NETWORKING

SIX WEEKS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

Submitted by

SIMRANJIT KAUR
GU-2021-4212

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

AT

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, DESIGN AND

AUTOMATION
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING

JUNE - JULY 2023

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

While presenting this report I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude
to entire Solitaire staff that was indispensable part of my training giving me
unending guidance, inspiration, encouragement and providing me excellent
environment throughout my training at Solitaire Infosys Pvt. LTD. The training
was an extremely productive; enriching experience, not only technically but
also from providing practical skills. I am extremely thankful to Mr. Sham
Sunder who had devoted a lot of time in guiding and supervising me during my
training. I place my gratitude towards Mr. Sham Sunder for his valuable advice
and guidance in carrying out this enjoyable and productive experience, which
provided me a great opportunity to search new horizons.

SIMRANJIT KAUR
GU-2021-4212

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ABSTRACT

The networking course is designed to provide participants with a solid

foundation in networking principles, protocols, and technologies. Over the
duration of the course, participants will be introduced to key concepts such as
network architecture and network design. Through a combination of theoretical
instruction and practical hands-on exercises, participants will gain the necessary
skills to configure, manage, and maintain computer networks effectively.

The course begins with an introduction to networking fundamentals, including

an overview of network models such as the OSI and TCP/IP models.
Participants will learn about different network topologies, protocols, cabling
and the functions of network devices. As the course progresses, participants will
delve into the intricacies of routing protocols such as RIP, OSPF, EIGRP.

Network security is a crucial aspect of the course, covering areas such as virtual
private networks (VPNs), DNS server, Email server, NAT, VOIP. Participants
will also gain insights into network design methodologies, IP addressing,
redistribution and subnetting.

By the end of the course, participants will have developed a comprehensive

understanding of networking fundamentals and acquired practical skills to
design, configure computer networks. This knowledge and expertise will enable
them to pursue careers in network administration, engineering, or security,
contributing to the efficient and secure functioning of modern digital
infrastructures.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SNO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1. Introduction 4

2. Network & Types 5

3. Ways of transmission in computer network 6

4. Networking Cables 7-8

5. Networking Devices 9-12

6. IP Address 13-14

7. OSI Model 15-16

8. Cisco Packet Tracer 17

9. Networking Devices used in Project 18

10. Implementation of Project 19-21

11. Cisco Router Modes 22

12. Assign IP Address to Switch, Router & PC 23-24

13 Routing Protocols 25-26

14. Redistribution 27-28

15. Voice Over Internet Protocol 29-30

16. Telecommunication Network 31-32

17. Secure Shell 33-34

18. WiFi server 35-37

19. Subnetting 38-40

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INTRODUCTION

Networking is the backbone of modern communication systems, enabling

devices and computers to connect and share information with each other. It
involves the interconnection of multiple devices, such as computers,
smartphones, servers, and other electronic devices, to form a network that
allows data to be exchanged and accessed.

In simple terms, think of networking as a system of roads connecting different

destinations. Each device, like a computer or a smartphone, is a destination, and
the network is the road system that enables these devices to communicate and
share data.

Networks can be as small as a home or office network, where devices are

connected together to share files and printers, or they can be as vast as the
internet, which connects billions of devices worldwide. The internet is the
largest and most well-known network, allowing people to access websites, send
emails, and engage in various online activities.

Networking relies on protocols, which are a set of rules and standards that
govern how data is transmitted and received across the network. One commonly
used protocol is the Internet Protocol (IP), which assigns unique addresses to
each device on the network, ensuring that data is properly directed to its
intended recipient.

Different types of networks exist, including wired and wireless networks. Wired
networks use physical cables, like Ethernet cables, to connect devices, while
wireless networks use radio waves to transmit data without the need for physical
connections.

Overall, networking is all about connecting devices and enabling them to

communicate and share information. It plays a crucial role in our daily lives,
powering the internet, online communication, and many other applications that
rely on the seamless transfer of data between devices.

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NETWORK & TYPES

A network refers to a collection of devices (such as computers, servers, printers,

and routers) that are connected together to share resources and communicate
with each other. These devices can be physically connected using cables or
wirelessly connected through Wi-Fi.

There are different types of networks based on their size and geographical
coverage:

Local Area Network (LAN): A LAN is a network that covers a small area, such
as a home, office, or building. It allows devices within this limited space to
share files, printers, and internet connections.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): A MAN is a network that spans across a

city or town. It connects multiple LANs together, allowing them to share
resources and communicate with each other.

Wide Area Network (WAN): A WAN is a network that covers a wide

geographical area, such as multiple cities, countries, or even continents. The
Internet is the most well-known example of a WAN, connecting networks and
devices around the world.

Each type of network serves a different purpose and has varying sizes and
coverage areas. LANs are suitable for small-scale networking within a limited
space, MANs connect LANs across a city or town, and WANs enable
connectivity on a global scale.

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WAYS OF TRANSMISSION IN COMPUTER NETWORK

Ways of transmission in computer networks refer to the methods used to send

and receive data between devices. The ways of transmission in computer
networks: simple mode, half-duplex mode, and full-duplex mode.

Simple Mode: One-way data transmission.

In simple mode, data transmission occurs in only one direction. One device
sends the data, and the other device only receives. Example: Radio or television
broadcast.

Half-Duplex Mode: Two-way data transmission, but not simultaneously.

In half-duplex mode, data transmission can occur in both directions, but not
simultaneously Devices take turns sending and receiving data. When one device
is transmitting, the other device listens and waits for its turn to transmit.
Example: Walkie-talkie conversation, Bluetooth.

Full-Duplex Mode: Two-way simultaneous data transmission.

In full-duplex mode, data transmission can occur simultaneously in both
directions. Both devices can send and receive data simultaneously without
having to wait or take turns. Example: Whatsapp chats, telephone conversation.

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NETWORKING CABLES

Networking cables are networking hardware used to connect one network

device to other network devices or to connect two or more computers to share
devices such as printers or scanners. Different types of network cables, such
as coaxial cable and twisted pair cables are used.

 COAXIAL CABLE: Coaxial cables have a central copper conductor that

carries the signal. The conductor is surrounded by insulation, which is
then covered by a metallic shield (usually made of aluminum or copper)
to reduce interference. Finally, there is an outer plastic or rubber covering
for protection. Coaxial cables are commonly used for cable television and
broadband internet connections.

 TWISTED PAIR CABLE: Twisted pair cables consist of pairs of

copper wires twisted together in a specific pattern. They are widely used
in Ethernet networks and telecommunications systems.
 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): Shielded Twisted Pair cables have
extra protection against interference. STP cables have an additional
shielding layer around the twisted pairs of copper wires.
 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): Unshielded Twisted Pair cables
do not have extra protection. They rely on the twisting of the wire
pairs to reduce interference.

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 Straight-through cable: Used to connect different types of devices (e.g.,

computer to switch). Sequence: orange/white, orange, green/white, blue,
blue/white, green, brown/white, brown.

 Crossover cable: Allows direct connection between similar devices (e.g.,

computer to computer). Sequence: Pin 1 is crossed with Pin 3, and Pin 2
is crossed with Pin 6.

 Roll-over cable: Primarily used to connect a computer to a router or

network switch for management or configuration purposes. Sequence:
Reverse the pin order of each wire in a cable.

 Fiber optic cable: Utilizes thin glass or plastic fibers to transmit data
using light signals, offering high-speed and long-distance
communication.

 Serial cable: Connects devices like routers, switches, and modems to

computer serial ports for serial communication.

 Console cable: Enables a direct connection between a computer and

networking equipment (e.g., router or switch) for management and
configuration purposes.
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NETWORKING DEVICES

Network devices, also known as networking hardware, are physical devices that
allow hardware on a computer network to communicate and interact with one
another. For example Repeater, Hub, Bridge, Switch, Routers, Gateway, etc.

 LAN Card
A LAN card, also known as a network interface card (NIC) or Ethernet card, is
a hardware device that enables a computer to connect to a local area network
(LAN). It provides the physical interface between the computer and the
network, allowing data to be transmitted and received over the network. The
MAC address is indeed stored in the LAN card itself.

 REPEATER
A repeater operates at the physical layer. It is hardware component that is used
to boost up signals and also receive signal and retransmits it at higher
frequency. According to the types of signals that they regenerate, repeaters can
be classified into two categories:
 Analog Repeaters : It can only amplify the analog signal.
 Digital Repeaters : It can reconstruct a distorted signal.

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 HUB
A hub is a network device that connects multiple devices in a local area network
(LAN). It operates at the physical layer of the network and is primarily used for
signal distribution. It performs broadcasting and LAN device which connects
computer together and works on half duplex. It does not understand MAC
address. . In HUB, there is 7 to 12 port. The speed is same as cable speed or
connection speed.

In networking, there are primarily three types of hubs:

o Active HUB: It is also known as Multiport Repeater. Power is required
for initiating and it detects error. It also amplifies data and regenerates the
data.
o Passive HUB: It does not require power for initiating and it sends data as
it is.
o Intelligent HUB: It is a manageable hub and power required. It detects
error and correct it upto certain limits.

 SWITCH
A switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a design that can boost its
efficiency and performance. A switch is a data link layer device. It is a LAN
device and a central device which is used in network for connecting devices.
The number of ports are more than hub. It has max 24 ports. It understand
MAC address and work on full duplex mode. The speed of switch is double
than connection speed.

Based on their configuration types, switches can be categorized into two main
types:

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o Unmanaged Switch:
Unmanaged switches are the most basic type of switch and are typically used in
small home or office networks. They are plug-and-play devices that require no
configuration or management. Unmanaged switches operate with default
settings and cannot be customized.

o Managed Switch:
Managed switches offer advanced configuration and management capabilities,
making them suitable for larger networks and enterprise environments. They
provide a range of features and options that allow network administrators to
have greater control over the network.

 BRIDGE
A bridge operates at the data link layer. A bridge is a repeater, with add on
the functionality of filtering content by reading the MAC addresses of the
source and destination. It is also used for interconnecting two LANs working
on the same protocol.

 GATEWAY
A gateway, as the name suggests, is a passage to connect two networks that
may work upon different networking models. They work as messenger agents
that take data from one system, interpret it, and transfer it to another system.
Gateways are also called protocol converters and can operate at any network
layer. Gateways are generally more complex than switches or routers. A
gateway is also called a protocol converter.

 FIREWALL
A firewall device is a crucial component of network security that monitors and
filters network traffic based on predefined rules. It acts as a barrier between
networks, preventing unauthorized access and protecting against threats.
Firewalls enforce security policies, perform traffic inspection, and can include
features such as NAT, intrusion detection/prevention, and VPN support. They
play a vital role in enhancing network security and protecting sensitive data
from unauthorized access or malicious activities.

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 ROUTERS

A router is a network device that forwards information packets among PC

networks. Routers perform traffic routing functions on the Internet. Data sent
over the Internet, such as a website or email, is in the form of data packets.
Data travels through these interfaces in the network. Ports and interfaces are
identified by their name and number. Different types of Ports are mentioned
below:

o Serial Port: A serial port is used for serial communication and is

typically used for connecting to external devices like modems or other
routers. Serial ports are used for wide area network (WAN)
connectivity in older router models. Serial cable is used in it.
o Console Port: The console port provides a direct management interface
for configuring and monitoring the router. It is used to establish a
connection between a computer or terminal and the router for accessing
the command-line interface (CLI) or other management interfaces.
Console cable is used in it.
o Fast Ethernet Port: Fast Ethernet ports are used for connecting
devices within a local area network (LAN). These ports provide fast
Ethernet connectivity, typically at speeds of 100 Mbps. They allow the
router to connect to computers, switches, or other networking devices in
the local network. Straight cable is used in it.
o Auxiliary Port: The auxiliary port, also known as the AUX port, is an
auxiliary communication port that allows external devices, such as
modems or other networking equipment, to connect to the router for
remote management or troubleshooting purposes. Straight cable is used
in it.

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IP ADDRESS
An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the internet or a
local network. IP stands for "Internet Protocol," which is the set of rules
governing the format of data sent via the internet or local network. Typically
assigned by an internet service provider (ISP), an IP address is an online device
address used for communicating across the internet. The internet needs a way to
differentiate between different computers, routers, and websites.

There are two versions of IP addresses that are commonly used on the
internet: IPv4 and IPv6.

IPv4 IPv6

IPv4 is a 32-bit address. IPv6 is a 128-bit address.

IPv6 is an alphanumeric address that
IPv4 is a numeric address that consists consists of 8 fields, which are separated
of 4 fields which are separated by dot by colon.
(.).
IPv4 has 5 different classes of IP IPv6 does not contain classes of IP
address that includes Class A, Class B, addresses.
Class C, Class D, and Class E.
IPv4 has a limited number of IP IPv6 has a large number of IP addresses.
addresses.
In IPv4, the IP address is represented in In IPv6, the representation of the IP
decimal. address in hexadecimal.
IPv4 is broadcasting. On the other hand, IPv6 is multicasting,
which provides efficient network
operations.
It consists of 4 octets. It consists of 8 fields, and each field
contains 2 octets. Therefore, the total
number of octets in IPv6 is 16.
It does not provide encryption and It provides encryption and authentication.
authentication.

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Types of IP addresses

 Private IP addresses: Each device connected to a home network or a

private network carries a private IP address. Private IP addresses are only
used on an internal network.
 Public IP addresses: An ISP assigns these addresses, which enable a
router to communicate with the internet or an outside network. Public IP
addresses cover the entire network, meaning multiple devices sharing the
same internet connection will also share the same public IP address.
 Dynamic IP addresses: These IP addresses are constantly changing and
a new dynamic IP address is assigned to a device every time it connects
to the internet.
 Static IP addresses: Unlike dynamic IP addresses, static IP
addresses never change once they're assigned by the network. A static IP
address ensures that all websites and email addresses associated with a
certain web server.

In the IPv4 IP address space, there are five classes: A, B, C, D and E. Each class
has a specific range of IP addresses. Primarily, class A, B, and C are used by the
majority of devices on the Internet. Class D and class E are for special uses.

Class Network Bits Host Bits Range Subnet Mask

Class A 8 24 1-126 255.0.0.0

Class B 16 16 128-191 255.255.0.0

Class C 24 8 128-191 255.255.255.0

Class D Used in multicasting Used in multicasting 224-239 -

Class E Used for research Used for research 240-254 -

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OSI MODEL

o OSI stands for Open System Interconnection is a reference model that

describes how information from a software application in
one computer moves through a physical medium to the software
application in another computer.
o OSI consists of seven layers, and each layer performs a particular
network function.
o OSI model was developed by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in 1984, and it is now considered as an
architectural model for the inter-computer communications.
o OSI model divides the whole task into seven smaller and manageable
tasks. Each layer is assigned a particular task.
o Each layer is self-contained, so that task assigned to each layer can be
performed independently.

 7 Layers of OSI Model

There are the seven OSI layers. Each layer has different functions. A list of
seven layers are given below:

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 Physical Layer: Deals with the physical transmission of data over the
network.

 Data Link Layer: Manages reliable communication between directly

connected devices.

 Network Layer: Handles addressing and routing of data packets across

multiple networks

 Transport Layer: Ensures reliable delivery of data segments between

endpoints.

 Session Layer: Establishes, manages, and terminates communication

sessions between applications.

 Presentation Layer: Handles data formatting and translation for

different applications.

 Application Layer: Enables direct interaction between user applications

and the network.

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CISCO PACKET TRACER

Cisco Packet Tracer is a software tool developed by Cisco Systems that allows
users to design, configure, and simulate computer networks. It provides a virtual
environment where users can create network topologies by adding devices such
as routers, switches, PCs, and servers. With Packet Tracer, users can connect
these devices, configure their settings, and simulate network operations.

Packet Tracer is widely used in educational settings, such as classrooms and

network training programs, as it helps students learn and practice networking
concepts. It allows users to visualize and understand how networks work by
providing a hands-on experience in a safe and controlled environment. Users
can experiment with different network configurations, test the functionality of
devices, and simulate network behaviors.

The software supports a range of networking protocols and features, allowing

users to explore various networking scenarios and troubleshoot network issues.
Overall, Cisco Packet Tracer serves as a valuable tool for learning, testing, and
gaining practical experience in the field of computer networking.

Cisco Packet Tracer is used for projects because it provides a virtual

environment to design, test, and learn about computer networks, allowing
project teams to gain hands-on experience, troubleshoot network issues, and
collaborate effectively without the need for physical equipment.

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NETWORKING DEVICES USED IN PROJECT

In a networking project using Cisco Packet Tracer, a wide range of devices can
be used to create and simulate network environments. Here are some common
devices used in such projects:

Routers: Routers are essential devices in network projects. They connect

different networks together, handle data routing, and facilitate communication
between devices.

Switches: Switches are used to connect multiple devices within a network,

allowing them to communicate with each other. They enable efficient data
transfer within a local network.

PCs: PCs (Personal Computers) are used to simulate end-user devices in the
network. They can represent workstations, laptops, or any other devices that
connect to the network.

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IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT

Step 1: Download Cisco Packet Tracer and install the setup.

Step 2: After the installation procedure has completed this display (below)
will appear when you run the Cisco Packet Tracer
Tracer-Start
Start the application.

Step 3:
 From the bottom toolbar, click on router and select router 2811.
 Also click on switch and selects 2960 switch.
 Now, click on ‘End Devices’ and select ‘PC’ and then click on the
screen.

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Step 4:
 Connect routers and switches by cable.
 For adding ports in router, click on the router, off the router by clicking
on the button and then add the WIC-2T port into the empty port (which
is black in color) by dragging it from the left section of the screen. And
then again turn on the button by clicking on the same button.

 Now, connect the routers with serial cable.

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 Connect the switch with router and PC using straight cable.

 Now, implement cable on the whole network.

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CISCO ROUTER MODES

A router is a layer 3 device used to forward packets from one network to

another. It forwards the packet through one of its ports on the basis of
destination IP address and the entry in the routing table. By using a routing
table, it finds an optimized path between the source and destination network.
Let’s discuss the Cisco router’s different modes.

Modes of router –
There are mainly 5 modes in the router:
1. User execution mode –
As soon as the interface up message appears and press enter, the router>
prompt will pop up. This is called user execution mode. This mode is
limited to some monitoring commands.

2. Privileged mode –
As we type enable to user mode, we enter into Privileged mode where we
can view and change the configuration of the router. Different commands
like show running-configuration, show IP interface brief, etc can run on
this mode which is used for troubleshooting purposes. Here commands are
sh run, sh history, write and so on.

3. Global configuration mode –

As we type configure terminal to the user mode, we will enter into the
global configuration mode. Commands entered in these modes are called
global commands and they affect the running configuration of the router. In
this mode, a different configuration like making a local database on the
router by providing username and password can set enable and secret
password, etc. Here commands can execute with do such as do sh run, do
write.

Configuration –

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ASSIGN IP ADDRESS TO SWITCH, ROUTER AND PC

Assigning the IP address is the first step while creating a network in packet
tracer. Before proceeding with any other configuration, we must assign the
appropriate IP address and design the correct IP addressing scheme for the
network.

 Click on Router, then on CLI.

 Go to the global configuration mode, and type slot/ port or interface Fast
Ethernet 0/0 (or interface fa0/0).
 Now configure an IP address and subnet mask then give “no
shutdown” command.
 Carefully configure IP address with proper interfaces to switch and
router.

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CONFIGURE PC IP ADDRESS
To configure the IP address on a PC, laptop, or server, we have to open the IP
configuration utility provided in the packet tracer.

To assign the static IP address, we will select the static option available and
then we will configure the IP address manually.

If we have configured the devices with the correct IP addresses then we can
further develop our network in the packet tracer.

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ROUTING PROTOCOLS

Routing is the process of forwarding network traffic from one network location
to another. It involves making decisions about the best path for data packets to
reach their destination based on network topology and routing protocols.

A routing protocol is a set of rules and algorithms that routers use to

communicate and exchange information about network topology, reachability,
and network conditions. These protocols enable routers to learn about available
paths, make routing decisions, and update their routing tables to determine the
most efficient routes for forwarding data packets.

In simple terms, routing is like finding the best directions to reach a destination
in a network, and routing protocols are the rul
rules
es and methods used by routers to
share information and decide the most efficient paths for data to travel through
the network.

RIP (Routing Information Protocol):

 RIP is a distance-vector
vector routing protocol that uses hop count as the metric
to determine thee best path.
 It supports small to medium
medium-sized
sized networks and is easy to configure.
 RIP sends routing updates periodically (by default, every 30 seconds) to
its neighboring routers.
 It has a maximum hop count limit of 15, making it suitable for small
networks.

 Command use in RIP:

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OSPF (Open Shortest Path First):

 OSPF is a link-state
state routing protocol that calculates the shortest path
based on the cost assigned to each link.
 It supports large--scale networks
works and is widely used in enterprise
environments.
 OSPF routers exchange link link-state
state information, including the state of their
interfaces, with neighboring routers.
 OSPF allows for the use of different metrics, such as bandwidth, delay,
and reliability, for
or path selection.

 Command use in OSPF:

EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol):

 EIGRP is a hybrid routing protocol that combines features of both
distance-vector
vector and link
link-state protocols.
 EIGRP uses a composite metric that includes bandwidth, delay,
reliability, and other factors for path calculation.
 It supports automatic summarization and load balancing across multiple
paths.
 EIGRP uses a neighbor discovery process and sends partial or
incremental updates when changes occur in the network.

 Command use in EIGRP:

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REDISTRIBUTION

Redistribution in a computer network refers to the process of sharing routing

information between different routing protocols. It is necessary when there are
multiple routing protocols being used in a network, and routers need to
understand how to forward data between them.

Think of routing protocols as languages that routers use to communicate with

each other and exchange information about the best paths to send data.
Redistribution allows routers speaking different "languages" (i.e., different
routing protocols) to understand each other's information.

When redistribution occurs, routers are configured to translate the routing

information from one protocol into another, so that all routers in the network
can have a complete and consistent view of the available paths. This helps
ensure that data is correctly routed to its destination.

Here is a general overview of the redistribution process:

 Identify the routing protocols: Determine the routing protocols that are
currently being used within the network and the ones that need to be
redistributed.
 Configure redistribution: Configure the routers that will be responsible
for redistributing the routing information. This typically involves
specifying the source routing protocol and the destination routing
protocol for redistribution.
 Define redistribution policies: Define policies that determine which
routes should be redistributed and how they should be redistributed.
These policies can include filtering specific routes based on certain
criteria or manipulating metric values.
 Enable redistribution: Activate the redistribution process on the
configured routers. This allows the routers to exchange routing
information between the different protocols.
 Verify and monitor: Monitor the network to ensure that the
redistribution process is functioning as intended. Verify that the
redistributed routes are being advertised and received correctly by the
routers.

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 CONFIGURE REDIST
REDISTRIBUTION ON ROUTER

 When router’s one interface is operating RIP and other interface is

operating EIGRP and OSPF.

 When router’s one interface is operating OSPF and other interface is

given a EIGRP and RIP.

 When router’s one interface is operating EIGRP and other interface is

given a OSPF and RIP.

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VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL

VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) is a technology that allows voice
communication to be transmitted over an IP-based network, such as the internet
or a local area network (LAN). Instead of using traditional phone lines, VoIP
converts voice signals into digital data packets and sends them over the
network.
To configure the voice over internet protocol, the steps are given below.
Step 1:
From the bottom toolbar, click on end devices and selects IPphone and
connects it with straight cable.

Step 2:
Now, go to physical mode and put the power adapter.

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Step 3:
 Go to router and put these commands:

 Configure a voice vlan on Switch:

Step 4:
Now, configure the phone directory from IPphone0 to IPphone1.

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TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK (TELNET)

Telnet (Telecommunication Network) is a network protocol used for remote

access and management of networking devices over a network. It allows a user
to log into a remote device (such as a router, switch, server, or computer) and
interact with its command-line interface (CLI) as if they were physically
connected to it. It establishes a basic, unencrypted, and insecure connection
between the local and remote devices. When a user initiates a TELNET session,
the login credentials and all data transmitted, including passwords and
commands, are sent in clear text. Here are the key points about Telnet:

 Protocol: Telnet operates on the Application Layer of the OSI model. It

uses the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) to establish a reliable
connection between the local and remote devices.
 Port Number: Telnet typically uses port number 23 for communication.
 Plain Text Communication: Telnet transmits data in plain text, meaning
all the commands and responses are sent in clear text format. This lack of
encryption poses security risks, as sensitive information, including
usernames and passwords, can be intercepted by attackers.
 Remote Access: Telnet enables network administrators to remotely
access and manage devices over the network, even if they are physically
located at a different location.
 Command-Line Interface (CLI): Once a Telnet connection is
established with a remote device, the user can access its command-line
interface (CLI) and execute commands, configure settings, and perform
various administrative tasks.

In Cisco Packet Tracer, you can use Telnet to remotely access and manage
networking devices such as routers and switches. Here's a step to use Telnet in
Cisco Packet Tracer.

 Double-click the router or switch you want to access via Telnet to open
its configuration window.
 Go to the CLI tab to access the command-line interface of the device.
 Enter the following commands to enable Telnet:

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 Save the configurations on the router or switch.

 Test Telnet access:
o Go to the PC or laptop from which you want to access the router or
switch via Telnet.
o Open the command prompt or terminal on the PC.
o Type the following command to initiate the Telnet connection:

 Once connected via Telnet, you can access the command-line interface
(CLI) of the router or switch. You can then configure and manage the
device remotely as if you were physically connected to it.

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SECURE SHELL (SSH)

SSH (Secure Shell) is a network protocol that provides secure encrypted

communication and remote access to networking devices and other systems. It
is widely used for secure remote administration, file transfers, and other
network-related tasks. SSH is considered a more secure alternative to protocols
like Telnet, as it encrypts data during transmission, making it less vulnerable to
eavesdropping and other security threats.

 Protocol: SSH operates on the Application Layer of the OSI model. It

uses the TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) to establish a secure and
reliable connection between the local and remote devices. . Here are the
key points about SSH:
 Port Number: SSH typically uses port number 22 for communication.
 Encryption: One of the primary advantages of SSH is its ability to
encrypt data during transmission, ensuring that sensitive information,
including usernames, passwords, and command data, is secure and
protected from unauthorized access.
 Public Key Infrastructure: SSH uses a public-key cryptography system
for authentication. The user generates a public-private key pair, where the
private key is stored securely on the user's local machine, and the public
key is placed on the remote server. This allows for passwordless, yet
secure, authentication.
 Remote Access: SSH enables network administrators to remotely access
and manage devices over the network, just like Telnet. However, due to
its encryption, it provides a higher level of security compared to Telnet.
 Secure File Transfer: SSH also supports secure file transfer protocols,
such as SCP (Secure Copy) and SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol),
allowing users to securely transfer files between devices.

The steps for SSH in cisco packet are given below:

 Double-click the router or switch you want to access via SSH to open its
configuration window.
 Go to the CLI tab to access the command-line interface of the device.
 Enter the following commands to enable SSH:

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We need to change the default router name to generate rsa key.

At the last step of Configuring SSH, we can try to connect via SSH from PC to
the router. To do this, we will open the command line on the PC and connect to
the router with the below command.

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WIFI SERVER
The central device that provides wireless connectivity to Wi-Fi-enabled devices
is typically referred to as a "Wireless Access Point" (AP) or "Wi-Fi Access
Point." The AP acts as a bridge between the wired network and the wireless
network, allowing devices such as laptops, smartphones, and tablets to connect
to the network wirelessly. The Access Point broadcasts the Wi-Fi signal and
provides a wireless connection to clients within its range. It serves as a gateway
for Wi-Fi-enabled devices to access network resources and the internet
The steps for WiFi server in cisco packet tracer:
 There are varieties of wireless devices given in the packet tracer so we
will select the wireless router WRT300N from the list and two laptop’s:

Now, we have to configure the wireless router. Most of the settings are already
configured on the wireless router required to establish a wireless network
however, we can change the configuration as per our requirement.

 Click on wireless and selects WPA2 Personal.

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 Then, set the password and default name of wifi.

 Now connect wifi in laptop and put the password the wifi will
connected to laptop.

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SUBNETTING

 Subnetting is a technique used in computer networking to divide a larger

IP network into smaller subnetworks called subnets.

 It involves creating a subnet mask that determines the network portion

and host portion of an IP address.

 The subnet mask is a 32-bit value represented in the dot-decimal format,

such as 255.255.255.0.

 Subnetting allows for efficient utilization of IP addresses by dividing

them into smaller address ranges for different subnets.

 It improves network performance by reducing the size of broadcast

domains and limiting network traffic within each subnet.

 Subnetting enhances network security by isolating traffic within subnets

and allowing for the implementation of subnet-based access controls.
 The process of subnetting involves determining the number of required
subnets based on network requirements.

Subnetting allows for better organization, efficient address allocation,

improved network performance, and enhanced network security within
computer networks. It is an essential technique for managing and optimizing
IP networks.

Here's a simplified flowchart outlining the steps involved in subnetting in a

computer network:

 Start
 Determine the number of required subnets
 Choose an appropriate subnet mask
 Calculate the number of subnet bits needed
 Calculate the remaining host bits
 Create the subnet address range
 Assign IP addresses to devices within each subnet
 End

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 CALCULATION FOR SUBNETTING

FORMULA: 2^n -1 >=n

Example: 194.162.1.1/30

 Calculate host bit:

2^n – 1>= requirement(30)

2^5 = 30

n=5

 Calculate subnet mask:

According to this IP, subnet mask is 255.255.255.0

But host bit is 5

 On rearranging 11111000 =
(1*128)+(1*64)+(1*32)+(1*16)+(1*8)+(0*4)+(0*2)+(0*1)

=128+64+32+16+8

= 248

Now, subnet mask is 255.255.255.248

Here, 256 – 248 = 8

Put the difference of 8 in each network.

194.162.1.1 .. 194.162.1.9 .. 194.162.1. 17 .. 194.162.1.25 .. 194.162.1.33

 First address of each subnet is network id = 1,9,17…..

 Last address of each subnet is broadcast id = 8,16,24…..

 Network and broadcast id cannot be assigned to any device.

Now, all previous operations should done for new IP, subnet mask and also
routing protocol.

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SUBNETTING NETWORK

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