Equivalent Circuit of Single-Core Cable Lines Suitable For Grounding Systems Analysis Under Line-to-Ground Faults

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 29, NO.

2, APRIL 2014 751

Equivalent Circuit of Single-Core Cable Lines


Suitable for Grounding Systems Analysis
Under Line-to-Ground Faults
Mirko Todorovski and Risto Ackovski, Member, IEEE

Abstract—This paper presents two approaches where the single- conductor is a bare conductor directly buried into the ground
core cable line and an additional conductor laid in parallel can and it is in good contact with it in its full length.
be reduced to a simple equivalent -circuit containing an active The modeling of grounding system elements was the subject
element beside the usual passive impedances. The parameters of
in many papers, and methods for complex systems analysis with
the equivalent circuit are calculated using a numerical approach
where the distributed parameter line was discretized and an ana- underground cables were proposed [1]–[3]. In [1], three-phase
lytical approach is based on the wave propagation theory. A series cable line with a common sheath is considered. The sheath is
of tests has been performed to determine error levels in both cases partitioned by introducing the number of fictitious nodes so that
showing that they are less than 1%. With numerical examples, we a set of linear equations is formed. The method in [2] is an ex-
show that the cable equivalent circuit offers a simple way to cal- tension of [1], where all mutual impedances were considered
culate voltages in complex grounding systems. The results are in as well as the influence of saturation of cable steel armor on
good agreement with the previously published calculated and/or
measured values. Both approaches offer the possibility of calcu- sheaths impedances. The method for analysis of the grounding
lating voltage and current distribution along the cable line which system of a single cable feeder supplying an arbitrary number
gives insight into the significance of each cable component in the of transformer stations, whose grounding electrodes are con-
complex grounding system. nected through the cable sheath, is presented in [3], where rel-
Index Terms—Cable sheaths, distributed parameter circuits, atively simple expressions are derived by assessing most rele-
equivalent circuits, fault currents, grounding electrodes, under- vant grounding effects of coated cables. Laying an additional
ground cable lines. conductor in parallel with the cable line as a measure to reduce
the current flow into the ground electrode was analyzed in [4].
More complex configurations comprised of three-single core
I. INTRODUCTION cables with or without additional conductors are considered in
[5]–[11]. In these papers, the main topic is the determination of
G ROUNDING systems of power distribution networks
are complex structures comprised of many elements,
including substations groundings which are interconnected
the fault current reduction factor and in [10] and [11], there are
comparisons with experimentally obtained measured data.
Following the idea of [9], in this paper, we develop two ap-
with overhead and cable lines. These systems should ensure
proaches where the single-core cable line can be reduced to a
that in cases with ground faults, there will be a safe level of
simple equivalent –circuit containing an active element be-
step-and-touch voltages at any point in the system, and that the
side the usual passive impedances. This equivalent circuit can
relay protection will function properly under any condition. To
be further utilized to solve complex grounding systems and to
check whether these requirements are met, one has to construct
calculate step-and-touch voltages, fault current reduction fac-
a circuit model of the grounding system and calculate the
tors, etc. The proposed methods are compared against previ-
voltage and current distribution among its element using basic
ously published calculated or measured data. The comparison
circuit theory. For the sake of result accuracy, proper models
is made with [11], where experimental measurements are per-
for each of the grounding system elements are necessary. In this
formed on a real cable line, which radially supplies two substa-
paper, we focus on the underground cable lines as components
tions connected in series. We also compare our results with the
of grounding systems which are practically most common ele-
calculated values of [11].
ments in the distribution networks of large cities. Specifically,
we consider single-core cables with metallic sheath insulated
from ground (coated cables) which, in many cases, are laid out II. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
in the same trench in parallel with an additional conductor. This
Let us consider an underground cable line comprised of three
single-core cables whose metallic sheaths are isolated from the
Manuscript received March 07, 2013; revised June 19, 2013; accepted August ground (coated cables). Very often, in the same trench with the
07, 2013. Date of publication August 28, 2013; date of current version March
20, 2014. Paper no. TPWRD-00264-2013. cables, an uncoated conductor is installed, referred to as an ad-
The authors are with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information ditional conductor. In such cases, it is common practice to con-
Technologies, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Mace- nect all ends of metallic sheaths, as well as the additional con-
donia (e-mail: mirko@feit.ukim.edu.mk; acko@feit.ukim.edu.mk).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
ductor, to the groundings at both ends of the cable line. Three
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. cases of possible configurations of the underground cable line
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2013.2277887 comprising of three single-core coated cables and an additional

0885-8977 © 2013 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
752 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 29, NO. 2, APRIL 2014

(EMTP)-type software [16]–[17]. For a wide range or earth re-


sistivity and distances between conductors
(0.1-10 m), errors are below 1% which is tolerable, keeping in
mind the uncertainty of other factors of interest (actual earth re-
sistivity, short-circuit current, and substation ground resistance).
Fig. 1. Possible layouts of thee single-core cables and an additional conductor. Note that in this paper, all complex quantities are underlined.
Besides the four conductors shown in Fig. 2 (three cable
sheaths and one additional conductor), there are three more
conductors, namely, the phase conductors. Under normal cir-
cumstances, they are not connected to the grounding systems
with direct metallic connections in any way, but they are mutu-
ally coupled to the cable sheaths and the additional conductor.
This coupling induces voltages in the cable sheaths and the
additional conductor, which are proportional to the intensity
of the phase currents. When grounding system analysis is
of interest, as in this case, we are particularly interested in
Fig. 2. Segment of the distributed parameters underground four-wire line.
situations with single phase ground faults since in that case
grounding potentials are highest and might yield to possible
danger from touch and step voltages. In cases with such faults
uncoated conductor are given in Fig. 1, where the single-core ca- we may consider that there is a current in just one phase con-
bles are marked with 1, 2 and 3, while the additional conductor ductor and neglect the currents in the other two since they are
is marked with 4. significantly smaller than the fault current. If we assume that
Since in the whole length of the cable line, the additional con- the fault current flows through phase (1, 2, or 3), then the
ductor is in a continuous contact with the ground, the aforemen- induced voltages (per-unit length) in the cable sheaths and the
tioned four-wire configuration should be treated as a multiphase additional conductor are
distributed parameters line whose equivalent circuit is given in
Fig. 2. In the figure, only sheaths are represented, while the and (4)
phase conductors, which are mutually coupled with them, are where is the mutual impedance between phase conductor
modeled with appropriate induced voltages. and cable sheaths ( 1, 2, and 3) and the additional conductor
In Fig. 2, we have depicted single segment of the line 4). This impedance can be calculated with (2) using appro-
with length which is composed of a serial and two shunt priate distances. We can also model other types of faults, but in
elements. The serial part is represented with four generators that case, we should modify (4) since there might be a current
connected in series with the line impedances, which are repre- flow in more than one phase.
sented by a 4 4 impedance matrix . The elements of the The shunt elements in Fig. 2 are due to the current leakage
impedance matrix per-unit length are calculated with analytical from the additional conductor into the ground which is modeled
expressions (1) and (2) as in [7] and [10], which are based with shunt admittance where per-unit length admittance
on the Carson’s theory of the ground fault current return path is calculated as in [16]
through the earth [12]
(5)
(1)
where is the cable length (in meters), and and (both in me-
(2)
ters) are the burial depth and radius of the additional conductor.
In fact, we treat the additional conductor the same way as buried
where is the resistance per-unit length of conductor (in pipelines are treated in [14, Ch. 5] where they are included as
), , , are the relative an additional conductor into a multiphase line.
permeability of the conductor material (usually ), is
the radius of conductor (in meters), is distance between III. CABLE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
conductors and (in meters), and is the equivalent earth
penetration depth (in meters) calculated in the following way Definition of the Equivalent –Circuit
The four voltage generators from Fig. 2 can be transformed
(3)
into current generators as in Fig. 3. Their currents are calculated
with (6), from where it is obvious that they do not depend on the
where is the earth resistivity (in ). Parameter for
segment length .
round conductors, while for hollow conductors, it is calculated
as , where is (6)
the ratio of the inner and outer conductor radiuses [13]. Al-
though (1)–(3) are just an approximation, they are quite accu- In (6), we have introduced matrix .
rate at power frequencies (50/60 Hz, which are of interest in Furthermore, there will be such quadruplets of current gener-
this paper), compared with more accurate approximate formulas ators for each segment of the cable line, and their currents will
[14]–[15] usually used in Electromagnetic Transients Program be the same. The orientation of these current generators in all
TODOROVSKI AND ACKOVSKI: EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF SINGLE-CORE CABLE LINES 753

Fig. 3. Segment of the cable line with equivalent current generators. Fig. 5. Passive part of the cable line divided in a finite number of segments.

The admittance matrix for the serial parts of the segments is

(10)

while the shunt admittances of the segments are calculated as


Fig. 4. Scheme of the equivalent –circuit.
(11)

segments is the same, that is, they are pointing from the end to- where is the segment length. Note that we assume
ward the beginning of the segment. If we consider two consec- equal earth resistivity along the line. Sometimes this assumption
utive segments and , it is obvious that at their common point may be too rigorous for a cable length up to several kilometers.
, there will be a quadruplet of currents flowing out of (due to In these cases, we should split the cable in sections where earth
segment ) and a quadruplet of currents flowing into (due to resistivity is constant and apply the same approach on a section
segment ). Since the currents are equal, the net current injection base.
at point is zero. This is the case for all cable segments except For the circuit in Fig. 5, we construct the bus admittance ma-
the first (starting at ) and the last (ending at ) since there are no trix in two steps. In the first step, we consider the serial branches
segments before and after them, respectively. Consequently, we only while the shunt branches, which are not mutually coupled,
will have a single quadruplet of current generators going from will be added in the second step.
point to point . These four current generators can be repre- Throughout this section for all matrices, we use sparse storage
sented by a single equivalent generator and operations which are readily available in or
GNU Octave.
(7) First, we form the incidence matrix for the serial branches
with dimensions . For the case with three segments
(Fig. 5), the incidence matrix is
The rest of the circuit from Fig. 2, which is comprised of a pas-
sive element, can only be represented by an equivalent –circuit
so that the equivalent circuit for the four-wire cable line will ob-
tain the form given in Fig. 4, which is also used as a modeling
basis of the EMTP [16], [18]. In the following text, we give two
procedures for calculating the parameters and .

A. Circuit Theory Approach


The passive part of the circuit given in Fig. 2 is comprised
of a large number of segments with small lengths which, in
the limiting case, leads to an infinite number of infinitesimally
short segments. However, for practical applications even with a (12)
modest number of segments, we will obtain quite accurate re- while, in a general case for its nonzero elements, we may write
sults. A discussion on the accuracy of the results as a conse-
quence of the number of segments is given in Section IV. For for and (13)
now, we assume that the number of segments is known and equal for and
to . If we split the cable line in segments, we obtain the cir- (14)
cuit from Fig. 5 where for the sake of simplicity, we have drawn
the case with 3. The number of nodes and number of se- for (15)
rial branches in the circuit are given by for (16)

(8) The branch admittance matrix is with dimension and


(9) it is block diagonal with the number of blocks is equal to the
754 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 29, NO. 2, APRIL 2014

number of segments. In the case with 3, it has the following Besides the parameters of the equivalent –circuit, it is useful
structure: to calculate the distribution of voltages and currents across the
cable line. Assume that the voltages and , with refer-
ence to remote earth, which depend on the situation outside the
cable line, such as the location and intensity of fault current, are
(17) known (see Section IV-B). Then, the voltages of all inner nodes
in Fig. 5 can be calculated from the bus admittance matrix which
is known through (18)–(20).
Having the incidence and branch admittance matrices in the We start with (21) by omitting the first and the last row in the
first step, we construct the bus admittance matrix for the serial matrix equation since the first and the last voltage are known.
branches as Then, in the remaining rows, we transfer the terms from the first
and the last column on the right-hand side of the equation so that
(18) we obtain the following system of linear equations:
In the second step, we add to the bus admittance matrix the shunt (26)
branches in the following way:
where is a submatrix of comprised of rows and
for (19) columns from 2 to , is a vector of voltages for the
for and (20) inner nodes, and and are the first and last columns of ,
where the row number also goes from 2 to .
where the subscript “old” denotes the bus admittance matrix The vector of all voltages consists of the voltage fol-
obtained in the first step and the subscript “new” denotes the lowed by the vector calculated from (26) and the voltage
same matrix at the end of step two. at the end
In order to proceed, we now need to calculate the input and
mutual impedances for buses 1 and , that is, , , , (27)
and . The most obvious way to calculate them is to perform
matrix inverse on the bus admittance matrix. But this is not the Once we know the voltage vector , the branch currents are
most efficient procedure since it is both memory and time con- simply
suming. We will use a different approach instead. We will solve
the following system of equations: (28)

(21) where is an operator that creates a vector consisting of an


tiling copies of .
twice for two different vectors on the right-hand side. In the first The currents leaking from the additional conductor to the
case, we set all elements of to zero and put 1 and in the ground are
second case, we set all elements of to zero and put 1. In
such a way, we obtain the first and last column of the inverse of (29)
the bus admittance matrix, that is, we obtain , ,
and out of these columns. where is a vector with voltages for the additional conductor
With these four impedances, we can calculate the reduced bus comprised of every fourth element of .
admittance matrix
B. Wave Propagation Theory Approach
(22) For the circuit of Fig. 2, we can write the following differ-
ential equation in matrix form, where and are vectors with
which is related only to buses 1 and , meaning that all other four elements:
buses are eliminated which was our goal since we are aiming
for a circuit as in Fig. 4. (30)
On the other hand, the reduced bus admittance matrix can be
easily constructed from Fig. 4 and it has the following form: (31)

(23) At this stage, we will assume that all off diagonal elements of
are equal as given in (32) where we use for the impedance
of the cable sheaths, for the impedance of the additional con-
Finally, having the elements of , we calculate ductor, and for the mutual impedances
(24)

and
(32)
(25)
TODOROVSKI AND ACKOVSKI: EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF SINGLE-CORE CABLE LINES 755

Mutual impedance is an average value of all mutual im- From (37) for , we have
pedances, given with (2), and may be calculated as
(42)

which after double integration becomes


(33)

(43)
where the terms under the root operator are the distances be-
tween cable sheaths (indices 1–3) and the additional conductor
(index 4). The influence of mutual impedances approximation where and are constants that could be determined from
on the accuracy of the results is discussed in Section IV. Diag- the boundary conditions for which are the same as for
onal elements in (32) are calculated using (1). since all conductors are connected together at both ends of the
The matrix is line.
In this case, the first boundary condition for is

(34) (44)

while the second boundary condition for is


where is calculated using (5).
Introducing
(45)
(35)
and After solving for and and substituting in (43) for , we
(36) obtain the following equation:

and combining (30) and (31), the voltage equation becomes

(46)
(37)
where we have also used the following identity
The system of (37) is usually solved using modal transforma- .
tion [19], which is used to decouple matrix equations. However, In (46), is expressed in terms of for which there is
since the last equation in (37) is completely decoupled from the a solution given by (41). The same can be done for the first
other and it is a homogeneous differential equation of the second derivative of which is
order in one unknown , we may solve it without modal trans-
formation. This equation can be easily solved using the method
known as the variation of constants. According to this method, (47)
the solution can be written as
Here, we would like to stress the fact that in this case, the
(38)
following identity holds since from (37), it is
obvious that the differential equations for these three voltages
where and are constants that should be determined.
are the same. Once we have all four voltages, that is, their first
It happens that (35) is equal to the fourth modal propagation
derivatives, we may use (30) to find the currents
constant since eigenvalues of are . Please
note that (36) is not a modal propagation constant.
These two constants can be determined from the boundary
conditions for , where and for , where
. From the boundary conditions, we obtain (48)

(39) After certain algebraic operations for the total current, which is
(40) a sum of all four currents, we obtain

and after solving for and and substituting in (38) for the
voltage , we obtain the following:

(41) (49)
756 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 29, NO. 2, APRIL 2014

For the last term of (49) keeping in mind (41), we can write Since all derivations in this section are performed on the four-
the following: wire model of the cable, where only the sheaths are represented,
currents given with (61) and (62) do not include the effect of
mutual coupling with the phase conductors. Therefore, vector
with currents in the sheaths and the additional conductor,
including this coupling is
(50)
(63)

(51) where is given with (6).

Substituting (50) into (49) yields IV. RESULTS

A. Testing the Accuracy of the Proposed Procedures


(52) The proposed procedures in Sections III-B and C have been
tested for accuracy on a case with a cable line comprised of three
single-core 110-kV cables of type XHLP [11] and an additional
(53) conductor made of copper wire with a cross section of
buried on depth of 0.8 m. The cable sheaths are made of copper
At this point, we have all of the elements necessary to calculate with a cross section of and inner and outer radiuses of
the parameters and for the equivalent –circuit of Fig. 4. 45.166 mm and 45.5 mm, respectively, while the radius of the
From Fig. 4, using the basic circuit laws, we obtain copper wire is 4 mm. The power frequency is 50 Hz.
The configuration of the cable line is as in Fig. 1(a) with an
(54) equal distance of 95 mm between the conductors.
We have performed a series of tests with variable earth resis-
tivity in the range 25-1000 m and variable cable length in
(55) the range 500–5000 m. In the tests (70 in total), we have com-
pared the calculated values for and against their accu-
From (52) setting and , respectively, we obtain rate values and obtained with Alternate Transients Pro-
gram–Electromagnetic Transients Program (ATP-EMTP) [20].
(56) Keeping in mind that we are dealing with steady-state condi-
tions at low frequency, we use cascaded pi-sections to represent
the cable. The section length was 1 m. Impedances ,
(57) , , and , which are used in (22)–(25), are equal
to voltages and (calculated with ATP-EMTP) in cases
Substituting (56) and (57) into (54) and (55) for the parameters when we inject a current of 1 A into nodes and , respec-
and , we obtain relatively simple formulas tively. Practically, the same results are obtained with the proce-
dure from Section III-B since voltages and are strongly
dependent on the cable grounding conditions (substation ground
(58)
resistances and additional conductance of the bare conductor).
The errors are calculated as

(64)
(59)
(65)
In this case, (7) can also be expressed in an analytical form as
In the first test, we estimated the largest value of the segment
length in such a way that both errors and are less than
1%. The results are presented in Fig. 6 where the horizontal axis
(60)
is the cable length and the vertical axis is the segment length.
At the end, we use (48) to derive the expressions for current
distribution along the cable line from where we obtain Different curves are for different earth resistivity as given in the
legend on the right-hand side. From the results, we see that in
cases with low earth resistivity, shorter segments are required
(61) but in any case, the required segment length is no shorter than
100 m. Therefore, as a general rule, we recommend that seg-
ments of 100 m be used in any case so that we are certain that
the errors will be less than 1%.
In the second test, we have computed the errors in the calcula-
(62)
tions with the procedure from Section III-C. In the same manner
TODOROVSKI AND ACKOVSKI: EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF SINGLE-CORE CABLE LINES 757

Fig. 9. Equivalent circuit for the system of Fig. 8.

Fig. 6. Largest value of segment length which guarantees errors less than 1%
– for different earth resistivity.

Fig. 10. Currents in the grounding system of the cable line.

–circuit for the cable line are calculated with (7), (24), and (25)
using 1000 and they are
Fig. 7. Error in calculation with the procedure from Section III-C for dif-
ferent earth resistivity.

The circuit from Fig. 9 can be solved by various methods but


they are out of the scope of this paper; therefore, we only give
the final solution.
The voltages at both ends of the cable line are

Fig. 8. Cable line connecting two substations.


while the calculated currents are presented in kiloamperes in
Fig. 10 where, for convenience, the current generator is con-
verted into voltage generator .
as in Fig. 6, we present in Fig. 7. The error since
In Figs. 11–13, we present the variation in voltages and cur-
does not depend on the mutual impedances at all as given in
rents along the cable line. The results have shown that the volt-
(57). It is evident that the biggest errors are in cases with low
ages in all three cable sheaths are practically the same; the dif-
earth resistivity but they are no higher than 1% which is quite
ferences are very small so that in Fig. 11, a single curve for all
acceptable for any practical application.
three sheaths is drawn. This is in the line with the analytical
“prediction” in (36) that they are exactly the same, meaning that
B. Numerical Examples
the analytical model from Section III-C is quite accurate.
1) Case 1: Consider 110-kV cable, with construction data as The axial currents in all three sheaths are constant throughout
in the previous section, connecting the high-voltage supply sub- the cable length since the cable sheaths are insulated from the
station and medium-voltage distribution substation at a distance ground. Furthermore, they are different among the phases
of 2.5 km. The grounding resistances of the supply and distribu- amounting to 4913 , 3030 , and
tion substation are and , respectively, 2273 , respectively. On the other hand, the current
while the predefined earth resistivity is . At the in the additional conductor varies between 891 at
distribution substation, a single-line-to-ground fault occurs on the beginning and 1277 at the end of cable.
phase 1 with fault current 10 kA (Fig. 8). The effective value of the radial current per unit length which
The equivalent circuit for the supply system considered in flows out from the additional conductor to the ground is pre-
this section is given in Fig. 9. The parameters of the equivalent sented in Fig. 13. We see that the currents are relatively small
758 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 29, NO. 2, APRIL 2014

Fig. 11. Voltages along the cable line.


Fig. 14. Equivalent circuit for the Case 3 .

In this case there are two cables connected in series with


lengths of 2320 m and 4270 m, respectively. The earth resis-
tivity in [11] was obtained experimentally and it is
for the first cable section and for the second. The
equivalent circuit and the results are presented in Fig. 14. Using
(66) we have calculated and
. The ground resistances are
. From Fig. 14 we see that the reduction
factor defined as a ratio of the current going into the ground and
the total fault current is which is in a good
Fig. 12. Axial currents along the cable line. agreement with the experimental results in [11]. The measured
value of the reduction factor in [11] is . In the
same paper reported calculated values is .

V. CONCLUSIONS
The paper presents two approaches in modeling underground
cable lines where it was shown that the complex systems of the
cable line comprised of four coupled wires can be reduced to a
simple equivalent –circuit. The parameters of the equivalent
circuit can be calculated using numerical approach based on a
simple circuit theory where the distributed parameter line was
discretized or on an analytical approach based on the wave prop-
agation theory where the mutual impedances were averaged.
Fig. 13. Radial currents along the additional conductor. The main advantage of the method based on circuit theory is the
possibility for exact modeling of all mutual impedances. How-
ever, usage of an average value of mutual impedance (33) in the
but if we sum all of them, that is, if we integrate this current approach based on wave propagation theory does not affect the
along the whole cable length, we get kA, which results by more than 1%. For practical application we may con-
is exactly the sum of the two currents flowing through both sider both approaches equally good and the second one is easier
components of the equivalent –circuit of Fig. 10. to apply since the elements of the equivalent circuit are obtained
2) Case 2: Using the same type of cable as in Case 1 in [11] with simple formulas (58)–(60).
three phase single-core cable line without the additional con- The tests have shown that in the first case a discretization step
ductor is considered. In this case we may apply the procedure of 100 m guaranties errors lower than 1%, while on the other
from Section III-B with only one section since there is no con- hand in the second case the errors are lower that 1% as well.
ductor in contact with the ground. This significantly simplifies Therefore both approaches are practically applicable, and they
the calculations and we are in a position to perform them sym- have been applied on real cable lines whose data were taken
bolically which gives the following formulas for parameters of from the literature.
the equivalent –circuit It was shown that they offer a simple way in calculating volt-
ages in complex grounding systems and the results are in a good
(66) agreement with the previously published calculated and mea-
sured values [11]. Both approaches offer a possibility to calcu-
(67) late voltage and current distribution along the cable line which
gives us an insight of the significance of each cable component
while . in the complex grounding system.
TODOROVSKI AND ACKOVSKI: EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF SINGLE-CORE CABLE LINES 759

The numerical approach offers more possibilities which [13] P. R. Karmel, G. D. Colef, and R. L. Camisa, Introduction to Electro-
should be further exploited. They include its application in magnetic and Microwave Engineering. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 1998,
p. 290.
problems where the additional conductor is not laid along the [14] L. M. Wedepohl and D. J. Wilcox, “Transient analysis of underground
entire cable length and/or cases with variable earth resistivity power-transmission systems. System-model and wave-propagation
along the path. In these cases, the equivalent –circuit will not characteristics,” Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng, vol. 120, no. 2, pp. 253–260,
Feb. 1973.
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902–910, May 1980.
[16] H. W. Dommel, EMTP Theory Book, 2nd ed. Vancouver, BC,
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Canada: Microtran Power Syst. Anal. Corporation, 1996.
[17] EMTDC, Transient Analysis for PSCAD Power System Simulation,
The authors are thankful to Prof. Dragoslav Rajicic for proof- User’s Guide. Winnipeg, MB, Canada: Manitoba HVDC Research
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[18] H. W. Dommel, “Digital computer solution of electromagnetic tran-
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[2] J. M. Nahman, V. B. Djordjevic, and D. D. Salamon, “Grounding ef-
Administration (BPA) . Vancouver, WA, USA: Canadian/American
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[3] J. Nahman, “Earthing effects of coated underground cables with Mirko Todorovski was born in Skopje, Macedonia,
metallic shields bonded to earth electrodes,” Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., on January 21, 1972. He received the B.Sc, M.Sc.,
Gen. Transm. Distrib, vol. 144, pp. 26–30, Jan. 1997. and D.Sc. degrees in electric power engineering from
[4] L. M. Popovic, “Efficient reduction of fault current through the University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, in 1995,
grounding grid of substation supplied by cable line,” IEEE Trans. 1998, and 2004, respectively.
Power Del., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 556–561, Apr. 2000. From 1997 to 2005, he was with the Research
[5] I. Sarajcev, M. Majstrovic, and I. Medic, “Current reduction factor of Center for Energy, Informatics and Materials of
compensation conductors laid alongside three single-core cables in flat the Macedonian Academy of Arts and Sciences,
formation,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Electromagn. Compat., 2003, vol. Skopje. In 2006, he joined the Faculty of Electrical
2, pp. 1020–1023. Engineering and Information Technologies, Univer-
[6] I. Sarajcev, M. Majstrovic, and R. Goic, “Determining currents of cable sity Ss. Cyril and Methodius, where he is currently
sheaths by means of current load factor and current reduction factor,” an Associate Professor in the Department of Power Systems. His research
presented at the IEEE Power Tech Conf., Bologna, Italy, 2003. interests includes software design and modeling in power system analysis under
[7] L. M. Popovic, “Determination of the reduction factor for feeding cable steady-state and transient conditions, as well as the application of optimization
lines consisting of three single-core cables,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., methods.
vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 736–743, Jul. 2003.
[8] Y. X. Shi, H. Q. Niu, Y. Zhang, Z. P. Yi, X. B. Wang, and Y. G. Liu, “A
new method for evaluating fault reduction factor in HV cable system,”
in Proc. IEEE/Power Energy Soc. Transm. Distrib. Conf. Exhibit,: Asia Risto Ackovski (M’95) was born in Skopje, Mace-
Pacific, Dalian, China, 2005, pp. 1–5. donia, on February 14, 1950. He received the B.Sc.
[9] D. Rajicic and R. Ackovski, “Modeling underground lines as compo- degree in electric power engineering from University
nents of distribution network grounding systems,” in Proc. Comput. Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, in 1973, the M.Sc.
Tool, EUROCON , Belgrade, Serbia, 2005, vol. 2, pp. 1255–1258. degree in electric power engineering from University
[10] L. M. Popovic, “Improved analytical expressions for the reduction of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia, in 1978, and the D.Sc.
factor of feeding lines consisting of three single-core cables,” Eur. degree in electric power engineering from University
Trans. Elect. Power, vol. 18, pp. 190–203, 2008. Ss. Cyril and Methodius in 1990.
[11] L. M. Popovic, “Influence of metal installations surrounding the Since 1974, he has been with the Faculty of Elec-
feeding cable line on the ground fault current distribution in supplied trical Engineering and Information Technologies,
substations,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 2583–2590, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, where he is
Oct. 2008. currently Full Professor and Chair of the High Voltage Laboratory. His areas of
[12] J. R. Carson, “Wave propagation in overhead wires with ground re- interest include power system analysis, power system reliability, power quality,
turn,” Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 5, pp. 539–554, 1926. and high voltage.

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