wk¶v`vb c×wZ BDwbU 4

f‚wgKv
Ôgvbyl Movi KvwiMiÕ e‡j cwiwPZ wk¶K-wkw¶Kv Rb¥MZ fv‡eB wk¶KZvi ¸Yvejx wb‡q
Rb¥vb, Zuv‡`i‡K ˆZwi Kiv hvq bv, Ggb GKwU aviYv eûj cÖPwjZ| Bs‡iwR‡Z A teacher
is born not made cÖev`wUi h_v_©Zv m¤^‡Ü ZK© bv K‡iI ejv P‡j, ¯^í msL¨K cÖwZfvevb
wk¶K/wkw¶Kvi Dci wbf©i K‡i †Kvb †`‡ki wecyj cwigvY wk¶v_x©‡K mywkw¶Z K‡i †Zvjv
Am¤¢e| ZvB hy‡M hy‡M wk¶KZv †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³eM©‡K cÖwk¶Y `v‡bi gva¨‡g Zuv‡`i
†ckvMZ gv‡bvbœq‡bi cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wk¶K cÖwk¶Y gnvwe`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z wewfbœ
†`‡ki I wewfbœ hy‡Mi L¨vZbvgv wk¶vwe` I wk¶v g‡bvweÁvbxM‡Yi wPšÍv-fvebv, a¨vb-
aviYvi mv‡_ cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡`i‡K cwiwPZ Kivi m‡½ m‡½ cÖwk¶Yv_x©e„›` wKfv‡e hy‡Mi mv‡_
Zvj wgwj‡q, me©v½xb weKv‡k Av‡iv mv_©KZvi mv‡_ mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZv `vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib
ZviB wbišÍi cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv nq cÖwk¶Y Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g|
wk¶v`vb c×wZi msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q Professor Rusk e‡j‡Qb, Òwk¶v`vb c×wZi KvR n‡”Q
wkï I Zvi wk¶Yxq wel‡qi gv‡S AvKvw ¶Z eÜb A¶zbœ ivLvÕÕ| G‡¶‡Î wk¶‡Ki cÖ_g I
cÖavb `vwqZ¡ n‡jv wkïi gb I cvV¨ wel‡qi gv‡S h_v_© †mZzeÜ iPbv Ki‡Z n‡j wkïi
eqm, AwfÁZv, cviMZv, AwfiæwP I Abyiv‡Mi cÖwZ j¶¨ †i‡L †hgb Zvi cvV¨ welqe¯‘
mbv³, Pqb I web¨vm Kiv Avek¨K, †Zgwb †Kvb& ai‡bi wk¶v`vb c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡j
welqe¯‘ wkï‡`i Kv‡Q AZ¨šÍ mnR I mvejxj fv‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡Z cv‡i, ZvI
we‡ePbvaxb ivL‡Z n‡e|
G BDwb‡U Avgiv wk¶v`vb c×wZi wewfbœ w`K¸‡jv Dc¯’vcb Kie| G w`K¸‡jv n‡”Q:

cvV - 1 wk¶v`vb c×wZ t cÖKvi‡f`

cvV - 2 mbvZb wk¶v`vb c×wZ t e³…Zv
cvV - 3 mbvZb wk¶v`vb c×wZ t cÖ`k©b
cvV - 4 wk¶v`vb c×wZ t AvaywbK

wk¶v`vb c×wZ t cÖKvi‡f` cvV 1

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb 

wk¶v`vb c×wZ KZ cÖKvi I wK wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

c×wZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kvb&wU mbvZb Ges †KvbwU AvaywbK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

c×wZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †KvbwU wk¶K‡Kw›`ªK Ges †KvbwU wk¶v_x©‡Kw›`ªK Zv ej‡Z
cvi‡eb Ges
 Bangladesh Open University

Gme c×wZi g‡a¨ †Kvb †KvbwU AvaywbK hy‡M AbymiY‡hvM¨ Ges †Kb Zv ej‡Z
cvi‡eb|
I AvaywbK wk¶v`vb evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶K cÖwk¶Y gnvwe`¨vjqmg~‡n be cÖewZ©Z wk¶vµ‡g wk¶vbxwZ wel‡qi
c×wZ
cvV¨m wP‡Z cvV`vb c×wZ¸‡jv‡K cÖavbZ `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q t
• mbvZb c×wZ I • AvaywbK c×wZ

mbvZb c×wZi g‡a¨ AšÍfz©³ i‡q‡Q t

• e³…Zv • cÖ`k©b • wUD‡Uvwiqvj
• Ave„wË • c~e© wba©vwiZ cvV • m`©vi c‡ov e¨e¯’v
Avevi AvaywbK c×wZi ZvwjKvq i‡q‡Q -
• Av‡jvPbv
• cÖkœ I DËi
• c¨v‡bj Av‡jvPbv
• †mwgbvi I wm‡¤úvwRqvg
• w¯úªs †evW©
• evh& I †eªBb ÷wg©s †mkb
• f‚wgKvwfbq
• mv¶vrKvi BZ¨vw`|

Av‡jvPbvi myweav‡_© mbvZb c×wZ‡K wk¶K‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ Kiv P‡j|
k¶K †Kw›`ªK Avcbvi g‡b cÖkœ RvM‡Z cv‡i, wk¶K‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ ej‡Z wK †evSvq ? †h wk¶v`vb
I c×wZ‡Z cvV¨ welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vc‡b wk¶K-wkw¶Kvi Kg©ZrciZv wk¶v_x©‡`i Kg©ZrciZvi
_x© †Kw›`ªK c×wZ †P‡q †ewk Zv‡K wk¶K‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ ejv hvq| cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K ïiæ K‡i A`¨vewa
Avgv‡`i †`‡k wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii wk¶v_x©‡K wk¶Yxq welqe¯‘ ü`q½g Kiv‡bvi D‡Ï‡k¨
wk¶KMYB gyL¨ ev cÖavb f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i G‡m‡Qb, ZvB GB RvZxq wk¶K‡Kw›`ªK
wk¶v`vb c×wZ‡K mbvZb c×wZ e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h wk¶v`vb c×wZ¸‡jv‡K mbvZb I AvaywbK wKsev
wk¶K‡Kw›`ªK I wk¶v_x©‡Kw›`ªK GiKg †kªYx wefvM A‡bKUv K…wÎg| D`vniY¯^iƒc t cÖkœ I
DËi c×wZi K_v ejv hvq| GwU AvaywbK c×wZ‡Z ZvwjKvfz³ n‡jI GwU A‡bK cyiv‡bv|
MÖxK `vk©wbK m‡µwUm cÖkœ I DËi c×wZ‡Z wk¶v w`‡Zb| Avevi c~e©wba©vwiZ cvV Ges
†¶Îwe‡k‡l Ave„wËg~jK c×wZØq wk¶K‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ bq|

hy‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ DbœZ †`kmg~‡n wk¶v`vb c×wZ‡ZI h‡_ó cwieZ©b m~wPZ
n‡q‡Q| GB cwieZ©b †h †KejgvÎ wk¶v`vb c×wZi †¶‡ÎB N‡U‡Q Zv bq| AvaywbK hy‡M
b c×wZ t AvaywbK
wPšÍvaviv wk¶vi msKxY© msÁv cwiZ¨³ n‡q Gi e¨vcK msÁv MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| wk¶vi ¯^iƒc Ges
cwiwaI h‡_ó e¨vcKZv jvf K‡i‡Q| Avgv‡`i †`‡k wk¶vi wewfbœ ¯Í‡i becÖewZ©Z wk¶vµg
I cvV¨m~wP cÖYq‡bi †¶‡ÎI AvaywbK wPšÍvfvebv h‡_ó cÖfve †d‡j‡Q| AvaywbK hy‡M
wk¶v‡¶‡Î wk¶‡Ki †P‡q wk¶v_x©i f‚wgKv‡KB cÖvavb¨ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| cÖL¨vZ mvwnwZ¨K
cÖg_ †PŠayixi fvlvq, Ò†KD KLbI KvD‡K wk¶v w`‡Z cv‡i bv, mywkw¶Z e¨w³gvÎB

Principles of Teaching & Methods of Teaching Page - 46

 Bangladesh Open University

¯^wkw¶KÕÕ| ¯^wkw¶Z nIqvi ¸iæ‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y wk¶v MÖn‡Y wk¶v_x©i f‚wgKvB †h cÖavb Zv
†Kvbµ‡gB A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv| bZzb wk¶v`vb c×wZ Abymv‡i cÖ‡Z¨K wk¶v_x© wb‡Ri
†Póvq I Mi‡R wk¶vjvf Ki‡e, wk¶K †mLv‡b _vK‡eb mvnvh¨Kvix ev Dc‡`óvi f‚wgKvq|

wek¦weL¨vZ `vk©wbK I wk¶vwe` m‡µwUm wk¶v c×wZi g~j wfwË Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q
e‡j‡Qb myôz I ˆeÁvwbK wk¶v`v‡bi g~jK_v n‡”Q, Òwkï‡K †Kvb wKQy bv e‡j cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g
Zvi KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ Av`v‡qi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡kœi aviv n‡e wkï hv Rv‡b Zv †_‡K ïiæ
K‡i Zv‡K ARvbvi w`‡K wb‡q hvIqv|ÕÕ

AvaywbK hy‡Mi wk¶vi Ab¨Zg cÖavb ˆewkó¨ n‡jv, wkïi mwµqZv ev Kg©‡Kw›`ªKZv‡K
m‡PZbfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bv| wkïiv †KejgvÎ KZK¸‡jv welq m¤ú‡K© ZvwË¡K Ávb AvniY
wkLb cÖwµqvq wk¶v_x©i f‚wgKv
Ki‡e bv, Zvi nv‡Z Kj‡g KvR K‡i †mB ZvwË¡K Ávb cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z wkL‡e| wkï‡`i
e¨envwiK Ávb ev AwfÁZv AR©‡b wk¶‡Ki f‚wgKv †MŠY, wkï‡`i mwµqZvB gyL¨| myZivs
AvaywbK hy‡M Ggb wk¶v`vb c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e, hvi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©iv wb‡RivB
e¨w³MZ I `jMZ cÖ‡Póvq bZzb bZzb mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡i| G mKj c×wZ e¨envi
Ki‡j wkLb cÖwµqvq wkïi mwµqZv, Kg©‡Kw›`ªKZv, Zvi AwR©Z Ávb I `¶Zvi e¨envi,
Dc‡hvwMZv BZ¨vw` Aek¨B ¯^xK…wZ cv‡e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb -1

eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j K
e„ËvwqZ Kiæb t
1. †KvbwU mbvZb c×wZi AšÍfz©³ ?
K. Ave„wË L. Av‡jvPbv
M. cÖkœ I DËi N. mv¶vrKvi

2. m‡µwUm Abym„Z c×wZ †KvbwU ?

K. Av‡jvPbv L. cÖkœ I DËi
M. e³…Zv N. wm‡¤úvwRqvg
3. †KvbwU wk¶K †Kw›`ªK c×wZ ?
K. f‚wgKvwfbq L. mv¶vrKvi
M. Av‡jvPbv N. e³…Zv

Principles of Teaching & Methods of Teaching Page - 47

 Bangladesh Open University

cvV 2 mbvZb wk¶v`vb c×wZ t e³…Zv

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb 

wk¶v`v‡bi mbvZb c×wZ ej‡Z wK †evSvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

wk¶K‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ ej‡Z wK †evSvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

†Kvb †Kvb wk¶v`vb c×wZ wk¶K‡Kw›`ªK wk¶v`vb c×wZi ch©vqfz³ Zv ej‡Z
cvi‡eb;

e³…Zv c×wZi myweav¸‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

e³…Zv c×wZi ˆewk󨸇jv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

wk¶K-wkw¶Kv †h me c×wZ AbymiY Kivi mgq †ewki fvM Kv‡R wb‡R AskMÖnY K‡i
cvV`vb‡K my›`i I MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i †Zv‡jb, †mB mg¯Í c×wZ‡K wk¶K‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ bv‡g
k¶K †Kw›`ªK c×wZ
AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| Ab¨fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, wk¶v`vb Kv‡h© e¨eüZ c×wZ‡Z wk¶‡Ki f‚wgKv
hw` gyL¨ ev cÖavb nq, Z‡e Zv‡KB wk¶K‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ ejv nq| Z‡e GK_v g‡b Kivi
†Kvb msMZ KviY †bB †h, wk¶K‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ Abymi‡Y wk¶v`vb Kvh©‡K ev¯ÍevwqZ
Ki‡j wk¶v_x©iv mvaviYfv‡e wbw®Œq _v‡K| wk¶K‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ e¨envi K‡i wk¶v`vb
Kvh©‡K mRxe K‡i Zzj‡Z wk¶‡Ki f‚wgKv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Z‡e, wk¶v_x©MY Zv‡`i mg¯Í
A½ cÖZ¨½ mRvM †i‡L wk¶K hv e‡jb Zv hw` eyS‡Z ev Abyaveb Ki‡Z wKsev AbymiY
Ki‡Z †Póv bv K‡i Z‡e wk¶‡Ki f‚wgKv hZB ¸iæZ¡c Y© †nvK, wk¶v`vb †mLv‡b e¨_© n‡Z
eva¨| myZivs wk¶K‡Kw›`ªK wk¶v`vb c×wZ‡ZI wk¶v_x©i f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q, Z‡e wk¶v_x©i
f‚wgKv †mLv‡b LyeB †MŠY| †h wk¶v`vb c×wZ‡Z wk¶‡Ki f‚wgKvB gyL¨ Avi wk¶v_x©i
f‚wgKv †MŠY, †mB wk¶v`vb c×wZB eûw`b †_‡K Avgv‡`i †`‡k Abym„Z n‡q Avm‡Q| GB
Kvi‡Y wk¶K‡Kw›`ªK wk¶v`vb c×wZ‡K mbvZb ev K¬vwmK¨vj bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq|

GB BDwb‡Ui cÖ_g cv‡V D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, †Kvb †Kvb& wk¶v`vb c×wZ‡K mbvZb ev
wk¶K‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ ch©vqfz³ Kiv nq| wk¶K‡Kw›`ªK c×wZi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ e³…Zv`vb
c×wZ, cÖ`k©b c×wZ, Ave„wËg jK c×wZ, m`©vi c‡ov e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© GB ch©v‡q GKUz
we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|

e³…Zv c×wZ (Lecture method)

e³…Zv c×wZi msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q wk¶vwe`MY e‡j‡Qb †h, e³…Zvg jK c×wZ Ggb GKwU
c×wZ t wK I †Kb ?
c×wZ hvi e¨envi wk¶K‡K †gŠwLK wee„wZi mvnv‡h¨ wk¶Yxq welqe¯‘ wk¶v_x©i Kv‡Q
Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq| GLv‡b wk¶‡Ki e³…Zv`v‡bi cvi`wk©Zvi Z_v evwM¥Zv ¸Y,
e³…Zv`v‡bi Kjv‡KŠkj, welqe¯‘‡K wk¶v_x©i ü`qMÖvnx K‡i †Zvjvi ¶gZv, wk¶v_x©i eqm,
†gav, AvMÖn, cviMZv, †evaMg¨Zv BZ¨vw`i cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z welqe¯‘‡K AvKl©Yxqfv‡e
Dc¯’vc‡bi `¶Zvi Dci wk¶v`v‡bi mv_©KZv A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i|

Principles of Teaching & Methods of Teaching Page - 48

 Bangladesh Open University

e³…Zv c×wZi K‡qKwU we‡kl w`K

e³…Zvg~jK c×wZ‡Z wk¶K‡K wb¤œwjwLZ welq¸‡jvi cÖwZ we‡klfv‡e j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e t
• e³…Zvg~jK c×wZ‡Z wk¶K‡Ki Kɯ^i, e³e¨, Dc¯’vcbv Ges cÖKvkfw½ h‡_ó g‡bvÁ
nIqv DwPZ hv‡Z wk¶v_x©iv mn‡RB Dc¯’vwcZ wel‡qi cÖwZ AvKl©Y Abyfe K‡i|
• e³…Zvg~jK c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©i g‡b welqe¯‘i cÖwZ AbyivM m„wó Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ wk¶K‡K AbyivM m„wó
gv‡S gv‡S A½fw½i Avkªq MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| wk¶K hw` wk¶v_x©‡`i g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y
Ki‡Z wKsev g‡bv‡hvM A¶zYœ ivL‡Z e¨_© nb, Z‡e Dc¯’vwcZ welqe¯‘ ü`q½g Kiv
Zv‡`i c‡¶ m¤¢eci n‡q DV‡e bv|
• e³…Zvg~jK c×wZ‡Z wk¶v`vb Ki‡Z wk¶v_x©‡`i gvbwmK c~e© cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ wk¶K‡K
cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a imv‡jv M‡íi AeZviYv Ki‡Z n‡e, Z‡e †mB Mí cvV wel‡qi mv‡_
†Kvb bv †Kvb Dcv‡q m¤úK©hy³ n‡Z n‡e|
• e³…Zvg~jK c×wZ‡Z cvV`vb AvKl©Yxq Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ wk¶K‡K gv‡S gv‡S cÖ‡qvRbxq
DcKiY e¨envi
wk¶vmnvqK ev cvVmnvqK DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| ïay e³…Zv wee„wZ`vb AwaKvsk
mg‡qB wk¶v_x©‡`i g‡b GK†Nu‡qgx, Aemv`, K¬vwšÍ , weiw³i mÂvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
GKRb my`¶ wk¶K cvV mnvqK DcKiY e¨envi K‡i H RvZxq gvbwmK Aemv`,
K¬vwšÍ I weiw³ `~i Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
• e³…Zv`vb c×wZ‡Z wk¶K‡K h_vm¤¢e wgZfvlx nIqv Avek¨K| AcÖvmw½K wee„wZ`vb mnvqK DÏxc‡Ki e¨envi
†_‡K wZwb m‡Pbfv‡e weiZ _vK‡eb, Aek¨ g~j welqe¯‘i mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© Dcgv,
D`vniY, Mí Dc¯’vcb AcÖvmw½K n‡e bv, eis Zv wk¶v`v‡bi mnvqK DÏxcK wn‡m‡e
KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|

• e³…Zv`vb c×wZ‡K djcÖm Ki‡Z n‡j Òwk¶‡Ki h_v_© cÖ¯‘wZ mnKv‡i †kªYxK‡¶ wk¶‡Ki cÖ¯‘wZ
cÖ‡ek I cvV`vb Kvh©µg‡K ev¯ evqbÕÕ mwe‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y© A_©vr wk¶K g‡nv`q‡K
ˆ`bw›`b cv‡V ˆ`bw›`b cÖ¯‘wZ Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z n‡e, KviY wk¶v_x©‡`i Kv‡Q AvZœwek¦vm
mnKv‡i welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ cvV‡K me©‡Zvfv‡e c~e©v‡ýB AvqË Ki‡Z
n‡e|

e³…Zv c×wZi myweavmg~n

e³…Zvg~jK c×wZ mbvZb wk¶v`vb c×wZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki wk¶v e¨e¯’vi cÖvq
me© ¯Í‡iB Kg‡ewk G c×wZ Abym„Z nq| e³…Zvg~jK c×wZ Abym„Z nIqvi wcQ‡b GB
c×wZi wb¤œwjwLZ myweavmg n A‡bKvs‡k `vqx t
• e³…Zvg~jK c×wZ‡Z wk¶v`vb me‡P‡q Kg e¨qmv‡c¶ KviY, wk¶‡Ki †gŠwLK
wee„wZ‡K m¤^j K‡iB GB c×wZ‡Z wk¶v`vb P‡j, Ab¨ †Kvb Li‡Pi evjvB G‡Z †bB
ej‡jB P‡j|

Principles of Teaching & Methods of Teaching Page - 49

 Bangladesh Open University

• Dbœqbkxj †`‡k wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi msL¨v mxwgZ, Avw_©K msMwZ mxwgZ| GKB Kvi‡Y
cÖ‡Z¨K †kªYx‡ZB wk¶v_x©i msL¨v AZ¨šÍ †ewk| †kªYxK‡¶ wk¶v_x©i msL¨v †ewk n‡j
AvaywbK weÁvbm¤§Z Ab¨ †Kvb c×wZ AbymiY Kiv m¤¢eci nq bv e‡jB Dbœqbkxj
†`‡k e³…Zvg~jK c×wZ AbymiY Kiv Qvov MZ¨šÍi _v‡K bv|

• AvaywbK weÁvbm¤§Z cvV`vb c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡j cvV mnvqK †h mg¯Í DcKiY
hš¿cvwZ e¨envi Kiv Avek¨K Dbœqbkxj †`kmg ‡ni wk¶v cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Rb¨ Zv
GKvšÍ fv‡eB `yj©f| e³…Zv`vb c×wZ G Kvi‡YI eûj cÖPwjZ|
• e³…Zv`vb c×wZi hZ †`vlµwUB _vKzK bv †Kb, GK_v A¯^xKvi Kivi Dcvq bvB †h,
AvaywbK wk¶v`vb c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡ZI Kg †ewk e³…Zv`vb c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z
nq|
• e³…Zv`vb c×wZ h_vh_fv‡e AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡j GKRb wk¶‡Ki A‡bK¸‡jv ¸‡Yi
AwaKvix nIqv Avek¨K; Zvi g‡a¨ evwM¥Zv, Awfbq Ges Mí ejvi †KŠkj, Ave„wË
Kivi ¶gZv BZ¨vw` D‡j­L‡hvM¨|

e³…Zv c×wZi µwUmg~n

e³…Zvg~jK c×wZi wKQy myweav _vKv m‡Ë¡I GB c×wZ Abymi‡Y †ek wKQy AmyweavI j¶¨
Kiv hvq| GB c×wZi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ µwUmg~n wbæiƒc t
• e³…Zvg jK c×wZi me‡P‡q eo µwU n‡jv wk¶v_x©‡`i mwµqZvi Afve| †kªYxK‡¶
¶v_x©i wbw®ŒqZv wbw®Œqfv‡e e‡m †_‡K wk¶K-wkw¶Kvi e³…Zv ïb‡Z Zviv †gv‡UB AvMÖnx bq|
wk¶v_x©‡`i m`v mÂj †`n-gb †h †Kvb Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ _vK‡Z Pvq| ZvB wk¶‡Ki
e³…Zv Zviv g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q ï‡b bv| evwn¨Kfv‡e bxieZv Aej¤^b Ki‡jI Zv‡`i gb
D‡o †eovq gy³ wen‡½i g‡Zv| wk¶‡Ki mZK© `„wó Gwo‡q cv‡ki mncvwV eÜzi mv‡_
†m Mí Ki‡Z fvjev‡m, bv nq wPg&wU †K‡U mncvwVi g‡bv‡hvM bó K‡i, bq †m †kªYx
K‡¶i evB‡i `„wó mwi‡q wb‡q cÖK…wZi mv‡_ wgZvjx cvZ‡Z m‡Pó nq|
• e³…Zvg jK c×wZi Aci GKwU µwU n‡jv wk¶v_x©‡`i g‡a¨ mwµq bxieZvi Afve|
mwµq bxieZv ej‡Z Avgiv eywS wk¶v_x©iv g‡bv‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ wk¶K-wkw¶Kvi e³…Zv
q bxieZvi Afve kªeY Ki‡e Ges Zvi gg©v_© Abyaveb Ki‡e| GB mwµq bxieZv hw` †kªYxK‡¶
Abycw¯’Z _v‡K, Z‡e †kªYx cvVbvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ eûjvs‡k e¨vnZ nq| †kªYxK‡¶
e³…Zv`v‡bi mgq QvÎ-QvÎxiv bxieZv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ GB bxieZv mwµq wK
wbw®Œq Zv hvPvB Kivi my‡hvM wk¶‡Ki Lye GKUv Av‡Q e‡j g‡b nq bv| wbw¯Œq bxieZv
†kªYx cvVbvi g~j D‡Ï‡k¨i cwicš’x|
• e³…Zvg~jK c×wZ AbymiY K‡i cvV`vb Kvh©µg ev¯ÍevwqZ Kivi mgq wk¶K I
wk¶v_x©i gv‡S fv‡ei Av`vb-cÖ`vb me mgq m¤¢e n‡q D‡V bv| cvV`v‡bi welqe¯‘
ivi my‡hv‡Mi Afve
wk¶v_x©i Kv‡Q mnR‡eva¨ bv n‡j Zv‡`i g‡b †KŠZ nj DÏxcK bvbv cÖ‡kœi wfo R‡g|
†kªYxK‡¶ QvÎ-QvÎxi msL¨v †ewk _vKvq wk¶v_x©iv wk¶K‡K cÖkœ wRÁvm Kivi my‡hvM
†Zgb cvq bv| A‡bK wk¶K wk¶v_x©‡`i c‡¶ cÖkœ Kiv cQ›`I K‡ib bv| myZivs
AwaKvsk QvÎ-QvÎxi g‡bi cÖkœ g‡bB †_‡K hvq, A‡bK mgm¨v mgm¨vB †_‡K hvq,
mgvav‡bi c_ Lyu‡R cvq bv|

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• e³…Zv`vb c×wZ Abymi‡Y DbœZ †gav I ¶xY †gavm¤úbœ wk¶v_x©iv me‡P‡q †ewk
¶wZMÖ¯Í nq| d‡j ZvivB †kªYx k„sLjv webó Ki‡Z †ewk D‡`¨vMx nq|
• e³…Zv`vb c×wZ Abymi‡Y A‡bK mgq wk¶‡Ki D™¢veb kw³ w¯ÍwgZ n‡q c‡o KviY
Ki D™¢vebx kw³i GKevi e³…Zv`vb c×wZ‡Z welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vc‡bi cÖwµqv g¾vMZ n‡q †M‡j D™¢vebx
Abycw¯’wZ kw³i mvnv‡h¨ bZzbfv‡e wKQy Dc¯’vc‡bi cÖ‡Póv e¨vnZ nq| DwjøwLZ †`vlµwUi Kvi‡Y
mbvZb cvV`vb c×wZi AšÍM©Z e³…Zv`vb c×wZ AvaywbK hy‡M AbymiY‡hvM¨ bq e‡j
AwaKvsk wk¶vwe` I wk¶vg‡bvweÁvbx gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|

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 Bangladesh Open University

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb -2

eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j K
e„ËvwqZ Kiæb t
1. †Kvb& e³e¨wU mwVK bq ?
K. mbvZb c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©i †Zgb †Kvb f‚wgKv †bB
L. mbvZb c×wZ‡Z wk¶‡Ki f‚wgKvB gyL¨
M. mbvZb c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©i f‚wgKvB gyL¨, wk¶‡Ki f‚wgKv †MŠY
N. wk¶K‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©i f‚wgKv †MŠY

2. ‡Kvb Dw³wU mwVK ?

K. DbœZ †`kmg~‡n e³…Zv`vb c×wZ eûj cÖPwjZ
L. DbœZ †`kmg~‡n †kªYxK‡¶ wk¶v_x© msL¨v †ewk _v‡K
M. e³…Zv`vb c×wZi me‡P‡q eo µwU wk¶v_x©‡`i mwµqZvi Afve
N. e³…Zv`vb c×wZ Abymi‡Y me‡P‡q †ewk ¶wZMÖ¯Í nq Mo †gavi wk¶v_x©iv
3. wk¶v`vb c×wZ wn‡m‡e e³…Zv`vb c×wZi e¨env‡i myweav †Kvb&wU ?
K. wk¶v_x©‡`i g‡a¨ mwµqZvi Afve
L. wk¶K‡`i g‡a¨ mwµqZvi Afve
M. wk¶K I wk¶v_x©‡`i g‡a¨ fv‡ei Av`vb cÖ`vb mxwgZ
N. me‡P‡q Kg Li‡P wk¶v`vb m¤¢e
4. e³…Zv`vb c×wZ e¨envi K‡i wk¶v`v‡b mdj n‡Z n‡j wk¶K‡K †Kvb& †Kvb& wel‡q
†Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e ?
K. AbM©j e‡j hvIqv
L. my›`i kã I evK¨vejx e¨envi Kiv
M. wk¶v_x©‡K gv‡S gv‡S wZi¯‹vi Kiv
N. wk¶v_x©‡`i gv‡S gv‡S cÖkœ Kiv

msw¶ß DËi-g~jK cÖkœ

1. e³…Zv c×wZi ˆewkó¨mg~n D‡jøL Kiæb|
2. e³…Zv c×wZi mej I `ye©j w`Kmg~n wPwýZ Kiæb|

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 Bangladesh Open University

cvV 3 mbvZb wk¶v`vb c×wZ t cÖ`k©b

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb 

cÖ`k©b c×wZi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

cÖ`k©b c×wZ †Kb wk¶K‡Kw›`ªK c×wZi AšÍM©Z Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

cÖ`k©b c×wZi ¸Yv¸Y eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

cÖ`k©b c×wZ †Kvb& †Kvb& wel‡q cvV`v‡b AwaK djcÖm ‡mB me welq mbv³ Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb Ges

‡kªYx cvVbvq cÖ`k©b KZUzKz AbymiY‡hvM¨, †m m¤ú‡K© wm×všÍ wb‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖ`k©b c×wZ †kªYx cvVbvq †Kvb ev¯ e NUbv ev welq cÖZ¨¶fv‡e Dc¯’vc‡bi cÖwµqv‡K cÖ`k©b c×wZ ev
monstration Demonstration Method bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GB c×wZ‡Z cvV Dc¯’vc‡bi
Method) g~j D‡Ïk¨ nj cv‡Vi welqe¯‘ wk¶v_x©‡`i‡K ev¯Íefv‡e †`Lv‡bv| e³…Zv`vb c×wZ‡Z
wk¶K †KejgvÎ †gŠwLK wee„wZi mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb welqe¯‘ wk¶v_x©‡`i mvg‡b Dc¯’vcb
K‡ib| Acic‡¶, cÖ`k©b c×wZ‡Z wk¶K Dc¯’vc‡Ki f‚wgKvq AeZxY© n‡q wewfbœ
wk‡¶vcKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ Ges †gŠwLK wee„wZi gva¨‡g welqe¯‘ wk¶v_x©‡`i ü`q½g Kiv‡Z
m‡Pó _v‡Kb| e³…Zv c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©iv mvaviYZ wbw¯Œq †kªvZv (Passive listener) wn‡m‡e
†kªYxK‡¶ Dcw¯’Z †_‡K cvV¨welq Abyave‡b m‡Pó _v‡K| cÖ`k©b c×wZ‡Z Zviv mvaviYZ
wbw®Œq †kªvZv I `k©K wn‡m‡e †kªYxK‡¶ Dcw¯’Z _vK‡jI cvV¨welq Abyaveb Ki‡Z
A‡c¶vK…Z †ewk Zrci nq| e³…Zv c×wZi Zzjbvq cÖ`k©b c×wZ‡ZI wk¶‡Ki mwµqZv
wk¶v_x©‡`i mwµqZvi †P‡q †ewk| †kªYx‡Z wk¶v_x©‡`i msL¨v †ewk n‡j wk¶v_x©‡`i bxie
†kªvZv I `k©K wn‡m‡e Dcw¯’Z _vKv Qvov cv‡V mivmwi AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM Kg| GB mg¯Í
Kvi‡Y cÖ`k©b c×wZI wk¶K‡Kw›`ªK Z_v mbvZb cvV`vb c×wZi AšÍM©Z GKwU c×wZ
wn‡m‡eB MY¨ n‡q Avm‡Q|

cÖ`k©b c×wZi ¸Yvejx

wk¶K‡Kw›`ªK mbvZb c×wZi AšÍM©Z GKwU c×wZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I cÖ`k©b c×wZ wbæwjwLZ
¸Yvejxi R‡b¨ wk¶v`vb †¶‡Î mgv`„Z nIqvi AwaKvix t

• cÖ`k©b c×wZ Abvqv‡m mwµq c×wZ wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡Z cv‡i| KviY cÖ`k©K wn‡m‡e
¶v_x©i mwµqZv wk¶K/wkw¶Kv Zuvi Kvh©KvwiZv‡K g‡bvÁ I MÖnY‡hvM¨ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
DcKiY e¨envi K‡i Zuvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU wee„wZ‡K mÄxweZ Ki‡Z Zrci _v‡Kb| Z‡e GB
mwµqZv wk¶‡Ki †ejvq hZUv cÖ‡hvR¨, wk¶v_x©i †ejvq ZZUv cÖ‡hvR¨ bq|
• †h me we`¨vj‡q wk¶v_x©i msL¨vbycv‡Z hš¿cvwZ I DcKi‡Yi Afve i‡q‡Q †mLv‡b
A‡c¶vK…Z ¯^í msL¨K hš¿cvwZ I wk¶v DcKiY e¨envi K‡i †ewk msL¨K wk¶v_x©‡K
wk¶v †`qv hvq|

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• wk¶v_x©iv cÖ`k©b c×wZi gva¨‡g wKQyUv ev¯Íe AwfÁZv mÂq Kivi my‡hvM cvq KviY
ïay †gŠwLK wee„wZi †Kvb g j¨ †bB hw` bv Zv ev¯Íe DcKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ RxešÍ K‡i
wk¶v_x©i mvg‡b Zz‡j aiv nq|
• cÖ`k©b c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©‡`i cÖ‡Z¨KwU A½cÖZ¨½ mRvM I mwµq †i‡L cvV¨welq
Abyaveb Ki‡Z m‡Pó _vK‡Z nq| KviY, GB c×wZ‡Z wk¶‡Ki wee„wZ kªeY Bw›`ªq
mRvM †i‡L ïb‡Z nq, `k©b Bw›`ªq mRvM †i‡L cÖ`wk©Z DcKiY †`L‡Z nq Ges
wk¶‡Ki wee„wZ I ev¯Íe wel‡qi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡`i gb‡KI ivL‡Z nq
m‡PZb I mwµq|
• wk¶v_x©‡`i Av‡iv mwµq Kivi Rb¨ wk¶K cÖmw½K Kv‡R Zv‡`i mnvqZv wb‡Z cv‡ib|
wk¶v_x©i AskMÖnY
†hgb- hš¿cvwZ mvRv‡Z, ai‡Z, DcKiY GwM‡q w`‡Z cÖ‡qvRb gZ wZwb wb‡Ri
Z`viwK‡Z fvj I eyw×gvb wk¶v_x©‡`i Øviv †QvULvU I mnR cÖ`k©‡bi e¨e¯’vI Ki‡Z
cv‡ib|
• cÖ`k©b c×wZ‡Z mv_©Kfv‡e cvV`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡j wk¶v_x©i g‡b wk¶Yxq welqe¯‘ wee„wZ I DcKi‡Yi †hvMm~Î
m¤^‡Ü GKwU ¯’vqx Avmb cÖwZwôZ nq| KviY, wk¶v_x© †h †Kvb wel‡qi Ávb Avni‡Yi
mgq wk¶‡Ki wee„wZ I cÖ`wk©Z DcKi‡Yi g‡a¨ GKwU †hvMm Î Lyu‡R cvq, ZvB Zvi
g‡b GKwU ¯’vqx AwfÁZvi Rb¥ w`‡Z m¶g nq|

cÖ`k©b c×wZi µwUmg~n

GZme ¸Yvejxmg„× n‡qI cÖ`k©b c×wZ wb¤œwjwLZ †`vlµwU †_‡K m¤úY© gy³ _vK‡Z
cv‡iwb t
• cÖ`k©b c×wZ‡ZI wk¶v_x©‡`i mwµqZvi †P‡q wk¶‡Ki mwµqZv AwaK nIqvq mbvZb
c×wZ ev wk¶K‡Kw›`ªK wk¶v`vb c×wZi cÖavb µwU †_‡K gy³ n‡Z cv‡iwb|
• wk‡¶vcKiY mieiv‡ni AcÖZzjZv‡nZz GB c×wZ myôzfv‡e ev¯ÍevwqZ Kiv AwaKvsk
mg‡qB m¤¢eci n‡q D‡V bv|
• †kªYx cvVbvq mxgve× mg‡qi g‡a¨ GB c×wZ‡Z cvV`vb m¯úbœ Kiv AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB
m¤¢eci n‡q D‡V bv|
• Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b cÖ‡Z¨K †kªYx‡Z †h wecyj cwigvY QvÎ-QvÎx _v‡K
Zv‡Z, cÖ`k©b c×wZ‡Z cvV`vb Am¤¢e n‡q D‡V| KviY wk¶K‡K GKvav‡i †gŠwLK
wee„wZ, DcKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vcb Ges m‡e©vcwi †kªYx k„sLjvi cÖwZ mRvM
`„wó ivL‡Z nq| AwaKvsk wk¶‡Ki c‡¶B GB wÎwea `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kiv m¤¢eci n‡q
D‡V bv|

cÖ`k©b c×wZ t Dc‡hvwMZv

cÖ`k©b c×wZi †`vl¸Y ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †gvUvgywUfv‡e GB wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nIqv hvq †h,
mbvZb c×wZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖ`k©b c×wZ †Kvb †Kvb wel‡qi cvV`v‡b AbymiY Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i| weÁvb I cÖhyw³we`¨vi wewfbœ kvLvq GB c×wZ h‡_ó mv_©KZvi mv‡_ Abym„Z n‡Z
cv‡i| Z‡e fvlv, mgvR weÁvb welq¸‡jv‡Z GB c×wZ ZZ djcÖm f‚wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i

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bv| KviY fvlv I mgvR weÁv‡bi welq¸‡jv‡Z h‡_vchy³ wk‡¶vcKiY ˆZwi K‡i cÖ`k©b
c×wZ‡Z cvV`vb LyeB e¨q mv‡c¶| cÖv_wgK I wb¤œgva¨wgK ch©v‡q Zv wKQyUv m¤¢e n‡jI
Dc‡ii †kªYx‡Z GB c×wZ e¨envi †Zgb mv_©K n‡Z cv‡i b|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb -3
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK A¶iwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| Avcbvi wbe©vwPZ DËiwU K n‡j K
e„ËvwqZ Kiæb t
1. wb‡Pi †Kvb e³e¨wU mwVK wPwýZ Kiæb ?
K. cÖ`k©b c×wZ wk¶v_x©‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i
L. wk¶v_x©i mwµqZvi wfwˇZ cÖ`k©b c×wZ e³…Zv`vb c×wZi †P‡q DrK…ó
M. wk¶v`v‡b cÖ`k©b c×wZ mv_©Kfv‡e AbymiY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i
N. ‡kªYx‡Z QvÎ-QvÎx msL¨vi AvwaK¨ cÖ`k©b c×wZ Abymi‡Y †Kvb AšÍivq m„wó
K‡i bv

2. wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU cÖ`k©b c×wZi µwU wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ ?

K. wk¶v_x© wKQyUv ev¯Íe AwfÁZv jvf Kivi my‡hvM cvq, c~Y©v½ AwfÁZv jvf
K‡i bv
L. wk¶v_x©iv †Kvb †Kvb A½-cÖZ¨½ AwaKZi mwµq nq Z‡e †m Kg© AwfÁZv
jvf K‡i bv
M. wk¶Yxq welqe¯‘i cÖwZ wk¶v_x©i g‡a¨ GKwU ¯’vqx Av‡e`b m„wó nq, ¯’vqx
cÖZ¨¶ AwfÁZv cy‡ivcywi AwR©Z nq bv
N. mxwgZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ cvV`vb m¤úbœ Kiv AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB m¤¢eci n‡q D‡V bv

3. wk¶v`v‡b cÖ`k©b c×wZ †Kvb& wel‡qi †¶‡Î AwaKZi Dc‡hvMx ?

K. ‡fŠZ weÁvb I cÖhyw³we`¨v
L. f‚‡Mvj I BwZnvm
M. f‚‡Mvj I MwYZ
N. MwYZ I BwZnvm

msw¶ß DËi-g~jK cÖkœ

1. cÖ`k©b c×wZi mej I `ye©j w`K¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. †Kvb †Kvb wel‡q cvV`v‡b cÖ`k©b c×wZ Dc‡hvMx ? D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

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wk¶v`vb c×wZ t AvaywbK cvV 4

wUD‡Uvwiqvj c×wZ
Ave„wËg~jK c×wZ
c~e© wba©vwiZ cvV
m`©vic‡ov e¨e¯’v

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb 

wUD‡Uvwiqvj c×wZ Kv‡K e‡j Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

Ave„wËg~jK c×wZi msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;

c~e© wba©vwiZ cvV ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

Ôm`©vi c‡ov e¨e¯’vÕ Kv‡K e‡j Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

Dc‡iv³ c×wZ¸‡jv AbymiY‡hvM¨ wKbv †m m¤ú‡K©I AwfgZ w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

wUD‡Uvwiqvj c×wZ
Bs‡iwR wUDUi kãwUi AvwfavwbK A_© M„nwk¶K Avi wUD‡Uvwiqvj k‡ãi A_© M„nwk¶KZv
m¤^Üxq| wek¦we`¨vj‡q Abvm© I gv÷vm© wWwMÖ ch©v‡q wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡m †bIqvi †iIqvR
eûw`b †_‡K Avgv‡`i †`‡kI cÖPwjZ| gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi cix¶v_x©‡`i
mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZv `vb Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ ivRavbx kn‡i I Ab¨vb¨ eo kn‡ii Avbv‡P-
Kvbv‡P wUD‡Uvwiqvj mvwf©‡mi bvg M„nwk¶K AvRKvj LyeB D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i we‡kl w`Kmg~n
Avm‡Q| wUD‡Uvwiqvj wk¶v`vb c×wZ ej‡Z Ggb GKwU c×wZ‡K eySvq †hLv‡b wk¶v_x©i
msL¨v _v‡K AZ¨šÍ mxwgZ Ges wk¶K-wkw¶Kv wk¶v_x©‡K e¨w³MZfv‡e cvV¨ wel‡q mvnvh¨
I mn‡hvwMZv `vb K‡i _v‡Kb| wk¶v_x©‡`i cv‡V DbœwZ-AebwZ g~j¨vqb Kivi Rb¨ GK
ai‡bi wUD‡Uvwiqvj cix¶vI MÖnY Kiv nq| mvaviY †kªYx cvVbvq wk¶v_x©‡`i msL¨v
AZ¨šÍ †ewk _vKvq wk¶v_x©‡`i e¨w³MZ ch©v‡q †Kvb mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZv wKsev
wk¶v_x©‡`i e¨w³MZ mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© AewnZ nIqv wk¶‡Ki c‡¶ m¤¢eci nq bv e‡j KLbI
we‡kl wUD‡Uvwiqvj c×wZ‡Z cvV`v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq|

wUD‡Uvwiqvj c×wZ e³…Zv`vb c×wZi †P‡q A‡bKUv DbœZ gv‡bi| wk¶v_x©i msL¨v mxwgZ e³…Zv I wUD‡Uvwiqvj
_vKvq DbœZ gvSvwi Ges wbæ‡gavi wk¶v_x©‡`i e¨w³MZ mvnvh¨ Kiv wk¶‡Ki c‡¶ m¤¢eci|
Z‡e Avgv‡`i g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`‡k wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi Avw_©K msK‡Ui Kvi‡Y AwaK wk¶K
wb‡qvM m¤¢eci bv nIqvq wUD‡Uvwiqvj c×wZ‡Z cvV`vb Kiv GKwU weivU mgm¨v wn‡m‡e
cwiMwYZ nq| †h mg¯Í gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q Avw_©K mgm¨v †bB †m mg¯Í we`¨vj‡q
wUD‡Uvwiqvj c×wZ‡Z wk¶v`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡j wk¶v_x©iv DcK…Z n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e
wUD‡Uvwiqvj c×wZI wk¶K‡Kw›`ªK cvV`vb c×wZi GKwU DbœZ e¨e¯’v| e³…Zv`vb c×wZi
Zzjbvq GB c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©‡`i AwaK mwµq f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z nq| we‡kl K‡i GB
c×wZi Aax‡b †h mg¯Í wUD‡Uvwiqvj cix¶v AbywôZ nq Zv‡Z fv‡jv djvdj AR©b Ki‡Z
n‡j wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV¨ wel‡q g‡bv‡hvMx bv n‡q MZ¨šÍi _v‡K bv| †h mg¯Í wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b

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wUD‡Uvwiqvj c×wZ‡Z cvV`vb Ges wUD‡Uvwiqvj cix¶vi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q †m mg¯Í wk¶v
cÖwZôv‡b djvdj Zzjbvg jKfv‡e fv‡jv nIqvi h‡_ó m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| wk¶‡Ki AcÖZzjZv,
Avw_©K msKU, BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y wUD‡Uvwiqvj c×wZ‡Z cvV`vb e¨e¯’v me wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b
cÖeZ©b Kivi h‡_ó mgm¨v i‡q‡Q, Ab¨_vq GB c×wZ mv_©Kfv‡e AbymiY Kiv m¤¢eci
n‡Zv|

Ave„wËg~jK c×wZ
ÒAve„wËÕÕ kãwU Avgv‡`i †`‡k eûj cÖPwjZ| Gi mvaviY A_© Q›`, Zvj, jq I hwZ
wPývw`i cÖwZ †Lqvj †i‡L h_v_© D”PviY mnKv‡i eB †`‡L ev eB QvovB †Kvb KweZv
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Principles of Teaching & Methods of Teaching Page - 57

 Bangladesh Open University

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Principles of Teaching & Methods of Teaching Page - 58
wn‡m‡eB Zv‡`i Dci b¨¯Í `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 Bangladesh Open University

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb -4
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Principles of Teaching & Methods of Teaching Page - 59

 Bangladesh Open University

Principles of Teaching & Methods of Teaching Page - 60