Revision Booklet 2018-2019

Edexcel IGCSE in Biology

Part 1: Sections 1 & 2 of the specification

1. The nature and variety of living organisms

2. Structure and functions in living organisms

This revision booklet has been made to follow the specification point by point and it has
questions based on each point.

Try to complete all of the activities in the booklet – if you get stuck: use your syllabus,
revision guides, text books and the internet to help you. If you are still unable to find out
then ask me (or another Biology teacher).

Remember that YOU are responsible for your own revision – this booklet should be
supplemented by other revision too. The more of this booklet you complete, the better
prepared you will be for your exam.

Name _______________________________________________
Revision questions based on the specification

Section 1: The Nature and Variety of living things

1.1 – 1.4 Characteristics and Variety of Living Things

List the 8 characteristics of life and give a brief description of each one with an example of a
plant or animal carrying it out.

Movement – an organism can change its position/place. Plants turn in the direction of the
sun to gain max light energy.

Respiration – glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + ATP. All animals respire in
order to obtain energy and contract/relax their muscles.

Sensitivity – can feel the environment. A Venus fly trap senses the fly on its leaf then
proceeds to clamp its ‘mouth’.

Growth – to increase mass and size. Humans grow from babies to adults over time.

Reproductivity – producing another organism like the producer and of the same species.
Plants reproduce in the form of seeds.

Excretion – the process of getting rid of waste. Animal kidneys clean our blood and send the
waste to our bladders.

Complete the table about living organisms: yes/no (with description if needed)

Plants Animals Fungi Bacteria Protoctists Viruses

Unicellular or
multicellular?

Able to
photosynthesise?
(Do their cells have
chloroplasts?)
Cell walls
present?
Do cells of these
organisms have a cell
 wall? What substance
is it made of?
Nucleus present?
Is the DNA enclosed
in a nucleus in cells?
Examples?
Name some
examples of these
organisms
How are carbohydrates stored in plants, animals and fungi?

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Describe the common features shown by prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria.

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Why are viruses not considered living organisms as compared to the other 5 kingdoms?

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What are the characteristics of a virus?

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Define the term ‘pathogen’

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Give an example of each a bacterial, fungal, protoctist, and viral pathogen

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Section 2: Structures and functions in living organisms

2.1 – 2.4 structure of organisms

List the levels of organisation within an organism starting with the smallest and finishing at
organism. Give a brief description of their roles

(Use these words: Organs, Tissues, Systems, Organelles, Cells, Organism)

Smallest
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Largest

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Draw and label a plant and an animal cell in the spaces below:

Animal Plant Cell

Cell

Complete the table below by including descriptions of the functions of cell organelles:
Cell Structure Plant, Description and Function of the cell Structure
(Organelle) Animal or
both?

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Cell Membrane
 Cell Wall

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Mitochondria

2.5 – 2.6 Specialised cells and Stem cells

What is cell differentiation?

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Why do cells become differentiated?

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What are stem cells?

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Define:
 Embryonic stem cells:

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Adult stem cells:

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Why are stem cells used in medicine?

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How can stem cells be used in medicine?

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Complete this table:

Advantages of using stem cells Disadvantages of using stem cells

2.7 – 2.14 Biological molecules

What elements from the periodic table are found in Carbohydrates?

Choose from these elements: Sulphur, Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Phosphorous, Oxygen.
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What elements from the periodic table are found in Lipids (fats and oils)?
Choose from these elements: Sulphur, Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Phosphorous, Oxygen.

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What elements from the periodic table are found in Protein?

Choose from these elements: Sulphur, Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Phosphorous, Oxygen.

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Starch Glycogen Protein Lipids

What are the
functions of these
large molecules?
What are the
subunits/monomers
that make up these
molecules?
What are the names
of the bonds
between the
monomers/subunits
in these molecules?
Are these found in
plant cells or
animal cells or
both?
2.9 Practical:
This is the Benedict’s test. What do the colours represent?

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What are enzymes made up of?

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What do enzymes do?

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Explain what is meant by a biological catalyst.

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Why don’t enzymes get used up in the reactions they catalyse?

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Describe the lock and key theory: (use these words in your answer – Active site, substrate,
complementary, specific shape, fit)

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Draw a diagram of the lock and key theory:

Describe and explain what is happening in each part of the graph. Use these words to help
you answer: Collisions, quicker, increases, substrate, optimum temperature, decreases,
denature, shape, active site, permanent

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2.12 Practical: Design a simple experiment that shows how temperature affects the rate of
reaction of an enzyme.
Equipment Method
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This is an example results table of catalase reacting with hydrogen peroxide producing
oxygen. Complete the table for the rate of reaction to 2dp

Temperature (oC)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Number of
seconds to
produce
90 80 50 20 50 100 250
10cm3 of
oxygen
Rate of 1/90 1/80 1/50
Reaction
(1/time
= 0.01 = =
taken)
Sketch a graph using these results (do not plot any points just draw a line of best curve)

Rate of Reaction

Temperature

What is the optimum temperature for this enzyme? Explain your answer using data

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How does pH affect the functioning of enzymes? (Use the words – denature, shape,
narrow range, optimum pH)

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What would happen to enzymes that work in the acid of the stomach when they go into the
small intestine where it is less acidic? Explain your answer

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2.14 Practical: Design a simple experiment that shows how pH affects the rate of reaction of
an enzyme using potato chips and hydrogen peroxide.
Equipment Method

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2.15 – 2.17 Movement of Substances into and out of Cells

Define: (use these questions to guide you: Does the process require energy? Does it require a
membrane? Does the process go with or against the concentration gradient?)

 Diffusion - ………………………………………………………………………

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 Osmosis - ………………………………………………………………………

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 Active Transport - ……………………………………………………………….

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How and why do these factors affect the rate of the movement of substances into and out of
cells?

Surface area to volume ratio: …………………………………………………………

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Temperature: …………………………………………………………………………

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Distance: ………………………………………………………………………………

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Concentration gradient: ………………………………………………………………

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Describe an experiment to show the effect of osmosis on potato chips. Use these
words/pieces of equipment in your answer: weighing scales, core borer, different solutions
of sugar concentration, potato.
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What is visking tubing?

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Explain what is happening in this diagram of visking tubing.

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2.17 Practical: Investigate diffusion and osmosis using living and non-living systems

Potato cylinders in solutions of different Visking tubing with solutions of different

concentrations concentrations
Describe what would happen to the mass and Describe what would happen to this visking
length of this potato chip if it is put into a dilute tubing if it had a concentrated solution of
solution glucose inside it with a dilute solution
surrounding it

Describe what would happen to the mass and Describe what would happen to this visking
length of this potato chip if it is put into a tubing if it had a dilute solution inside it with a
concentrated solution concentrated solution of glucose surrounding it

How would you work out the concentration of the inside of potato cells using an experiment
similar to this?

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2.18 – 2.23 Nutrition in Flowering plants

What is Photosynthesis? What is needed for it to occur?

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Why is light needed for photosynthesis? (Hint: light energy chemical energy)

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What is the word equation and balanced chemical symbol equation for photosynthesis?

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What does limiting factors mean?

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Explain this graph on carbon dioxide and the rate of photosynthesis

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Explain this graph on light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis

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Explain this graph temperature and the rate of photosynthesis

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Describe what this graph is showing you. Use the data in the graph

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Complete this diagram

Explain how the structure of the leaf is adapted for photosynthesis

Use some or all of these words to help you: flat, vertical cells, air spaces, stomata,
vascular bundle, chloroplasts, thin, waxy cuticle

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Why do plants need magnesium ions?

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Why do plants need nitrate ions?

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2.23 Practical: How can you test to see if oxygen is being produced by photosynthesis?

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What could you do to this experiment to see how light affects the production of bubbles?

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The leaf starch test tests for the presence of starch. How can starch show that photosynthesis
has taken place?

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Explain this experiment. How does it show light is needed for photosynthesis?

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Explain this experiment. How does it show chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis?

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Explain how this experiment shows that carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis

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2.24 – 2.33 Nutrition & Digestion in Humans

What is a balanced diet?

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Identify sources and describe functions of:

Nutrient Sources Function

Carbohydrate

Protein

Lipid

Vitamin A

Vitamin C

Vitamin D

Calcium

Iron

Water

Dietary Fibre
Why do energy requirements vary with activity levels, age and pregnancy?

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Describe the structures and functions of the alimentary canal:

Mouth: …………………………………………………………………………………

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Oesophagus: …………………………………………………………………………

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Stomach: ………………………………………………………………………………

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Small intestine (duodenum and ileum): …………………………………………………

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Large intestine (colon and rectum): ……………………………………………………

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Pancreas: ………………………………………………………………………………

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Write the definitions for:

Ingestion: ………………………………………………………………………………

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Digestion: ………………………………………………………………………………

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Absorption: ……………………………………………………………………………

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Assimilation: ……………………………………………………………………………

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Egestion: ………………………………………………………………………………

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Describe peristalsis in the gut using diagrams (like a cartoon):

Explain why peristalsis happens.

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What do digestive enzymes do?

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Where in the digestive system are digestive enzymes produced?

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What do amylase and maltase work on and what are the products?

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What do proteases do and what are the products?

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What do lipases do and what are the products?

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What is the role of the liver and gall bladder in digestion?

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Describe how bile works.

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How is the small intestine adapted for absorption?

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Draw and describe the structure of the villus (include: blood supply, thin walls, capillary
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How does the structure of the villus help with the absorption of the products of digestion in
the small intestine?

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2.33 Practical: Describe an experiment you would do to investigate the energy content in a
food sample (draw a small diagram to help you)

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2.34 – 2.39 Respiration

What is respiration?

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What is the role of ATP?

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Compare the differences of aerobic and anaerobic respiration in this handy table provided.
Aerobic Anaerobic

What is the word equation and balanced chemical symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

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What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals and plants?

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2.39 Practical: (a) How does this experiment show that seeds respire? (Why was the right
hand side boiled? What does the difference in temperature mean?)

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(b) How would this experiment show carbon dioxide is produced during respiration?

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What is the oil layer for?

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2.40 – 2.45 Gas exchange in flowering plants

Why is diffusion essential for gas exchange in living organisms?

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Describe gas exchange in a leaf

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How is the leaf adapted for gas exchange? (This is a different question to how it is adapted
for photosynthesis; use these words: air spaces, stomata, spongy mesophyll, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, water vapour)

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What is the role of stomata in gas exchange? How do they work?

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TRUE or FALSE: if the statement is false correct it

 All plant cells photosynthesise ………………………………………………………

 All plant cells respire …………………………………………………………………

 Photosynthesising cells do not require oxygen ………………………………………

 Answer: F, T, F

The next few questions will be based on the following diagram. It shows the net flow of
gasses in a plant during the day and night.

(i) Describe and explain what is happening to the tree during the night time?

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(ii) What would happen during the day if there was no carbon dioxide? Explain your answer

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(iii) What would happen to the uptake of carbon dioxide if the light intensity was increased?

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(iv) If the plant is still respiring during the day why is there a net flow of carbon dioxide into
the plant?

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What differences will there be between these limiting factors at different times of the day:
Circle the correct words
Just after dawn (early morning) In the mid afternoon

Temperature HIGHER/LOWER HIGHER/LOWER

Carbon dioxide HIGHER/LOWER HIGHER/LOWER

concentration in air

Light intensity HIGHER/LOWER HIGHER/LOWER

Explain how the differences of these factors will affect the rate of photosynthesis in the
morning compared to the afternoon

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2.45 Practical: This is what hydrogen carbonate indicator is:

Explain the results of this experiment

1 hour

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Why is there a control experiment?

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 2.46 – 2.50 Gas exchange in humans

This is a diagram of the human thorax:

Trachea

Describe these parts of the thorax:

 Trachea (including the cartilage rings):

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 Ribs:
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 Diaphragm: ……………………………………………………………………………...

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 Bronchi: …………………………………………………………………………………

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 Bronchioles: …………………………………………………………………………….
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 Alveoli: …………………………………………………………………………………

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 Intercostal muscles: ……………………………………………………………………..

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 Pleural membranes: ……………………………………………………………………..

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Describe the action of the intercostal muscles when humans:

 Inhale: …………………………………………………………………………………...

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 Exhale:
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Describe the action of the diaphragm and explain how it helps humans: (how does it change
air pressure inside the lungs?)

 Inhale: …………………………………………………………………………………...

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 Exhale:
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Describe how gas exchange happens in the lungs and tissues of animals. Use the diagram to
help you.

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Explain how the alveoli are adapted for gas exchange by diffusion: (include: thin alveoli
walls, thin capillary walls, moist surface, large surface area, oxygen & carbon dioxide)

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Tar, nicotine, many carcinogens (cancer causing chemicals), and other chemicals can be
found in the smoke from cigarettes. What do these chemicals do to the lungs and circulatory
system?

 Tar – include how it affects the cilia in the bronchi and bronchioles and how this can
lead to bronchitis and chest infections:

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 Nicotine – include how it affects blood pressure and can contribute to heart disease:

Nicotine causes plaque build-up, narrowing blood vessels. The leads to high blood pressure.
Increase in blood pressure and heart rate puts strain on the heart, more risk of heart
disease. The effects of Nicotine include blood clots to form in the arteries, causing heart
attack or stroke.

 Carcinogens – what will these chemicals do to the body?

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 Carbon monoxide – how does this affect the ability of the blood to carry oxygen and
how will it affect a developing foetus? (use these words: haemoglobin,
carboxyhaemoglobin)

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What is emphysema?
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How are the alveoli affected by emphysema?

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How can smoking cause coronary heart disease?

Nicotine: Nicotine in cigarettes narrows blood vessels, leading to increased blood pressure.
It also increases HR. Both of these effects can cause blood clots form in the arteries, leading
to a heart attack or stroke.

CO: CO bind irreversibly to haemoglobin, reducing the blood’s ability to carry oxygen. This
puts more strain on the circulatory system to pump the blood faster increasing risk of chd
and stroke.

Tar: tar is a carcinogen and is linked to increased risk of canerous tumors in the lungs. Also
contributes to copd, when chronic bronchitis and emphysema occur tgthr. Chronic
bronchitis is caused by tar which cause goblet cells and mucus glands to expand producing
excess mucus. Destroys cilia and mucus build up blocks sma;;est bronchioles leading to
infectiuons. Emphysema develops as a recult of constant infection, phagocytes that
frequently enter the lungs produce elastase, which destroys the elastic fibres in the alveoli.
This means that alveoli become less elastic & cannot stretch so many burst. This alveoli
breakdown reduces SA for gas exchange.

2.50 Practical: (a) The following questions are based on a simple experiment to investigate
how exercise affects breathing:

(i) How would you design an experiment to show the effect of exercise on breathing?

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(ii) What would your variables be?

 Independent variable: …………………………………………………………………...

 Dependent variable: …………………………………………………………………….

 Control variables: ……………………………………………………………………….

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(iii) Describe the difference in the breathing rates between these two pupils (A and B) after
the exercise
Time from start of Breathing rate / breaths per minute
experiment
Pupil A Pupil B
1 13 13
2 14 12
3 13 12
Rate after 3 minutes of vigorous exercise
7 28 17
8 24 13
9 17 12
10 14 12

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(iv) Why does the breathing rate need to rise during exercise?

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(v) Which of the pupils is more fit? Explain your reasoning

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(b)

Explain how this experiment proves that there is more carbon dioxide in exhaled air than
inhaled air.

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2.51 – 2.52 Transport in organisms

What does surface area to volume ratio mean?

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How do unicellular organisms get their nutrition and oxygen? (Use the word diffusion in
your answer)

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How do unicellular organisms get rid of their waste? (Use the word diffusion in your answer)

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Why is surface area to volume ratio important to the rate of diffusion?

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Why do multicellular organisms rely on transport systems to transport gases, nutrients, and
minerals?

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2.53 – 2.58 Transport in flowering plants

What is transported in: (use the words: sucrose, amino acids, water, named mineral
ions/salts, as well as any other substances you can)

 Phloem:
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 Xylem:
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What are the differences between Xylem and phloem?

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In what direction can the flow of

substances in the phloem go?

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Where does the phloem transport the

products of photosynthesis?

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In what direction does the flow of substances in the xylem go?

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By which process do root hair cells absorb water?

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Why do root hair cells have a higher mineral salt content than the surrounding soil?

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What would happen if there was a higher mineral salt concentration in the soil surrounding
the roots than inside the root hair cells?

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What is transpiration?

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What is the transpiration stream?

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Transpiration is affected by humidity, wind speed, temperature, and light intensity.

Explain how and why transpiration is affected by:

 Changes in humidity:
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 Wind speed: …………………………………………………………………………….

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 Temperature: …………………………………………………………………………...

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  Light intensity:
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2.58 Practical: What is a potometer and what does it do?

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Describe how this experiment will investigate the rate of transpiration

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How would you change this experiment if you were investigating how temperature, humidity
or light intensity affected the rate of transpiration?

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2.59 – 2.69 Transport in humans – blood

Describe what blood is made up of:

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Why is plasma such an important part of the blood? (use: carbon dioxide, digested food,
urea, hormones, and heat energy)

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How are red blood cells adapted to their function? (include: their shape, absence of a
nucleus, and presence of haemoglobin)

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What 2 ways does the immune system respond to disease?

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Draw, label and describe in the boxes below the action of a phagocyte ingesting a pathogen
1.

2.

3.

4.

Bacteria is now destroyed, phagocyte will go

on to carry out phagocytosis on another victim.
Draw, label and describe how lymphocytes and antibodies work in the boxes below:

1.

2.

3.

4.
Describe what a vaccination is:

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Explain how vaccinations work? (Use memory cells in your answer)

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Describe what a platelet is

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Explain the role of platelets in blood clotting

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How does blood clotting protect us from microorganisms?

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Label the outline of the heart:
Complete the diagram by adding the following labels

aorta

pulmonary artery
superior vena cava

pulmonary vein

left atrium
right atrium
coronary veins and
arteries

right ventricle
left ventricle

inferior vena cava

Through which blood vessels does:

Oxygenated blood flow through pulmonary vein, aorta and coronary veins and arteries.

Deoxygenated blood flow through inferior and superior vena cava, pulmonary artery

What do the coronary arteries do?

Provide blood supply to the heart’s muscle cells.

Why is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right?

The heart needs to pump to the whole body from the left ventricle, so it needs more
push/energy therefore more muscle.
What is the role of the valves in the heart?

To prevent backflow of blood and make sure it flows in one direction.

Describe how valves work

Pressure in the atria builds up and so the valves open. The valves can only open one way as
they have tendons connecting them to the walls of the chamber to prevent them from opening
in the opposite direction. Blood flows from the atria to the ventricles. Pressure increase in
the ventricles shuts the valves as blood tries to escape. Blood gets pumped out of the
ventricles and more blood gets pumped into the atria.
 Blood enters the atria. However, initially it cannot pass into the
Number the pictures and notes so that they provide a description of the cardiac cycle
ventricles...

A
... because the atrio-ventricular valves (the bicuspid and the tricuspid
valves) are closed.

The walls of the atria contract. This raises the pressure of the blood in
the atria which....

... forces open the atrio-ventricular valves. Blood passes through

these valves into the ventricles.

When the ventricles are full, they contract. This increases the
pressure of the blood in the ventricles...

... which closes the atrio-ventricular valves. This stops blood returning
to the atria.

The ventricles continue to contract, and the pressure continues to

increase. This forces open the semi-lunar valves at the base of the
aorta and the pulmonary artery. Blood...
D
... is ejected into these two arteries. The pulmonary artery carries
blood to the lungs. The aorta has branches that carry blood to all other
parts of the body.

As the ventricles empty, higher pressure in the aorta and pulmonary

artery closes the...

E
...valves in these blood vessels. The cycle then begins again as the
atria start to fill with blood
How does the heart rate change during exercise?

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Why does the heart rate change?

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What does adrenaline do to the heart rate?

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What is the purpose of adrenaline?

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In the table below draw and describe the structure and role of the blood vessels

Artery Vein Capillary

Draw and
label the
blood vessel
Describe how Thick muscular walls and A large lumen resists
the blood elastic fibres help blood flow under low
vessel is
withstand high blood pressure. Valves prevent
adapted to do
its function pressure. They also help the backflow of blood as
maintain the pressure its under lower
when it recoils after the pressure.
blood has passed. Narrow
lumen also helps maintain
high blood pressure.

What is the Carry oxygenated blood at

role of the high pressure away from
blood vessel
the heart at fast speed
in the body

Why do veins have valves?

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What is the difference between a single and double circulatory system?

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What are the advantages of having a double circulatory system?

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Remember this diagram!!! Note which direction the blood flows