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CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

MARK SCHEME for the March 2016 series

0610 BIOLOGY
0610/42 Paper 4 Theory (Extended), maximum raw mark 80

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of
the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not
indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began,
which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner
Report for Teachers.

Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the March 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®
and Cambridge International A and AS Level components.

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.

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Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge IGCSE – March 2016 0610 42

Mark schemes will use these abbreviations

• ; separates marking points

• / alternatives
• I ignore
• R reject
• A accept (for answers correctly cued by the question, or guidance for examiners)
• AW alternative wording (where responses vary more than usual)
• AVP any valid point
• ecf credit a correct statement / calculation that follows a previous wrong response
• ora or reverse argument
• () the word / phrase in brackets is not required, but sets the context
• underline actual word given must be used by candidate (grammatical variants excepted)
• max indicates the maximum number of marks that can be given

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Question Expected answers Mark Additional Guidance

1 (a) (i) A cytoplasm ;

B nucleus ; [2]

(ii) forms a barrier between the cell and its surroundings ;

keeps contents of cell inside ;
allows / controls / (movement of) substances, into / out, of the cell / across
membrane ; [max 1]

(iii) irregular shape / rounded shape / not columnar / not cylindrical / not rectangular / no A ORA if palisade cell specified
specific shape ; [1]

(b) large surface area ;

more surface for respiration ; A more surface area for enzymes
allows, increased / faster / efficient, respiration ; [max 1]

(c) 1 mitochondria are site of aerobic respiration / production of (most of the) ATP ; mpt 1 I respiration R anaerobic
2 liver cell / heart cell, is very active / use lots of energy / respire more ; mpt 3 e.g. active transport / making
3 e.g. function of liver cell or heart cell ; enzymes / making bile / muscle contraction /
4 sperm cells, are active / swim / beating flagella ; heart pumping
5 sperm cells have few mitochondria, as they are small ; mpt 4 I move unqualified
6 red blood cells, full of haemoglobin / more space for oxygen / AW ; mpt 7 I do not need any energy
7 red blood cells, use less energy / do not actively move ; [max 4]

[Total: 9]

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Question Expected answers Mark Additional Guidance

2 (a) ADCFBGE [1]

(b) 1 ref to chemical neurotransmitter ; A named neurotransmitter

2 from / in, vesicles / sacs ;
3 neurotransmitter diffuses ; mpt 3/5 R impulse
4 across synaptic cleft / gap ;
5 neurotransmitter binds with receptors ; [max 3]

(c) (i) sleeplessness ; I symptoms of use

hallucinations ;
muscle cramps / restless legs ;
nausea ;
vomiting ;
headaches ;
sweating ;
aggression / agitation / restlessness / anxiety / mood swings / panic attacks ;
AVP ; e.g. shivering / diarrhoea [max 2]

(ii) (addicts) turn to crime to finance their addiction / AW ;

more opportunity to become drug dealers / mule/ AW ; [max 1]

(d) (i) 1 harmless / dead / weakened / attenuated, (named) pathogen / microorganisms ;

2 injected / ingested ;
3 ref to antigens ;
4 antigen / vaccine, triggers antibody production ;
5 by lymphocytes ;
6 memory cells are produced ;
7 long-term immunity / rapid immune response ; mpt 7 R resistance I permanent
[max 4]

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Question Expected answers Mark Additional Guidance

(ii) 1 short-term defence against pathogens ;

2 no immune response / immediate protection / no memory cells produced /
no antibodies produced by the body ;
3 from antibodies, acquired from elsewhere / AW ;
4 e.g. across placenta / breast-feeding / breast milk / colostrum / antitoxin /
antivenom / tetanus injection / immunoglobulins ; [max 2]

[Total: 13]

3 (a) C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 ;; 1 mark for correct equation

[2] 1 mark for correct balancing

(b) (i) 4.1 (cm3 per min) ; [1]

(ii) a single line below the original curve on the graph and following the same shape ; tolerance of ½ small square
line starts at origin ; mpt 1:
• no touching / crossing, lines
• if line continues past beyond 6.0, must
[2] not drop or go above 4.1 cm3 per min
• no feathery line

(iii) enzymes denatured / yeast died ; [max 1] R enzyme killed / yeast denatured

(c) (named) alcohol production ; I fermentation / baking

producing biofuels / ethanol ;
production of yeast extract ;
GM yeast ; [max 1]

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Question Expected answers Mark Additional Guidance

(d) (i) stirrer max 1 from each part

keeps microorganism suspended / prevent it from sinking ; stirrer
enables microorganisms to always have access to nutrients ; I mixing unqualified
maintain even temperature ; I providing microorganisms with nutrients
to create uniform / even / homogenous mixture ;
to form pellets of fungus / avoid mat formation ;

water-filled jacket water-filled jacket

reduces heat energy / temperature ; A regulates temperature
maintains, a constant / suitable / optimum, temperature ; [1+1+1] I cooling

probes probes
monitor / detect / measure, temperature / pH / gas concentration / pressure / I controls / ensures
nutrients ; [3]

(ii) prevent contamination ; [1] I ref to purity / impurities

[Total: 11]

4 (a) 1 overall carbon dioxide concentration increases ;

2 at a steady rate ; A gradual I constant
3 there are minor fluctuations in carbon dioxide concentration ;
4 the fluctuations occur, regularly / yearly / seasonally ;
5 use of comparative figures with year and concentration with units ; [max 3]

(b) (i) methane ; I carbon dioxide / carbon monoxide / water

unqualified.
[1] A other correct greenhouse gases

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Question Expected answers Mark Additional Guidance

(ii) 1 radiation / light from the Sun hits, Earth / atmosphere ; I climate change
2 (named) short-wave radiation passes through carbon dioxide layer ;
3 re-radiated / reflected, from the ground as long-wave radiation / infrared / heat mpt 3 A re-emitted
energy ;
4 long-wave radiation / infrared / heat energy, trapped / prevented from escaping
from atmosphere by carbon dioxide ; [max 3]

(c) mineral ion function in plants effect of ion deficiency on plants I reference to yields

make amino acids /

poor growth / lower leaves die
nitrate proteins / DNA / RNA /
early ;
enzymes / chlorophyll ;
used to make
magnesium yellow leaves / chlorosis ; I chloroplasts
chlorophyll / pigments ;
phosphate used for making DNA poor root growth
[4]

(d) 1 fertiliser / nutrients, leached into / enter, rivers / streams / lakes ;

2 causing algal bloom / algae growth ;
3 algae block sunlight from entering water ;
4 so rooted plants unable to photosynthesise ;
5 so plants die ; A decomposers for bacteria
6 bacteria, decompose / feed, on dead plants ; R if incorrect reason
7 so bacterial population increase ; I bacteria breed unqualified
8 bacteria respire aerobically ;
9 bacteria use up the oxygen in the water ;
10 organisms / fish / creatures, die / suffocate / migrate, due to lack of oxygen ; [max 6]

[Total: 17]

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Question Expected answers Mark Additional Guidance

5 (a) canine A ripping / pulling

piercing / tearing the food ; I cutting / biting

molar
chewing / grinding the food ; [2]

(b) (i) 1 tiger has more pointed incisors / rabbit has less pointed incisors ; mpt 1 I flat
2 tiger has canines / rabbit has no canines ; mpt 1 A chisel / wedge- shaped
3 tiger has jagged, premolars / molars ; mpt 2 I tiger has more canines
4 tiger has fewer molars / rabbits have more molars ; mpt 3 A rabbits have flat, premolar / molars
5 rabbit has a diastema / (larger) gap between incisors and pre molars ; A tigers have no, diastema / smaller gap
between incisors and pre molars
[max 2] I ref to size (photo are not to scale)

(ii) canines ; I ref to incisors

jagged, premolars / molars ; A carnassial / sharp for jagged
eyes positioned at the front of the skull ; I ref to absence of diastema
pointed ridge / crest, on skull ; [1]

(c) (i) 12 / 44 × 100

27 ;; [2]

(ii) arguments for carnivore:

1 has same number of incisors as, other carnivores / 5 / 6 ;
2 has same number of canines as, other carnivores 5 / 6 ;
3 has same number of molars as, 6 / a carnivore ;

arguments against carnivore:

4 same number of premolars as, herbivores / 3 / 4;
5 1 / 2 / 3 / some herbivores / omnivores, also have 12 incisors ;
6 1 / 2 / 3 / some herbivores / omnivores, also have 4 canines ; [max 4]

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Question Expected answers Mark Additional Guidance

(d) 1 denatures enzymes in microorganisms ; R kills enzymes

2 kills, microorganisms / (named) pathogens ; R denatures
3 optimum pH for pepsin activity ;
4 proteins are digested / broken down, to (poly)peptides / amino acids ; [max 3]

(e) 1 villi lining / epithelium, only one cell thick / thin ; I villi is 1 cell thick
2 good blood supply / many capillaries ;
3 microvilli ;
4 large surface area ;
5 lacteal for fats / fatty acid, absorption ;
6 protein channels ;
7 mitochondria for active transport ; [max 3]

(f) 1 weight loss / poor growth / lack of energy / stomach pain / abdominal pain / I weak / sluggish
cramps / diarrhoea / weaker immune system ;
2 malnutrition / deficiency disease ;

3,4 named, nutrient deficiency / effect, with deficient nutrient ;;;

&5 e.g. anaemia → iron / vitamin B12
kwashiorkor → protein ;
marasmus → all nutrients
scurvy → vitamin C
night blindness →vitamin A / retinol [max 3]

[Total: 20]

6 (a) Osteocephalus ; [1]

(b) (i) 1 two strands twisted to form helix ;

2 cross-links between the strands ;
3 A joins with T / C joins with G ; A base / sugar / deoxyribose / phosphate
4 all labels correct ; / hydrogen bond / nucleotide / crosslinks
[max 3] / double helix

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Question Expected answers Mark Additional Guidance

(ii) the sequence of bases in DNA are used ;

base sequences / DNA / genes, that are more similar mean that organisms are I genetic material
more closely related ; ORA [2]

(c) (i) gene ; [1]

(ii) 1 mRNA carries a copy of the gene / DNA / base pair sequence ;
2 mRNA travel from the nucleus ;
3 to the ribosome / cytoplasm ;
4 order of amino acids depends on the sequence of bases in mRNA / AW ; [max 3]

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