1. IP Configuration: o Each host adapter needs an IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway. o DNS server addresses are also usually configured. 2. Static vs. Dynamic Configuration: o Static IP addressing can be complex for large numbers of hosts. o Dynamic IP addressing via DHCP is more common for ease of management. 3. Naming Conventions: o Windows adapters: "Ethernet", "Ethernet2", etc. o Configuration through GUI or command line. 4. Command Line Tools: o netsh: Configure and view IP settings. ▪ netsh interface ip set address "Ethernet" dhcp ▪ netsh interface ip set address "Ethernet" static 10.1.0.1 255.255.255.0 10.1.0.254 ▪ netsh interface ip show config o PowerShell: ▪ Query configuration: Get-NetAdapter, Get-NetIPAddress ▪ Apply configuration: New-NetIPAddress, Set-NetIPAddress 5. ipconfig Command: o ipconfig: Basic IP information. o ipconfig /all: Detailed configuration including DHCP and MAC addresses. o ipconfig /renew: Renew DHCP lease. o ipconfig /release: Release DHCP lease. o ipconfig /displaydns: Display DNS cache. o ipconfig /flushdns: Clear DNS cache. o ipconfig /registerdns: Register the host with a DNS server.
IP Interface Configuration in Linux
1. Interface Naming: o Legacy: eth0, eth1, etc. o Newer conventions: enp0s3, etc. 2. Persistent vs. Running Configuration: o Persistent configuration applied at boot. o Running configuration can be changed but needs to be made persistent. 3. Configuration Tools: o Legacy Tools: ▪ ifconfig: Deprecated for managing interfaces. ▪ ifup/ifdown: Scripts to bring interfaces up/down. o Modern Tools: ▪ ip command (part of iproute2 package): ▪ Show configuration: ip addr ▪ Show single interface: ip addr show dev eth0 ▪ Enable/disable interface: ip link set eth0 up|down ▪ Modify IP configuration: ip addr add|delete ▪ NetworkManager and nmcli: Manage network settings. ▪ systemd-networkd and netplan: Manage network settings in newer distributions. ARP Cache Utility
1. Purpose: Resolve and cache MAC addresses for IP addresses on the local network. 2. Commands: o Windows: ▪ arp -a or arp -g: Show ARP cache. ▪ arp -s IPAddress MACAddress: Add ARP entry. ▪ arp -d *: Delete all ARP entries. o Linux: ▪ ip neigh: Show ARP cache.
ICMP and ping Utility
1. Purpose: Test and troubleshoot connectivity using ICMP packets.
2. Basic Usage: o ping IPAddress: Send ICMP request packets to the destination host. 3. Interpreting Results: o Successful reply: "Reply from IPAddress" with RTT. o Number of hops: TTL field (initial value minus current TTL). 4. Error Messages: o "Destination host unreachable": No routing information. o "Request timed out": Host is unavailable or cannot route a reply. 5. Common Switches: o -t: Ping until interrupted. o -4 or -6: Force IPv4 or IPv6. o -c: Specify the number of packets to send (Linux).
TCP/IP Command Line Utilities:
• Purpose: Gather configuration information and troubleshoot communication issues over an
IP network. • netsh: Configure and report IP settings in Windows. o netsh interface ip set address "Ethernet" dhcp (Set DHCP) o netsh interface ip set address "Ethernet" static 10.1.0.1 255.255.255.0 10.1.0.254 (Set static IP) o netsh interface ip show config (Show IP configuration) • PowerShell: More commonly used for script-based configuration. o Get-NetAdapter, Get-NetIPAddress (Query configuration) o New-NetIPAddress, Set-NetIPAddress (Apply or modify configuration) • ipconfig: Basic configuration reporting. o ipconfig (Display basic IP configuration) o ipconfig /all (Complete TCP/IP configuration) o ipconfig /renew, ipconfig /release (DHCP commands) o ipconfig /displaydns, ipconfig /flushdns, ipconfig /registerdns (DNS commands) • Linux equivalents: ifconfig, ip (iproute2 package), nmcli (NetworkManager), systemd- networkd, netplan. ARP Cache Utility:
• Purpose: Diagnose local addressing and packet delivery problems.
• Commands: o arp -a (Show ARP cache) o arp -s IPAddress MACAddress (Add ARP entry) o arp -d * (Delete ARP entries) • Linux command: ip neigh (Replaces arp).
ICMP and ping:
• Purpose: Report errors and test connectivity.
• Basic Usage: ping IPAddress • Error Messages: o "Destination host unreachable" (No routing information) o "Request timed out" (Host unavailable or cannot route a reply) • Switches: o -t (Continuous ping) o -4 or -6 (Force IPv4 or IPv6)
Network Troubleshooting:
Hardware and Interface Issues:
• Power Issues: Surges, spikes, brownouts, blackouts. Use UPS for protection. • Hardware Failure: Check network adapters, switches, routers, and cabling. Use cable testers and status LEDs. • Interface Status: Verify with LEDs, command line utilities. Check for speed/duplex mismatches and collisions.
IP Configuration Issues:
• Incorrect IP Address: Ensure correct subnet masks and unique IP addresses.
• Incorrect Subnet Mask: Mismatched masks can cause routing issues. • Duplicate IP/MAC Address: Use arp -a, arping to detect and resolve conflicts.
Connectivity Tests:
1. Loopback Address: ping 127.0.0.1
2. Local Host IP Address: Ensure proper network adapter function. 3. Default Gateway: Verify router connectivity. 4. Other Hosts on Same Subnet: Test for local link issues. 5. Remote Host: Check routing through the gateway.
DNS Issues:
• DNS Configuration: Use ipconfig /all (Windows) or check /etc/resolv.conf (Linux).
• Ping by Host Name: Troubleshoot name resolution problems. Multicast Flooding:
• Problem: Switches flood multicast traffic if not multicast-aware.
• Solution: Enable IGMP snooping to filter multicast traffic.
• IPv6: 128-bit addresses, approx. 340 undecillion addresses. • IPv4 address exhaustion due to inefficient allocation and high demand.
IPv6 Address Format
• Structure: Eight groups of four hex digits, separated by colons.
• Example: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0abc:0000:def0:1234. • Compression: Leading zeros can be omitted, and consecutive zeros can be replaced with "::" (only once per address). For example, 2001:db8::abc:0:def0:1234.
Address Types and Prefixes
• Global Unicast: Routable on the Internet (Prefix: 2000::/3).
• Link Local: Used within a single link (Prefix: fe80::/10). • Multicast: One-to-many communication (Prefix: ff00::/8). • Unspecified: 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 (often ::). • Loopback: 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 (often ::1). • Documentation/Examples: Prefix 2001:db8::/32.
IPv6 Header Fields
• Traffic Class: Packet priority.
• Flow Label: QoS management. • Payload Length: Length of payload (max 64 KB, or Jumbo Payload for larger). • Next Header: Type of the next header. • Hop Limit: Replaces TTL in IPv4.
Address Configuration
• Interface ID: Last 64 bits of an address.
• EUI-64: Derived from the MAC address, with "fffe" inserted in the middle. • Privacy Extensions: Uses pseudorandom numbers for interface IDs to enhance privacy.
Neighbor Discovery Protocol (ND)
• Functions: o Address Autoconfiguration: Automatic configuration of IP addresses. o Prefix Discovery: Determines network prefixes. o Local Address Resolution: Finds local nodes and routers. o Redirection: Indicates better routes. Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)
• Generates link-local addresses.
• Uses ND protocol to test uniqueness and discover routers. • Can combine with DHCPv6 for stateful autoconfiguration.
ICMPv6
• Similar to ICMPv4 but includes new features like "Packet Too Big" messages. • Supports ND and MLD protocols.
• Link Local Unicast: fe80::/10. • Multicast: ff00::/8. • Multicast (Link Local): ff02::/16 (e.g., ff02::1 for all nodes, ff02::2 for all routers). • Solicited-node: ff02::1:ff00:0/104
