (𝑧 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑧) −𝑖ℎ2
lim = lim = −1
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ2 →0 𝑖ℎ2

𝑓(𝑧+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑧)
Hence lim does not exist at any point 𝑧.
ℎ→0 ℎ

Hence 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧̅ is nowhere differentiable.

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆: −
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒.
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −
We have,
𝑓 (𝑧 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑥 + ℎ1 − 𝑥
= , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ = ℎ1 + 𝑖ℎ2
ℎ ℎ1 + 𝑖ℎ2
ℎ1
=
ℎ1 + 𝑖ℎ2
𝑓 (𝑧 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑧) ℎ1
∴ lim = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ1 + 𝑖ℎ2

Now let ℎ → 0 along the real axis.

Then ℎ1 → 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ2 = 0.
𝑓(𝑧 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑧) ℎ1
∴ lim = lim =1
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ1 →0 ℎ1

Again let ℎ → 0 along the imaginary axis. Then ℎ2 → 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ1 = 0.

𝑓 (𝑧 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑧) 0
∴ lim = lim =0
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ2 →0 𝑖ℎ2

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Salim Mortuja-9874422674
𝑓(𝑧+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑧)
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, lim does not exist at any point 𝑧.
ℎ→ 0 ℎ

Hence 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 is nowhere differentiable.

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆: −
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒.
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −
We have,
𝑓 (𝑧 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑧) (𝑦 + ℎ2) − 𝑦
= , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 & ℎ = ℎ1 + 𝑖ℎ2.
ℎ ℎ1 + 𝑖ℎ2
ℎ2
=
ℎ1 + 𝑖ℎ2
𝑓(𝑧 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑧) ℎ2
𝑁𝑜𝑤, lim = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ1 + 𝑖ℎ2

Now let ℎ → 0 along the real axis. Then ℎ1 → 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ2 = 0.

ℎ2 0
∴ lim = lim =0
ℎ→0 ℎ1 + 𝑖ℎ2 ℎ1 →0 ℎ1

Again let ℎ → 0 along the imaginary axis. Then ℎ2 → 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ1 = 0.

𝑓 (𝑧 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑧) ℎ2 1
∴ lim = lim = = −𝑖
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ2 →0 𝑖ℎ2 𝑖
𝑓(𝑧+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑧)
Thus lim does not exist at any point 𝑧.
ℎ→0 ℎ

Hence 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 is nowhere differentiable.

𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎: −
𝐼𝑓 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑧, 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡. 𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒.
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇: −
Let 𝑓 be differentiable at 𝑧.
Then,
𝑓(𝑧 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑧)
lim = 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑓 (𝑧 + ℎ) − 𝑓 (𝑧)
𝑁𝑜𝑤, 𝑓 (𝑧 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑧) = .ℎ
ℎ
Taking limit as ℎ → 0 we have,-

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Salim Mortuja-9874422674
𝑓 (𝑧 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑧)
lim (𝑓 (𝑧 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑧)) = lim .ℎ
ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑧). 0
=0
∴ lim 𝑓(𝑧 + ℎ) = 𝑓(𝑧).
ℎ→0

This shows that 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑧. To show that the converse is not true we take
𝑓 (𝑧) = |𝑧|, then 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑧 = 0.
Since lim+ 𝑓(𝑧) = lim− 𝑓 (𝑧) = lim 𝑓(𝑧) = 0 = 𝑓(0)
𝑧→0 𝑧→0 𝑧→0

But 𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑧 = 0.

Because if 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦.
𝑓 (𝑧) − 𝑓(0) |𝑧|
lim = lim
𝑧→0 𝑧−0 𝑧→0 𝑧

Let 𝑧 → 0 along the positive part of the real axis, then 𝑧 = 𝑥 > 0.
|𝑧| 𝑥
∴ lim = lim+ = 1
𝑧→0 𝑧 𝑥→0 𝑥

If 𝑧 → 0 along the negative part of the real axis. Then 𝑧 = 𝑥 < 0 and
|𝑧| |𝑥| −𝑥
lim = lim− = lim− = −1
𝑧→0 𝑧 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
|𝑧|
Hence lim does not exist and so 𝑓 is not differentiable at the origin.
𝑧→0 𝑧

• 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆: −

𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑧) = √𝑥𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑧 = 0, 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑧 = 0.

⟹

lim 𝑓 (𝑧) = lim √𝑥𝑦 = 0 = 𝑓(0)

𝑧→0 𝑥→0
𝑦→0

This implies 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑧 = 0.

𝑁𝑜𝑤, 𝑓 (𝑧) = √𝑥𝑦 + 0. 𝑖
∴ 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = √𝑥𝑦,
𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0
𝑢(ℎ, 0) − 𝑢(0,0) 0
𝑢𝑥 (0,0) = lim = lim = 0
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ

Similarly,

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Salim Mortuja-9874422674
𝑢𝑦 (0,0) = 0, 𝑣𝑥 (0,0) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑦 (0,0) = 0.
∴ 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 satisfies 𝐶 − 𝑅 equation at 𝑧 = 0.

𝑓 (𝑧) − 𝑓(0) √𝑥𝑦

𝑁𝑜𝑤, lim = lim
𝑧→0 𝑧−0 𝑥→0 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝑦→0

Let 𝑧 → 0 along the path 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥.

Thus,

𝑓 (𝑧) − 𝑓(0) √|𝑚|𝑥 2

lim = lim
𝑧→0 𝑧−0 𝑥→0 (1 + 𝑖𝑚 )𝑥

√|𝑚|
= lim
𝑥→0 (1 + 𝑖𝑚 )

√|𝑚|
=
(1 + 𝑖𝑚)

Which are different for different values of 𝑚. Thus 𝑓 (𝑧) = √𝑥𝑦 is not differentiable.

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: − 𝑓 may be differentiableat 𝑧0 but |𝑓| may not be differentiable at 𝑧0. For this let
𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧, then 𝑓 is differentiable every where but |𝑓|(𝑧) = |𝑧| is not differentiable at
𝑧 = 0.
• 𝑨𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒚𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −
A function 𝑓 is said to be analytic (or regular or homomorphic) at the point 𝑧 = 𝛼.If 𝑓 is
differentiable at every point of some (∃𝑎) 𝑛𝑏𝑑 of 𝛼.
Similarly, we say that 𝑓 is analytic on a set 𝐷 if it is analytic at every point of 𝐷. I.e., if 𝑓
is differentiable at every point of some open set containing 𝐷.
• 𝑶𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 (𝒐𝒓 𝑹𝒆𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕): −
If 𝑓 is analytic at a point 𝛼. Then 𝛼 is called on ordinary point of 𝑓.
• 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕: −
If a function 𝑓 is not analytic at a point 𝛼, then 𝛼 is called a singular point or singularity
of 𝑓.
• 𝒁𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −
If 𝑓 is analytic at 𝛼 and 𝑓 (𝛼 ) = 0, then 𝛼 is called a zero of a function 𝑓.
• ′𝒂′ 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −

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Salim Mortuja-9874422674
If 𝑓 is analytic at 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝛼 ) = 𝑎. Then 𝛼 is called ′𝑎′ point of 𝑓.
• 𝑬𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 (𝒐𝒓 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏): −
A function 𝑓 which is analytic on the entire complex plane ℂ is called an entire function.
Only the point at infinity is a singularity for a non -constant entire function.
• 𝑪𝒂𝒖𝒄𝒉𝒚 − 𝑹𝒊𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒏 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏(𝑪 − 𝑹 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏): −
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎: −
𝐴 𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑧0 = 𝑥0 + 𝑖𝑦0 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦 , 𝑣𝑥 , 𝑣𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 , 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 𝑎𝑡 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ).

𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇: −
Let 𝑓 be differentiable at 𝑧0 = 𝑥0 + 𝑖𝑦0 . Then,
𝑓 (𝑧) − 𝑓(𝑧0 )
𝑓 ′ (𝑧0) = lim
𝑧→𝑧0 𝑧 − 𝑧0
Exists for all modes of approach of 𝑧 towards 𝑧0 and all the limiting values are equal.
Now,
𝑓 (𝑧) − 𝑓(𝑧0) {𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑢(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )} + 𝑖 {𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑣(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )}
=
𝑧 − 𝑧0 (𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) + 𝑖(𝑦 − 𝑦0 )
First, we assume that 𝑧 → 𝑧0 along a line parallel to the real axis. Then 𝑦 = 𝑦0 , 𝑥 → 𝑥0 .
𝑓 (𝑧) − 𝑓 (𝑧0) 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑥0 ) − 𝑢(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦0 ) − 𝑣(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )
lim = lim + 𝑖 lim
𝑧→𝑧0 𝑧 − 𝑧0 𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥0 𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥0
Since 𝑓′(𝑧0 ) exists both 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑣𝑥 must exists at (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ). Hence 𝑓 ′ (𝑧0) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 at
(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) … … (1)
Next let 𝑧 → 𝑧0 along a line parallel to the imaginary axis. Then 𝑥 = 𝑥0 , 𝑦 → 𝑦0 .
Hence,
𝑓 (𝑧) − 𝑓(𝑧0) 1 𝑢(𝑥0 , 𝑦) − 𝑢(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) 𝑣(𝑥0 , 𝑦) − 𝑣(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )
lim = lim + lim
𝑧→𝑧0 𝑧 − 𝑧0 𝑖 𝑦→𝑦0 𝑦 − 𝑦0 𝑦→𝑦0 𝑦 − 𝑦0
Since 𝑓′(𝑧0 ) exists, both 𝑢𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑦 exists at (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ). Hence,
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑧0 ) = 𝑢𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦 𝑎𝑡 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )
𝑖
= 𝑣𝑦 − 𝑖𝑢𝑦 … … (2)
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From (1) and (2), by equating real and imaginary part we have,
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 , 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 𝑎𝑡 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ).

• 𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆 𝟏: −
The two equation 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 are known as Cauchy-Riemann equation or
𝐶 − 𝑅 equation. These equations are necessary for differentiability but not sufficient.
𝒙𝒚
, (𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ (𝟎, 𝟎)
For Example, Let 𝒇(𝒙) = {√𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐
𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝟎
Prove that 𝒇 satisfied C-R equation at (𝟎, 𝟎). Although 𝒇 is not differentiable at (𝟎, 𝟎)
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑥𝑦
, (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0,0)
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = {√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
0, 𝑥 = 0 = 𝑦
𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0
𝑢(ℎ, 0) − 𝑢(0,0)
𝑢𝑥 (0,0) = lim 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠
ℎ→0 ℎ
0−0
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
= lim (0) [∵ ℎ → 0 ⟹ ℎ ≠ 0]
ℎ→0
=0
𝑢(0, 𝑘) − 𝑢(0,0)
𝑢𝑦 (0,0) = lim 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠
𝑘→0 𝑘
0−0
= lim
𝑘→0 𝑘
= lim (0) [∵ 𝑘 → 0 ⟹ 𝑘 ≠ 0]
𝑘→0
=0
𝑣 (ℎ, 0) − 𝑣 (0,0)
𝑣𝑥 (0,0) = lim 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠
ℎ→0 ℎ
0−0
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
= lim (0) [∵ ℎ → 0 ⟹ ℎ ≠ 0]
ℎ→0
=0
𝑣 (0, 𝑘) − 𝑣 (0,0)
𝑣𝑦 (0,0) = lim 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠
𝑘→0 𝑘
0−0
= lim
𝑘→0 𝑘
= lim (0) [∵ 𝑘 → 0 ⟹ 𝑘 ≠ 0]
𝑘→0
=0

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Salim Mortuja-9874422674
Thus
𝐴𝑡 (0,0) , 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 , 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥

𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑢 & 𝑣 satisfy C-R equations at (0,0)

Now for differentiability at (0,0) we have
𝑓 (𝑧 ) − 𝑓 (0)
lim
𝑧→0 𝑧−0
𝑥𝑦
−0
√𝑥 + 𝑦 2
2
= lim
𝑧→0 𝑧
𝑥𝑦
= lim
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)

Let (𝑥, 𝑦) → (0,0) along 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥

𝑥. 𝑚𝑥
∴ lim
𝑥→0 √𝑥 2 + 𝑚2 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑚𝑥 )
𝑚
= lim
𝑥→0 √1 + 𝑚2 (1 + 𝑖𝑚)
𝑚
=
√1 + 𝑚2 (1 + 𝑖𝑚)
Which is different for different values of 𝑚
𝑓(𝑧)−𝑓(0)
⟹ lim does not exists and hence the function 𝑓 is not differentiable at (0,0)
𝑧→0 𝑧−0

• 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆: −
𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒈
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒚 𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒔𝒇𝒚 𝑪 − 𝑹 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆.
𝑥𝑦 2 (𝑥+𝑖𝑦)
,𝑧 ≠ 0
(𝑖)𝑓 (𝑧) = { 𝑥 2 +𝑦 4
0, 𝑧 = 0
𝑥 3 (1+𝑖)−𝑦 3 (1−𝑖)
,𝑧 ≠ 0
(𝑖𝑖)𝑓 (𝑧) = { 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
0, 𝑧 = 0
𝑥𝑦 5 (𝑥+𝑖𝑦)
,𝑧 ≠ 0
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑓(𝑧) = { 𝑥 2 +𝑦 10
0, 𝑧 = 0
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: −(𝑖)

𝑥𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)
𝑓 (𝑧) =
𝑥2 + 𝑦4

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Salim Mortuja-9874422674
𝑥 2𝑦 2 𝑥𝑦 3
= 2 +𝑖 2
𝑥 + 𝑦4 𝑥 + 𝑦4
= 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)
Where
𝑥2𝑦2 𝑥𝑦 3
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2
𝑥 + 𝑦4 𝑥 + 𝑦4
Now,
𝑢 (ℎ, 0) − 𝑢(0,0)
𝑢𝑥 (0,0) = lim =0
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑢 (0, 𝑘 ) − 𝑢(0,0)
𝑢𝑦 (0,0) = lim =0
𝑘→0 𝑘
𝑣(ℎ, 0) − 𝑣(0,0)
𝑣𝑥 (0,0) = lim =0
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑣 (0, 𝑘 ) − 𝑣(0,0)
𝑣𝑦 (0,0) = lim =0
𝑘→0 𝑘
𝑓(𝑧) − 𝑓(0) 𝑥𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)
𝐵𝑢𝑡 lim = lim 2 , 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝑧→0 𝑧−0 𝑧→0 (𝑥 + 𝑦 4 )(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)

𝑥𝑦 2
= lim 2
𝑧→0 𝑥 + 𝑦 4

If 𝑧 → 0 along the curve 𝑦 2 = 𝑚𝑥 we have,

𝑓(𝑧) − 𝑓(0) 𝑚𝑥 2 𝑚
lim = lim 2 =
𝑧→0 𝑧−0 𝑧→0 𝑥 + 𝑚 2 𝑥 2 1 + 𝑚2
Which depends on 𝑚.
𝑓(𝑧) − 𝑓(0)
∴ lim
𝑧→0 𝑧−0
Not exists. Hence it is not differentiable at origin although Cauchy-Riemann equations
are satisfied there.
(𝑖𝑖)
𝑥 3 (1 + 𝑖) − 𝑦 3 (1 − 𝑖)
𝑓 (𝑧 ) =
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
(𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 ) + 𝑖 (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )
=
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
= 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑥3 − 𝑦3 𝑥3 + 𝑦3
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2
𝑥 + 𝑦2 𝑥 + 𝑦2
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Salim Mortuja-9874422674
Now,
𝑢(ℎ, 0) − 𝑢(0,0)
𝑢𝑥 (0,0) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
3
ℎ −0
2 −0
= lim ℎ
ℎ→0 ℎ
ℎ−0
= lim =1
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑢(0, 𝑘 ) − 𝑢(0,0)
𝑢𝑦 (0,0) = lim
𝑘→0 𝑘
−𝑘 − 0
= lim = −1
𝑘→0 𝑘
𝑣 (ℎ, 0) − 𝑣(0,0)
𝑣𝑥 (0,0) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
ℎ−0
= lim =1
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑣(0, 𝑘 ) − 𝑣(0,0)
𝑣𝑦 (0,0) = lim
𝑘→0 𝑘
𝑘−0
= lim =1
𝑘→0 𝑘

∴ 𝑢𝑥 (0,0) = 𝑣𝑦 (0,0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑦 (0,0) = −𝑣𝑥 (0,0)

Hence 𝐶 − 𝑅 equations are satisfied at the origin.
𝑓 (𝑧) − 𝑓(0) (𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 ) + 𝑖 (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )
𝐵𝑢𝑡, lim = lim 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝑧→0 𝑧−0 𝑧→0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)
If 𝑧 → 0 along the line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 we have,-
𝑓 (𝑧) − 𝑓(0) (𝑥 3 − 𝑚3𝑥 3 ) + 𝑖(𝑥 3 + 𝑚3 𝑥 3 )
lim = lim
𝑧→0 𝑧−0 𝑥→0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑚2 𝑥 2 )(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑚𝑥 )
[(1 − 𝑚3) + 𝑖(1 + 𝑚3 )]𝑥 3
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 3(1 + 𝑚2 )(1 + 𝑖𝑚)
(1 − 𝑚3) + 𝑖(1 + 𝑚3 )
=
(1 + 𝑚2)(1 + 𝑖𝑚)
Which is different for different values of 𝑚. Hence 𝑓(𝑧) is not differentiable although it
satisfied 𝐶 − 𝑅 equation in zero.
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) Same as (𝑖𝑖)
(𝒄)Show that the function
−𝒛−𝟒
𝒇(𝒛) = {𝒆 ,𝒛 ≠ 𝟎 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕
𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝟎

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Salim Mortuja-9874422674
Differentiable at ′𝟎′ although 𝒇satisfies C-R equations at ′𝟎′.
𝐴𝑛𝑠. −
−4
𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑒 −𝑧
1
−4 −
∴ 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑖𝑦) =𝑒 (𝑥+𝑖𝑦)4
(𝑥−𝑖𝑦)4
− 2 2 4
= 𝑒 (𝑥 +𝑦 )
2
(𝑥 2−𝑦 2 −2𝑖𝑥𝑦)
−
= 𝑒 (𝑥 2+𝑦 2)4
{𝑥 4+𝑦 4 −6𝑥 2𝑦 2 −4𝑖𝑥𝑦(𝑥 2−𝑦 2 )}
= 𝑒 (𝑥 2+𝑦 2 )4
(𝑥 4 +𝑦 4−6𝑥 2 𝑦 2)
− 4𝑥𝑦(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
∴𝑢= 𝑒 (𝑥 2+𝑦 2 )4 cos
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )4
4 4
(𝑥 +𝑦 −6𝑥 𝑦 )2 2
− 2+𝑦 2)4
4𝑥𝑦(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
𝑣=𝑒 (𝑥 sin
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
𝑢(𝑥, 0) − 𝑣(0,0)
𝐴𝑡 𝑡(0,0), 𝑢𝑥 = lim , 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠
𝑥→0 𝑥−0
4
𝑒 −𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
=0
𝑢(0, 𝑦) − 𝑣 (0,0)
𝑢𝑦 = lim , 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠
𝑦→0 𝑦−0
−4
𝑒 −𝑦
= lim
𝑦→0 𝑦
=0
𝑣 (𝑥, 0) − 𝑣 (0,0)
𝐴𝑡 (0,0), 𝑣𝑥 = lim 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠
𝑥→0 𝑥−0
0
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
= lim (0) [∵ 𝑥 → 0 ⟹ 𝑦 → 0]
𝑥→0
=0
𝑣 (0, 𝑦) − 𝑣(0,0)
𝑣𝑦 = lim , 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠
𝑦→0 𝑦−0
0−0
= lim
𝑦→0 𝑦
= lim (0) [∵ 𝑦 → 0 ⟹ 𝑦 ≠ 0]
𝑦→0
=0
∴ 𝐴𝑡 (0,0), 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 , 𝑢?𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥
𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑢 & 𝑣 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝐶 − 𝑅 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑧 = 0
But,
𝑓 (𝑧 ) − 𝑓 (0)
𝑓 ′ (0) = lim
𝑧→0 𝑧
−𝑧 −4 −4
𝑒 𝑒 −𝑟 . 𝑒
= lim = lim 𝑖 𝜋/4
𝑧→0 𝑧 𝑧→0 𝑟𝑒

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Salim Mortuja-9874422674
If 𝑧 → 0 along 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖 𝜋/4 showing that 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) does not exist at 𝑧 = 0
Hence, 𝑓 (𝑧) may not be analytic at 𝑧 = 0

• 𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆 𝟐. : −
If 𝑓′(𝑧0) exists then 𝑓′(𝑧0) can be written in any one of the following forms-
𝑓 ′ (𝑧0) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥
= 𝑢𝑥 − 𝑖𝑢𝑦 = 𝑣𝑦 − 𝑖𝑢𝑦
Where the partial derivatives are evaluated at (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ).
• 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒙 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝑪 − 𝑹 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑧. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐶 − 𝑅 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑥 = −𝑖𝑓𝑦 .
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇: −
𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)
Differentiating partially w.r.to. 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 respectively, we have-
𝑓𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦).
Now,
𝑖𝑓𝑦 = 𝑖𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖 2 𝑣𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦)
= 𝑖𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑣𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦)
= −𝑖𝑣𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑢𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)[𝐵𝑦 𝐶 − 𝑅 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛]
= −[𝑢𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)]
= −𝑓𝑥
∴ 𝑓𝑥 = −𝑖𝑓𝑦

• 𝑪 − 𝑹 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆: −

𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑣
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃 ) + 𝑖𝑣 (𝑟, 𝜃 )𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ≠ 0, 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 =
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑢 𝑟 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑎𝑛𝑑 =− . 𝐹𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = ( +𝑖 ).
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟

𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇: −
We have 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃, Hence,
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Salim Mortuja-9874422674
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦
= . + .
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 … … . (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦
= . + .
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
= cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 … . . (2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦
= . + .
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= (−𝑟 cos 𝜃 ) + (𝑟 cos 𝜃 ) … . (3)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦
= . + .
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
= (−𝑟 sin 𝜃 ) + 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= 𝑟[sin 𝜃 (−𝑣𝑥 ) + cos 𝜃 (𝑣𝑦 )]
= 𝑟(sin 𝜃. 𝑢𝑦 + cos 𝜃 . 𝑣𝑥 )[𝐵𝑦 𝐶 − 𝑅 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛]
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 𝑟 [ cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑟. [𝐵𝑦 (1)]
𝜕𝑟
From (3),
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= −𝑟 [sin 𝜃 . − cos 𝜃 . ]
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
= −𝑟 [sin 𝜃 . + cos 𝜃 . ]
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑣
= −𝑟. [𝐵𝑦 (2)]
𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑢
∴ =−
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
2𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡: −
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑟[ +𝑖 ]
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
= 𝑟 [(cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 ) + 𝑖 (cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 )]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= 𝑟 cos 𝜃 ( + 𝑖 ) + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 ( + 𝑖 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
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Salim Mortuja-9874422674
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
= 𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) + 𝑖𝑦 ( −𝑖 )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
′( )
= 𝑥𝑓 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑦(𝑓′(𝑧))
= 𝑓′(𝑧)(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)
= 𝑧 𝑓′(𝑧)
𝑟 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = ( + 𝑖 )
𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆: −
Let 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦)
Since,
𝑧 + 𝑧̅ 𝑧 − 𝑧̅
𝑥= ,𝑦 =
2 2𝑖
We have,
𝑧 + 𝑧̅ 𝑧 − 𝑧̅ 𝑧 + 𝑧̅ 𝑧 − 𝑧̅
𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢 ( , ) + 𝑖𝑣 ( , )
2 2𝑖 2 2
This shows that 𝑓 can be made function of 𝑧 and 𝑧̅ only.
• 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎: −
𝜕𝑓
𝐼𝑓 𝑓 (𝑧) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 = 0.
𝜕𝑧̅

𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇: −
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑦
= . + .
𝜕𝑧̅ 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧̅ 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧̅
𝜕𝑓 1 𝜕𝑓 1
= . + (− )
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2𝑖
1 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= ( +𝑖 )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= (−𝑖 + 𝑖 ) [∵ = −𝑖 ]
2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
=0
• 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆: −𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧̅ 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒.
⟹ 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧̅ = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
∴ 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥
𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑦
∴ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 1
𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0
𝑣𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0
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Salim Mortuja-9874422674
𝑣𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −1
Since 𝑢𝑥 ≠ 𝑣𝑦 at any point, 𝐶 − 𝑅 equations are not satisfied.
∴ 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧̅ is nowhere differentiable.

• 𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆: −
From above two example we can say that 𝐶 − 𝑅 equation is necessary for
differentiability but not sufficient.
• 𝑺𝒖𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚: −
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎: −
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓 (𝑧)
= 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑛𝑏𝑑 𝑁(𝑧0) 𝑜𝑓 𝑧0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦

𝑣𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑧0 = 𝑥0 + 𝑖𝑦0 , 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶 −

𝑅 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑧0. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 (𝑧) 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑧0.
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓: −
For 𝑧0 = 𝑥0 + 𝑖𝑦0 , let ℎ = ℎ1 + 𝑖ℎ2 (≠ 0) ∈ 𝑁(𝑧0). Since 𝑢𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑦 are all continuous at
𝑧0 = 𝑥0 + 𝑖𝑦0 . Therefore 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) & 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) both are differentiable at (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ).
So, the increment ∆𝑢, of 𝑢(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) can be written as,
∆𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑥0 + ℎ1 , 𝑦0 + ℎ2 ) − 𝑢(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )
= ℎ1𝑢𝑥 (𝑥0 𝑦0 ) + ℎ2 𝑢𝑦 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) + 𝜀1ℎ1 + 𝜀2 ℎ2
Where 𝜀1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀2 are functions of ℎ1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ2 and they tend to zero as (ℎ1 , ℎ2 ) → (0,0).
Similarly corresponding to 𝑣 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ). The increment ∆𝑣 𝑜𝑓 𝑣(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) can be written as-
∆𝑣 = 𝑣 (𝑥0 + ℎ1 , 𝑦0 + ℎ2 ) − 𝑣 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )
= ℎ1 𝑣𝑥 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) + ℎ2 𝑣𝑦 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) + ℎ1 𝜂1 + ℎ2 𝜂2
Where 𝜂1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜂2 are functions of ℎ1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ2 and they tend to zero as (ℎ1 , ℎ2 ) → (0,0)
𝑁𝑜𝑤, ∆𝑢 + 𝑖∆𝑣 = ℎ1(𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 ) + ℎ2 (𝑢𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣𝑦 ) + ℎ1 (𝜀1 + 𝑖𝜂1) + ℎ2 (𝜀2 + 𝑖𝜂2 ) 𝑎𝑡 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ).
∴ 𝑓(𝑧0 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑧0) = ∆𝑢 + 𝑖∆𝑣
= ℎ1(𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖 𝑣𝑥 ) + 𝑖ℎ2 (𝑣𝑦 − 𝑖𝑢𝑦 ) + ℎ1(𝜀1 + 𝑖𝜂1 ) + ℎ2 (𝜀2 + 𝑖𝜂2 )
= ℎ1(𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 ) + 𝑖ℎ2(𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 ) + ℎ1 (𝜀1 + 𝑖𝜂1) + ℎ2 (𝜀2 + 𝑖𝜂2 )[𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶 − 𝑅 𝑒𝑞𝑛. ]
= (𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 )(ℎ1 + 𝑖ℎ2 ) + ℎ1 (𝜀1 + 𝑖𝜂1 ) + ℎ2 (𝜀2 + 𝑖𝜂2 )
= (𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 )ℎ + ℎ1 (𝜀1 + 𝑖𝜂1 ) + ℎ2 (𝜀2 + 𝑖𝜂2 )
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠,

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Salim Mortuja-9874422674
𝑓 (𝑧0 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑧0) ℎ1 ℎ2
= (𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 ) + [ (𝜀1 + 𝑖𝜂1 ) + (𝜀2 + 𝑖𝜂2 )] … … . (2)
ℎ ℎ ℎ
|ℎ𝑖 |
Here 𝜀1 + 𝑖𝜂1 → 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀2 + 𝑖𝜂2 → 0 𝑎𝑠 ℎ = ℎ1 + 𝑖ℎ2 → 0 we note that |ℎ|
<
|ℎ2 |
1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |ℎ|
< 1.

Hence the term with in the square bracket of R.H.S. of (2) approaches to zero as ℎ =
ℎ1 + 𝑖ℎ2 → 0. Taking limit as ℎ → 0 in (2) we obtained-
𝑓 (𝑧0 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑧0)
lim = 𝑢𝑥 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑓(𝑧0 +ℎ)−𝑓(𝑧0 )
𝑖. 𝑒. , lim exists and equal to 𝑢𝑥 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )
ℎ→0 ℎ

∴ 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑧0 = 𝑥0 + 𝑖𝑦0 .
• 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆: −
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒.
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑛. −
𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑖𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 + 𝑖 sin 𝑦)
= 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)(𝑆𝑎𝑦)
∴ 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦.
Differentiating partially, we get,-
𝑢𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦
𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦
𝑣𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦
∴ 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 at any point 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦.

Thus, the first order partial derivative of 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 satisfy the 𝐶 − 𝑅 equation at every
point. Further 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) and their 1st order partial derivative are continuous at
every point.
Hence by sufficient condition of differentiability 𝑓 is differentiable at every point of
complex plane.
• 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆: −
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓 (𝑧) = |𝑧|2 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

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Salim Mortuja-9874422674
𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛.
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑛. : −
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 (𝑧) = |𝑧|2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 .
Clearly 𝑓(𝑧) is continuous everywhere as it is polynomial in 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦.
𝑁𝑜𝑤, 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)
Comparing,
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0
∴ 𝑢𝑥 = 2𝑥, 𝑢𝑦 = 2𝑦
𝑣𝑥 = 0. 𝑣𝑦 = 0
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 ⟹ 𝑥 = 0
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 = 0
∴ 𝐶 − 𝑅 equation satisfy only at 𝑥 = 0 & 𝑦 = 0 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑧 = 0.
Further 𝑢, 𝑣 and their first order partial derivative are continuous at 𝑧 = 0.
Hence 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑧 = 0.
We note that 𝐶 − 𝑅 equations are not satisfied at any point 𝑧 ≠ 0 and hence 𝑓 is not
differentiable at 𝑧 ≠ 0.
Thus 𝑓 is differentiable only at 𝑧 = 0.
(𝒃)(𝒊)Show that the function 𝒇(𝒛) = |𝒛|𝟐 is differentiable only at 𝒛 = 𝟎.
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −
𝑓 (𝑧) = |𝑧|2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ
= 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)(𝑆𝑎𝑦)
∴ 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0
∴ 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0
∴ 𝑢𝑥 = 2𝑥, 𝑢𝑦 = 2𝑦
𝑣𝑥 = 0, 𝑣𝑦 = 0

Thus,
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 ⟹ 𝑥 = 0
𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 = 0

∴C-R equation satisfies only at 𝑥 = 0 & 𝑦 = 0 i.e., at 𝑧 = 0

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Further 𝑢, 𝑣 & their partial derivatives are continuous at 𝑧 = 0
Hence 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑧 = 0
We note that C-R equations are not satisfied at any point 𝑧 ≠ 0 & hence 𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑧 ≠ 0
(Hence 𝑓 is not analytic at (0,0) since analyticity of a point demands the existence at 𝑓 ′ (0) throughout
some 𝑛𝑏𝑑 of that point)

• 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠: − Verify 𝐶 − 𝑅 equation for the function.

(𝑖)𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 3
(𝑖𝑖)𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑎𝑧 + 𝑏
1
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑓 (𝑧) =
𝑧
(𝑖𝑣 )𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑖𝑧 + 2
(𝑣 )𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧𝑒 −𝑧
• 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎: −
𝑨 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒙 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒆𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆
𝒅𝒐𝒆𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒔.
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓: −
Let 𝑓 be a real function of the complex variable 𝑧. Let us assume first that derivative of
𝑓 does not exist, then nothing to prove.
So, let 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑧0 .
𝑓(𝑧0 +ℎ)−𝑓(𝑧0 )
Then, 𝑓 ′ (𝑧0) = lim ,where ℎ = ℎ1 + 𝑖ℎ2 ,exist for all modes of approach of 𝑧
ℎ→0 ℎ
towards 𝑧0 and all the limiting values are equal. First, we assume ℎ → 0 along the real
axis. Then ℎ1 → 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ2 = 0
𝑓(𝑧0 + ℎ1 ) − 𝑓(𝑧0)
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑧0) = lim
ℎ1 →0 ℎ1
= 𝑎 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (∵ 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ) … … … (1)
Next, we assume ℎ → 0 along the imaginary axis. Then ℎ2 → 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ1 = 0
𝑓 (𝑧0 + 𝑖ℎ2 ) − 𝑓(𝑧0)
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑧0) = lim
ℎ2 →0 𝑖ℎ2
1
= × 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑖
= 𝑎 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 … … . . (2)
0 is the only number which is purely real as well as purely imaginary
∴From (1) and (2) we have, 𝑓 ′ (𝑧0) = 0
Hence either 𝑓 has derivative zero 0 or the derivative does not exist.
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Salim Mortuja-9874422674
Remark:-Let 𝒇 be a real valued function of a complex variable and differentiable at a
point 𝜶 ∈ ℂ. Prove that 𝒇′ (𝜶) = 𝟎

• 𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆: −
If an analytic function of a complex variable in a region 𝐺 assume only imaginary
values. Then 𝑓 is a constant function.
• 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒔: −
Let 𝑓 be analytic in a region.
(𝑖) If 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 0 𝑜𝑛 𝐺, then 𝑓 is constant on 𝐺.
(𝑖𝑖)If any one of 𝑅𝑒 (𝑓 ), 𝐼𝑚(𝑓 ), |𝑓| is constant on 𝐺, then 𝑓 is constant on 𝐺.
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓: −(𝑖) We know that
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥
= 𝑣𝑦 − 𝑖 𝑢𝑦
Hence
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 0 ⟹ 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 = 0 ∀ 𝑧 ∈ 𝐺.
𝐵𝑢𝑡, 𝑢𝑥 = 0, 𝑢𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦.
i.e., 𝑢 is constant on 𝐺.
Similarly, 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦.
⟹ 𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐺.
Hence 𝑓 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is constant on 𝐺.
(𝑖𝑖)
𝑅𝑒 (𝑓 ) = 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝐺
∴ 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑢𝑦 = 0 𝑜𝑛 𝐺.Since 𝑓 is analytic on 𝐺.
So, it satisfies 𝐶 − 𝑅 equation.
𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥
∴ 𝑣𝑥 = −𝑢𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑦 = 0
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐺.
Similar prove for 𝐼𝑚𝑓 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
Finally let |𝑓(𝑧)| = 𝑘 ∀ 𝑧 ∈ 𝐺, 𝑖𝑓 𝑘 = 0
Evidently 𝑓 = 0 𝑖𝑛 𝐺. 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑘 ≠ 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = 𝑘 2 … … . . (1)

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Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. 𝑥 & 𝑦 we have respectively
𝑢𝑢𝑥 + 𝑣𝑣𝑥 = 0 … … . (2)
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑢𝑦 + 𝑣𝑣𝑦 = 0 … … … (3)
Using 𝐶 − 𝑅 equations (2) and (3) becomes
𝑢𝑢𝑥 − 𝑣𝑢𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑢𝑦 + 𝑣𝑢𝑥 = 0
Squaring and adding,
(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2)(𝑢𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2) = 0

⟹ 𝑘 2|𝑓 ′ (𝑧)|2 = 0
Since 𝑘 ≠ 0 ⟹ |𝑓 ′ (𝑧)| = 0
⟹ 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 0
Hence 𝑓 is constant on 𝐺.
• 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕: −
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑔′ (𝑧), ∀ 𝑧 ∈ 𝐺, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 (𝑓 − 𝑔) 𝑖𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 .
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓: −
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝜙(𝑧) = 𝑓(𝑧) − 𝑔(𝑧)
⟹ 𝜙 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) − 𝑔′ (𝑧) = 0 ∀ 𝑧 ∈ 𝐺.
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜙 𝑖. 𝑒. , (𝑓 − 𝑔) 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝐺 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡.
(𝒄)(𝒊) Let 𝒇 = 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 be analytic in a region 𝑮 in ℂ such that 𝑨𝒖(𝒙, 𝒚) + 𝑩𝒗(𝒙, 𝒚) + 𝒄 =
𝟎 ∀ 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 ∈ 𝑮, where 𝑨, 𝑩, 𝑪 are real constants with (𝑨, 𝑩) ≠ (𝟎, 𝟎). Prove that 𝒇 is
constant on 𝑮.
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −
𝑓 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
Given,
𝐴𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝐵𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑐 = 0 … . . (1)
Now differentiating both sides of (1) w.r.to 𝑥 & 𝑦 respectively,
We get,
𝐴𝑢𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝐵𝑣𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 … . . (2)
𝐴𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝐵𝑣𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 … … (3)

Since 𝑓 is analytic in a region 𝐺 in ℂ, using C-R equations. i. e, 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 we get,

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Salim Mortuja-9874422674
𝐴𝑢𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝐵𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 … . . (4)
𝐴𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝐵𝑢𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 … . . (5)

Squaring & adding (4) & (5) we get,

2 2
(𝐴𝑢𝑥 − 𝐵𝑢𝑦 ) + (𝐴𝑢𝑦 + 𝐵𝑢𝑥 ) = 0
⟹ (𝐴2 + 𝐵2 )(𝑢𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 ) = 0
⟹ 𝑢𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 = 0[∵ (𝐴, 𝐵) ≠ (0,0)]
⟹ |𝑓 ′ (𝑧)|2 = 0
⟹ 𝑓 ′ (𝑧 ) = 0
⟹ 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝐺 (𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 )

(𝒊𝒊)If 𝒇(𝒙) is analytic in a domain 𝑫, then show that 𝒇(𝒛) must be constant in 𝑫 if
𝐚𝐫𝐠 𝒇(𝒛) is constant.
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 be an analytic function.
Then 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 [using C-R equation]

Now,
𝑣
arg 𝑓 (𝑧) = tan−1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝐶 (𝑠𝑎𝑦)
𝑢
𝑣
∴ = tan 𝐶 = 𝑘(𝑠𝑎𝑦)
𝑢
∴ 𝑣 = 𝑘𝑢
Differentiating w.r.to 𝑥
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑘𝑢𝑥
Differentiating, w.r.to 𝑦
𝑣𝑦 = 𝑘𝑢𝑦

Eliminating 𝑘 we get,
𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑦
=
𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑦
⟹ 𝑣𝑥 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑢𝑥 𝑣𝑦
⟹ 𝑣𝑥 (−𝑣𝑥 ) = 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑥
⟹ 𝑢𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑥2 = 0
⟹ |𝑓 ′ (𝑧)|2 = 0[∵ 𝑓 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 ]
⟹ 𝑓 ′ (𝑧 ) = 0 ∀ 𝑧 ∈ 𝐷
⟹ 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐷 (𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 )

(𝒅) (𝒊)If 𝒇(𝒛) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ̅̅̅̅̅̅

𝒇(𝒛) are both analytic in a region then show that 𝒇(𝒛) is constant in
that region.
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is an analytic function in a region 𝐷

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Salim Mortuja-9874422674
∴ 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 … … (1)& 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 … . . (2)
̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 − 𝑖𝑣 is also an analytic function.
∴We have
𝑢𝑥 = −𝑣𝑦 … . . (3) & 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 … . (4)

From (1) & (3) we get,

2𝑢𝑥 = 0
⟹ 𝑢𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑦 = 0

From (2) & (4) we get,

𝑤𝑢𝑦 = 0
⟹ 𝑢𝑦 = 0, 𝑣𝑥 = 0
𝑢𝑥 = 0, 𝑢𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥&𝑦
𝑣𝑥 = 0, 𝑣𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥& 𝑦

So, both 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 are constant.

∴ 𝑓 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is constant in that region 𝐷.

• 𝑨𝒏 𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕: −
If a function 𝑓 is analytic in a region 𝐺, then it is infinitely differentiable.
• 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒔: −
If 𝑓 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is differentiable in a region 𝐺, then 𝑢, 𝑣 possesses both partial derivatives
and 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 − 𝑖𝑢𝑦 .
Since 𝑓′ is also differentiable, it follows that 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑣𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦 , 𝑣𝑦 are continuous.
Replacing the argument, we can say 𝑢, 𝑣 have continuous partial derivatives.
• 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕: −
A necessary and sufficient condition for a function 𝑓 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 to be analytic in a region
𝐺 is that 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦 , 𝑣𝑥 , 𝑣𝑦 are continuous and they satisfy 𝐶 − 𝑅 equation in 𝐺.

• 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔: −
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒.
(𝑖)𝑓 (𝑧) = |𝑧|
(𝑖𝑖)𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 − 𝑧̅

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(𝑖𝑣 )𝑓 (𝑧) = 2𝑥 + 𝑖𝑥𝑦 2
1
(𝑣 )𝑓(𝑧) =
𝑧̅
(𝑣𝑖)𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧̅
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: −
(𝑖)
𝑓 (𝑧) = |𝑧|
= √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
= 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)

Where 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0

Now,
𝑥
𝑢𝑥 = , 𝑣𝑥 = 0
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑦
𝑢𝑦 = , 𝑣𝑦 = 0
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
Thus 𝑢𝑥 ≠ 𝑣𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑦 ≠ −𝑣𝑥 .
i.e., First order partial derivative of 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 does not satisfy 𝐶 − 𝑅 equation.
Hence 𝑓 (𝑧) = |𝑧| is nowhere differentiable.
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 − 𝑧̅
= 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
= 2𝑖𝑦
= 𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦)(𝑆𝑎𝑦)
Where 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑦
Now, 𝑢𝑥 = 0 = 𝑢𝑦
And 𝑣𝑥 = 0, 𝑣𝑦 = 2
∴ 𝑣𝑥 ≠ 𝑣𝑦
i.e., the partial (1𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟) derivative of 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 does not satisfy 1st 𝐶 − 𝑅 equation.
Thus 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 − 𝑧̅ is nowhere differentiable.
(𝑣𝑖)
𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧̅
= 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 − 𝑖 sin 𝑦), 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
= 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦)(𝑆𝑎𝑦)
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Where 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦
𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦
Now,
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 , 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦
𝑣𝑥 = −𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 , 𝑣𝑦 = −𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦

Since 𝑢𝑥 ≠ 𝑣𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑦 ≠ −𝑣𝑥 at any point. Hence 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧̅ is nowhere differentiable.

(𝒊𝒊) Examine the analyticity of the function 𝒇(𝒛) = |𝒛 − 𝟏|𝟐 at 𝒛 = 𝟏
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −
𝑓 (𝑧) = |𝑧 − 1|2
𝐿𝑒𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
Then,
𝑓 (𝑧) = |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 1|2
= (𝑥 − 1 )2 + 𝑦 2
= 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) (𝑠𝑎𝑦)
Where,
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2
𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0
∴ 𝑢𝑥 = 2(𝑥 − 1), 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑣𝑥 = 0, 𝑣𝑦 = 0
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑖𝑓 2(𝑥 − 1) = 0 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1
𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 𝑖𝑓 2𝑦 = 0 𝑖. 𝑒, 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 0

Thus C-R equation satisfied only at (𝑥, 𝑦) = (1,0)i.e., at 𝑧 = 1

Since, all first order partial derivatives are continuous at 𝑧 = 1
∴ 𝑓(𝑧) is differentiable at 𝑧 = 1
Since, for 𝑧 ≠ 1, 𝑓 does not satisfy C-R equation.
∴ 𝑓 is nowhere differentiable except at 𝑧 = 1 and hence 𝑓 is not analytic at 𝑧 = 1
[∵ Analytically of a point demands the existence of the derivative 𝑓′ throughout some nbd of that
point]

(𝒃) If 𝒖 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗 are respectively the real and imaginary parts of 𝒇(𝒛) defined by
(𝒛̅)𝟐
𝒇(𝒛) = { 𝒛 , 𝒊𝒇 𝒛 ≠ 𝟎
𝟎, 𝒊𝒇 𝒛 = 𝟎
Verify that Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at 𝒛 = 𝟎 although 𝒇′ (𝟎) does not
exist.

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Salim Mortuja-9874422674
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −
Given,
(𝑧̅)2
𝑓 (𝑧 ) =
𝑧
(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)2
=
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑖𝑥𝑦
=
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑖𝑥𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)
=
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑖𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑦 3 + 2𝑖 2 𝑥𝑦 2
3 2
=
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦
= 2 + 𝑖
𝑥 + 𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
= 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) (𝑠𝑎𝑦)
Where,
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2
, (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0,0)
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = { 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
0, (𝑥, 𝑦) = (0,0)
𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦
3
, (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0,0)
𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) = { 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
0, (𝑥, 𝑦) = (0,0)
At (0,0),
𝑢(𝑥, 0) − 𝑢(0,0)
𝑢𝑥 = lim , 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠
𝑥→0 𝑥−0
𝑥3 − 0
2 −0
= lim 𝑥 + 0
𝑥→0 𝑥
= lim (1) [∵ 𝑥 → 0 ⟹ 𝑥 ≠ 0]
𝑥→0
=1
𝑢(0, 𝑦) − 𝑣(0,0)
𝑢𝑦 = lim , 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠
𝑦→0 𝑦−0
0−0
= lim
𝑦→0 𝑦
= lim (0) [∵ 𝑦 → 0 ⟹ 𝑦 ≠ 0]
𝑦→0
=0
At (0,0)
𝑣(𝑥, 0) − 𝑣 (0,0)
𝑣𝑥 = lim , 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠
𝑥→0 𝑥−0
03 − 0
2 2−0
= lim 𝑥 + 0
𝑥→0 𝑥

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Salim Mortuja-9874422674
0−0
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
= lim (0) [∵ 𝑥 → 0 ⟹ 𝑥 ≠ 0]
𝑥→0
=0
𝑣 (0, 𝑦) − 𝑣 (0,0)
𝑣𝑦 = lim , 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡
𝑦→0 𝑦−0
𝑦3 − 0
−0
0 + 𝑦2
= lim
𝑦→0 𝑦
= lim 1 ∵ 𝑦 → 0 ⟹ 𝑦 ≠ 0]
( ) [
𝑦→0
=1
∴ 𝐴𝑡 (0,0) 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥

i.e., 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 satisfy C-R equation at (0,0) i.e., at 𝑧 = 0

Now for differentiability at (0,0) we have,
𝑓 (𝑧 ) − 𝑓 (0)
lim
𝑧→0 𝑧−0
(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 ) + 𝑖 (𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦)
−0
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝑦→0
(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 ) + 𝑖 (𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦)
= lim
𝑥→0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)
𝑦→0
(𝑥 3 − 3𝑚2 𝑥 3 ) + 𝑖 (𝑚3 𝑥 3 − 3𝑚𝑥 3 )
= lim
𝑥→0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑚2 𝑥 2 )(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑚𝑥 )
(𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟)
(1 − 3𝑚2 ) + 𝑖(𝑚3 − 3𝑚)
= lim [∵ 𝑥 → 0 ⟹ 𝑥 ≠ 0]
𝑥→0 (1 + 𝑚2 )(1 + 𝑖𝑚)
(1 − 3𝑚2 ) + 𝑖(𝑚3 − 3𝑚)
=
(1 + 𝑚2 )(1 + 𝑖𝑚)
Which is different for different values of 𝑚
𝑓 (𝑧 ) − 𝑓 (0)
∴ lim
𝑧→0 𝑧−0
Does not exist i.e., 𝑓 ′ (0) does not exists. (Proved)

• 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆: −
𝑧 𝑅𝑒 𝑧
,𝑧 ≠ 0
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑧) = { |𝑧|
0, 𝑧 = 0
𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑧 = 0, 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑧 = 0.
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: −
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Salim Mortuja-9874422674
(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)𝑥
lim 𝑓(𝑧) = lim = 0 = 𝑓(0)
𝑥→0 2
𝑧→0
𝑦→0 √𝑥 + 𝑦2

𝑧 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)𝑥
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓 (𝑧) = = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
|𝑧| √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
∴ 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑧 = 0.
𝑓 (𝑧) − 𝑓(0) 𝑥 𝑅𝑒 𝑧
𝑁𝑜𝑤, lim = lim
𝑧→0 𝑧−0 𝑧→0 |𝑧|. 𝑧
𝑅𝑒 𝑧
= lim
𝑧→0 |𝑧|
𝑥
= lim , 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝑥→0 2 + 𝑦2
𝑦→0 √𝑥

Let 𝑧 → 0 along the path 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥

Then,
𝑚𝑥 𝑚
lim = lim
𝑥→0 √𝑥 2 + 𝑚2𝑥 2 𝑥→0 √1 + 𝑚2
Which is depends on 𝑚. Thus,
𝑓 (𝑧) − 𝑓(0)
lim
𝑧→0 𝑧−0
Does not exist. Hence 𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑧 = 0.
(𝒊𝒊)Find the points where the function 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒖(𝒙, 𝒚) + 𝒊𝒗(𝒙, 𝒚), where 𝒖(𝒙, 𝒚) =
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 is differentiable and hence that point is nowhere analytic.
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −
Let, 𝑓 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 where, 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2
Now,
𝑢𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦 2 , 𝑢𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦, 𝑣𝑥 = 4𝑥𝑦 2 , 𝑣𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 𝑦

Here,
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 ⟹ 2𝑥𝑦 2 = 4𝑥𝑦 2
⟹ 𝑥𝑦(𝑦 − 2𝑥 ) = 0 … . . (1)
&
𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 ⟹ 2𝑥 2 𝑦 = −4𝑥𝑦 2
⟹ 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 + 2𝑦) = 0 … . (2)
Equation (1) & (2) are satisfied only at the point (0,0) i.e., C-R equations holds only along the line 𝑥 =
0, 𝑦 = 0 and nowhere else.

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Salim Mortuja-9874422674
Thus, 𝑓 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is differentiable only at the points on real and imaginary axis and nowhere else.
Note that every nbd of every point on the real and imaginary axes will contain points at which C-R
equations does not hold.
Hence, it follows that 𝑓 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is nowhere analytic
[Since analytically of a point demands the existence of the derivative 𝑓′ throughout some nbd of that
point]

(𝒅) If 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚) = 𝒖(𝒙, 𝒚) + 𝒊𝒗(𝒙, 𝒚)[𝒙, 𝒚 ∈ ℝ] is given by 𝒖(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 and 𝒗(𝒙, 𝒚) =
𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 . Find the points in the complex plane where the C-R equations are satisfied.
Discuss the analytic of 𝒇.
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −
𝑓 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 , 𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝑢𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦 2 , 𝑢𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦
𝑣𝑥 = 8𝑥𝑦 2 , 𝑣𝑦 = 8𝑥 2 𝑦
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 ⟹ 2𝑥𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 2 𝑦
⟹ 𝑥𝑦(𝑦 − 4𝑥 ) = 0 … . . (1)
𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 ⟹ 2𝑥 2 𝑦 = −8𝑥𝑦 2
⟹ 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 + 4𝑦) = 0 … … (2)
Equations (1) & (2) are satisfied only at the point (0,0)
i.e., C-R equations holds only along the lines 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 & nowhere else.
2𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡: −
Note that every 𝑛𝑏𝑑 of every point on 𝑋 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 i.e., on the real and imaginary axes will contain
points at which C-R equations does not hold.
Hence it follows that 𝑓 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is nowhere analytic [Since analytically at a point demands the
existence of the derivative 𝑓′ throughout some 𝑛𝑏𝑑 at that point]

(𝒅) (𝒊)Let 𝒇: 𝑮 → ℂ where 𝑮 is a region in ℂ. Prove that 𝒇(𝒛) is analytic at 𝒛𝟎 ∈

𝑮 𝒊𝒇𝒇 ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝒇(𝒛̅) is analytic at 𝒛𝟎 .
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −
Let,
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝑧̅ = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
Let, 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)
then 𝑓 (𝑧̅) = 𝑢(𝑥, −𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣 (𝑥, −𝑦) and ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑓(𝑧̅) = 𝑢(𝑥, −𝑦) − 𝑖𝑣 (𝑥, −𝑦)
= 𝑢(1) (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣 (1) (𝑥, 𝑦) (say)
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Salim Mortuja-9874422674
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥

Now,

𝑢(1) (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑢(𝑥, −𝑦), 𝑣 (1) (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑣 (𝑥, −𝑦)

(1) (1)
𝑢𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑣𝑥 (𝑥, −𝑦), 𝑣𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑣𝑥 (𝑥, −𝑦)
(1) (1)
𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, −𝑦) = 𝑣𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑣𝑦 (𝑥, −𝑦)

Since,
𝑢𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑣𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦)
(1) (1)
∴ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑣𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) … … (1)

& since,
𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑣𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)
(1) (1)
⟹ −𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑣𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)[𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴]
(1) (1)
⟹ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑣𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) … … (2)

From (1) & (2) we get,

(1) (1)
𝑢𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑣𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)
(1) (1)
& 𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑣𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)
∴ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑓(𝑧̅) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑖𝑐.

Conversely let ̅̅̅̅̅̅

𝑓 (𝑧̅) is analytic.
(1) (1)
∴ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑣𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)
⟹ −𝑣𝑦 (𝑥, −𝑦) = 𝑣𝑥 (𝑥, −𝑦)
⟹ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, −𝑦) = −𝑣𝑥 (𝑥, −𝑦)
⟹ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑣𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) … … (3)
(1) (1)
& 𝑢𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑣𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) ⟹ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑥, −𝑦) = 𝑣𝑦 (𝑥, −𝑦)
⟹ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑣𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) … . . (4)

From (3) & (4) 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic.

𝜽 𝜽
• 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆: −𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒇(𝒛) = √𝒓 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ) 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒓 > 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟎 < 𝜽 <
𝟐 𝟐
′(
𝟐𝝅 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒇 𝒛).
𝜃 𝜃
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: − 𝑓 (𝑧) = √𝑟 (cos + 𝑖 sin )
2 2
= 𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃 ) + 𝑖𝑣 (𝑟, 𝜃 )(𝑆𝑎𝑦)
𝜃 𝜃
∴ 𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃 ) = √𝑟 cos 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣(𝑟, 𝜃 ) = √𝑟 sin
2 2
𝜕𝑢 1 𝜃 𝜕𝑣 1 𝜃
𝑁𝑜𝑤, = cos , = sin
𝜕𝑟 2 √𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 2√𝑟 2
𝜕𝑢 1 𝜃 𝜕𝑣 √𝑟 𝜃
= − √𝑟 sin , = cos
𝜕𝜃 2 2 𝜕𝜃 2 2
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𝜕𝑢 1 𝜃 √𝑟 𝜃 1 𝜕𝑣
∴ = cos = cos =
𝜕𝜃 2√𝑟 2 2𝑟 2 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑣 1 𝜃
𝑎𝑛𝑑 = sin
𝜕𝑟 2√𝑟 2
√𝑟 𝜃 1 2
= − sin (− ).
2 2 2√𝑟 √𝑟
1 𝜕𝑢
=−
𝑟 𝜕𝜃
Thus 𝑢, 𝑣 satisfy 𝐶 − 𝑅 equations in polar form. Further all the partial derivatives are
continuous.
Hence 𝑓′(𝑧) exist. i.e., 𝑓 is differentiable. Also
𝑟 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = ( + 𝑖 )
𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝑟 1 𝜃 1 𝜃
= ( cos + 𝑖 sin )
𝑧 2√𝑟 2 2√𝑟 2
√𝑟 𝜃 𝜃
= (cos + 𝑖 sin )
2𝑧 2 2
𝑓 (𝑧)
=
2𝑧
3. Verify that real and imaginary parts of the following functions satisfy the C-R
equations and this deduce the analytically of each function.
(𝒂) 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒛𝟑 + 𝟓𝒊𝒛 + 𝟑 − 𝒊 (𝒃) 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒛𝒆−𝟑
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −(𝒂)
𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 3 + +5𝑖𝑧 + 𝑧 − 𝑖
= (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)3 + 5𝑖(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) + 𝑧 − 𝑖
= (𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑖𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑖𝑦 2 ) + 5𝑖𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 3 − 𝑖
= (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 5𝑦 + 3) + 𝑖(3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 + 5𝑥 − 1)
= 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 5𝑦 + 3
𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 + 5𝑥 − 1
𝑢𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 , 𝑣𝑥 = 6𝑥𝑦 + 5
𝑢𝑦 = −6𝑥𝑦 − 5, 𝑣𝑦 = −3𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2
∴ 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥

∴ 𝑢 & 𝑣 satisfies C-R equations.

All 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦 , 𝑣𝑥 & 𝑣𝑦 are continuous every where

∴ 𝑓(𝑧) is differentiable everywhere.

∴The function 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic.
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Salim Mortuja-9874422674

(𝒃)
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧𝑒 −𝑧
(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)
= 𝑥+𝑖𝑦
𝑒
= (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑖𝑦)
= 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)(cos 𝑦 − 𝑖 sin 𝑦)
= (𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑖𝑒 −𝑥 𝑦)(cos 𝑦 − 𝑖 sin 𝑦)
= 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑖𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑦
= (𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑦) + 𝑖(𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑦)
= 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑦
𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑦
𝑢𝑥 = cos 𝑦 (−𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) − 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑦
𝑢𝑦 = − sin 𝑦 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑦 cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑦)
𝑣𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑦 cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑦(−𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑣𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (cos 𝑦 − 𝑦 sin 𝑦) − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦

• 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆: −𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 3 + 𝑧 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑖𝑐.

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: −
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 3 + 𝑧
= (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)3 + (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦), 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
= 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2. 𝑖𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑖𝑦 3 + 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
= (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑖(3𝑥 2𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦)
= 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦)(𝑆𝑎𝑦)
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 + 𝑦
Now,
𝑢𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 + 1
𝑣𝑥 = 6𝑥𝑦
𝑢𝑦 = −6𝑥𝑦
𝑣𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 + 1
Thus 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 .
i.e., 𝑢, 𝑣 satisfies 𝐶 − 𝑅 equations, also all the partial derivatives 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦 , 𝑣𝑥 , 𝑣𝑦 are
continuous.
Hence 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 3 + 𝑧 is analytic.

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Salim Mortuja-9874422674
Q. If 𝑰𝒎{𝒇′ (𝒛)} = 𝟔𝒙(𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒊, 𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟔 − 𝟓𝒊. Find 𝒇(𝟏 + 𝒊)
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −
Since 𝑓 (𝑧) is an analytic function of 𝑧. 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) is analytic. Let
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
𝑣 = 6𝑥(2𝑦 − 1)
𝑣𝑥 = 6(2𝑦 − 1), 𝑣𝑦 = 12𝑥

Also, we have,
𝑓 ′′ (𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥
= 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 (𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶 − 𝑅 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 )
= 12𝑥 + 𝑖 (12𝑦 − 6)
= 12(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) − 6𝑖
= 12(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) − 6𝑖
= 12𝑥 − 6𝑖
= 6𝑧 2 − 6𝑖𝑧 + 𝐶
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 6𝑧 2 − 6𝑖𝑧 + 𝛼[∵ 𝐼𝑚 {𝑓 ′ (𝑧)} = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 ∴ 𝐼𝑚 {𝑐 } = 0 ⟹ 𝑐 = 𝛼
∴ 𝑓(𝑧) = 2𝑧 3 − 3𝑖𝑧 2 + 𝛼𝑧 + 𝛽 + 𝑖𝛾
𝑓(0) = 3 − 2𝑖
∴ 𝛽 + 𝑖𝛾 = 3 − 2𝑖
⟹ 𝑓(𝑧) = 2𝑧 3 − 3𝑖𝑧 2 + 𝛼𝑧 + 3 − 2𝑖
Also given
𝑓 (1) = 6 − 5𝑖
2 − 3 + 𝛼 + 3 − 2𝑖 = 6 − 5𝑖
⟹𝛼=1
∴ 𝑓(𝑧) = 2𝑧 3 − 3𝑖𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 3 − 2𝑖
Now,
𝑓(1 + 𝑖 ) = 2(1 + 𝑖 )3 − 3𝑖 (1 + 𝑖 )2 + (1 + 𝑖 ) + 3 − 2𝑖
= 2(1 + 3𝑖 − 3 − 𝑖 ) − 3𝑖(1 + 2𝑖 − 1) + 4 − 𝑖
= −4 + 4𝑖 + 6 + 4 − 1
= 6 + 3𝑖

• 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔: −
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑖𝑐.
(𝑖)𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧
(𝑖𝑖)𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧̅
(𝑖𝑖𝑖 )𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑒 −𝑥 (cos 𝑦 − 𝑖 sin 𝑦)
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −𝐷𝑜 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓.
• 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆: −

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Salim Mortuja-9874422674
𝐼𝑓 𝑓 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐷, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ⟹ 𝑣 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.

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