NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F.

DATE PERFORMED: 12/05/2023

GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE 1
KNOWING BALLISTICS

OBJECTIVE: To value the development of Ballistics and its application as a science.

MATERIALS: firearm, bullet recovery box and ammunition

THINGS TO KNOW:

At the end of the preliminary discussion you should be able to define the
following important terms.

1. Ballistics
● It refers to the science that deals with the study of the motion of
projectiles and the condition that affects their motion.

2. Forensic

● Is the scientific study of crime and criminals for the purpose of addressing
investigative and legal questions

3. Interior Ballistics

● It treats the motion of the projectile while it is still inside the firearm which
extends from the breech to the muzzle.

4. Exterior Ballistics

● Treats of the attributes or movement of the projectile after leaving the gun
muzzle.

5. Terminal Ballistics
● Branch of Ballistics which deals with the effects of the impact of the
projectile on the target.

6. Forensic Ballistics
● The study of the motion of the projectile as applied to law or simply the
science of firearm identification by means of the ammunition fired through
them.

1
 Knowing Ballistics

THINGS TO ACCOMPLISH

1. CATAPULT

In the space provided below draw or cut a model of a catapult otherwise

known as Ballista.

2
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED:12/05/2023
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 2
INTERIOR BALLISTICS
Interior Ballistics

OBJECTIVE: To familiarize the students with the stages or reactions that takes place in
Interior Ballistics.

There are ten reactions that take place inside the gun during firing. These reactions
are arranged in the acronym:

F-iring pin hitting the primer

I-gnition of the priming mixture

C-ombustion of the gunpowder/powder charge or propellant.

E-xpansion of heated gas

P-ressure developed

E-energy generated

R-ecoil of the gun

V-elocity of the bullet inside the barrel

R-otation of the bullet inside the barrel

E-ngraving of the cylindrical surface of the bullet

3
 Interior Ballistics

Fill up the chart to complete the 10 stages of Interior Ballistics. Accomplish it by

drawing the sequences.

Start here:

4
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED: 12/05/2023
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 3
EXTERIOR BALLISTICS

OBJECTIVE: To describe the different phenomenon in Exterior Ballistics

Define the following terms:

1. Muzzle blast

-The noise created at the muzzle point of the gun.

2. Muzzle energy
-Energy generated at the muzzle point measured in foot-pound.

3. Trajectory
Refers to the parabola-like flight of the projectile from the time it leaves the
muzzle until it hits the target

4. Range
It refers to the imaginary straight distance between the muzzle of the gun and
the target.

5. Velocity
Refers to the rate of speed of the bullet (during its flight) per unit of time usually
express is feet per second.

6. Air resistance
Refers to the force of the air encounter by the bullet in its flight

7. Pull of Gravity
It is the downward reaction of the bullet towards the earth surface due to its
weight

8. Penetration

Refers to the ballistic impact of a target which results in the projectile becoming
embedded or ricocheting off the target

5
 Exterior Ballistics

THINGS TO ACCOMPLISH

Below are illustrations of Exterior Ballistics. Label the illustration with the above
reactions to complete the said activity.

Bang!!!

Target
Gun

Bang!!

600 ft/sec

A B

C
Gun

RANGE

6
 Exterior Ballistics

Give what is being asked below as demonstrated in the later illustration.

What do you call the following?

Point A to B = _____________________

Point A to D = _____________________

Point A to C = _____________________

Answer the following Queries.

1. What was the first device used in measuring the velocity of a projectile in flight?
● Ballistic Pendulum

2. What device is now used in measuring the velocity of projectiles in flight?

● Ballistic Chronograph

3. Who invented the device first used in measuring the velocity of the projectile?
● Benjamin Robins

4. What force initiates the curve of the trajectory of the projectile towards the earth
after the projectile leaves the muzzle of the gun?
● Gravity

5. What do you call the force that opposes forward motion of the projectile?
● Air Resistance

6. For a given projectile shape, the air forces acting on the projectile fired depends
on four major variables. Enumerate the four variables referred to in the
statement.
● Projectile Speed, Projectile Cross-Sectional Area, Air Density, Surface
Roughness

7
8
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED:12/05/2023
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 4
TERMINAL BALLISTICS
(Terminal Accuracy)

OBJECTIVE: To distinguish good and bad shooting proficiency as displayed by bullet

groupings in the target.
ACCURACY

GOOD BAD

AIM AIM

You have just fired 10 rounds in the firing range. Now, secure your target paper
and look at your bullet grouping. Copy exactly your target paper by drawing the bullet
holes as seen through your target paper. If you think that your bullet grouping is good
place it on the donut target labeled good but if you think your bullet grouping is bad then
accomplish the donut target labeled bad.

9
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED: 12/05/2023
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 5
TERMINAL BALLISTICS
(Terminal Energy)

OBJECTIVE: To rationalize the relation of distance to the impact of bullets and cite
some clues to the possible range of firing.

BULLET ENERGY AT DIFFERENT RANGES

CONTACT 12 INCHES

36 INCHES BEYOND 36 INCHES

Provide your group with an old white t-shirt to be used as your target. Proceed to
the firing range for your firing. Your group will be assigned to fire 4 rounds of ammunition
at different ranges cited above. Copy exactly the four bullet holes as seen in your target
and label them with the following words: tattooing, singeing, scorching, tearing and
smudging to describe the following existence. Enumerate nine physical phenomena that
produce damage on a target. Place your answer at the back.

10
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED:12/05/2023
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 6
TERMINAL BALLISTICS
(Terminal Penetration)

OBJECTIVE: To compare different kinds of projectiles as to their degree of penetration.

The following are three common shapes of projectiles.

Round Nose

Boat-tailed/Pointed

Wad cutter

Provide your group with three cartridges with the above shapes of projectiles and
fire each of them in a bullet recovery box and find out which among the three penetrates
most on the pile of cotton.
Considering the shapes of the given projectiles, which among the type of
projectile penetrates the most in the pile of cotton? Why?

11
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED: 12/05/2023
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 7
TERMINAL BALLISTICS
(Terminal Velocity)

OBJECTIVE: To probe the relation of the shape of projectiles with its level of speed.

VELOCITY

In the same activity done earlier which do you think travel faster? Why?

Round Nose

Boat-tailed/Pointed

Wad cutter

12
NOTE: Activities on Forensic Ballistics was merged in the succeeding chapters.

NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED:12/05/2023

GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 8
FIREARMS
Firearms

OBJECTIVE: To compare and contrast the various classification of firearms and their
mechanisms.

MATERIALS: Firearms

THINGS TO KNOW

Give the contributions of the following personalities behind firearms.

1. Horace Smith
● Founded the great firm Smith and Wesson and pioneered the making of
breech-loading rifles

2. Daniel Wesson
● Partnered with Horace Smith and Courtlandt Palmer to develop a lever-
action pistol and the first repeating rifle

3. John Browning
● Advanced the gun industry during the late 19th and early 20th centuries
by designing pioneering, commercially successful guns, including the
lever-action repeating rifle, semi-automatic shotgun, . 22 caliber rifle, the
Browning 1919 . 30 caliber and M2

4. John Thompson
● Pioneered the making of Thompson Sub machine gun. developed the
Thompson M1A1 and model 1928 A1

5. David Williams
● Designed gun mechanisms for the major gun manufacturers of Colt,
Remington, and Winchester.

6. Alexander Forsyth
● Father of Percussion Ignition or percussion powder.

7. Samuel Colt
● Produced the first practical revolver, maker of Colt Peace Maker.

13
 8. Hiram Stevens Maxim
● Built the first fully automatic gun, utilizing the recoil of the gun to load and
fired the next charge

9. John Garrand
● Designed and Invented the Semi – Automatic U.S. Rifle,
Caliber .30, M1.
10. Leonardo da Vinci
● Developed the Multi-Barreled Cannon in 1480. The 12-barreled gun
carriage was a vast improvement over traditional cannons of the fifteenth
century.

Firearms

Preliminaries:

Firearms have many given definitions; one in its technical definition and one in its
legal definition and other definitions given by various organizations. To define it in its
simplest meaning here is a definition given in the FBI Manual on Firearms Identification.
Firearm is any instrument used for the propulsion of projectiles by means of the
expansive force of gasses coming from burning gunpowder.

With the various definitions given to describe a firearm what matter is how this
thing works so it is significant that we have to look into its mechanisms and
nomenclatures. Firearms have different mechanisms for reasons that firearms are
designed according to their given type and models. Does the uniqueness of firearms
have something to do with why firearms identification was made possible?

THINGS TO ACCOMPLISH

INSTRUCTION: Find any material such as books, magazines or pictures in order for you
to complete the given activities. Provide a model of a firearm suggested in every item.
Draw or cut and paste pictures to complete the activity.

A. Two General Classes of Firearms (According to given barrel internal construction)

14
1. Smooth-bore Firearms

Firearms

2. Rifled-bore Firearms

15
B. Main types of Firearms (According to caliber of projectiles propelled)

1. Artillery

Firearms

2. Small arms

16
Hand Arms Shoulder Arm

Machine Gun

17
 Firearms

C. Types of firearms according to mechanical construction

1. Single shot firearms

2. Repeating Arms

18
 Firearms

3. Bolt Action Type

4. Automatic loading type

19
 Firearms

5. Slide Action Type (trombone)

6. Lever Type (break-type)

20
 Firearms

D. Unusual or Miscellaneous Type

21
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED: 12/05/2023
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 9
NOMENCLATURE OF FIREARMS
Firearms

OBJECTIVE: To identify and label the important parts and nomenclature of the different
firearms cited below.

Label the parts.

Here are three common firearms used by our law enforcers and most of the
criminals in the Philippines.

The 9mm Berretta

Firearms

The .45 Colt Pistol

The M16 Rifle

22
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED__________
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 10
AMMUNITIONS
Ammunitions

OBJECTIVES: To describe the different kinds of cartridges and to identify the firearm
used herein.

MATERIALS: different types of cartridges

THINGS TO KNOW

Define the following terms:

1. Cartridge
● A self-contained unit of ammunition with a bullet, gunpowder, and a
cartridge case designed for firearms.

2. Ammunition
● The complete assembly of a cartridge, including projectile, gunpowder,
and cartridge case, used in firearms.

3. Charta
● Latin term for paper.

4. Cartouche
● French for rolling paper`

5. Bullet
● The metal projectile expelled from a firearm upon firing.

6. Cartridge case
● The metal container holding bullet, gunpowder, and primer in a cartridge,
usually made of brass or steel.

7. Gunpowder
● A chemical mixture (saltpeter, charcoal, sulfur) used as a propellant in
firearms.
8. Primer
● A small, sensitive explosive device at the base of a cartridge, igniting
gunpowder upon impact for firing.

9. Percussion
● A firing mechanism in firearms involving striking a percussion cap or
primer to ignite gunpowder; common in older firearms.

23
 10. Shotshell
● A shotgun cartridge containing multiple projectiles (shot) instead of a
single bullet.

11. Metallics
● Refers to the metallic components of ammunition, such as brass or steel
cartridge cases.
Ammunitions

THINGS TO ACCOMPLISH

A. Draw a cartridge and label the parts

CARTRIDGE

24
 Ammunitions

B. Cartridge Classification

Provide a model for the following classes of cartridges.

1. According to the type of firearms wherein used:

a. Revolver Cartridges

b. Pistol Cartridges

c. Rifle Cartridges

d. Shotgun Cartridges

25
 Ammunitions

2. According to location of primers

a. Pin-fire

b. Rim-fire

c. Center-fire

26
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED: 12/05/2023
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 11
BULLETS
Bullets

OBJECTIVE: To appreciate the different types and kinds of bullets and their significance
in Forensic Ballistics.

MATERIALS: Cartridges

THINGS TO KNOW

Define the following terms:

1. Boulette
- French word for small ball

2. Slug
- A heavy, solid projectile, typically used in shotgun shells, designed for close-
range impact and greater stopping power.

3. Bullet
- A projectile, often metal, expelled from a firearm when fired.

4. Lead Bullet
- A bullet made primarily of lead, often with a soft point or rounded nose,
commonly used in various firearms.

5. Jacketed Bullet
- A bullet with an outer casing (jacket) typically made of copper or another metal,
designed to enhance bullet stability and performance.

6. Incendiary Bullet
-A bullet designed to ignite upon impact, often containing flammable materials,
used for specific purposes such as target marking or anti-material applications.

7. Tracer Bullet
-A bullet with a built-in tracer compound that leaves a visible trail during flight,
aiding in tracking the bullet's trajectory.

8. Armor Piercing Bullet

A bullet designed to penetrate armored targets, often featuring a hardened core
or special construction to enhance penetration.

9. Ball Bullet

27
 -A term sometimes used to refer to standard, non-specialized bullets, typically
consisting of a lead or lead-core projectile.

10. Explosive Bullets

-Bullets designed to explode upon impact, often containing explosive or
incendiary components, used for specific military or anti-material purposes.

Bullets

THINGS TO ACCOMPLISH

The following are few examples of bullets according to mechanical construction,

shape and usage. Provide a model for each type of bullet through a drawing or cut out
pictures. Complete first the following abbreviation guide before proceeding with the
activity.

1. TMJ - Total Metal Jacket

2. JHP - Jacketed Hollow Point
3. FMJ - Full Metal Jacket
4. SP - Soft Point
5. JSP - Jacketed Soft Point
6. HBWC - Hollow Base Wad Cutter
7. HP - Hollow Point
8. TCS - Total Copper Jacket
9. L-SWC - Lead Semi-Wadcutter
10. L-RN - Lead Round Nose

28
KINDS OF BULLETS

TMJ JHP FMJ SP JSP

HBWC HP TCS L-SWC L-RN

29
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED__________
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 12
CARTRIDGE CASES
Cartridge
Cases

OBJECTIVES: To determine the importance of cartridge cases, its functions and its
nomenclature.

MATERIALS: Cartridge

THINGS TO KNOW

1. Give the three fold purpose of a cartridge case?

Containment, Sealing and Ejection

2. Enumerate the parts of a cartridge case and give their purposes?

-Case Mouth:
Provides a secure and consistent seat for the bullet, ensuring proper alignment and
preventing gas leaks.

Neck:
Holds the bullet in place, aligns it with the bore, and aids in a secure grip for chambering.

Shoulder:
Helps determine the headspace in the chamber and ensures proper alignment of the
cartridge.

Body:
Houses the gunpowder or propellant and primer, providing structural support to the case.

Base or Head:
Contains the primer, which ignites the gunpowder, initiating the firing sequence.

Primer Pocket:
Holds the primer securely in place, ensuring proper ignition when struck.

Flash Hole:
Connects the primer pocket to the interior of the case, allowing the flame from the primer
to reach the gunpowder.

Rim (for rimmed cartridges):

Provides a lip at the base, aiding extraction in firearms designed for rimmed cartridges.

Extractor Groove:
Facilitates the extraction of the spent cartridge case from the chamber after firing.

30
Ejector Groove:
Aids in the ejection of the spent cartridge case from the firearm during the cycling
process.

3. Draw a cartridge case and label its parts.

31
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED: 12/05/2023
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 13
PRIMERS
Primers

OBJECTIVES: To identify the parts of the primer and recognize its purpose.

MATERIALS: Cartridge

THINGS TO KNOW

Define the following terms:

1. Primers
● Small explosive devices in cartridge bases, initiating firing by generating a spark
upon impact.

2. Primer cup
● Metal cup integral to primers, holding the ignitable mixture for main powder
charge initiation.

3. Priming mixture
● Sensitive explosive compound in primer cups, creating a spark for main
propellant ignition.

4. Anvil
● Metal piece in primer cups supporting the priming mixture for ignition upon
impact.

5. Disc
● A flat, circular piece of material; specific context needed for a firearms or
ammunition definition.

THINGS TO ACCOMPLISH
Fill up the table below by drawing the parts of the primer mentioned in each box.

Primer cup Anvil Disc Priming mixture

32
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED: 12/05/2023
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 14
GUNPOWDER
Gunpowder

OBJECTIVES: To give the significance of gunpowder in Forensic Ballistic Investigation.

MATERIALS: Gunpowder

THINGS TO KNOW

Define the following terms:

1. Propellant
A substance, typically in granular form, used to propel a projectile by generating
controlled, expanding gasses upon ignition in firearms.

2. Black powder
A traditional gunpowder mixture consisting of saltpeter, charcoal, and sulfur,
historically used as a propellant in firearms.

3. Smokeless powder
A modern propellant composed of nitrocellulose-based compounds, producing
minimal smoke upon ignition, widely used in firearms.

4. Single-base smokeless powder

Smokeless powder consisted solely of nitrocellulose, characterized by relatively
stable combustion and reduced residue.

5. Double-base smokeless powder

Smokeless powder contains both nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin, providing
enhanced energy and performance compared to single-base powders.

THINGS TO ACCOMPLISH

Rediscovering Gunpowder

INSTRUCTION:
Provide your group with various types of cartridges. The cartridges should be a
combination of new and old cartridges to obtain both black powder and smokeless
powder for the experiment. Disconnect the bullets and empty the cartridge cases by
removing the gunpowder.

33
 Observe the grains of each set of gunpowder by considering the texture, shape
and color. Burn the set of gunpowder in separate containers and observe keenly the rate
of burning, color of smoke and flame, and the heat generated by each set. Which among
the set of gunpowder are considered black powder and which are considered smokeless
gunpowder?

Gunpowder

A. Smokeless Gunpowder General Appearances

Disc Squares

Flakes Perforated Cylinders

Pellets Strips

34
Draw the gunpowder grain in each of the boxes according to the specified appearances.

35
 Gunpowder

Answer the following Queries.

1. Give the composition of black powder.

● Black powder is composed of potassium nitrate (saltpeter), charcoal (carbon),

and sulfur in specific proportions, typically 75% saltpeter, 15% charcoal, and 10%
sulfur.

2. Give the composition of smokeless powder.

● Smokeless powder is primarily composed of nitrocellulose, a form of nitrogen-rich

cellulose, often combined with other chemicals such as nitroglycerin and
stabilizers.

3. Name the differences between black powder and smokeless powder.

● Black powder is a traditional gunpowder with potassium nitrate, charcoal, and

sulfur, producing visible smoke upon ignition, while smokeless powder,
consisting of nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, and other compounds, burns cleaner
with minimal smoke, providing improved performance.

4. Give the significance of these by-products of combustion in gun cases.

● The by-products of combustion, such as gases and residues, play a crucial role
in generating pressure to propel projectiles and ensuring the reliable cycling of
firearms. Proper understanding and control of these by-products contribute to
firearm safety and performance.

5. Give the advantages of smokeless powder over the black powder.

● Smokeless powder offers advantages over black powder, including cleaner

combustion with reduced smoke, higher energy density, increased propellant
efficiency, and improved ballistic performance, making it the preferred choice in
modern firearms.

36
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED: 12/05/2023
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 15
ARMS MANUFACTURING PROCESSES RELATED TO FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION

OBJECTIVE: To recognize the importance of knowing how the barrel and breech of a
firearm is made and other processes that will explain how individual firearms are
identified.

MATERIALS: Firearm, cartridge cases and bullets

THINGS TO KNOW

Define the following terms:

1. Individual characteristics

● Distinctive features or marks on a firearm or tool that are unique to that

specific item, allowing for individual identification.

2. Class Characteristics
● Shared features or patterns on a group of firearms or tools that are similar
in design or manufacture, providing information about a broader class or
type.

3. Landmarks
● Identifiable points or features on a fired bullet or cartridge case used for
forensic analysis in firearm examination.

4. Groove marks
● Marks left on a bullet's surface by the rifling inside the barrel of a firearm,
contributing to the individual characteristics of the fired projectile.

5. Skid marks
● Marks left on a fired bullet due to skidding along the barrel's rifling,
influencing the individual characteristics of the projectile.

6. Stripping marks
● Marks left on a bullet during its passage through the barrel, resulting from
contact with the rifling, contributing to individual characteristics.

7. Shaving marks
● Marks left on a bullet's surface due to the friction against the barrel, often
found on projectiles that are slightly larger than the bore diameter.
8. Shearing Marks
● Marks on a bullet caused by shearing forces during its passage through
the barrel, contributing to individual characteristics.

37
 9. Bore Diameter
● The internal diameter of a firearm barrel, measured from one inner edge
of the rifling to the opposite inner edge.

10. Groove diameter

● The diameter of the groove in a firearm barrel, measured from one outer
edge of the rifling to the opposite outer edge.

Arms Manufacturing Processes Related to Firearms Identification

THINGS TO ACCOMPLISH

How the barrel is made

Illustrate the basic procedures of how the barrel is made.

1. Drilling Stage

2. Reaming Stage

38
 Arms Manufacturing Processes Related to Firearms Identification

3. Rifling Stage

Broaching System

4. Lapping Stage

39
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED__________
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 16
FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION
(BARREL)
Arms Manufacturing Processes Related to Firearms Identification

OBJECTIVE: To explain the principles of identifying firearms through the barrel.

Transfer of Identity

40
 The barrel was manufactured and was used in guiding projectiles in its
propulsion. The identity of the firearm was transferred in every bullet fired through the
barrel. How does it happen? After accomplishing this activity you will be able to answer
the question.

Draw a slug predicting the identity of the firearm from which it was fired.

Consider that this is your barrel.

Forcing cone

The barrel should be modified to fit the identity of the firearm you wanted.

What would be the appearance of the bullet fired from the barrel you have
created?

Modify this bullet to predict the identity of the firearm through this bullet.

NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED: 12/05/2023

GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 17
FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION
(BREECH AND STRIKER)
Arms Manufacturing Processes Related to Firearms Identification

OBJECTIVE: To explain the principles of identifying firearms through the breech and the
striker.

41
 Breech Manufacture

Another identity of firearms is transferred in every shell fired from it through the
breech.

1. Draw a breech of a pistol and a revolver showing unique identities.

Pistol Revolver

Arms Manufacturing Processes Related to Firearms Identification

2. With the two breeches you have created draw two cartridge cases specifically the
base that will show the identities of the firearm from which they were fired.

Cartridge case fired from the pistol Cartridge case fired from the revolver

42
Answer the following queries.

1. Give four rationalities that explain how Forensic Ballistics became the
science of firearms identification.

-Forensic Ballistics evolved due to unique markings on firearms, technological

advancements, legal demands, and collaborative research.

2. Give the marks found on fired bullets.

-Marks on fired bullets include rifling impressions, striations, and ejector marks,
while fired shells bear firing pin impressions and extractor/ejector marks.

Arms Manufacturing Processes Related to Firearms Identification

3. Give the marks found on fired shells.

-Firing pin impressions and extractor/ejector marks.

4. What is the purpose of rifling in a gun?

-The purpose of rifling in a gun is to impart spin to the bullet as it travels

down the barrel. This spin stabilizes the bullet's trajectory, improving
accuracy and distance.

43
 5. What do you mean by striations?

-Striations refer to the fine, linear marks or scratches found on fired bullets
and cartridge cases. They are formed due to irregularities in the firearm's
barrel, breech face, firing pin, or other internal parts, and they impart
unique markings that can be used for identification.

6. Successful identification of firearms from discharged bullets and empty

cartridge cases is dependent upon what basic principle?

-The successful identification of firearms from discharged bullets and

empty cartridge cases is dependent on the fundamental principle of the
uniqueness of the marks imparted on these elements during the firing
process. No two firearms will produce the exact same markings.

7. Distinguish individual and class characteristics in detail.

-Individual characteristics of firearms are unique features like rifling, toolmarks

crucial for individualization, while class characteristics are shared features
among firearms of the same make and model.
Arms Manufacturing Processes Related to Firearms Identification

8. Enumerate the principles involved in shell identification.

-Shell identification includes examining firing pin impressions, extractor

and ejector marks, and any unique tool marks or characteristics specific to
a particular firearm's mechanisms.

9. Enumerate the principles involved in bullet identification.

-Bullet identification includes analyzing rifling impressions, striations, and
any other unique markings or characteristics left on the bullet due to the
firearm's barrel and firing mechanism.

44
 10. Explain in a comprehensive and detailed manner the existence of
individual characteristics of firearms, which is the key to firearms
identification.
-The existence of individual characteristics of firearms is the key to
firearms identification. These characteristics are unique to each firearm
and are formed due to the specific manufacturing process, wear and tear,
and alterations, acting as crucial markers for distinguishing one firearm
from another. They include rifling characteristics, toolmarks, and other
unique features that leave distinct impressions on fired bullets and
casings. The identification of these individual characteristics is central to
linking firearms to crime scenes or incidents.

The following word or group of words could help you answer this item.

Wear and tear Dimensional divergence Coincidental Procedure

Mutilations Inadvertent deviations Subsequent mutations

Abuse Cutting tools

Corrosion and erosion Fortuitous causes

Arms Manufacturing Processes Related to Firearms Identification

NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED:12/05/2023

GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 18
CRIME SCENE SEARCH FOR BALLISTIC EXHIBIT

OBJECTIVES: 1. To give the importance of the crime scene in searching ballistic

exhibits that are considered as physical evidence.
2. To identify what method of search will be applicable in varied crime
scenes.

MATERIALS: Gun, slugs, cartridge cases, cartridge, magazines and others

45
THINGS TO KNOW

Introduction:
The search of the scene for ballistic exhibits is one of the most important phases
of crime investigation. Crime of violence, especially wherein firearms had been used,
sometimes involves struggle, a break, and the element of unpredictability. In homicide,
murder and armed robberies, the criminal is in contact with physical surroundings in a
forceful manner. Traces of the commission of the crime may be left in the form of fired
bullets, fired shells, and suspected firearm. These firearm evidences, or ballistic exhibits
as sometimes they are called, might be of value in tracing the perpetrator or perpetrators
of the crime so committed. Together with these, there might be other traces that may link
him to the crime committed.

A well-planned and organized method should guide the basic search. The search
to be followed by the investigator should be thorough and complete, and no details of the
surrounding area should be overlooked by the investigator. There might be some types
of evidence, which might be of the highest significance to firearms investigation.
(del Rosario)

A. Methods of search for Ballistic Exhibits

Illustrate the 5 methods of search and specify the type of crime scene for which it
is applicable.

1. Strip Method of Search

Crime Scene Search for Ballistic Exhibits

2. Double-strip Method

46
3. Spiral Method

Crime Scene Search for Ballistic Exhibits

4. Wheel Method

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 5. Zone Method

B. Crime Scene Search (proceed to the crime scene for your practical exercises)

NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED: 12/05/2023

GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 19
RECOGNITION, COLLECTION, MARKING, PRESERVATION, AND TRANSMITTAL
OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCES

OBJECTIVES: To appreciate the importance of this activity in the presentation of

evidence in court without mutilation, alteration and contamination of evidences.

48
MATERIALS: fired bullets, fired shells, cartridge, cotton, evidence bag/box, packing
materials and evidence marker (scriber)

THINGS TO ACCOMPLISH

A. Marking of Physical Evidences

1. How to mark the fired Bullets

Deformed

R, C, M, P & T of Physical Evidence

2. How to mark the fired shells

49
3. How to mark a gun

R, C, M, P & T of Physical Evidence

B. How to preserve physical evidence

With the materials given above make the necessary procedures in order to
preserve the ballistic exhibits. After the packaging phase, submit your work for
evaluation.

50
 C. Transmittal of Physical Evidence

Prepare the necessary marking or tagging of evidence before transmitting

your packed evidence.

D. Answer the following queries.

1. What does “MAC” mean in the marking of physical evidence

recovered at the scene of the crime?

-"MAC" refers to "Minimum Apparent Caliber." It denotes the smallest

possible caliber or diameter of a bullet that could have caused a particular
mark or injury, helping investigators narrow down the potential weapons
used in the crime.

2. Discuss the significance of chain of possession of physical

evidence in any firearm case?

-The chain of possession of physical evidence in a firearm case is crucial

for maintaining the integrity and credibility of the evidence. It involves
documenting and tracking the handling of the evidence from the moment
it's collected at the crime scene to its presentation in court. This chain
establishes who had custody or control of the evidence at any given time,
ensuring that it remains untampered with, preventing contamination, loss,
or unauthorized alteration. A strong chain of possession strengthens the
admissibility of evidence in court and helps establish its reliability.

3. Give the importance of marking ballistic exhibits.

-Marking ballistic exhibits is really important because it helps experts know

which gun they came from, keeps them safe, helps in investigations, and
makes it easier to use in court to show what happened."

NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED: 12/05/2023

GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 20
SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT GENERALLY USED IN FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION

OBJECTIVES: 1. To describe the various scientific equipment generally used in

firearms investigation and identification.
2. To give the functions of each and how it is used in firearms cases.

MATERIALS: Forensic Comparison Microscope, Stereoscopic Microscope, Bullet

recovery box, caliper, analytical balance, firearm, cartridges, and cardboards

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THINGS TO KNOW

Define the following terms:

1. Test bullet
● A bullet fired during forensic examinations for comparison and analysis, typically
fired from a suspect firearm to establish its unique characteristics.

2. Test Shell
● A cartridge case fired during forensic examinations for comparison and analysis,
often discharged from a suspect firearm to determine its unique characteristics.

3. Crime Bullet
● A bullet recovered from a crime scene, often used as evidence and subject to
forensic analysis to identify the firearm that fired it.

4. Crime Shell
● A cartridge case recovered from a crime scene, serving as potential evidence
and subject to forensic analysis to identify the firearm that discharged it.

5. Juxtaposition
● The act or placement of two or more items side by side for comparison, analysis,
or contrast, often used in forensic examinations to assess similarities or
differences in characteristics.

Scientific Equipment Generally Used in Firearms Identification

THINGS TO ACCOMPLISH

A. Draw the following Equipment and label its basic parts if necessary. Provide the
purpose of the equipment.

1. Caliper

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1. Bullet Recovery Box

Scientific Equipment Generally Used in Firearms Identification

2. Forensic Comparison Microscope

53
NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED: 12/05/2023
GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 21
INSTRUMENTATION
(USING THE FORENSIC COMPARISON MICROSCOPE)
Scientific Equipment Generally Used in Firearms Identification

OBJECTIVE: To practice in the fullest the use of the forensic comparison microscope in
firearms identification.

Using the Forensic Comparison Microscope

54
Procedure:

Each group is given 4 cartridges to be fired in the bullet recovery chamber. Three
of which will be used as standard specimens and the remaining one will be considered
as the evidence bullet and the evidence shell. Among the three standards, the first will
be used for comparison purpose, the second will be for confirmation purpose and the
third will be used for conclusion purpose.

Proceed to the firing range and use the bullet recovery chamber to complete the
first phase of the activity. Provide layers of cardboards inside the chamber to facilitate
the recovery of bullets. Change the cardboards right after every shot to avoid confusion
on the exact location of the bullet fired in the recovery chamber. After the test fire collect
the 3 test bullets and test shells ready for comparison with the evidence specimens.
In the second phase use the forensic comparison microscope to find out whether
the firearm used in the test firing is the same firearm used in firing the evidence bullet
and shell given to your group to examine and investigate. Record all your findings by
taking photomicrographs using the microscope.

GOOD LUCK!!!

NAME: GREGORIO, DIEGO AUSTIN F. DATE PERFORMED: 12/05/2023

GROUP NO____________ RATING_____________________

EXERCISE # 22
BALLISTIC REPORT WRITING

OBJECTIVE: 1. To accomplish a Ballistic Report that is clear and logical.

2. To present the exhibits showing positive and negative findings all

55
 depending on the examination conducted.

MATERIALS: Camera and positive prints of the photomicrograph of the compared

specimens

THINGS TO ACCOMPLISH

Prepare a Ballistic Report.

56
 REFERENCES

F Del Rosario, Domingo., Forensic Ballistics: Firearms Investigation and

363.25 Identification, 3rd Edition, KSY Enterprises (Phils)
F761
1996

F Lajom, Fidel P., Criminalistics, Rex Book Store, Manila, Philippines

363.25
L. 174
1998

F Tradio, Cirilo M., A Compendium on Criminalistics 4th edition

3636.25
L 675
1997

C
653.4 Kasler, P. A. (1991). Business partners: The Best Pistol/ammunition
K152 combinations for personal defense. Colorado: Paladin Press
1991

R
355.8202 Minnery, J. (1990). CIA: catalog of clandestine weapons, tools and
M666 gadgets. Boulder, Colo.: Paladin Press

C Saferstein, Richard. Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic

363.25 Science, New Jersey; Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1995
Sa 17

R
683.4 Tan V. & Hogg, T. V. (1983). Modern small arms. London: Bison Books
H679
1983
Other Sources

● Ammunition General Training Manual 9-1900 (US Army) and

Training Order 11A-1-20 (US Air Force)
* Introduction to Ammunition Training Manual 9-1300-2006
(US Army)
● Compilation of Notes and Researches by Alfie Sarmiento

● Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2002

● Personal Library

57
 VACATION TIME

Happy Vacation!!!

From Your Instructor

Sir Alfie

58