CHILDREN AND

WOMEN IN
SPORTS
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT :-
• It refers to the development of child bones, muscles,
ability to move around and manipulate his or her
environment
• Motor development is the development of
movements and various motor abilities from birth
Till death. Itis a progressive change in movement
throughout the life cycle.
• There are three stages of motor development in
children - infancy, early childhood & later childhood.
 TYPES OF MOTOR DEVELOPMENT IN
CHILDREN :-
• A) Gross motor development
• It involves development of large or big muscles of our body this
big muscles help us to stand, sit, run, climb etc

• B) Fine motor development

• It involves development of small muscles of our body specially the
muscles of fingers wrist and hands.
• These muscles help us to perform work or skills perfectly and
accurately such as catching, throwing, gripping, writing balancing,
dancing, climbing, etc.
 FACTORS AFFECTING MOTOR
DEVELOPMENT:-
1. Biological factors ( genetic or heredity factors)
The genes that we get from our parents are responsible for
motor development.
The percentage of fast twitch muscle fibers and slow twitch
muscle fibers depends upon biological factors
These factors affect the rate and ability of motor development.

2. Environmental factors
Clean, safe and natural environment is healthy and good for
motor development activities.
3. Nutritional factors
Nutritious food promotes good motor development.
Children become stronger and healthy with good diet that
improves motor development.
4. Physical activities
Performing regular physical activities or exercise, enhances
motor development at faster rate in children.
5. Body weight
Obesity and overweight have negative effect on motor
development.
Obese and overweight children have less motor development
whereas healthy child has more skill perfection or good motor
development.
6. Postural deformity
Postural deformities also have negative effects on motor development.
It reduces perfection and accuracy in motor skills whereas a healthy
person gains faster motor development.
7. Sensory deficits
Motor development is hindered by sensory deficits and poor vision or
decreased hearing. Following instructions and participation in sports
become limited with these sorts of sensory impairments thus leading
to delayed motor development
8. Opportunities
Sports facilities are vital in the growing years of motor development.
This has to be not only in schools but also at homes and surroundings.
Safe surroundings and encouragement lay the foundation for an active
healthy adulthood. More the opportunities to participate, better the
motor development.
EXERCISE GUIDELINES AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT :-
• Infants ( 1 to 2 years )
• Parents should provide healthy diet and playful environment for
gross motor development.
• They should regularly check the growth and development of their
child.
• They should consult doctors for vaccination and health of the
child.
• The activities of infants are crawling, sitting, standing, walking,
rolling, bending etc.
• Infants should take proper rest and sufficient sleep.
Early Childhood ( 3 to 7 Years)
•In this stage, Children should be given healthy &
Playful area, balanced diet and recreational activities.
•Special care should be given to develop hygienic
habits and moral values in them.
•They should perform gross motor development
activities such as running, jumping, throwing, climbing
etc.
•Recreational activities with ball, rope skipping, fun
games and rhythmic exercises are beneficial for them.
•Emphasis on participation and not on competition.
Late Childhood – (8 to 12 years)
• Stunts, throwing, jumping, Catching, running etc. so
that they can acquire body control, strength and
coordination.
• Participation in organized or team games which
aim to develop social consciousness in them.
• Children should be introduced to competitive
sports and taught the basic rules of sports
competition.
• Introduction of concept of endurance, strength,
agility, coordination and balance.
Adolescence - (13-19 years)
Adolescents should do 60 minutes (1 hour) or
more of physical activity daily. Aerobic: Most
of the 60 or more minutes a day should be
either moderate- or vigorous-intensity
aerobic physical activity, and should include
vigorous-intensity physical activity at least 3
days a week.
Common postural deformities:-

• Deformities related with spine.

A) Kyphosis B) Lordosis C) Scoliosis
• Bow legs
• Knock-knee
• Flat foot
• Round shoulders
KYPHOSIS
Kyphosis is a
deformity of the
spine in which there
is an increase or
exaggeration of a
backward curve.
 Malnutrition, illness, weak muscles, too much forward
bending etc.
Appropriate sitting and standing posture, proper and
adequate exercise etc.
Corrective measures of kyphosis
(i) Perform Dhanurasana regularly
(ii) Bend your head backward in standing position.
(iii) Reverse sit-up
(iv) Perform Bhujangasana
(v) Perform ushtrasana
 LORDOSIS

Lordosis is a common
defect in deformity &
posture. Here lumber
curve becomes more
pronounced and front
central position of
pelvic region is tilted
forward.
Causes of lordosis
Imbalance diet, in proper development of muscles, weeks
final muscles, obesity or overweight, sedentary Lifestyle etc
Corrective measures of Lordosis
(i) Forward bending
(ii) Alternate toe touching
(iii) Perform abdominal crunch exercise regularly
(iv) Perform paschimotanasana and halasana
(v) Perform sit-ups regularly
SCOLIOSIS

Scoliosis is a sideways
curvature of the spine that
occurs most often during
the growth spurt just before
puberty.
While scoliosis can be
caused by conditions such
as cerebral palsy and
muscular dystrophy, the
cause of most scoliosis is
unknown.
Causes:
Under-developed legs, infantile paralysis, rickets, bad
posture, carrying backpacks or satchels, connective tissue
disorders, and some injuries etc.

Precautions:
Balance diet, studying in sideways position should be
avoided, avoid carrying weight in one hand for longer time
etc.

Remedies:
Bending on opposite side of the curve, swim using
breaststroke, hanging on horizontal bar for sometime etc.
 BOW-LEGS
Bow legs (or genu varum)
is when the legs curve
outward at the knees while
the feet and ankles touch.
Infants and toddlers often
have bow legs. Sometimes,
older kids do too. It's rarely
serious and usually goes
away without treatment,
often by the time a child is
3–4 years old.
Causes:
When babies are born with bow legs it's because some of the bones
had to rotate (twist) slightly when they were growing in the womb to fit
into the small space. This is called physiologic bow legs. It's
considered a normal part of a child's growth and development.
As a child starts walking, the bowing might increase a bit and then get
better. Children who start walking at a younger age have more
noticeable bowing.
rickets, a bone growth problem due to lack of vitamin D or calcium. It's
more common in developing countries where children don't get enough
foods fortified with vitamin D. Sometimes rickets can run in families
due to a genetic problem that affects how the body uses vitamin D.
Blount disease, a growth disorder that affects the bones of the legs
conditions that may affect bone growth around the knee including injury,
infection, or a tumor
•Remedies
•Physiologic bow legs does not need treatment. It usually corrects itself
as the child grows.
•A child with Blount disease may need a brace or surgery.
•Rickets usually is treated by adding vitamin D and calcium to the diet.
Rickets due to a genetic condition may need more specialized treatment
by an endocrinologist (a doctor who treats diseases of the endocrine
system).
Perform ardhmatseyendrasana, garudasana, walking by bending toes
inward etc.
Special shoes
Braces
Casts
Surgery to correct bone abnormalities
Treatment of diseases or conditions that cause bowlegs
 FLAT FOOT

Flat feet (also called pes

planus or fallen arches) is a
postural deformity in which
the arches of
the foot collapse, with the
entire sole of the foot coming
into complete or near-
complete contact with the
ground. An estimated
20–30% of the general
population have an arch that
simply never develops in one
or both feet.
Causes
Common causes of flat feet include:
•genetic factors, as flat feet can pass from parents to children
in the genes
•weak arches, meaning that the arch is visible when a person
sits but the foot flattens onto the ground when they stand
•foot or ankle injury
•arthritis or rheumatoid arthritis
•damage, dysfunction, or rupture of the posterior tibial tendon
•nervous system or muscle diseases, such as cerebral palsy,
muscular dystrophy, or spina bifida
•People are more likely to develop flat feet if they
have obesity or diabetes.
Exercises:-
• The golf ball roll
• Walking on toes
• Skipping
• Walking on sand
• Arch lifts
• Calf raises.
• Picking up paper from toes
• use an orthotic device to support your arches and
reduce stress on your flat feet.
 ROUND
SHOULDERS
The term rounded
shoulders is used to
describe a resting shoulder
position that has moved
forward from the body's
ideal alignment.
Rounded shoulders occurs
when the shoulders are out
of proper alignment with
the spine.
Daily tasks that may contribute to rounded shoulders
include:
•using a smartphone or tablet
•using a computer or laptop
•sitting for long periods
•driving a vehicle
•bending over repeatedly
•carrying heavy objects all day
•Stress
•Improper furniture
REMIDIES:-
• The wall stretch is one of the most
important exercises for rounded shoulders. A person begins
by standing with their tailbone, lower back, upper back, and
head against a wall. The feet are positioned slightly away from
the wall. The arms are pressed flat against the wall, keeping
the elbows at a 90 degree angle
• Hanging on a bar
• Bhujangasana
• Chakrasana
• Dhanurasana
• Plank position
• Encircling the elbows in a clockwise and anticlockwise
 Sports participation of women in India:-
• For women’s participation in sports we have a look at ancient period. Regarding
participation in the first modern Olympic (1896 Athens), there was no participation of
women.
• Women participated first time in 1900 Olympics. (22 women participated in) In 1904
six women participated.
• And after 100 years in 2000 Sydney Olympics 4069 women had participated.
• In 2008 Beijing Olympics 4637 women participated.
• Participation in India
• In 2000 Karnam Malleshwari was the first woman who won bronze medal in Sydney
Olympic from India.
• In 1984 performance of P.T. Usha was very good in Athletics.
• In 2012 london olympics Saina Nehwal and M.C. Mary Kom got bronze medal.
• In 2016, Rio Olympics, Sakshi Malik won bronze medal, P.V. Sandhu won silver medal
where as Deepa Karmakar opened new dimesions in gymanastics.
 Sports Participation of Women in India:-
• Gender equity & social attitude
• Lack of plans and initiatives for sports women by the Government
• Economic Factors
• Social Customs and Rights
• Low Health Consciousness
• Stress on Academics
• Media Coverage
• Lack of Incentives & Career
• Lack of safety
• Lack of women coaches
• Poor access to sports facilities
 Special consideration:-
• Menarche is the first menstrual bleeding of the young girl (9-16 yrs.)
• Menstrual dysfunction
• Menstrual dysfunction is a disorder or irregular menstrual cycle in
women. It can also be defined as “An abnormal bleeding during the
menstrual cycle”.
• Dysmenorrhea
• Irregular periods
• Delay in menarche
• Amenorrhea
• Premenstrual syndrome
• Pregnancy
Female Athlete Triad:-
Osteoporosis, Amenorrhea
and Eating disorder

The female athlete

triad (the triad) is an
interrelationship of
menstrual dysfunction, low
energy availability (with or
without an eating disorder),
and decreased bone
mineral density; it is
relatively common among
young women participating
in sports.
• Signs and symptoms of the female • Girls and women may be at risk
athlete triad include: for the female athlete triad if
• fatigue they:
• weight loss • are a competitive athlete
• bone loss • play sports that require them to
• absent or abnormal periods maintain a certain weight or to
• stress fractures check their weight often
• fasting or limiting food intake • exercise more than what is
• binge eating healthy
• self-induced vomiting • are obsessed with being thin
• extreme exercise. • have body image issues
• Skeletal appearance • are depressed
• Ruptured blood vessels • are pushed by their coach or
parents to win at all costs.
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder in which reduction in bone mass may cause
fracture.
Causes
a. Insufficient calcium in diet.
b. Amenorrhea
c. Eating disorder
d. Bad eating habits
Amenorrhea refers to the absence of menstrual periods. It may be either primary
meaning woman has never developed menstrual periods) or secondary (absence of
menstrual periods in a woman who was previously menstruating). There are many
reasons responsible for amenorrhea including extensive exercise and improper diet.
Exercising intensively and not consuming enough calories can lead to decreases in
hormones that result in a girl’s periods becoming irregular or stopping altogether.
Amenorrhoea:-
Primary – Delayed Menarche
Secondary -Absence of menstrual period for more than 6 months.
Anemia:- Resulting from the inadequate nutrition.
Eating disorders
Anorexia nervosa
In this eating disorder the female athlete only think about
food, dieting, and body weight all the time. They have
distorted body structure. Other individuals usually feel them
that are becoming thin but they do not believe this. In front of
the mirror they see themselves obese.
Bulimia nervosa
In this eating disorder the female eats excessive amount of
food and then vomits it in order not to gain weight. In this
disorder, an individual binges on food and feels a loss of
control. Then to prevent weight gain try to vomit the food.