Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

BIOLOGY 0610/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) May/June 2016
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 80

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have

bestexamhelp.com
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®,
Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.

This syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.

This document consists of 11 printed pages.

© UCLES 2016 [Turn over]

 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2016 0610 42

Abbreviations used in the Mark Scheme

• ; separates marking points

• / separates alternatives within a marking point
• R reject
• ignore mark as if this material was not present
• A accept (a less than ideal answer which should be marked correct)
• AW alternative wording (accept other ways of expressing the same idea)
• underline words underlined (or grammatical variants of them) must be present
• max indicates the maximum number of marks that can be awarded
• mark independently the second mark may be given even if the first mark is wrong
• ecf credit a correct statement that follows a previous wrong response
• ( ) the word / phrase in brackets is not required, but sets the context
• ora or reverse argument
• AVP any valid point

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2016 0610 42

Question Answer Marks Guidance Notes

1 (a) septum ; [1]

(b) (i) blood flows through heart twice, for one (complete) circuit / to get
backto the same point ;
one loop to lungs, and one loop to rest of the body ; [max 1]

(ii) high(er), blood pressure / flow rate (than single circulation) ; A more efficient / faster, delivery / removal, of a
allows different blood pressure in each loop ; named blood component e.g. oxygen
prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood ; I maintain blood pressure
allows animals to have high metabolic rates ;
allows animals to be, large / tall ; [max 1]

(c) description name of structure letter on Fig 1.1 one mark for each correct row
heart chamber with
the thickest muscular left ventricle C;
wall
the blood vessel
carrying oxygenated pulmonary vein K;
blood to the heart
the blood vessel that
carries oxygenated
aorta P;
blood away from the
heart
a blood vessel that
carries blood away renal vein M;
from the kidneys
the blood vessel with
vena cava N [4]
the largest lumen

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2016 0610 42

Question Answer Marks Guidance Notes

(d) (blood) enters heart at right atrium / A (from the vena cava / N) ; R contradictions between letters and structures
then atrium contracts ; I valves unqualified
correct ref to atrioventricular valve ;
then to right ventricle / D ;
then ventricle contracts ;
correct ref to semi-lunar valves ;
then pulmonary artery / J, to lungs / O ; [max 4]

(e) (i) (more) exercise / AW ; I ref to diet

stop / less, smoking ;
reduced stress ; [max 1]

(ii) stent ; max 1 if no named procedure.

small mesh tube inserted in artery ;
opens / supports, (narrow / weak) artery ;
(balloon) angioplasty / dilatation ;
(tube / catheter with) balloon inserted into artery ;
inflate balloon to widen artery ;
by-pass ; I open heart surgery / heart transplants
(another / shunt) blood vessel joined / grafted / replace, artery ; [max 2]

[Total: 14]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2016 0610 42

Question Answer Marks Guidance Notes

2 (a) (i) single celled / unicellular ;

no (true) nucleus / no nuclear membrane ;
loop of DNA ; I DNA strand unqualified A naked DNA
no, (membrane-bound) organelles ; e.g. no mitochondria / chloroplasts I flagella, capsule, pili, cilia
(peptidoglycan / murein) cell wall ; R cellulose cell wall
reproduce by binary fission ;
small(er) / 70S, ribosomes ;
plasmids ; [max 2]
(ii) swim / movement / AW ; [1]
(b) harmless / attenuated / dead / AW, form of, (named) pathogen / antigen
used ;
(vaccine) injected / swallowed ;
ref to specific / unique / AW, antigen ;
lymphocytes make antibodies ;
ref to memory cells ;
ref to active immunity ;
rapid, immune response / AW, if exposure to same pathogen ; A long term immunity
herd immunity ;
AVP ; e.g. detail of active immunity / smallpox became extinct [max 4]
(c) (i) 12 – 0.4 ;
11.6, au / arbitrary units ; [2]
(ii) large / rapid / immediate increases ; I comparisons to ‘without toxins’ on graph
peaks at, 50 s / 12 AU ; A increases and decreases from 50 s
then decrease to, around 5 – 4.6 AU / by 125 –150 s ;
fluctuates / stays (fairly) constant, between 125 – 150 s and 250 s / 4.4
and 4.8 ± 0.2 AU ; [max 3]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2016 0610 42

Question Answer Marks Guidance Notes

(iii) active transport;

(through) protein (molecules / gates / pumps / AW) ;
(protein) in cell membrane ;
using, energy / ATP (from respiration) ;
(movement) against a concentration gradient / AW ; [max 3]
(d) (i) (small) intestine ; A large intestine / duodenum / jejunum / ileum
[1] / rectum / colon
(ii) oral rehydration (therapy / salts / treatment / solution) ;
drink mixture of, sugar / nutrients and, salt / ions ;
replace lost, water / fluids ; A receive intravenous fluids I drink more water
water must be, uncontaminated / boiled / sterilised / clean / AW ;
antibiotics ; [2]
[Total: 18]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2016 0610 42

Question Answer Marks Guidance Notes

3 (a) (i) 1 cross / breed, (parent) plants with desired feature ;

2 (grow seeds and) chose offspring for (desired) feature(s) ;
3 cross (offspring) plants showing features with, original
variety / self / each other ;
4 keep / many generations of, crossing and selecting ;
5 any detail ; e.g. bagging flowers / transfer of pollen (with
paintbrush) / detail of seed collection [max 3]
(ii) 1 two parents / gametes, are required ;
2 variation in offspring / offspring might not all be red ;
3 time consuming ; I cost / energy
4 AVP ; e.g. harvesting seeds / finding pollinators, can be
difficult / limited number of seeds / wasteful in context of unused
pollen [max 2]
(b) 1 reduction / nuclear, division ;
2 chromosome number is halved ;
3 (diploid to) haploid ;
4 results in genetically different, cells / gametes / AW ; [max 2]
(c) (i) FA FN ; [1]
(ii) pink (flowers) ; ecf from (c)(i)
[1]
(iii) gametes: FA , FN , FA , FA ;
offspring genotype: FAFA, FAFN ;
offspring phenotype: red, pink ;
proportion of pure breeding carnation plants: 50% / 1:1 / 0.5 / half ; [4]
[Total:13]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 8 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2016 0610 42

Question Answer Marks Guidance Notes

4 (a) movement / diffusion, of water (molecules) ;

from high water potential to low water potential / down water potential
gradient ;
across a partially permeable membrane ; [3]

(b) (i) 1.0 (mol dm–3 sodium chloride solution) ;

[1]

(ii) (to remove) excess / surface / AW, water / AW, on potato sticks ; I inaccurate unqualified
to measure the mass of the potato (stick) only ; [max 1] R dry mass

(c) cells / potato sticks, have lost water (by osmosis) ;

from high water potential to low water potential / down water potential I water concentration
gradient ;
(cells / tissue / potato) were, plasmolysed / flaccid ; I incipient (plasmolysis)
loss of turgor (pressure) ; A reduced turgidity / description
not enough pressure of water pushing on cell walls ; [max 3]

(d) protein denatured (when cooked) ; R killed proteins

cell membrane, damaged / destroyed (when cooked) ; I killed / denatured, cells
no osmosis will occur ; [max 2] I damaged cell wall

[Total: 10]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 9 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2016 0610 42

Question Answer Marks Guidance Notes

5 (a) (i) testes ; [1] A adrenal gland / ovaries

(ii) increases, muscle mass / strength / power ;

improved recovery of muscle damage / promotes protein synthesis ;
increase, competitive drive / aggression / AW ;
increases bone, density / mass ; [max 1]

(iii) maintains, uterine lining / endometrium ; R uterus wall. I thickens lining

inhibits, FSH / LH (release) ; [max 1]

(iv) oestrogen ; [1]

(b) A is most polluted because:

greater (overall) concentration of hormones ;
all hormones at higher concentration except oestrogen ;
comparative data quote with units ;
(but) similar levels of oestrogen / (natural) progesterone (to B) ;

B is most polluted because

more oestrogen (than A) ;
more types of hormones ; [max 3]

(c) (i) Lake B A mp 1, 2, 4 as data quotes

oestrogen decreases (slightly) ;
progesterone / testosterone, increases (slightly) ;
Lake A or Lake B
no / little, effect on oestrogen / progesterone / testosterone without R little effect on testosterone with ozone
ozone;
Lake A
chlorine with ozone caused, decrease in testosterone / synthetic
progesterone / increase in natural progesterone ; [max 2]

(ii) make the water safe, to return to the environment / for human use ; I germs
kill, pathogens / (harmful) microorganisms / bacteria ; [1] A disinfectant / sterilisation
© Cambridge International Examinations 2016
 Page 10 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2016 0610 42

Question Answer Marks Guidance Notes

(d) I marine and other non-lake ecosystems

I unqualified death / extinction throughout

eutrophication ; A growth of, floating aquatic plants / algae / algal

bloom
(aquatic) plants, die / cannot photosynthesise (due to blocked light) A nutrients in sewage as organic material
algae / (aquatic) plants / organic material, decayed by bacteria ; A microorganisms / decomposers for bacteria

(aerobic) respiration (by bacteria / decomposers) ;

decreased pH / increased acidity (due to low oxygen) ;

oxygen concentration decreases (due to I all oxygen used up

bacteria / decomposers) ;
(aquatic) animals / fish, migrate / die, due to lack of
oxygen ;

disrupted / altered, (aquatic) food chains / habitats ;

more, flies / mosquitoes ;
A diseases / pathogen in humans or aquatic
(more) waterborne (named) disease ; e.g. cholera / typhoid
organisms
smelly / visual pollution ;
toxicity / mutations caused, by heavy metals / sewage ;
A biomagnification / bioaccumulation /
death of (aquatic) organisms by, heavy metals /
toxins / poisons, in sewage
(female contraceptive) hormones cause feminisation of (aquatic)
A hormone may cause gender change in fish
organisms ;
(female contraceptive) hormones cause reduced sperm count (in
aquatic animals) ; [max 6]

[Total : 16]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 11 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2016 0610 42

Question Answer Marks Guidance Notes

6 (a) homeostasis / negative feedback ; [1]

(b) (i) insulin ; [1]

(ii) liver / muscle / pancreas ; [1]

(iii) glycogen ; [1]

(c) Symptoms: max 3 from either section

fatigue / AW ; A weakness I death
thirst / AW ;
increased urination / glucose in urine / fruity breath / ketosis / flushed face;
weight loss / nausea / vomiting / abdominal pain / hunger ;
blurred vision / glaucoma ;
behavioural
changes / confusion / faint / unconscious / coma(tose) / dizzy / rapid
breathing / deep breathing ;
slow (wound) healing / poor circulation ;

Treatment:
insulin ;
by injection / insulin pump ;
regular blood glucose tests ; A meal plan / healthy eating / monitoring
regular meals / controlled diet ; carbohydrates / avoid sugary foods, drinks and
fruit juices / eat complex carbohydrates / intake of
[max 5] sugar if blood sugar concentration is too low

[Total: 9]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016