Sobd Materials

crystalline; Regulan periodic aneang nent of

atoms is called rysaline

The solid
Crystalline solid : solid Jeturing
or dered arangnent o hei partielan (atom
moleeule) in mieroscopíe stiucture ara
lCalled. crysalline Solid Ex; Nacl diamond,
sodium Nitrate.

Crgsalline solid
Amorphoun solbd ; The solód in whieh the
anranged in
in amy
any specific
pantiele.
Ordere ot a Cnystal
lattiee. called amorphous
Solid . Ea:
E glass gels .

Soid

Amonphoun

Ionie Covalen+ MeBallic Moleev loe

solid

’polar.
Three dimen
Two dimoional Sional"soli
Soid bNON - Polar
 Creystal (5r the sasis t strueture)

single cryste
poly cnystl
A caystalline solid in which
Single eystal e annangment et atom
periodic ond repeated
4he the
enierás ihroughout ertirely ot
is penyeet or
wrthout irterroption is calied sigle erystu
specimen
tr Nael diomond

singte enysta!
poly erysta: A crysbl said whieh. one corpeset
od milliony od single. erystl Araing are called
Poly cngsalline sobd.
 Depandig bondirg
engsal
D coialent erystal
metallie cysa
( Molé ev tor enysa
.whose lattiee, is made
Ionie cystal ; h cnyst
negotve ibns which' ane
°3 by ponitive ond
o.
by stong electro statle aftraetior
he ld togethen
foree. is ealled jonie cnystal ': Exi Nad, ie,ysy
In Fornic, enystal the valenee elee tron are comple
Hely. tranafenned fron oe atom to anotthen

propereies
0 Hard and Brile
O High boiling and malting point
(1) solulbe n water
9 Hgh 4hermal and electrical conduetivit
low standar d eropy value
 whieh he atwnt
Covalent enysta; A caystal in
Covalent loord.
loord. Covalen+
ane held. together o
the atons shane their vaence
bond enist whene
shall electron
Gunaphyte siica.
Er: Diamond ,
|properlies ) Ins lu bte in water !

ard meting. point

od heat and electrleity
() poor. condvctor

hand and
()semie onduter type / veny Lo nithe

Metallie, enyshl;
Metallie enystal conoist ot metal
SuroUn ded. (Sea' o
C mobile vaJenco
cation
elerttn These electrona also rettend to a
de lo cali2e electnon

-Example Nacl , AUy cw, fe,2n.

propenties ;
of heat
condvctor &
foDd,condvctor heat omd.
end elkcinieit
amd ting poin
duc4ile and mall eable
(1) hand and soft
us: high idenity

Molewkr enystal Moleeulon enystal

week aintermob.
substam te
wlar
thot
bonding ,sueh
have
relatiely
a ite c02 CHy

propenties
Lowdernnity
0) Low boiig on melting point
() poor eonduetory ut htat and
electniety
TS0m0rphism:. The materials those have same
Crystalline stvctur loot diterent chimieal eom
Ponents
NaNog) eacon)fBcc
TIN] Fec

morephism; po lymonphiam is the,

Poly mone
than o sorm
soid matenial to eist

Eriample ? Caleite .( Rhomyehednal)

Cacog Angonite (6nthorchombie)
Diamond (.cwbte .FeC)
elosed aced)
CGurophite (heagona
-fe B¢C (-23-9c) P1 (pure joen)
K-fenite magnetie
e y-fe Fec (gLo -140') ’ustenite)
d-fe Bee (yo0-|s9). (ente)Nen
prssur (gFe)
 foetoe ad}ecting 6n polymonphism.
avante
OTempenatune Tridamite
() pnesune Cnystaboliteelyo;
’stishovite
caystaystiten
( Concntnation
eehtelierte

(vÌ) ) Gnbwth pat tenn :Opal

is he abj ltt o al chornia

abjity
Alotnopd Aletnapy difenend forms
element to erist in. fwo or nmone
bre stuetv re or annangmen o4 atom.
ot

hwhite phombie
Enample:. P’
P Pecd Monoeinic.
Black
bamord
-Ginsplida
Fullenene
Propertieg: ehmieal eompontion ond pnopenties
) are Same
()phyoleal pnoperittes ane ditenenet
are ditferent'
ua Atom e stnvetune fannangemern
 poly vonphism
monotnop
ditternt
Enantiotro Thes neation of two
Same Substance hat
cystalline forms o the same
tnanoitio
have.a definit empenoture range, oL
poin and +hanefonee change revenssible cach
other tin is called Enantiotopy
Erample: 956c
monoelinic
fhombic Tepenotone deetease

Guay Tin ohitein

Cstable) (touley
Montno: The nealatien ot two didfenent nslaline
Herm
orn o the sane. gubstance (as red' p) hat
have 4nannition point since only one fonm
iq stable and the othen unstable and the chonge
UnS table to Stalble form is innewen sible his
phnomenon aalled monotnopy
wkite P
Ungtalle)
 Aeedal dehgde S para ncelaldehle
(Unstable) (Stable)

Lattice energy
nelease, dining thetorwati
The amoun t of enengy substan Ce faom
trom
mole ot. sold enystalline
oj oe' sepenate: tha
ions on +he spent to
ts gaseDUn
ts conotituend john in
tomie ysl into
Called the lat tico emengy
A?t (9) AB (3) +¬¬
| mole

fator eatjctig on aftiee eneng1

| thange. of on: hange

 ane
palfmor phism but all wphon
poy phis
nat allo trepy
polymonplicm
difenen ca betwe en
prçart polymorphism nufens to
|ond allotnapy. 1s that compoiHon to
th aliit o the chemitat
mo ne orm. In contnast, allotnop
4he elemunt to erist in
Rterr to the abiGty f
mne molecular stpetor
tawo or

Born - Halbe eyle

Nac' (s)
Na(s)+ey g)
of formationJ.
4H = Heat
@Indinect formation (5 Step)
step1 Na (s) ’ Na(g)
ol Na metal to gasseDu M
ConvensiDn
to
4Hs = Heat of subi mations (08 J
 Nac Soli to 1n
Comoinaon
of
lbn Naeouo gass
sseo
vn and
(3) ),
Steps:
(3) Nael
2-348
g affinity Eleetnorm
Conversion
ot
asseoua
io totom gasseoun
a(3) Ste
= ofHeat -
21
+|Jdissseation
eoun gasseoun
cd to
SAep-3
Joni2atjom= Heato H4
J.+495
CoVerI0m
tosseoun
ion )
gasseoUN atom
No9) Na(a)
Step2:
*ootestve
As He5s'5 law

-4HI
U

Hs Nal9)
Na ls)
t Bonn-Habo
Natts)

-s)
 eohesive enengy
needed to

into its eotituent

bnac aan tbni cnystau
Io i5 calle& eoheive energy
t e neguined enengy
Nael (s) en/ato
CIE = 324

Calewtalion;

(Bace)
dowr

MCutibn 2
0 an
distance 12R.
912 Me cation
the potentile g y
2

an
The poten attactive podential enegy
e I22
6

Content

As Born Land equation

Comont
Repulive emengy LeInten atomi
atornic
distance
totat potertiad energ
U U Uupul
=-Aze e t)
Diterentiate e uatior with ewpeet to 2.
-h2'2'
Je 4rLto
mB
D

A
B
 Avces. energy lattiee
the Tonin (-)
A2?2e
=A22e
(s) eguation the Poting
in
B ovalve Tue