--- -

~...

""""

(j
.f;

c:

c:

c:

+=
<J)
::J

()

~...
VG
MU
inc
.
o A
h
ni
c e t
i

here
are
tw
pri
obj
in
fur
op
o
g
el.

I
Furnaces operat
rated with
ith low ex excess-air are fue
fuel-e
l-effi
fficient

3.
A sc
fi
I """
but ununstable. Careful instrumentation and co
control

syste
H
resp
is
ina
ufor
co
ef
t-,...
I

to
ab
9
aTcess
ess vari
tion
contr
control
vent

ling

Brie
Brieff

The
tion-
tion-fue
the
tion
tions.
variab
tionss need
ol essen

ling conti

The facto
fuell
the desi
desire
s. The
able
les,
needed
essentia
vent an expl
exces
excess-a
s-air
explos

continu
nuou
ouss

revi
review

factors
1. Flueg
Fluegas
2. Exces
3. Type
ew

rs that
red

tial.
osio
ir opera

as exit
Excess-a
s-air
effic
efficie
d flow
The compl
s, and
ed to meet
l. Split-
ion
operatio
iency

complex
and the
ncy and safet
flow,, temp

Split-se
n haza
tion)

of fund

that dete
fundam

determ
exit tempe

Type oí fue
4. Heate
amen

rmin
temper
ex inte
the mult
meet the
secon
hazard

enta

temperat
ir for combu
fuel.
Heaterr casi
l.
casing
tals

ratur
combust

ng loss
ls
cond

n) are best

furn
furnac
acee

inee heat
ure.

loss..
erat
intera
multip
the obje
ract
iple
safety
atur
uree
ctio

object
d decis
rd in a fue

heater
e.
stion
ion..
er
ions
le simu
ctiv
decisio
fuel-
best left

oper
operat
y while

ions
l-ef
effi
left to aut

atio
ions
ns..
and
ns betw
simult
ives
es,,
while maint
and pres
betwee
ltan
aneo
eous
make
ns requi
fici
cien
automa

efti
eftici
een
maintain
pressu
sure
n the
us mani
make auto
required
entt furn
omatic

cien
ency
aining
re cond
ing
condi-
the proc
manipu
automa
proc--
pula
mati
red to pre-
furnac
tic protec

cy are:
are:
la--
ticc
pre-
acee (low
(low
protectio
tion
n
i-
wide
widely
ery
ery
and

base

the
impo
ly

waste
aste
based
d

import
with
Broa
sys
system
the

Broadl
dly
y
1. Proc
2. Stea

heaters
for
for fire
fired

rtan
with air
.
Steam
m

d heat
tem

heater
used
used with

beat

ers,
s,

control
antt proc
proces
air preh
Fuel

..
prehea

. Operat
with fire

on a tech

Proces
ess-
s-st
techno

stre
ream
am

are

esss vari
eati

Operating
ing
Proc
Proces
ting
Fuel flowrate

esss
ng are:
flowrate..
fired

noec
econ
d
is base
based
temperature
eato The dec
decisi
onom
spea

gene
genera

t he
he

and
variab
able
are:
d

ision to use
omic
speaki
king
ic
ng,,

rati

less

flui
fluid
d
tion
use such
feas
feasib

on..

most
and
heat
heater
on flu

ibil
ilit
ity
heat
y
heat-r
heat
ers.

of the
such equi

-rec
heatin

widely
and are
are inst
s.
fluegas
egas

equip

ecov
ing
g

instru

instrumentation

exce
excess-
ss-ai
air.
r.
flow
flowra
rate
te..
stud
study.
over
ery

rume
y
y.
Desi
Design

stream
pmen
ment

used
ment
ntal
al

for
gn
tempe

in conv

for cont
empera

convec
ecti

of
contro
syst
tion
on
of the
ratture,
ure,
that

system
the heat

emss

heat-recovery

such
heat-r

in boo

roll of a fir
fired
-rec

picks

can
sect
ecov

sectio

boost
stin
ov--
dewp
ewpoin

ion.

ing
g
n.

a system.
ed heat
heater
er
oint,

should
uld

can incl
up t he

includ
ude:
e:
he
be

system
the
the

The

1---
I Improv
Improveme
incor
incorpor
porati
mentat
mentation
ement
ating
ion and
nt in heater
ng:: a heat-r
and contr
heater effic
heat-reco
control;
ecove
efficie
very
ol; more-
ry
more-eff
iency
ncy is usuaI
syste
system;
effici
icien
usuaIly
ly realiz
m; impro
realized
improved
entt burne
burners;
ed by
ved instru
instru--
rs; improv
improved
ed
.. Process
Process
Furnac
Furnacee draft.
Flam
Flamee
draft.
fluid
fluid temperat

cond
condit
itio
temperature.

ion.
n.
ure.

insula
insulatio
tion;
n; effici
efficien
entt soot
soot blower
blowers;s; reduce
reducedd air
air leaks.
leaks. . Combustibles.
 Tamparatura-controllad

chambar ""
""
-.
,..'
"
Pipa siza (nominal) unracovarad (i.a., prassura loss) *

B.
coth
to
p
p t
Mounting
plata'
\
\ 4
\ 11
5 9
6 21
8 16
10 13
12 11
14 10

G
cont
requ
goo
moo
dev
Th
foc
ea
16 9
18 8
I 20 7
I
24 6
Support plata 30 5
36 4
Aspiration-air lina ,/
42 3
48 3
c/

flow
mhow
pos
so
eas
pro
sin
60 2
Aspirator-air inlet --'

vent
yiel
al
pres
ow
dro
tivel
expe
and
m but
is
req
a
d co
tra
fro
ay
uc
oritice platas is approximately 60% ot the d itterential
pressure (rula ot thumb)

rrangi
aEsse
ecta
cto
an
Acros
irc
Th
eleA
has
cha
nn
si n
Choosing a transducer

w1%
of
valu
bas
on
95 el
ith
of
test
poif
Itgepo
t
bi
c
as to which is preferable, but oxygen analyzers are

E,
la
[
g
cheaper and are' more widely used. The zirconium-oxide -"
\

r
E
Flow measurement
ferred. It offers several advantages ayer the other exist-
Fuel-oil, and process-fluid, flowrate measurement can be ing types-such as reduced maintenance requirements,
satisfactorily achieved by orífice meters. The fuel-gas

in
sa
g
T(
=
flowrate can be corrected by using a densitometer. Air-

Beits
oi
vt
s
content-and is readily adaptable for use as a probe type
an orífice produces a high, permanent, pressure loss. The or extractive type. The extractive type can be used in

tio
to
th
lo
oc
element has be en found suitable for this joto housed in a temperature-controlled chamber) and is dis-
charged back to the furnace (Fig. 1).
The sensor output signal is determined with respect to
ilar to the pitot tube, but with vastly improved accuracy,

is further reported to have a 0.1 %-of-value repeatability,

based on an average of various differential-pressure
readings. The permanent pressure loss in the Annubar is [02Jsample gas

comparable to that of the venturi tube; hence, it is much

[02]Reg. gas = Concentration of oxygen in reference
less energy-intensive compared with the orífice plate gas = 0.209 for air; [02Jsample gas = Concentration of oxy-
(Table I). Further, the Annubar is relatively insensitive
to surface wear or abrasion on edges or sensor parts,
ensuring long-term accuracy. However, the overall sys-
the cell has to be maintained at a constant temperature.
tem accuracy and flow range are limited by the differen-
Since the resulting output signal is inversely propor-
tial-pressure secondary instrumentation (transmitters,
meters, etc.). Hence, care must be exercised in the selec-
tion of the secondary instruments.
tration. Therefore, greater accuracy, reliability and'r {

Excess-air estimation
excess-air (see Table II).
The indicators used to c ontr ol low-excess-a ir trim are It is advisable to locate the analyzer installation at the
oxygen and carbon monoxide meters. Controversy exists heater bheching, where errors due to air leakage are

64
'-'