Composition, Richness and Diversity of Dipterocarp Trees in Kabulnan Watershed Forest Reserve, Kalamansig, Sultan Kudarat

COMPOSITION, RICHNESS AND DIVERSITY OF DIPTEROCARP TREES IN
KABULNAN WATERSHED FOREST RESERVE,

KALAMANSIG, SULTAN KUDARAT
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To evaluate tree species composition and distribution in the area;

To assess species richness in the area;
To determine the diversity of trees in each area;
To verify the status of tree species whether endangered, depleted, rare,
economically important.
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Flora of the Philippines was estimated around 14,000 species; of these more or
less 8,000 species were belong to angiosperm or flowering plants. As listed in
threatened plants in the Philippines, there were 478 species of angiosperms and
Dipterocarpaceae with 31 species is one of the main families in flowering plants
(Fernando et al., 2008).
In trees studies in different areas of the Phillipines, as stated by Langenberger

(2006) in Leyte Cordillera with the result of eighteen dipterocarp species were identified
at Mt. Pangasugan and its vicinities. The 18 species belong to the six Philippine
dipterocarp genera and make up 28% of the 65 dipterocarp species known from the
Philippines. Additionally, they represent all eight dipterocarp timber groups. Six species
were not yet described for the island of Leyte. One species, Shorea cf. hopeifolia, needs
further confirmation based on fertile collections, since its occurrence is only described
for parts of Mindanao.
In the study of Obemio et al. (2016) in Mount Matutum protected landscape a

total of 129 species of trees representing 82 groups and 45 families were noted in
different vegetation types. From these, 100 trees species were observed in the
disturbed areas while 91 tree species were found in the undisturbed areas. Family
Moraceae was observed to have the greatest number (17) of tree species composed
largely of Ficus group. Families composed of > 5 tree species were Sapotaceae,
Myrtaceae, Meliaceae, Laureacea, and Euphorbiaceae. The most represented families
in the disturbed areas of MMPL are Moraceae (15), Lauraceae (8) and Myrtaceae (7).
The same families dominates the undisturbed areas: Moraceae (13), Lauraceae (7) and
Myrtaceae (6).
A total of 146 plant species were recorded. The species richness in three
gradients were compared in which the result were 52, 62 and 49 in low, middle and high
elevation, respectively. From the result, there ecologically threatened plant based on the
2011 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species namely, Shorea contorta, Dillenia
philippinensis, Alstonia macrophylla, Cinnammomum mercadoi, Palaquim luzoniense
and Neolitsea vidalii from low and middle slopes and Dacrycarpus elatum, D. imbricatus
from high elevation. The presence of these species indicates the need for forest
conservation to maintain or enhance floristic diversity.
Regional Development Plan in Region XII has encounter environmental

degradation. The general trend in forest land utilization specifically for activities includes
agricultural farming, road development, continued harvesting or cutting forest cover
which results in widespread loss of biodiversity, erosion sedimentation of water bodies
(SOCCSKSARGEN, 2011).
GEVANA, D. T. J. P. POLLISCO, N. M. PAMPOLINA, D. KIM and S. IM. 2013. Plant

Diversity and Aboveground Carbon Stock Along Altitudinal Gradients in Quezon
Mountain Range in Southern Mindanao, Philippines. Journal of Environmental
Science and Management Volume 16. No.1.
FERNANDO, E., L. CO, D. LAGUNZAD, W. GRUEZO, J. BARCELONA, D. MADULID,

A. LAPIS, G. TEXON, A. MANILA, and P. ZAMORA. 2008. Threatened plants of
the Philippines: a preliminary assessment. Threatened plants Philippines paper
DRAFT 07Feb2008.
LANGENBERGER, G. 2006. Habitat distribution of dipterocarp species in the Leyte

Cordillera: an indicator for species – site suitability in local reforestation
programs. Ann. For. Sci. 63 (2006) 149–156 © INRA, EDP Sciences, 2006
DOI:10.051/forest:2005107.
OBEMIO, C. D. G., M. C. TUMAMAC, L. L. REMOLLO, P. M. TAGALOGUIN, M. C.

ALJIBE, P. G. ROXAS AND E. P. OCONER. 2016. Tree species composition,
richness and diversity of the Mount Matutum protected landscape (MMPL),
Philippines. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). ISSN:
2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online) Vol. 8, No. 3, p. 125-136, 2016
http://www.innspub.net.
SOCCSKSARGEN: Establishing Its Role as the Sustainable Food Center of the South.
2011.
III. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Due to anthropogenic activities such as illegal logging and conversion of forest to

agricultural farms in which Dipterocarp forest are the first vegetation type to be affected.
Thus, this study provides baseline information about dipterocarp tree species, diversity
and status in the local community. The data and information from this study is useful for
conservation of tree species especially those threatened, rare and endemic species.
Moreover, used as a basis in protecting the area.
IV. FRAMEWORK
PROGRAM FOR MONITORING AND

CONSERVATION
(LGU and DENR)
MANAGEMENT PLAN and

ACTION SYSTEM
MANAGEMENT AND MAINTAIN

THE MONITORING
REDUCE THE LOSS OF TREE

SPECIES
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
and ENVIRONMENT
CONSERVATION
V. METHODOLOGY
A. Place and Duration of the Study

The study will be conducted in Kabulnan watershed forest reserve, Kalamansig,
Sultan Kudarat during the month of June-December 2019.
B. Entry Protocol
The proposal of the study will be presented to the Department of Environment
and Natural Resources (DENR) for the permission of the study. Also the proposed study
will be presented to the tribal community for the approval of the study and to give details
on how the study will be conducted.
C. Selection and Establishment of Sampling Plots
Before the establishment of sampling plots, ocular survey on the said forest
reserve will be made. In selecting sampling plots, the area in dipterocarp forest that
having great and massive plant trees will be selected. A total of two 20 x 20 meter
sampling plots per vegetation will be established in 100 m distance.
The plots will be laid-out and measured using nylon cord. A compass will be used
to straighten the line of the sampling plots and a global positioning system (GPS) will be
used to determine the exact location of the plots.
Other tree species will be also be documented by transect walk from base to
peak including those that are found 5 meters (left and right) along the trail.
D. Collections and Preservation of Specimens
Five replicates in each vegetative and reproductive part of trees will be collected
within the 20 x 20 meters sampling plot. Representative specimens of tree species
found outside the plots will also be collected with the use of pruning shears. In tall trees,
it will be collected using pole pruners, these are modified cutters that allow you to reach
high branches from the ground without climbing a ladder and it can reach up to 21 feet
tall. If above 21 feet tall, a binocular will be used to magnify the leaves with its flowers
and fruits. Then, it will be matched to the same parts that observed on the ground. All
collected specimens will be asked to the local in order to identify its local name.
Branches with fruits and fallen leaves within the sampling plots will be collected
and placed in plastic cellophane. Data such as collection number, date of collection,
place of collection, habitat and color of the flowers if present will be noted in tag labels
and field notebooks.
Each specimen collected will be transferred in newspapers. All specimens
covered with newspapers will be tied with a plastic twine placed in plastic cellophane
and will be dehydrated in denatured alcohol in order to preserve.
In the laboratory, each specimen will be transferred to another newspaper with its
respective collection number and will be dried under the heat of the sun. Representative
specimens for each species will be placed to another newspaper and will be labeled
properly. All collected herbarium specimens will be stored in the Sultan Kudarat State
University (SKSU) laboratory.
Photographs of gross morphological characters of trees and its habit will be

taken using digital camera. Moreover, photographs of the study sites will be
documented also.
E. Identification and Classification of the Specimens
The collected specimens will be identified and classified based on the book of
Merill (1925-26), Banaag et. al (1979), de Guzman et.al (1986), Salvosa (1969),
Whitmore (1978) and Rojo (1991). Specimen identified will be confirmed by an expert.
F. Density (D), Relative Density (RD), Frequency (F), Relative Frequency (RF),
Dominance Cover, Relative Dominance and Species Importance Value (SIV)
(Brower and Zar, 1977)
Density (D)
This will be used to determine the number of individual of trees per unit area.
Individual’s species will be counted and density will be derived using the formula below:
number of individuals
D=
area sampled
Relative Density (RD)
This will be used to compute the number of trees between two areas of equal
sizes
density of species A
RD=
total density of all species
Frequency (F)
This will be used to determine the probability of finding the species in any
quadrant.
The plots in which species A occurred was counted and frequency value will be
computed using the formula below:
number of plots∈which species A occurs
F=
total number of plot examined
Relative Frequency (RF)

This will be used to compare the numerical frequency of one species to the total
frequencies of all species
frequency value for species
RF= x 100
total frequency value for all species
Dominance Cover
This will be used to determine the species that exert a major controlling influence
on the community by virtue of size or number. The data on the number of individuals per
species and the total number of all species will be used
Tree basal areas were at breast height level:
species basal areacoverage
Species Dominance=
total species
Relative Dominance
dominance of species A
RD=
total dominance of all species
Species Importance Value (SIV)

Importance value of all species A and total importance value will be computed to
obtain species diversity
SIV or ni = RD + RF + R dom
Index of Dominance
C= (ni/N)²
where; ni= importance value for each species number of individual
N= total importance value
H= species diversity
Species diversity will be used to determine the proportion of individual that make
up the total population computed based on Shannon Index
Shannon Index of General Diversity
H= {ni/N log ni/N}/H= Σ(ni/N) log (ni/N)
where; H= species diversity
ni= importance value of species A
N= total importance value of all species

G. Assessment of the Status of Specimen
The assessment of status for each species collected from field will be determined
whether endangered, threatened, endemic, rare, depleted, or economic species.
Assessment will be based on the books of Salvosa (1969), Salgado (2009), Fernando
(2010), International Union for the Conservation of Nature (UICN) (2007) and from
published floristic works and monographs.
Assessment of the conservation of trees was categorized as define below:

a. Endangered species- actively threatened with extinction and its survival is
unlikely without protective measure.
b. Rare species- the species are not under immediate threat but in small number
or specialized habitat.
c. Depleted species- the species have been heavily depleted and in decline as a
result of natural cause or human activities.
d. Indeterminate species- apparently endangered but in sufficient data are
currently crucial for a reliable assessment.
e. Endemic species- confined to a certain geographical region or its parts.
f. Ecologically Important species- it is based in the usefulness of the species.
Local assessment will be done using the following:
1-3 individual/s rare, 4-9 individuals common, and >10 individuals abundant
V. OUTPUTS, OUTCOMES, IMPACTS
OUTPUTS OUTCOMES IMPACTS
Data information Increase awareness to the Decrease species loss

local community
Create policies Update and monitor in the Maintains the thickness of

area the forest

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COMPOSITION, RICHNESS AND DIVERSITY OF DIPTEROCARP TREES IN

KABULNAN WATERSHED FOREST RESERVE,

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To evaluate tree species composition and distribution in the area;

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In trees studies in different areas of the Phillipines, as stated by Langenberger

In the study of Obemio et al. (2016) in Mount Matutum protected landscape a

Regional Development Plan in Region XII has encounter environmental

GEVANA, D. T. J. P. POLLISCO, N. M. PAMPOLINA, D. KIM and S. IM. 2013. Plant

FERNANDO, E., L. CO, D. LAGUNZAD, W. GRUEZO, J. BARCELONA, D. MADULID,

LANGENBERGER, G. 2006. Habitat distribution of dipterocarp species in the Leyte

OBEMIO, C. D. G., M. C. TUMAMAC, L. L. REMOLLO, P. M. TAGALOGUIN, M. C.

Due to anthropogenic activities such as illegal logging and conversion of forest to

PROGRAM FOR MONITORING AND

MANAGEMENT PLAN and

MANAGEMENT AND MAINTAIN

REDUCE THE LOSS OF TREE

A. Place and Duration of the Study

C. Selection and Establishment of Sampling Plots

D. Collections and Preservation of Specimens

Photographs of gross morphological characters of trees and its habit will be

Relative Frequency (RF)

Species Importance Value (SIV)

where; ni= importance value for each species number of individual

N= total importance value

Shannon Index of General Diversity

H= {ni/N log ni/N}/H= Σ(ni/N) log (ni/N)

where; H= species diversity

ni= importance value of species A

N= total importance value of all species

Assessment of the conservation of trees was categorized as define below:

V. OUTPUTS, OUTCOMES, IMPACTS

OUTPUTS OUTCOMES IMPACTS

Data information Increase awareness to the Decrease species loss

Create policies Update and monitor in the Maintains the thickness of

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